How to make a drainage pit: construction requirements and an example of DIY construction. How to make a drainage hole on your site Making a drainage hole with your own hands

Owners country houses often you have to master the intricacies of how to do cesspool. This design allows us to solve the problem of wastewater disposal in places where there is no public sewerage system.

Sanitary regulations require that the wastewater facility be located:

1 or more meters from the fence separating neighboring land plots;
12 meters (no closer) from a residential building;
30 meters from the source of water intake (if you plan to build a hole without a bottom with your own hands).

Wastewater facility

Competent calculation geometric parameters Designs for collecting wastewater are made taking into account the following characteristics:

Number of people using water in their home year-round. One person consumes up to 180 liters of liquid per day. If 3 people live in a house, it is recommended to build drain hole 18 or more cubic meters.
Distance between top part wastewater treatment plant and ground surface. This value should be at least 1 m. If you build a pit without taking this requirement into account, the likelihood of sewage flowing beyond the limits increases. cesspool design, which will lead to poisoning of the earth and the appearance of unpleasant odor.
Type of soil. When there are rocks in the ground that do not allow water to pass through well, the volume of the sewer pit is taken so that it is higher than the monthly wastewater norm. If the soil allows water to pass through without problems, the volume taken is approximately 40% of the amount of drainage. This is important to know for those who want to learn how to make a cesspool.

Important pro tip! Do not make a cesspool more than 3 m deep. As it fills, you will have to call sewer trucks to pump out the wastewater. Efficient removal waste is precisely provided at a depth of up to 3 m.

If about 1 cubic meter of waste flows into a hole per day, it is quite possible to equip it in the simplest way - dig a small pit in the ground, coat its walls with clay and further strengthen it wooden planks. Such designs were previously widespread. They are built with their own hands even today.

It is clear that similar species pits do not meet the requirements of sanitary services. It is quite possible that you will even be issued an administrative penalty if you decide to build such a basic structure. Of course, no one needs this. It is better to equip a normal cesspool that will effectively cope with the tasks assigned to it. These include two types of structures:

Sealed tanks (pits with a bottom).
Absorbing structures without a bottom.

Wastewater facility

The easiest way to make the second holes with your own hands. In them, wastewater (their liquid part) is filtered when passing through pieces of brick and gravel, which are poured at the bottom of the pit. Then wastewater go into the ground. This system is easy to install. In addition, bottomless pits are rarely cleaned due to the infiltration of (partial) water into the soil.

Absorption structures are usually installed when the volume of wastewater is relatively small. Such cesspools are good for houses where there are no washing machines, dishwashers, bathtubs, and so on.

In other cases, it is recommended to install sealed tanks. They are closed containers from which wastewater does not enter the ground. Such tanks are built from gas silicate and concrete products, plastic, brick. The disadvantage of these pits is the need to frequently call sewer trucks to pump waste out of a closed container; the advantage is the complete absence of unpleasant “odors.”

We build a drain structure with our own hands - step-by-step instructions

Let's figure out how to properly make a cesspool. All work is best done according to the following scheme:

Dig a pit with the required dimensions. This operation will go quickly if you hire an excavator. But the cost of renting special equipment is high. Therefore, you can dig the hole by hand using a shovel.
Leave about one and a half cubic meters of soil (we will use it for backfilling cesspool after completion of all work), and remove the rest of the land. Fertile upper layer soil can be poured into the garden.
Concrete the bottom of the hole, wait 10-12 days until the mixture becomes as strong as possible. Concrete may not be used. But experts advise spending your time and energy on arranging such a bottom.
Lay out the walls with bricks. The masonry may not be of very high quality - it will be hidden from prying eyes, the main thing is that it reliably holds the soil from crumbling. The corners of the masonry must be tied, and the bricks should be installed in a checkerboard pattern. This way the liquid part of the wastewater will be sucked into the ground more efficiently.

A reliable ceiling must be installed on the completed masonry. This is done by hand like this:

Dig in soil from all sides of the brickwork (approximately 0.2 m).
You make it either from profiled sheets.
Mounting reinforcement cage. Tie the rods with wire; the optimal distance between structural elements is 10–15 cm.
Fill the floor with concrete. It is advisable to bayonet the supplied mixture with a shovel, then the reinforcement frame will be well filled with the solution.
You wait about a month for the ceiling to harden.
Remove the formwork supports, lay out its walls with regular bricks, and plaster them on the outside. Additionally, you can treat the walls with bitumen to prevent moisture from the atmosphere from entering the pit.
You fill the structure you made with your own hands above the hatch with soil, compact the soil, and level it.

So we figured out how to properly make a cesspool. Please note that you do not need to have any special skills to perform such an operation with your own hands. The whole procedure is carried out quite simply, and its high labor costs are fully compensated by the low cost of the design.

A drain well, known in everyday life as a pit, is the end point in the use of an autonomous water supply system, allowing the operation of communications with maximum convenience for residents. Any Vacation home or a dacha that has a functioning water supply system must be provided with sufficient drainage depth. Without it, laying a water pipeline will be pointless, since small settlements the vast majority are not provided with a central sewerage system.

There are drainage holes different types, differing in design, but they have the same task - timely disposal of wastewater. It is not customary to drain waste from toilets into the drain; this structure accumulates fairly clean water, which, with appropriate treatment, can be reused for technical needs or irrigation. Of course, we are not talking about sewage systems that discharge liquids with a high content chemical substances, dangerous for environment. For example, acids medicines or chlorine.

Device

There are three main structural types of drains. You can choose any of them for your suburban area subject to meeting all the requirements and expectations of the owners.

Sealed pits are the safest structures for the environment and humans, from which pathogenic bacteria or harmful substances cannot get into the ground. Such structures are more often called settling tanks or storage wells. The liquid is stored in them until the moment of pumping out by sewer trucks. You can build such a pit yourself. For homemade models, concrete rings are used with subsequent sealing of the joints, old plastic or metal containers (barrels, tanks) equipped with tight-fitting lids.
Industrial samples are also produced that are completely ready for use. The only drawback of such a drain will be the volume limitation - it will not be possible to drain more water than necessary. And calling a sewer truck is always an additional expense.
Filter pits are not entirely legal structures, which, nevertheless, continue to be used by summer residents. The design of the drain involves the use of a bottom filter made of natural sorbents - sand or peat. You can also use broken red brick and crushed stone. The principle of operation of the pit is to gradually drain liquid into the ground. Seeping through a thick layer of filter (minimum 0.5 meters), the water is purified from large organic impurities and is absorbed into the ground. Such drains are rarely pumped out with pumps or special equipment. The need for the help of vacuum cleaners arises only when the bottom and walls are clogged with silt or fatty deposits.

It should be noted that if the sewer system is actively used, it is prohibited to build such a drain. A large amount of liquid makes the filtration poor. As a result, the soil becomes contaminated with bacteria and environmentally harmful chemical impurities (for example, detergents).

By sanitary standards filter wells are used only with a daily flow volume of one cubic meter.

This structure is ideal for draining water from baths, showers, and bathtubs.

In rare cases, used water can be disposed of here. washing machines(subject to remote placement of drainage from wells, boreholes and water pipelines, as well as vegetable beds and gardens).

Two-chamber structures are an attempt at a makeshift construction complex system from a settling tank and a filter well. Two wells (pits) are connected at the top by an overflow pipe. First sealed pit water comes in. Gradually it settles and large impurities settle to the bottom. The liquid then flows into the adjacent pit, which does not have a sealed bottom. Water is gradually absorbed into the soil. And from the first well the contents must be regularly pumped out using drainage or fecal pump. For greater system efficiency in sealed sump It is recommended to add biological products that will process the waste into safe components - the sludge will settle to the bottom, and the completely purified water will go into the filter well.

Purpose

It is prohibited to drain drainage from the toilet or kitchen into drainage pits!

Plums are intended to be harvested relatively clean water:

from shower cabins;
baths or saunas;
from washing machines;
washstands and sinks.

You can also drain water here through sewer trays and gutters after washing your car.

But such water must be placed in a sealed pit, as it contains residues of gasoline and machine oils.

Additionally, you need to take into account the capacity of the sewer truck, which will have to be hired periodically to pump out the drain. If the volume of the pit is too large, it will be pumped out by half, which is not very profitable from an economic point of view.

How to find the right place for a hole

Of course, choosing a suitable place for digging if the territory of the site is already built up is quite difficult. However, even in such difficult situation it is necessary to strictly adhere to basic sanitary and technical standards:

The pit must be separated from the dwelling by at least five meters. Moreover, the distance to structures located on the neighbor’s property is taken into account. The same distance separates the drain from the fence - these are the sanitary standards for this element of sewer systems.
Free access to the pit is provided - an access area for a truck is built.
It is prohibited to drain on slopes! Placing in such a place will lead to erosion of the soil and collapse of the walls of the pit ( plastic containers may float).
From any sources drinking water The pit is located at a distance of 30-50 meters.

It is vitally important to arrange a drain above the groundwater table!

The depth of the pit itself is two meters. Groundwater very quickly damages or washes away the pit structure, rendering the drain unusable.

What can you build from?

For sealed pits use:

Old plastic or metal containers. This is one of the budget construction options.
Concrete rings large diameter(the well is sealed!) or concrete mortar. A timber formwork is first constructed and the solution is poured into it. This type of structure is completely sealed. Additionally, the walls and bottom can be treated with a sealant solution.
Industrial wells made of polymers – enough expensive solution problems with sewer drainage. But its installation does not require additional labor costs.

Suitable for filter pits:

Brick. With the help of such building material it is easy to achieve good water permeability of the walls. Drainage holes are usually made at the bottom of the pit, as an addition to the backfill filter.
Special concrete rings that already have drainage holes.
Car tires are perhaps the most budget-friendly building material that can ensure high-quality absorption of liquid into the soil.
Old metal or plastic containers - universal method construction of both a sealed and filter well. In the latter case, holes are cut or drilled in the bottom.

Work order

Construction of the drain includes following works:

Trenches and foundation pit are being prepared. The size of the pit should be slightly larger than the main structure of the pit.
Sand and crushed stone are laid out at the bottom, and the cushion is compacted.
A concrete slab is laid on top of the pillow or a screed is made. This is not necessary for filter pits.
Depending on the building material: brickwork, installation of rings or ready-made containers.
Connects using rubber couplings sewer drain.
The ceiling is installed on top ( concrete slab with a hole for a hatch or a shield made of boards).
A hatch with a cover is installed and arranged ventilation tube.
The structure is filled with soil from above, and clay, sand or small crushed stone can be used for side filling.

Tools and building materials

To carry out the work you will need:

bayonet and shovel;
manual roller for compacting pillows:
hacksaw for cutting pipes;
perforator for punching technical holes in concrete (if being built reinforced concrete structure);
sealant;
cement (used when laying concrete rings);
sand and crushed stone for the bottom cushion;
plastic or metal container (if you plan to use this option);
bricks for the construction of a brick well.

Construction work must be preceded by drawing up a plan and calculating the amount of building materials. Based on accurate data, the list of building materials and required tools is corrected. look in our material.

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If you are arranging own plot and at home, it is important to consider how to create a cesspool with your own hands. It is a reservoir where waste flows. There are several varieties used different materials. IN budget options long used ones are used car tires. Modern septic tanks are also used.

The choice depends on the budget, the characteristics of the soil and the frequency of living in the house. It's much easier if you live in country house only in the warm season. If this is year-round permanent housing, you need to correctly count on heavy loads.

Types of cesspools and their choice

Cesspools are of the following types:

Which option should I choose? For rare use, choose a hole from the bottom if the soil allows. Sealed tanks avoid unpleasant odors and contamination, but they are expensive to maintain and will require monthly (and in the case of dishwashers and hot tubs, weekly) cleaning. The septic tank is environmentally friendly and has no special contraindications. Having decided, we move on to studying the technology of creating cesspools.

We take into account the rules and regulations of the arrangement

To achieve a certain level of security, you need to think through all the nuances. Otherwise, there is a risk of creating a threat to the landscape, the structure of a private house, and the health of residents. The following are taken into account important points:

The well with water must be at least 30 m from the pit. The level of the pit should be lower. This avoids problems with drinking water contamination.
At large quantities Waste is not allowed to make a hole without a bottom. The limit established by the standards is 1 cubic meter of waste per day.
The pit should be in a place where a sewer truck can easily drive up. The distance should be closer than 4 m. Depth - no more than 3 m, otherwise the hose will not be enough to pick up all the waste.
It is necessary to achieve optimal tightness of closing the lid. Especially important for winter period. It is recommended to use insulation.

Compliance with state sanitary standards will avoid serious problems. A self-made cesspool should not harm the soil, have leaks in inappropriate places, or have an unpleasant odor.

Eternal cesspool: creation technology

There is a technology for an eternal cesspool. Durability of use is achieved by special arrangement of the pit. In accordance with the technology, it is made without a bottom. It is sprinkled with medium-sized gravel. You need to take care of creating such a pit in advance. The overflow is connected to the sewerage system. The “eternity” of such cesspools is determined by the selected materials. The purified liquid goes into the ground through a crushed stone sand filter. Residues are processed by microorganisms. This is an environmentally friendly and effective way.

Making blocks from tires - the simplest option

Used car tires are used in the sewer system and the creation of cesspools, eliminating various kinds costs. A cesspool in a private house is made with your own hands according to the following scheme:

digging a pit;
tires are connected to each other using waterproof glue;
joints are completely sealed;
the bottom is not made, instead the above filter is created.

Creating a pit with concrete rings

Let's figure out how to make a cesspool in a private house. To create a sewer system, effort will be required, but the option with a simple absorption pit (with concrete rings) is the easiest and is often used in dachas. You can build a cesspool according to this scheme:

Concrete rings are purchased in the amount of 3 pieces;
a pit is dug with a depth not exceeding 3 m, the diameter is 80 cm greater than that of reinforced concrete rings;
the central axis must remain free; the perimeter is made concrete screed(base for rings);
holes are drilled in the lower ring: the diameter of each is 5 cm, made 10 cm apart;
the bottom is filled with a filtering composition of crushed stone, sand, gravel, broken brick - about 1 meter;
the outside of the pit is filled with the same composition;
a plate with two holes is installed - for the pipe and the hatch, through which pumping will be carried out.

There is another scheme: creating tank walls from brick or gas silicate blocks. But this will require a lot of effort. A concrete sewer pit requires a crane to install concrete rings. The choice is yours. Another option: a cesspool at the dacha is made using metal barrels. Service life reaches 60 years.

How to create an airtight structure?

To create airtight conditions, the same steps are performed, but there is no need to make holes in the bottom. On the contrary, it needs to be concreted and strengthened. A concrete mesh is laid on the bottom in advance. The walls are sealed inside with bitumen, and outside are coated with clay. The same is done in the case when the walls are made of brick. They can be plastered.

Please note: before you build a hole, do not forget about the hole that serves to connect the sewer pipe. It is done below the freezing level, which is determined by the weather service. To do this you need to make inquiries. The supply pipeline must be inclined so that the waste moves towards the constructed pit naturally.

Ready tanks

Installing a cesspool in a private house seems to be for you challenging task? It can be simplified by using ordinary wastewater tanks. Then all that remains is to install the pipeline at an angle and dig a pit. Order a ready-made tank, it is buried in the ground. If necessary, it is strengthened; a concrete base is used for cesspools.

A few words about the features of the process

Cesspools take about a week to dig if you do it yourself. Excavation work may take longer. The walls should be smooth, the foundation pit itself should be square or rectangular. The space around the tank helps ensure it additional protection from groundwater. Before making a cesspool correctly, it is important to take care of the pipeline. Trees must not be in the way.

Let's sum it up

We examined several options for sewerage installations for a private home. There are many options for arranging a cesspool; there are expensive multi-chamber septic tanks with a powerful cleaning system. The basic scheme is the same: you need to prepare for difficult earthworks and dig a pit - then half the job is done. You need to be patient, and then you will understand that you can make a hole on your own!

And a dug pit where all the sewage goes. Despite everything positive sides such structures, they can be dangerous to humans due to microorganisms that begin to multiply abundantly at above-zero temperatures.

Basic information

If the cesspool was built without taking into account all sanitary and technical standards (according to SNiP), sewage can seep into the soil, and then into groundwater, which is fraught with severe poisoning of the body. If you are making a drainage hole with your own hands, do not forget to take into account all the requirements for the work.

How to build a sealed model?

In general, it is no different from the previous method, but there are still minor differences:

The bottom needs to be concreted.
No infiltration holes required.

The diagram looks like this:

To begin with, the lower part of the concrete base is reinforced.
To prevent the reinforcement from sinking, it can be raised and secured on pegs.
The walls require careful sealing. Most inexpensive option- this is bitumen; plaster or clay is suitable for the external part.

Brickwork in this case takes much longer.

Installation of ready-made models

You can follow the standard solution, dig a pit according to classic scheme and purchase ready product. The owner will need to prepare a place for the pillow, which is made of gravel and concrete. This structure should be strengthened within a week, after which the finished kit is laid.

Conclusion

Without a properly functioning one it is impossible to create comfortable conditions accommodation. The process is not complicated, you can do it yourself. Don't skimp on materials; you'll be using the drain pit for a long time. The main thing is to ensure sufficient volume and regular maintenance. If the work is done correctly, you can enjoy the coziness and comfort of your country house for many years.

Useful video

The video review will clearly show all the details of the installation work:

Brick construction:

Formwork for pouring concrete:

When building a summer house or country cottage, arrangement sewer system is a top priority. A cesspool in a private house is designed according to standard norms, described in SNiP and SanPin.

Cesspools are classified according to the material from which they are made, design and operating principle.

Based on the material, the following types can be distinguished:

Plastic. They are equipped from professional plastic tanks. The volume of the pit is up to 1 cubic meter, then the use of a polypropylene barrel is allowed;
Metal. Similar to plastic ones, they are built from ready-made metal tanks;
Concrete. These are cesspools made of concrete rings. This design is durable and easy to maintain. Concrete is resistant to the effects of feces and aggressive liquids that flow into the drain;
From tires. One of the “handicraft” ways of arranging a cesspool. To create a cesspool from car tires tires from cars and trucks are used. They are connected to each other using bolts;
Brick. Excellent for arranging large-volume cesspools. Completely sealed. Ceramic Construction Materials They tolerate long-term contact with water well and are not susceptible to deformation under the influence of earth masses.

By design, cesspools are classified as:

Closed. Completely sealed structures. They consist of a closed bottom and strong walls. Such containers are environmentally friendly and suitable for installation in small areas;
Open or leaking. According to the rules of Sanitary Control, such a device is allowed only if the total volume of wastewater per day does not exceed 1 cubic meter. These pits have no bottom and some of the waste goes into the soil and groundwater. This allows for cesspool cleaning to be carried out less frequently than with closed tanks, but poses a threat to the environment.

According to the principle of operation, all cesspools are divided into single-chamber, multi-chamber and septic tanks. Single-chamber - standard structures consisting of one compartment. It is both a draft drain and a settling basin. This is the simplest option for installing a drain, but it requires regular cleaning. The wastewater is simply stored in it for a certain period of time until it is cleaned.

Multi-chamber – cesspools consisting of several compartments. Standard scheme is a connection of single-chamber tanks with pipes. Waste from home or other consumer points is dumped into one, and pre-treated waste flows into the second. The wastewater remains in the settling tank for several days, after which it is further purified and discharged outside the site.

Septic tanks are professional multi-chamber devices. They consist of tanks separated by pipes and filters, pumps pumping wastewater at a certain speed and treatment facilities(biological filters). The main advantage of using a septic tank for a cesspool is its efficiency. It is not just a liquid reservoir, but also a purifier. Many owners subsequently use settled water for technical needs.

Calculation of the required volume of the pit and its geometric dimensions

The volume and geometric dimensions of a cesspool in a private house depend on the number of consumers living and connected to the sewer. It is generally believed that 1 adult consumes 0.5 cubic meters of water per day. The child, accordingly, is half as much - 0.25.

The formula used for calculation is:

V*n=Vya, where V is the daily volume consumed by one person, n is the number of residents, and Vya is the required volume of the cesspool. For example, if there are three adults and 1 child living in a house, the formula will look like this:

0.5*3+0.25*1=1.75 m3. The resulting values are always rounded up. In our case, this is 2 cubic meters. From the obtained values, the required dimensions are determined.

Rules for choosing the depth and diameter of a pit:

The minimum drainage depth must be at least 2 meters. 1 meter is allocated for the release of gases and freezing of the soil;
2. Maximum depth– no more than 3.5 meters. Most vacuum cleaners are equipped with hoses that are 3 meters long. Exceeding this indicator will significantly complicate the processes of cleaning wastewater from silt and solid accumulations;
The width depends on the selected depth and standard sizes materials selected for the construction of the drain.

Location on the site

cesspool closed type It is more often used in a residential private house, because it can be placed much closer to the living space than an open one. All requirements for choosing a location are described in detail in “Urban planning. Planning and development of urban and rural settlements", Decree 360-92 (Ukraine) and SanPiN 42-128-4690-88 (Russia).

Primary requirements:

The distance from a residential building is at least 20 meters. From non-residential premises a deviation of 15 meters is allowed. It is separately indicated that if the basement exceeds the area of the house, then the countdown begins from the wall of the underground building;
You should retreat 30 meters from a reservoir or well ( closed pit) up to 50 (open type tank);
A distance of 2–4 meters is maintained from the road and the fence;
According to the rules of good neighborliness, a cesspool must be separated from the neighboring plot by at least 10 meters.

In some cases, it is also indicated that the waste tank must be at least 5 meters away from the garden or garden. It must be remembered that failure to comply with these requirements entails administrative liability.

Installation of a cesspool

The construction of a cesspool is carried out in several stages:

Preparing the pit;
Tank installation;
Connecting sewer pipes;
Backfilling the drain.

In the selected location of the site, a place for the future cesspool is planned. The pit is dug using special construction equipment or manually. Its diameter should slightly exceed the dimensions of the tank for arranging a cesspool. This will allow the container to be more thoroughly sealed and insulated.

Regardless of the type of pit construction chosen, the bottom of the pit must be strengthened with crushed stone and sand cushion. The first layer of sifted river sand, after it - fine crushed stone and then - coarse stones. The walls of the pit are covered waterproofing material. In cold regions, textiles or agrofibre are also installed on top of the waterproofing to protect against soil freezing.