Izospan parameters and requirements. Characteristics and application of isospan film. Features of new varieties

Any building currently under construction, or already built, industrial or residential, is literally surrounded on all sides by thermal insulation materials. They create comfort in the room, save heat, reduce the influence of atmospheric phenomena such as rain, snow, wind, etc.

But, as it turned out, this reliable thermal insulation layer that protects buildings itself requires protection from both moisture and wind. And such protection serves modern material, one hundred percent polypropylene, which is called isospan A, B, C, D, instructions for use for which we will consider.

Creating a barrier for an already existing barrier is the main purpose of isospan. Let's look at the general ones specifications new isospan heat insulator, look at photos and videos, talk about its types and installation methods different types material, and which side to lay it towards the insulation.

Izospan: technical characteristics

- highest strength
– good elasticity
— environmental safety (isospan does not emit harmful substances)
- ability to withstand high pressure

To the above, we can also add that some types of isospan have fire-fighting properties if special fire-resistant particles were added to them at the production stage. All types of isospan resist well ultraviolet rays and withstand temperature environment from -60 to + 80 degrees.

Taking into account the fact that isospan is developed in several types, let us touch upon in detail the characteristics of the main modifications of the insulator: these are types A, B, C and D. This is necessary to know if you intend to use isospan in construction or insulation of buildings.

Roof covering with isospan


Izospan A- This is a kind of membrane that protects the structure from moisture (waterproofing) and helps remove water vapor from the insulation. It is used to protect walls and facades of premises for any purpose. with their own protective properties it extends the service life of the insulation. It can be safely called wind and waterproofing protection for your home.

Material tensile force: 190/140 mm (long/transverse)
UV stability: 3-4 months
Water resistance: 300 mm
Vapor permeability: not less than 2000

Type A isospan reliably provides thermal protection of the insulation and has:

— good resistance to external mechanical influences
- resistance to harmful substances (chemicals, bacteria)

When installing isospan, the following question often arises: Which side should it be laid towards the insulation?

Izospan A is mounted on the outer part of the insulation. When installing it on an insulated roof, it is cut into wide strips and overlapped so that the smooth surface remains outside.

Installation begins from the bottom of the roof. When working with isospan A, do not allow it to come into contact with itself, since the waterproofing properties of isospan are greatly reduced with such direct contact.

Make sure that when installing isospan of this type, no swelling or sagging of any kind occurs, because when there are gusts of wind, this will create flapping, knocking and other unpleasant noises in the room. Isopan A is fastened with slats using nails. Left free space 5 cm between the sides of the insulator. Let's watch a video about isospan: which side to lay the insulation on.

If isospan A is used as a wind and water barrier for insulation, then isospan B you can call it a vapor barrier. Any insulation, even the most modern, becomes saturated with water vapor over time. The task of isospan B is to create a barrier to these couples inside the building.

The material has 2 layers and is used to preserve the surface:

- sloping roof
interior walls
frame walls
- attic, basement floors

Properties of isospan B:

— breaking load longitudinal/transverse. N/5 cm not less than 130/107
— vapor permeability about 7
— water resistance 1000 mm water column.

Since isospan B consists of two layers, each side has its own functions. Its smooth part ensures the strength of contact between the insulator and the main layer of insulation. The rough or fleecy side helps retain moisture particles and remove condensation.

Izospan B is stacked with inside thermal insulation layer when using a stapler. Installation is carried out in the direction from bottom to top, overlapping, ensuring tight contact of materials. The side with a fleecy surface must create a free space of at least 50 mm.

Izospan B


Izospan S has very similar characteristics to isospan B, they are similar in structure, they also have a structure of 2 layers, but isospan C is more durable, heavy-duty, used to protect floors, interfloor ceilings, cold roof. The extreme strength and special reliability of this type also determine its price, which is higher than the price of isospan B.

Properties of isospan C:

- made from 100% polypropylene
— breaking load 197/119 longitudinal/transverse. N/5cm
— vapor permeation resistance — 7 m2hPa/mh
— water resistance — 1000 mm water column.

Use of isospan C:

1. Water and vapor barrier of an uninsulated sloping roof
2. Flat roof
3. Water and vapor barrier of frame walls
4. Vapor barrier wooden floors horizontal type
5. Steam and moisture insulation of concrete floors

On pitched roof surfaces it is installed horizontally, with an overlap (15 cm), the work occurs from bottom to top. A special tape is applied to the resulting joints. Fastening is done using slats.

When working with floors, isospan C is placed on top, overlapping, leaving a small gap of 50 mm from the film, heat insulation and floor. When working with concrete floors, isospan of this type is mounted directly on concrete surface, and a screed is carried out on top.

Roof waterproofing with isospan


Izospan D is a modern steam and waterproofing material increased strength. This type of isospan can be called a polypropylene woven fabric having a two-layer structure.

The peculiarity of isospan D is that, compared to other types polypropylene materials, it has the ability to withstand very significant mechanical stress during installation, and is also able to withstand heavy snow loads.

Area of ​​application of isospan D

Used in construction as a hydro- and vapor barrier under-roof type, in non-insulated pitched roofs, as well as for the protection of various structures made of wood. Serves as a reliable barrier to under-roof condensation, as well as atmospheric phenomena in the form of snow and wind, especially in those places where the roof is not laid tightly enough.

Izospan D is used to form a temporary coating layer for waterproofing roofs and walls of buildings (up to 4 months). Also, this type of isospan has proven itself well as waterproofing layer when working with floors on concrete and earthen bases, and when insulating basement floors in buildings with high humidity.

Used for insulation:

flat roof
- concrete floors
- basement floors
- sloping roofs

Izospan D


Physical and mechanical properties of isospan D:

— breaking load longitudinal/transverse. N/5cm: 1068/890
— resistance to steam permeability m2hPa/mh: not less than 7
— water resistance: 1000 mm water column.
— UV resistance: 3-4 months.

Izospan D is used during work in order to preserve the internal parts of the house and insulation from the influence of water vapor accumulating indoors. It should be noted that the installation of isospan D, like other types of isospan, is quite easy, which in itself ensures a good, constantly growing demand for this modern insulating material.

When laying isospan D on an uninsulated sloping roof, the material is cut directly onto the rafters. It does not matter which side the insulator will be mounted to the surface. Isospan D panels are laid horizontally, overlapping.

Work starts from the bottom of the roof and continues upward. The joints formed during the laying of the material are connected with a special adhesive tape. The stretched, ready-to-use material is strengthened vertically on the rafters using wooden slats and carnations.

As you can see, at very good characteristics, modern insulating material isospan It is quite easy to use and does not require any special skills or knowledge when installing it. But the functions that isospan will assume will ensure the reliability and durability of your entire thermal insulation system. Let's watch the video.

Each modern building cannot exist without a thermal insulation layer. However, this layer itself requires protection. Vapor barrier materials, for example, Izospan A, come to the rescue.

First, let's determine whether vapor barrier is important for walls and roofs? Undoubtedly. It will preserve the insulation of the roof and walls. Waterproofing is used on floors and partitions that are exposed to all kinds of climatic changes.

There are the following types of vapor barrier materials:

  • Standard film. It helps protect against condensation that may appear on inner surface walls, roofing, insulation.
  • Membrane film coating. These materials remove excess moisture and fumes from the premises. In addition, there is a subtype of it that has the property of variable vapor permeability, which increases in proportion to humidity.
  • Foil with aluminum coating. Performs the functions of vapor and heat insulation due to its reflective properties.
  • Under-roof membrane. Resistant to temperature changes and ultraviolet radiation. It is distinguished by high strength indicators.

Izospan A and “what is it eaten with”

Izospan is an innovative building material that performs well in the construction of many modern buildings. Excellent protection of insulation and structures from climatic influences - these are the main qualities that provide Izospan with authority in the construction business.

TO technical features vapor barriers Izospan A should include:

  • Strength of the material;
  • Elasticity;
  • Environmental safety;
  • High protection against mechanical influences.

Izospan is divided into four types: A, B, C, D. This article focuses on the first variation of this product.

Group A films are used to protect outside premises.

The letter “A” on the material indicates that this is an ordinary film of this group, without any modifications. Technical characteristics of Izospan AM and AS are distinguished by the fact that they are made of three layers, which allows increasing the level of protection of buildings. In addition, this group of materials also contains fire-resistant films.

Izospan A with OZD (with fire retardant additives) – waterproofing film, which not only protects from the effects of air masses, but also from accidental fires (when welding work, in case of careless handling of fire).

Izospan A is used as a kind of membrane, which is caused by the waterproofing properties of the material. This film protects the roof, facades and walls of any type of premises. Thanks to its wind- and moisture-proof function, this film will help keep the insulation in excellent condition for a long time. The film itself has been on the market for about 12 years, and has many positive reviews.

Izospan can be used at all stages of construction. It will perfectly protect the roof, which is constantly exposed to warm and cold air masses.

Izospan A - technical characteristics

Despite the fact that Izospan is divided into several categories, the latter are also divided into several modifications. For example, the following is the difference between the individual variations of Izospan A: Izospan A (density 110 g/m²), Izospan AM (density 90 g/m²), Izospan AS (density 115 g/m²), Izospan AQ proff (density 120 g /m²).

Vapor barrier Izospan A, the technical characteristics of which are indicated by the manufacturer:

  • Material tensile strength: 190/140 millimeters;
  • Impact Stability ultraviolet radiation: 3-4 months;
  • Water resistance: 300 millimeters;
  • Vapor permeability: no less than 2000.


Instructions for use Izospan A

The instructions for using this material begin with the question of many builders: “Which side to the insulation should be laid with Izospan A?”

Vapor barrier Izospan A is mounted on the outside of the insulation.

Before starting work on treating walls and roofs with film, you need to make sure that the following tools are prepared:

  • metal profile and wooden slats;
  • self-tapping screws;
  • fixation of individual areas may require construction stapler and tape;
  • scissors for cutting coating;
  • the required amount of vapor barrier, calculated as the sum of the area of ​​the surface to be covered and overlaps of 15 cm on each side;

When installing Izospan A vapor barrier on an insulated roof, the material is cut into wide strips and overlapped. The smooth surface of the vapor barrier should remain on the outside. Installation of Izospan A should begin from the bottom of the roof. Izospan should not be allowed to come into contact with the insulation, as this can significantly reduce the waterproofing properties of the material.

Pay attention to whether swelling occurs during installation. This may create noise during strong wind gusts.

Izospan A is attached with slats using self-tapping screws. Leave 5 centimeters of free space between the sides of the insulator.

If you use Izospan A to create a wind and water barrier, then we would recommend that you supplement the protection with a vapor barrier. Izospan B is perfect for this. Izospan B has two layers and is used to preserve surfaces:

  • Sloping roof;
  • Internal walls;
  • Frame walls;
  • Attic and basement floors.

Installation diagram depending on purpose:

  • Non-insulated and sloping roof: the main structure is a vapor barrier layer - wooden flooring;
  • Attic: ceiling – vapor barrier – insulation – slats – beam;
  • Concrete floor: base – screed – insulating film – finishing layer.

It is worth noting that you need to strictly follow all the subtleties of using this material so as not to be disappointed later. Take into account what exactly you are insulating: insulation of walls, roofs, or whether it is carriage or panel cladding. These aspects can create certain subtleties during installation.

Positive and negative aspects of Izospan vapor barrier

Like everything in this world, Izospan vapor barrier has not only positive sides, but also negative. Let's start, as usual, with the good. The advantages of Izospan waterproofing include:

  • This is a highly durable material;
  • Service life exceeds 50 years;
  • Resistant to climate impacts various kinds: evaporation, wind, precipitation;
  • Safety and environmental friendliness;
  • The use of Izospan A does not cause unnecessary difficulties during installation.

As for negative qualities, then this only includes the fact that the material is flammable. However, we have already mentioned Izospan A with OZD, which eliminates this problem.

How important is vapor barrier for walls and roofs?

Vapor barrier is necessary thing for any buildings, which we tried to talk about at the beginning of the material. The Izospan A membrane is an easy and inexpensive solution to this issue, which will ensure the safety of your walls, roof, and insulation. Many people underestimate waterproofing, and this despite the fact that it significantly insulates the room. In addition, they protect the insulation, which will avoid unnecessary costs for sudden repairs.

Izospan A, whose characteristics are universal, is suitable in any situation related to vapor barrier. A wide range of modifications will allow you to purchase film according to the requirements that arise during the repair work.

When building an energy-intensive house, the main task is to ensure effective thermal insulation. There are many types of thermal insulation materials that allow this to be done. But sometimes it alone is not enough to successfully solve the task. It can retain heat well inside the house in stable conditions - with moderate humidity. But when the weather outside changes - the temperature drops and humidity rises, the effectiveness of thermal insulation decreases, since without special protection its humidity also increases. Therefore, to achieve this goal, other materials are required to protect thermal insulation and various designs premises from negative influence moisture. One of these materials is Izospan.

What is Izospan - what is it for?

Izospan is widely known today Russian market building materials, this is a domestic brand manufactured in the form of a membrane film, has a wide range of applications. It is an excellent means of protecting against moisture from both outside and inside the room.


Characteristics of Izospan

Izospan is effective protective agent against any type of moisture: water, steam, condensation, etc. It can be different types, depending on this, some types are used to protect the insulation in the roof, others are used to protect the cold roof structure. In addition to all this, it serves as a good waterproofing for walls, in interfloor ceilings, on ground floors- in concrete and other moisture-absorbing floors.

There are several varieties of it, each of which has its own functionality.


What is Izospan

Types of isospan and technical characteristics

Izospan can be divided into four large groups - A, B, C, D, each type has its own design features, which determines them functional purpose

Izospan category A

The design of this category has effective moisture-proof properties and also allows for protection from the wind. the main task- this is the protection of the thermal insulation layer of the house with outside. The structure of the membrane is as follows - the surface is smooth and does not allow moisture to pass through. The inner side is porous, which allows you to effectively remove accumulated moisture from the insulation side. The material is mounted on the outside of the insulation layer, under the roofing material or, if it is a wall, then under facing material.

When used on a roof, technical recommendations its angle of inclination must be at least 35°. It should also be noted that its installation should take place in the absence of precipitation.

Technical characteristics of Izospan A

  • Compound: Propylene 100%
  • : 190/139 N/5cm
  • Vapor permeability, not less: 3500 g/m2/day
  • Water resistance no less: 330 mm.water column,
  • Application temperature: -60 to + 80 0 C
  • Dimensions: Width 1.4 -1.6 m,
  • Square: 35;70 sq.m


Izospan A - photo

Izospan category B

This type has a two-layer design, upper layer with a smooth surface, the bottom without roughness - it retains drops of condensation and promotes their rapid evaporation.

Izospan B protects internal building elements from water vapor emanating from inside the room. It is laid on the inside of the room on insulation, suitable for both walls and roofs, and can be used in ceilings.

Technical characteristics of Izospan B

  • Compound: Propylene 100%
  • : 130/107 N/5cm
  • Resistance to vapor permeation m2 hour Pa/mg, not less: 7.0
  • Water resistance no less: 1000 mm.water column,
  • Application temperature: -60 to + 80 0С
  • Dimensions: Width 1.4 -1.6 m,
  • Square: 35;70 sq.m


Izospan B photo

Category C

This type allows you to effectively protect the internal structures of buildings from steam and condensation. The structure is similar to the types described above and is excellent for steam and waterproofing any type of roof, including flat ones. Used for protection wooden structures in cold-type roofs (also suitable for insulated roofs).

Izospan S is also used in cement concrete screeds in basement floors and in the foundations of any wet rooms.

The name of the material comes from the name of the company that produces it. It refers to several polymer films that are completely different in properties and purpose. All products of this brand are usually divided into three main groups:

  • Izospan A membranes protecting from water and wind. They are widely used in roofing, as well as facade works as protection of roof structural elements, as well as the interior from precipitation. In this case, the film is able to pass steam through itself, bringing it out. This property of such membranes prevents moisture from forming condensation on the insulation or parts rafter system roofs. Some varieties have fire retardant treatment. The average vapor permeability is determined to be around 3500 g/m² per day. It must be said right away that the material cannot be used on a roof with a slope angle of less than 35ºC. A mandatory requirement is that installation must be carried out only in normal weather;

  • films that do not allow water and steam to pass through belong to the Izospan V line. Unlike its brother, it is mounted indoors. After all, its task is to prevent steam from penetrating from the room into the thermal insulation layer and forming condensation there. Insulation boards covered with such a membrane always remain dry, which protects them from the formation of mold and fungal colonies. Instructions for use of Izospan B will be described in more detail;
  • Izospan S is designed not only to protect the insulation layer from the wind, high humidity and steam, but also create an additional insulating effect due to a special coating that can reflect infrared rays. This greatly reduces the energy consumption of the home, creating good savings on heating costs. It has a structure consisting of two layers. One layer is always smooth, and the other is rough, which better holds condensation. The material is very waterproof, more than 1000 mm. water Art. Its resistance to steam penetration is 7.0 Pa/mg.

Technical characteristics of Izospan films:

Vapor-permeable membranes ISOSPAN
Brand Density, g/m² Compound Vapor permeability, g/m²/day, not less
A 110 100% pp 177/129 1000 250
AM 90 110/90 850 880
AS 115 165/120 1000 1000
Steam-waterproofing ISOSPAN
Brand Density, g/m² Compound Longitudinal/transverse breaking load, N/5cm Water resistance, mm.water column, not less
B 70 100% pp 128/104 7 1000
C 90 197/119
D 105 1068/890
DM 105 560/510
Reflective vapor-waterproofing ISOSPAN
Brand Density, g/m² K thermal reflection, % Longitudinal/transverse breaking load, N/5cm Vapor permeation resistance, m²hPa/mg, not less Water resistance, mm.water column, not less
FB 132 90 330/310 vapor-tight waterproof
FD 800/700
D.S. 92 120/80
Brand Thickness, mm K thermal reflection, % Longitudinal/transverse breaking load, N/5cm Vapor permeation resistance, m²hPa/mg, not less Water resistance, mm.water column, not less
FX 2-5 90 176/207 vapor-tight waterproof

Helpful advice! The instructions for use of Izospan B suggest that if the film breaks on any sharp objects, it can and should be repaired. To do this, the damaged area is glued with a special adhesive film.

All of the listed varieties, despite their differences, have a number of positive qualities common to them:

  • they are easy to install and are supplied in roll form;
  • are not afraid of ultraviolet radiation;
  • do not allow moisture to pass through;
  • their cost is quite suitable for anyone who is engaged in construction or insulation of their home.

Next, we will consider in detail the instructions for use of Izospan B and its technical and quality characteristics, since it is this type of membrane that is in greatest demand due to its very successful combination of consumer properties and price.

Technical characteristics of vapor barrier Izospan B

TO this species These include two-layer vapor barrier membranes that can not only retain moisture, but also prevent steam from penetrating through them. They are 100% polypropylene. These films are produced in rolls with a width of 160 cm. One roll can cover a surface of 70 m². The film density is 70 g/m². These membranes are quite strong, since their tensile load along the fibers is 128 N/cm, and across the fibers is 104 N/cm.

Vapor permeability rates are very low and are around 22.4 g/m²/day. Water resistance - 1000 mm. water Art., which is enough. Resistance to ultraviolet rays is observed within 4 months of continuous exposure. The technical characteristics of the Izospan B vapor barrier allow it to be used in a wide temperature range, which ranges from -60 to 80ºС.

Instructions for use of Izospan B

Before using this material for vapor barrier purposes, you need to familiarize yourself with some of the requirements for its installation:

  • When covering insulation installed on vertical or inclined surfaces, work must be carried out from top to bottom. The strips of material are fastened horizontally with an overlap of 15 cm. A special adhesive film allows you to isolate the joints;
  • Not everyone knows which side to put Izospan B insulation on. Meanwhile, this is very critical, since improper installation completely eliminates the effect of using this material. It is necessary to remember that smooth side always placed on the insulation, and the rough one is directed into the room;

Scheme correct application films for vapor barrier in the process using expanded clay

  • attach the membrane to the protected surface using wooden blocks, clamping strips and a construction stapler.

Since this vapor barrier material has a wide range of applications, we will consider the features of installation on several types of surfaces. When creating a vapor barrier layer in the attic, the membrane can be attached to the rafters in two ways.

The name of the material comes from the name of the company that produces it. It refers to several polymer films that are completely different in properties and purpose. All products of this brand are usually divided into three main groups:

  • Izospan A membranes protecting from water and wind. They are widely used in roofing and facade work to protect roof structural elements, as well as the interior, from precipitation. In this case, the film is able to pass steam through itself, bringing it out. This property of such membranes prevents moisture from forming condensation on the insulation or parts of the roof rafter system. Some varieties have fire retardant treatment. The average vapor permeability is determined to be around 3500 g/m² per day. It must be said right away that the material cannot be used on a roof with a slope angle of less than 35ºC. A mandatory requirement is that installation must be carried out only in normal weather;

  • films that do not allow water and steam to pass through belong to the Izospan V line. Unlike its brother, it is mounted indoors. After all, its task is to prevent steam from penetrating from the room into the thermal insulation layer and forming condensation there. Insulation boards covered with such a membrane always remain dry, which protects them from the formation of mold and fungal colonies. Instructions for use of Izospan B will be described in more detail;
  • Izospan C is designed not only to protect the insulation layer from wind, high humidity and steam, but also to create an additional insulating effect due to a special coating that can reflect infrared rays. This greatly reduces the energy consumption of the home, creating good savings on heating costs. It has a structure consisting of two layers. One layer is always smooth, and the other is rough, which better holds condensation. The material is very waterproof, more than 1000 mm. water Art. Its resistance to steam penetration is 7.0 Pa/mg.

Technical characteristics of Izospan films:

Vapor-permeable membranes ISOSPAN
Brand Density, g/m² Compound Vapor permeability, g/m²/day, not less
A 110 100% pp 177/129 1000 250
AM 90 110/90 850 880
AS 115 165/120 1000 1000
Steam-waterproofing ISOSPAN
Brand Density, g/m² Compound Longitudinal/transverse breaking load, N/5cm Water resistance, mm.water column, not less
B 70 100% pp 128/104 7 1000
C 90 197/119
D 105 1068/890
DM 105 560/510
Reflective vapor-waterproofing ISOSPAN
Brand Density, g/m² K thermal reflection, % Longitudinal/transverse breaking load, N/5cm Vapor permeation resistance, m²hPa/mg, not less Water resistance, mm.water column, not less
FB 132 90 330/310 vapor-tight waterproof
FD 800/700
D.S. 92 120/80
Brand Thickness, mm K thermal reflection, % Longitudinal/transverse breaking load, N/5cm Vapor permeation resistance, m²hPa/mg, not less Water resistance, mm.water column, not less
FX 2-5 90 176/207 vapor-tight waterproof

Helpful advice! The instructions for use of Izospan B suggest that if the film breaks on any sharp objects, it can and should be repaired. To do this, the damaged area is glued with a special adhesive film.

All of the listed varieties, despite their differences, have a number of positive qualities common to them:

  • they are easy to install and are supplied in roll form;
  • are not afraid of ultraviolet radiation;
  • do not allow moisture to pass through;
  • their cost is quite suitable for anyone who is engaged in construction or insulation of their home.

Next, we will consider in detail the instructions for using Izospan B and its technical and quality characteristics, since this particular type of membrane is in greatest demand due to its very successful combination of consumer properties and price.

Technical characteristics of vapor barrier Izospan B

This type includes two-layer vapor barrier membranes that can not only retain moisture, but also prevent steam from penetrating through them. They are 100% polypropylene. These films are produced in rolls with a width of 160 cm. One roll can cover a surface of 70 m². The film density is 70 g/m². These membranes are quite strong, since their tensile load along the fibers is 128 N/cm, and across the fibers is 104 N/cm.

Vapor permeability rates are very low and are around 22.4 g/m²/day. Water resistance - 1000 mm. water Art., which is enough. Resistance to ultraviolet rays is observed within 4 months of continuous exposure. The technical characteristics of the Izospan B vapor barrier allow it to be used in a wide temperature range, which ranges from -60 to 80ºС.

Instructions for use of Izospan B

Before using this material for vapor barrier purposes, you need to familiarize yourself with some of the requirements for its installation:

  • When covering insulation installed on vertical or inclined surfaces, work must be carried out from top to bottom. The strips of material are fastened horizontally with an overlap of 15 cm. A special adhesive film allows you to isolate the joints;
  • Not everyone knows which side to put Izospan B insulation on. Meanwhile, this is very critical, since improper installation completely eliminates the effect of using this material. It is necessary to remember that the smooth side is always placed on the insulation, and the rough side is directed into the room;

Diagram of the correct use of vapor barrier film in a process using expanded clay

  • attach the membrane to the protected surface using wooden blocks, clamping strips and a construction stapler.

Since this vapor barrier material has a wide range of applications, we will consider the features of installation on several types of surfaces. When creating a vapor barrier layer in the attic, the membrane can be attached to the rafters in two ways.