TAJIKISTAN
Republic of Tajikistan, a state in Central Asia... It shares borders with Uzbekistan in the west and northwest, Kyrgyzstan in the north, China in the east and Afghanistan in the south. From 1929 to 1991, Tajikistan was part of the USSR as one of the union republics (Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic). The country's independence was proclaimed on September 9, 1991, but the de facto secession took place after the collapse of the USSR in December 1991.

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NATURE
Surface structure. Tajikistan is a mountainous country. Mountains occupying approx. 93% of the area belongs to the systems of the Pamir, Tien Shan and Gissar-Alai. In Central Tajikistan, the mountain ranges of Turkestan, Zeravshan, Gissar and the western part of the Alai ridge have a predominantly latitudinal strike and heights of up to 4000-5000 m.The eastern half of Tajikistan is occupied by the Pamir mountain system with the highest peaks Somonien (7495 m) and Lenin (7134 m). There are over a thousand mountain glaciers in Tajikistan. The largest of them is the Fedchenko mountain-valley glacier, approx. 70 km. The mountains are dissected by intermontane hollows and valleys, in which the bulk of the population and economic activities are concentrated. The most densely populated valleys are the Syr Darya (western part of the Fergana depression) in the north of Tajikistan, Zeravshan in the central part of the country, as well as low mountains and valleys in the southwest (South Tajik depression).
Rivers and lakes. Approx. 950 rivers originating mainly in the Pamir or Gissar-Alai mountains and belonging mostly to the Amu Darya basin (including the deep Pyanj and Vakhsh). Some rivers run into Zeravshan and Syrdarya. Due to the steep fall of many rivers, especially the Pyanj and Vakhsh, Tajikistan ranks second in the CIS (after Russia) in terms of hydropower reserves. Most of the lakes are located in the Pamirs and in the Gissar-Alai. The largest of them is Karakul (at an altitude of about 4000 m), the lakes of Sarez, Yashilkul and Iskanderkul are significant in size. There are also large artificial reservoirs, for example, the Kairakkum reservoir on the Syr Darya, and irrigation canals.
Climate Tajikistan is sharply continental, dry, with significant fluctuations in temperature and precipitation depending on the absolute height of the area. In the low-mountain south-western part of the country, the average January temperature is approx. + 2 ° С, and in July - approx. 30 ° C. In the valleys in the north of the country, temperatures are lower. In the mountains, both winter and summer are colder; in the highlands, the average January and February temperatures are from -26 ° to -14 ° C, and the average July temperatures are from 4 ° to 15 ° C. Most of the country is in arid or semiarid conditions. The average annual precipitation ranges from 70 mm in the Eastern Pamirs to 1600 mm on the southern slopes of the Gissar ridge. The maximum precipitation occurs in winter and spring; it rarely rains in summer and autumn.
Soils. About a quarter of the country's territory is occupied by gray soils, on which most of the most important crops are grown. The deforested land is occupied by brown soils and is used for grain crops and for vegetable growing. The Pamirs are characterized by unproductive stony and saline soils.
Vegetation and fauna. Mainly herbaceous and shrub vegetation is widespread from the valley bottoms to the snow line. The foothills are occupied by deserts and dry steppes, which above are replaced by juniper forests, pistachio thickets (in the south) and sparse (park) walnut forests, which occupy very small areas. The river valleys are associated with riparian vegetation, which includes poplar, maple, ash, birch and willow. Even higher tiers of mountains are occupied by subalpine tall-grass and alpine low-grass steppe meadows. In the eastern part of the Pamirs, there are areas devoid of vegetation, the so-called. alpine deserts. The wild fauna is diverse. In deserts and steppes, mammals are found - gazelle, wolf, hyena, porcupine, tolai hare; from birds - bustard; from numerous reptiles - lizards, turtles, snakes, including cobra and efa. Scorpions and spiders are numerous. Tugai are characterized by wild boar, jackal, Bukhara deer, Turkestan rat, pheasant and waterfowl - ducks and geese. Mammals are widespread in the mountains - brown bear, mountain sheep (urial and argali), mountain goat (kiik), gazelle, Snow Leopard and etc.; birds - golden eagle, mountain turkey (ular), mountain partridge (partridge), griffon vulture, etc. Trout, various carp (carp, bream, asp, marinka) and other fish are found in the reservoirs.
POPULATION
According to 1989 data, the population of Tajikistan was 5112 thousand people, and in 1979-1989 it increased by an average of 3.4% annually. In 1989, approximately 43% of the population was under the age of 15, and 4% were over 65. The infant mortality rate was 48 per 1000 newborns, and in some parts of the country this figure was above 50. The mortality rate in 1989 was 7 per 1000 people. Currently, 42% of the population belongs to the age group under 15 years old and 5% - to the group over 65 years old, the birth rate is 28 per 1000 people, and the mortality rate is 9 per 1000 people. The infant mortality rate rose to 110 per 1000 newborns. The 1992-1994 civil conflict in Tajikistan is believed to have killed tens of thousands of people. About half a million people became refugees, having moved to other regions of Tajikistan or emigrated to Russia and other countries. High level the birth rate and the return of part of the refugees in the late 1990s led to the fact that the overall population of the country increased and in 1998 reached 6 million people.
Ethnic composition of the population and language. More than 80 nationalities live in the country. Tajiks who speak the Tajik language (a dialect of Persian belonging to the Western Iranian group of the Indo-European family of languages) make up 65% of the total population of the country. About 4 million Tajiks live in northern Afghanistan and approx. 2 million - in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. Tajiks also live in Iran (in Khorasan), Russia and Kazakhstan. Most of the population of Gorno-Badakhshan is made up of the Pamir peoples, who speak the languages ​​of the East Iranian group, remotely related to the Tajik language (although in the population censuses, almost all of them were recorded as Tajiks). These are Shugnans, Rushans, Bartangs, Orshors, Yazgulians, Ishkashim and Vakhans. The Yagnobians who live in the valleys of the Yagnob (and its tributary Kul) and Varzob in western Tajikistan and speak the Yagnob language, also belonging to the East Iranian group, also stand apart. Uzbeks, one of the Turkic peoples of Central Asia, are approx. 25% of the population of Tajikistan and are concentrated mainly in the Khujand (formerly Leninabad) region in the north and the Khatlon region in the south-west of the country. Russians living in large cities make up 3% of the population. Many Russians left Tajikistan after 1989 (according to some estimates, by the end of 1995, 300 thousand people had emigrated). Representatives of two more Turkic Central Asian peoples - the Kirghiz and the Turkmens - are relatively few in number and are concentrated mainly in the border regions. Kyrgyz live primarily in the Jirgatal region, Khujand region and the eastern Pamir, while the Turkmen make up the majority of the population in the Jilikul region in the southwest of the country. In addition, Tatars, Germans, Ukrainians, Jews, Koreans, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Arabs and Gypsies live in Tajikistan. The overwhelming majority of the inhabitants of Tajikistan are Muslims. Tajiks, Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Turkmens and Tatars, as well as some Arabs, practice Sunni Islam (Hanafi school). The minority of Tajiks and the rest of the Arabs adhere to Shiite Islam (the so-called "Twelver", that is, who recognize twelve imams as spiritual leaders). Most of the Pamir peoples and some Tajiks belong to the Ismailis-septenaries (a Shiite trend, whose followers recognize only seven imams). A few groups of the population are Orthodox, Protestant and Judaic. The Tajik language was adopted as the state language in 1989. Russian is the language of interethnic communication. Tajik writing was originally based on a modified Arabic script. In 1929, a transition was made from Arabic to the Latin graphic basis of writing, and the latter in 1940 was replaced by the Russian alphabet. Since 1989, the government began a gradual translation of the script into the Arabic script, however, due to budgetary constraints, the Cyrillic alphabet is still used.
Cities. The construction of cities in Tajikistan began only with the establishment of Soviet power. In the north of the country there are several ancient cities, for example Khujand (founded at the end of the 6th century BC, from 1936 to 1990 - Leninabad), Penjikent and Ura-Tyube. During Soviet times, these cities grew significantly, many new cities were built. The population of the country's capital Dushanbe (in 1929-1961 - Stalinabad) grew from 283 people in 1924 to 700 thousand at the end of the 1990s. The population growth in many large cities, including Dushanbe and Khujand, was due to the influx of Russians and other ethnic groups from various regions of the country. Even in 1990, the majority of the population of Dushanbe did not belong to the peoples of Asia. However, in the 1990s, the situation changed dramatically due to the massive emigration of Russians and other Slavs from Tajikistan. Although the entire Soviet period was characterized by urban growth, the share of the urban population of Tajikistan peaked (38%) in 1972 and then began to decline. The rate of natural population growth in rural areas was higher than in cities, and some Tajiks returned from cities to villages.
STATE ORDER AND POLITICS
In the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, real power belonged not to formal state structures, but to the Communist Party, which made all the most important political decisions and whose members occupied most of the state posts. Although the name of the party - the Communist Party of Tajikistan (CPT) - emphasized its national character, it, like other communist parties of the union republics, was only part of the CPSU. Up to recent years the existence of the USSR, all important decisions were made by the leadership of the CPSU in Moscow. During the Soviet period, the Supreme Council was the highest legislative body of the Tajik SSR. Its members were elected in direct elections for a term of 5 years. All the deputies were members of the CPT. The Supreme Council elected the Council of Ministers and the Presidium of the Supreme Council. The latter could pass laws in the intersessional period. The Supreme Council continued to operate even after gaining independence until 1995. Under the influence of the political reforms carried out in the USSR under the leadership of the country's President Mikhail Gorbachev, a new state post was formed in Tajikistan - the president of the republic. The Supreme Council in November 1990 elected Kahor Makhkamov as its first president, who was also the first secretary of the CPT. Until September 1991, the only official party was the Communist Party, and only those who met the party's requirements were nominated for all elective positions. In 1990, two opposition parties were formed, but they were denied official registration; the third was prohibited from holding a constituent congress. Within the ranks of the CPT itself, there were disagreements over the content and scope of the reforms. The leaders of the CPT sought public support, criticizing the Soviet government and the leadership of the neighboring Central Asian republics for policies contrary to the interests of Tajiks. Opposition parties were barred from participating in the February 1990 elections to the Supreme Council. Nonetheless, members of these parties, acting as independent candidates, won 21 seats. The communists got 94% of all seats and could control the government. In response to the outbreak of anti-communist sentiment that followed the coup in Moscow in August 1991, the CPT dissociated itself from the CPSU; then the government suspended the activities of the CPT. In September 1991, the party congress voted to transform the CPT into the Socialist Party of Tajikistan (however, in December 1991 it was restored former name , CBT). On September 9, 1991, the declaration of independence of Tajikistan was adopted, and in December of the same year, Tajikistan joined the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The CPT maintained a monopoly of power until May 1992, when mass demonstrations and armed clashes in Dushanbe forced the Communists to create a coalition government, including representatives of opposition parties. However, both the communists and their opponents were opposed to political reforms. The most important opposition parties were the Democratic Party of Tajikistan, which called for democratization of politics and full civil freedom; the organization of the popular front "Rastokhez" (Renaissance), in the program of which democratic slogans were combined with national slogans; and the Islamic Renaissance Party, which did not receive permission to hold a founding convention. The latter set the creation of parliamentary democracy as a priority task, and the Islamization of public life as its ultimate goal. In 1992, the secular reformist party Lali Badakhshon (Rubin Badakhshan) joined the coalition of opposition parties. All of these groups were persecuted by the communists, and the Islamic Renaissance Party was banned until October 1991. In November 1991, new presidential elections were held. The first secretary of the CPT Rakhmon Nabiyev became the president. In 1992, a civil war broke out in the country. Although armed opposition supporters forced the resignation of President Rahmon Nabiyev, opponents of the reforms continued to fight and won victory in December 1992. The presidency was abolished. In November 1994, a new constitution was adopted in Tajikistan and the presidency was restored. On November 6, 1994, new presidential elections were held, in which Emomali Rakhmonov won. However, the well-armed opposition continued to control a large part of the country. According to the constitution, the highest representative and legislative body of the Republic of Tajikistan is the Majlisi Oli, which is elected for a term of five years. Citizens of at least 25 years of age can be deputies of the Majlisi Oli. In addition to the adoption of laws, the powers of this authority include the appointment of elections for the president of the republic and in the supreme and local representative bodies; approval of presidential decrees on the appointment and dismissal of the prime minister and other members of the government, the chairman of the National Bank and his deputies; election and recall of the chairman, his deputy and judges of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the High Economic Court on the proposal of the President of the Republic; approval of socio-economic programs; budget approval and a number of other functions. Majlisi Oli meets at least twice a year. Laws of Tajikistan and resolutions of the Majlisi Oli are adopted by a majority vote of the total number people's deputies... Constitutional laws are adopted by at least two-thirds of the votes of the total number of people's deputies. The laws of Tajikistan are submitted to the President for signature. If the president does not agree with the law, he returns it to the Majlisi Oli with his objections within 15 days. If Majlisi Oli confirms its decision with a two-thirds majority, the president signs the law. The President of the Republic of Tajikistan is the head of state and executive power (government). The President is elected by the citizens of Tajikistan on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot for a term of 5 years. One and the same person can be president for no more than two consecutive terms. The last elections on November 6, 1999 were won by Emomali Rakhmonov, who was nominated for a second term. The government of Tajikistan consists of the Prime Minister, his deputies, ministers and chairmen of state committees. The government ensures the efficient functioning of the economy, the implementation of laws, decisions of the Majlisi Oli, decrees and orders of the President of the country.
Local authorities consist of representative and executive bodies. They ensure the implementation of the constitution, laws, acts of the Majlisi Oli and the president. The body of local representative power in regions, cities and districts is the Majlis of People's Deputies, which is elected for a term of 5 years. This body approves the local budget, determines the ways of socio-economic development of the area, local taxes and payments, methods of managing and owning communal property, etc. Local executive power is exercised by the president's representative - the chairman of the region, city, district.
Judicial branch carried out by the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Supreme Economic Court, the Military Court, as well as the courts of the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region, regional, city and district. The term of office of judges is 5 years.
External Relations. Soon after the collapse of the USSR, the sovereignty of Tajikistan was officially recognized by many states. In the early 1990s, he maintained ties with Iran, especially through cultural and economic cooperation, and sought to establish diplomatic relations with other states. Tajikistan joined the Economic Cooperation Organization established by Iran, Turkey and Pakistan. Since 1992 Tajikistan is a member of the UN and OSCE. In the late 1990s, Russia and Uzbekistan were still the main foreign policy partners of Tajikistan. The main trade routes pass through Uzbekistan. In addition, the supply of Uzbek gas and other goods is of key importance for the economic development of Tajikistan. The Rakhmonov government supports the country's participation in the CIS. In February 1999, Tajikistan became a member of the interstate council, which previously included Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. The issue of the republic's participation in a regional agreement between Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan is being worked out. In 1996, a border agreement was signed with China (together with Russia, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan). The conflict in neighboring Afghanistan is big influence to Tajikistan. There is concern that Tajik refugees, as well as other groups involved in the Afghan conflict, will move north. It is no coincidence that the countries of Central Asia, especially Uzbekistan, regard the Tajik and Afghan conflicts as elements of a single "sphere of instability." Increased instability is accompanied by an increase in the number of refugees, drug and arms supplies. See further
TAJIKISTAN. ECONOMY
TAJIKISTAN. HISTORY
LITERATURE

Tajikistan. M., 1968 Gasurov B.G. Tajiks: the most ancient, ancient and medieval history. Dushanbe, 1989 Nazarizoev M.N., Solomonov A.M. Social and economic development of Tajikistan. Dushanbe, 1989 Topical issues geography of Tajikistan. Dushanbe, 1990 Abdusamadov G.S. Formation and development of market relations in the Republic of Tajikistan. Dushanbe, 1996 Patrunov F.G. Around Tajikistan: A Guide. M., 1997

Collier's Encyclopedia. - Open Society. 2000 .

Synonyms:

See what "TAJIKISTAN" is in other dictionaries:

Republic of Tajikistan, state in Central Asia. The name Tajikistan, the country of Tajiks, is formed by the ethnonym Tajiks and the toponymic formant stan, with the help of which the names of countries and areas of residence of the people indicated in the first are formed ... ... Geographical encyclopedia

Tajikistan- Tajikistan. Hissar Historical and Architectural Fortress Museum. TAJIKISTAN (Republic of Tajikistan), a state in the southeast of Central Asia. The area is 143.1 thousand km2. Population 5705 thousand people, urban 30.9%; Tajiks (62.3%), Uzbeks (23.5%), ... ... Illustrated encyclopedic Dictionary

- (Republic of Tajikistan), a state in the southeast of Central Asia. The area is 143.1 thousand km2. Population 5705 thousand people, urban 30.9%; Tajiks (62.3%), Uzbeks (23.5%), Russians (7.6%), etc. The official language is Tajik. Most believers ... ... Modern encyclopedia

Open-type foci dating back to 180-240 thousand years. For the Dusti site on the Khargushon plateau, a thermoluminescent date of 71.5 ± 15.6 thousand years was obtained.

At the Khuji site, the oldest Mousterian cultural layer dates back to 42110 + 2440 / -1870 years. n. A tooth was found in it Khudji 1, which, according to A.A.Zubov and E. Trinkaus, did not belong to a Neanderthal, but to an archaic Homo sapiens sapiens .

The Shugnow and Harkush sites belong to the Upper Paleolithic.

15 km west of the city of Penjikent, there is the settlement of Sarazm - one of the oldest cities in the world - it was founded 5.5 thousand years ago. Sarazm covered an area of ​​more than 100 hectares.

Aryan tribes (Aryans) - the name of the ancient Indo-Iranian tribes, which at the beginning of the II millennium BC separated from the Indo-European tribes and moved to Central Asia ("Ayiryana Vaeja" (Avest. - Aryan space, country). At the end of the II millennium BC era they moved to the lands of modern Iran and North India.In historical sources, the Aryans (Aryans) are mentioned as the ancestors of the peoples of the states of Ariana, Turan, Bactria, Sogd, Khorezm, Persia, Media and Khorasan.

Aryan (arya) - from the Avestan word "aria" and the Iranian "ariya" means "noble", "pure". Modern nations originated from the Aryans - Indo-Aryan peoples, Persians, Tajiks, Pashtuns, Kurds, Baluchis, Ossetians, Tats, Talysh and others.

The Kumsay and Dashti-Kozy Early Bronze burial grounds have a pronounced mixed character - some of the finds belong to the Andronov (Fedorov) tradition, the other to the agricultural Sapalli culture at the Molalin stage of its development.

One of the earliest monuments of the Bronze Age (periods of Namazga IV - Namazga V) in the south of Tajikistan are the Farkhor and Kangurtut 2 burial grounds.

Avestan period

Ayiryana Vaedzha (Avest. "Airyanem Vaejō") - "Aryan space", legendary Airyanəm Vaējō "Airyana Vaedzha", "Eranvezh" (cf. also the name of the mountain airyō.xšuθa- "Aryan satisfaction"). - which covered the territories of the modern Russian Black Sea region, the Volga region, the Urals, the modern states of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. The Indo-Iranian tribes, known from the "Avesta" as the Aryan tribes, settled here.

Peshdadid and Kayanid dynasties - first royal dynasties who ruled in Central Asia at the end of III - during the II millennium BC. NS. Based on historical sources, the books "Avesta", "Shahname" by A. Ferdowsi, "Tarihi Tabari" ("History of Tabari"), the founders of the Peshdod dynasty (Avest. Paradata) were Khushang, and the Kayanid dynasty (Avest. Kavi) was Kai Kubad ... These royal dynasties ruled in Ariana (Iran).

Ancient period

The first state formations in Central Asia

Bactria (Bactriana) is a country located on both sides of the upper reaches of the Amu Darya-Vakhsh River. Bactria is mentioned in sources since the 9th-6th centuries. BC era before the creation of the state of Kushan (1st century AD). Bactria was at the present time. territories of southern Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, northern Afghanistan. Bactrians spoke Bactrian - the Iranian language of the Indo-Iranian subgroup.

Khorezm is a slave-owning country located in the Amu Darya river basin (in the Middle Ages), the modern territory of the Khorezm region of Uzbekistan. Khorezm is mentioned in sources since the 9th-6th centuries. BC era before the creation of the Kushan state-va. The Khorezmians spoke ancient Khorezm, the Iranian language of the Indo-Iranian subgroup of the Indo-European language family.

Saka tribes roamed in the steppe and foothill lands of Central Asia. They were subdivided into two confederations of Saks - tigrohauda - "pointed hats" and Sakov haomavarga - "haoma" - ether, plant, drink. The Saki are direct descendants of the nomads of Turan, in ancient Greek sources they are called “Scythians”, “Massagets”, “Dakhs” and “Savromats”. In particular, the Saka tribes of Khotan spoke Hotan-Saka, the Iranian language of the Indo-Iranian subgroup of the Indo-European language family.

Achaemenid Empire (550-330 BC)

550-330 biennium BC NS. - the years of the rule of the Achaemenid Empire in Central Asia, which included Bactria, Sogd, Great Khorezm, Margiana and the lands of the Sako-Massaget tribes.

Greco-Bactrian kingdom (250-125 BC)

Parthian dynasty of Arshakids (250 BC - 224 AD)

Kushan kingdom (I-IV centuries)

Hephthalite state (IV-VI centuries)

Sassanian Empire (224-651)

Islamic period

Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258)

Iranian-Tajik dynasties

Barmakid dynasty (705-807)

Tahirid dynasty (821-873)

The Saffarid Dynasty (873-1003)

Samanid dynasty (875-1005)

• Samanhudat is considered the founder of the dynasty. The name was given on behalf of Samanhudat from the village of Saman near Balkh. For the help provided in the suppression of the anti-Arab uprising of Rafi ibn Leys (-), the sons and grandsons of Saman were given control over all the most important regions of Maverannahr in 819.

The most prominent representative of the Samanid dynasty is Ismail ibn Ahmad. Abu Ibrahim Ismail ibn Ahmad Samani (Pers. ابو ابراهیم اسماعیل بن احمد سامانی , Taj. Abu Ibroҳim Ismoil ibni Aҳmadi Somonӣ, April 849, Fergana - November 24, 907) - emir from the Samanid dynasty, the founder of the state in Central Asia.

• At the beginning of 874-892. Ismail Samani becomes the ruler of Bukhara, then after the death of Nasr ibn Ahmad in 864-892, from 892. the head of the Samanid dynasty, the founder of the first centralized Tajik state with the capital in the city of Bukhara. Ismail Samani (892-907) was the (emir) of the Samanid state, who united the lands of the ancestors of the Tajiks Maverannahr and Khorasan (Central Asia, Afghanistan, Eastern Iran) into a single centralized state. The Samanid state ceased to exist in 999/1005. as a result of the invasion of the Turkic-speaking tribes of the Karakhanid and Ghaznavid states. In the 9-10th centuries, the process of the formation of the Tajik people was completed. The Tajik language "Farsi-Dari" gradually replaced the previously dominant Sogdian language.

Ural region	Turgai region
Akmola region	Semipalatinsk region
Semirechensk region	Syrdarya region
Samarkand region	Fergana region
Khiva Khanate	Bukhara Emirate
Transcaspian region

• November 1917-1918 - the establishment of Soviet power in the territory of modern Northern Tajikistan and Badakhshan.
• September 2, 1920 - the overthrow of the Bukhara Emirate. Formation of the Bukhara People's Soviet Republic.
• October 14, 1924 - the formation of the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik ASSR) as part of the Uzbek SSR.

Tajik ASSR (1924-1929)

On October 14, 1924, the second session of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR approved the decision on the national-territorial demarcation and formation of the Turkmen SSR, the Uzbek SSR, the Tajik ASSR as part of the Uzbek SSR, Kazakh ASSR, Karakirgiz and Karakalpak autonomous regions, all within the RSFSR. The following territories were included in the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic - Dushanbe (Gissar), Karategin (or Garm, including Darvaz and Vanch), Kulyab, Kurgantubinsky, Penjikent (including Falgar volost), Ura-Tyubinsky (including Matcha volost) and Sari-Asi region ( area).

On January 2, 1925, the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region was formed, which became part of the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The total territory of the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was 135,620 km², the population was 739,503 people. At the same time, most of the Tajiks remained outside the Tajik ASSR.

The main factor in the formation of an autonomous republic was the desire of the central government to implement the Bolshevik principle of self-determination of nations, to accelerate the processes of ethnic consolidation, to destroy the old statehood, its traditions and territorial integrity, to create a counterbalance to the powerful pan-Turkist movements in Central Asia and an outpost of communism in the very center of the East.

However, the actual folding of the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was very difficult. Tajiks who lived in the former Turkestan region (including the present-day Sughd region) were frightened by the very idea of ​​separating from the traditional territorial-state community and uniting with the highlanders of Eastern Bukhara. The leadership of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist and Bukhara Republics consisted mainly of Tajiks, however, having received a directive from the Center to create a new autonomy, they sought to give the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic only Eastern Bukhara and equally backward isolated areas of the Zeravshan Valley, leaving the most developed Bukhara, Samarkand, Khojent, Denau, Termez as part of the Uzbek SSR, which thus became the successor of the Kokand Khanate, the Turkestan General Government and the Bukhara Emirate. The leaders of the republic, Fayzullo Khadzhaev, Abdurakhim Khadzhibaev, and Abdukadyr Mukhitdinov, were dominated by the stereotypes of the old statehood, according to which it was not so much the language and ethnic group that had weight in it, but the territorial economic and civilizational factors. It also affected the fact that the ideal for the local elite was at that time Kemalist Turkey, and not Moscow, from whose power they hoped to get rid of over time.

The leadership of the Tajik ASSR soon presented territorial claims to the Uzbek SSR, claiming on the territory with a predominantly Tajik population, primarily the Khojent district, Bukhara and Samarkand with the districts, Denau, Sary-Assiya, etc. A. Mukhitdinov, A. Khodzhibaev, Nusratullo Makhsum, Shirinsho Shotemur were most active in this. ... They used the open discontent of the Tajiks with the active Turkization that began after the demarcation. As a result of lengthy negotiations and discussions in the spring of 1929, it was decided to transfer the Khodzhent district to the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and on October 15 it was separated from the Uzbek SSR and proclaimed a union republic. One of the most important factors in the proclamation of the new union republic was the center's desire to create a "forward post" of the world revolution in the East and turn the Farsi-speaking Tajiks into a kind of agents in Iran, Afghanistan and North India.

Tajik SSR (1929-1991)

The III Extraordinary Congress of Soviets of the USSR on October 16, 1929 approved the Declaration on the transformation of the Tajik ASSR into the Tajik SSR. The Tajik SSR became the seventh union republic within the USSR. The territory of the Tajik SSR was 142.5 thousand km², the population was 1 million 150 thousand people, 72% of the population were Tajiks.

From December 5, 1929 - a republic as part of Soviet Union... The official name of the republic in Russian did not change, however, different versions of the names of the same concepts dominated in Tajik at different times: rus. "Advice" - Pers. "Shura", europ. "Republic" - Arab. "Jumhuria". In this regard, the republic in 1929-1938. was called Jumhuria Soviet Socialist Tojikiston, in 1938-1989. - Republic and Soviet of Socialism Tojikiston, and since 1989 - Umҳurii Shӯravii Sosialisty Toҷikiston... In the 1920s - 1930s, a cultural revolution took place in the republic, a network of educational, scientific and cultural institutions was created. For example, in 1928-1932 alone, the number of libraries increased from 11 to 119. In 1928, the first scientific expedition was sent to the Pamirs, and in 1932, a comprehensive scientific expedition of A.E. Fersman worked in the republic. In the post-war period, the republic actively developed - only in 1961-1980 the number of libraries increased from 885 to 1648, club institutions from 933 to 1313.

Dates and events

• October 16, 1929 - the formation of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, the transformation of the Tajik Autonomous Republic into the union republic of the Tajik SSR.
• 1929, 1931, 1937, 1978 - years of adoption of Constitutions in Soviet Tajikistan.
• 1931-1937 - construction of the Vakhsh canal and irrigation of virgin lands in southern Tajikistan.
• 1937-1946 - The chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Tajik SSR was Kurbanov, Mamadali Kurbanovich.
• 1939-1941 - construction of the large Fergana and Gissar canals and irrigation of virgin lands in Northern and Central Tajikistan.
• 1941 - the beginning of the activities of the Tajik branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
• June 22, 1941 - May 9, 1945 - The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet people against Nazi Germany and its allies. During the Great Patriotic War, 54 soldiers from Tajikistan were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for heroism.
• 1951 - the beginning of the activities of the Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR, the first President of which was Sadriddin Aini (1951-1954).
• 1959 - the beginning of broadcasting of the Tajik state television.
• 1961 - the beginning of the construction of the Nurek hydroelectric power station. 1972-1979 commissioning of 9 units of the Nurek HPP.
• 1975 - the beginning of aluminum production at the Tajik Aluminum Plant in Tursunzade.
• July 22, 1989 - Adoption of the "Law on Language" at the session of the Supreme Council of the Tajik SSR, giving the Tajik language a state status. On October 5, 2009, a new law "On the state language of the Republic of Tajikistan" was adopted. October 5 is declared in the republic as the "State Language Day".
• October 1990 - the Democratic Party of Tajikistan was created (banned in 1993 by the Supreme Court of the republic, re-registered in July 1995), in November - the Tajik branch of the All-Union Islamic Renaissance Party.
• February 1990 - Mass riots in Dushanbe (1990), which took place in Dushanbe in February 1990, on interethnic grounds. In fact, they became a prelude to the civil war that began 2 years later.

Independent Tajikistan (since 1991)

• In May 1992, following an attempted coup in Dushanbe by supporters of the national democratic opposition, opposition representatives were brought into the Government of National Reconciliation. The confrontation between the former communist elite and the national democratic and Islamic forces has moved from the political sphere to the ethnic clan. In June 1992, armed clashes broke out between supporters and opponents of Nabiyev in the southern regions of Tajikistan. So a civil war began in the country. On August 31, opposition supporters seized the residence of the president and hostages (President Rakhmon Nabiyev disappeared into the building of the National Security Committee). On September 7, 1992, at the airport in Dushanbe, R. Nabiev, under pressure from the armed opposition, was removed from the post of President of the Republic of Tatarstan. During this period, the People's Front of Tajikistan (a military-political organization) was created by the supporters of the government of the Republic of Tajikistan, proclaiming the restoration of "constitutional order" as its goal. On September 27, 1992, the Popular Front occupied Kurgan-Tyube, previously captured by the Islamists, and then the adjacent region. The Popular Front received some limited political support from Uzbekistan. Russia secretly provided assistance to the Popular Front of Tajikistan. There was a paralysis of power in the center and in the localities. The government of "popular consent", created back in May 1992, did not control the republic.

• October 24, 1992 - The first attempt to occupy Dushanbe by the armed formations of the Popular Front ended in failure, hundreds of people were killed and injured in the city. Having failed, the Popular Front blew up the only railway line connecting the main highway with the central regions of the country. In Dushanbe and in areas of the eastern region, the threat of famine looms.
• In the fall of 1992, many residents of the south of Tajikistan, fleeing the war, began to cross the Afghan border to the quieter regions of Tajikistan and the CIS republics. According to UN estimates, about 1 million residents have become internally displaced persons and more than 200 thousand - refugees, including more than 60 thousand have crossed the border of Afghanistan.
• November 16 - December 2, 1992 - the XVI session of Shuroi Oli (Supreme Council) of the Republic of Tajikistan was held in the city of Khojent, at which Rakhmon Nabiev resigned from the post of President of the Republic of Tajikistan, on November 19 he was elected Chairman of the Shuroi Oli of the Republic of Tajikistan (actually the head of the republic) Emomali Sharipovich Rakhmonov. In December 1992, after the decisions of the 16th session of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Tatarstan to end the armed confrontation, the units of the Popular Front occupied the capital without a fight. However, the demo-Islamist forces, having unexpectedly received powerful political support in the person of the West, Muslim countries, the UN, again began military operations against the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan.
• December 1, 1993 - the entry of the Republic of Tajikistan into the membership of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC).
• November 6, 1994 - adoption of the Constitution (basic law) of the Republic of Tajikistan based on the results of a nationwide referendum (September 26, 1999 and June 22, 2003 - amendments and additions to the current Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan). The new parliament (Shuroi oli RT) announced on November 6 - declared in the republic as a public holiday, the Day of the Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan
• November 6, 1994 - Election of Emomali Sharipovich Rakhmonov as President of the Republic of Tajikistan. (city and city - re-election as President of the Republic of Tatarstan Emomali Rahmon).
• June 27, 1997 - signing of the "General Agreement on Peace and National Accord in Tajikistan" in Moscow by the President of the Republic of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon and the head of the United Tajik Opposition (UTO) Said Abdullo Nuri. The final agreement was signed after 8 rounds of negotiations between the government of the Republic of Tajikistan and the UTO (1994-1997). June 27 is declared in the republic as a state holiday "Day of National Unity".
• June 4, 1997 - April 1, 2000 - the work of the Commission for National Reconciliation (COM), consisting of 26 members (13 members - from the government of the Republic of Tajikistan and 13 members - from the former opposition). KOM carried out the implementation of the documents of the "General Agreement on Peace and National Accord in Tajikistan" dated June 27, 1997.
• November 3-10, 1998 - anti-government rebellion of the former colonel of the special brigade of the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Tatarstan Khudoyberdyev in Khodjent and the Sughd region, which ended in the defeat of the rebels.
• February 27, 2000 - elections of deputies to the Majlisi Namoyandagon (63 deputies), March 23, 2000 - to the Majlisi Milli (33 deputies) of the Majlisi Oli of the Republic of Tajikistan - the creation of a professional parliament in the republic.
• October 10, 2000 - the signing by Tajikistan of the Treaty establishing the EurAsEC, the Republic of Tajikistan joining the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (June 15, 2001) and the Collective Security Treaty Organization (May 14, 2002).
• October 30, 2000 - the introduction of the national currency - "somoni" in the Republic of Tajikistan.
• 2005-2009 - construction and commissioning

Have you ever visited a state in Central Asia called Tajikistan? Its capital, Dushanbe, is surrounded by green hills and flowering mountain foothills. A fabulous panorama opens up to the eyes of those who arrive here on vacation or for work.

A little about the city

Tajikistan has a rich history. Its capital can be simultaneously described as a young and an ancient city. After all, Dushanbe itself, according to archaeologists, has a history of many thousands of years. But as a capital it is young. Many excavations were carried out on its territory, as a result of which household items were found that were used by ancient people as early as the 3rd century BC. Now these stone tools, knives, threshers, sickles are in the National Museum of Antiquities.

Over the centuries, Tajikistan, its capital, experienced different periods. Here once passed and also gathered huge rich bazaars. Here they traded not only vegetables, fruits, flax, wheat and barley, but also Chinese silk, English cloth and so on.

Dushanbe has been the capital of Tajikistan since 1924. After that, the buildings of the Opera and Ballet Theater, the Government of the Republic, the Dynamo Stadium and other famous buildings were erected here. It was in the 30s of the 20th century that Dushanbe turned into a beautiful, comfortable and flourishing city. It was here that numerous enterprises of the Urals were evacuated during the Second World War.At the same time, tens of thousands of local residents fought with the enemy on all fronts of the war, while giving their lives. Their memory is immortalized in the monuments - Victory Park and Victory Square.

Now the capital contains about 40 percent of the total industrial potential of Tajikistan. Dushanbe is a truly cultural and scientific center. Local institutes and laboratories conduct research in the fields of zoology, chemistry, seismology, mathematics, botany, physics, and so on. In addition, the townspeople devote a lot of time to sports. There is a large stadium in the city, a sports complex, Palaces of hand games and tennis, a swimming pool.

Useful information for tourists

Have you decided to visit Tajikistan? Its capital will welcome you cordially and welcomingly. There are four airports, many hotels of any "star". As for the climate, it is sharply continental. And in summer, the country is about 30 degrees, and in winter - plus 2 degrees. It's much colder in the mountains.

The state language is Tajik. But at the same time, Russian is widely used in business and office work. It is used and understood by approximately 38 percent of the country's population. They speak here also in Turkmen, Kyrgyz, Uzbek. The local currency is somoni. You can easily exchange money at a hotel, airport or bank. But using credit cards a bit tight here. There are few ATMs, but there are some in the capital. Speaking about customs restrictions, it is worth remembering that it is strictly prohibited to export or import national currency. As for the foreign one, you won't be able to take more than 5 thousand dollars with you. When exporting gold, it must be declared, and permission must be obtained for rocks, minerals, food and precious stones.

The capital of Tajikistan (photos confirm this) is majestic and stunningly beautiful. But here, too, we must not forget about safety. There is a high likelihood of contracting cholera, wave-like fever, typhoid, diphtheria, hepatitis E and A.

History of Tajikistan
Tajikistan ancient and modern

The history of the Tajik people is closely related to the history of other peoples of Central Asia: Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Turkmens. Their ancestors - Bactrians, Sogdians, Saks, Massagets - occupied the territory of Central Asia, as well as Khorasan (part of modern Iran) and the Hindu Kush region (Afghanistan). The most ancient slave-owning states here were Bactria and Sogdiana, lying on the banks of the upper Amu Darya. In the VI-IV centuries. BC NS. they were part of the Achaemenid Empire created by the Persians. Bactrians and Sogdians were sedentary farmers, they were also engaged in craft and trade. Their main form of economy was a clan rural community with large patriarchal families, and slaveholding relations also existed. Achaemenid empire in 330 BC NS. disintegrated under the onslaught of the Greco-Macedonian troops.

The Bactrians, Sogdians and other peoples of Central Asia, despite heroic resistance to the armies of Alexander the Great, were conquered. Population about 200 years later. the agricultural regions of Bactria and Sogdiana, together with the Massaget nomadic tribes, overthrew the Greco-Macedonian dominion. In Bactria, the state of Tokharistan was formed, which later, together with Sogdiana and other regions of Central Asia, became part of the huge Kushan kingdom. The "Silk Roads" stretched through Tokharistan. Silk was bought in the markets of the Tarim River basin and transported to the countries of the Greco-Roman West. In the opposite direction from Rome and Byzantium to China went glass products (crystal, thin colored glass), from Central Asia - jewelry, precious stones, from India - paper and woolen fabrics, spices. In the V century. Bactria, Sogdiana and other regions of Central Asia were under the rule of the Hephthalites (they were also called White Huns), and in the 6th century - nomadic Turkic-speaking tribes. The Sogdians had a great influence on the backward nomads, who, settling down, mingled with the local population.

In the VI-VII centuries. there were many slaves in Tokharistan and Sogdiana. However, the process of the formation of feudal public relations... Its result was the rise of the economy and culture. Iron, copper, silver, gold, lapis lazuli, ruby ​​were mined at the mines, irrigation canals were built, and kariz irrigation was arranged in waterless places. The importance of feudal cities grew, crafts and trade developed in them. Sogdian became the main language.

With the development of feudal relations, many independent and semi-independent principalities arose. They were very weak and could not resist the Arabs, who in the VII-VIII centuries. invaded Central Asia.

The aliens forcibly introduced their religion - Islam and the Arabic language, imposed burdensome taxes and taxes, forced to do hard work. The population of Sogdiana and Tokharistan waged a tireless struggle for their liberation. Due to continuous uprisings, it became difficult for the Arabs to keep Central Asia in obedience with the help of only their governors, so they increasingly resorted to the services of local feudal lords. Their participation in government, with the skillful use of the people's discontent with foreigners, paved the way for the liberation of Central Asia from Arab rule. So at the end of the IX century. (874) a feudal Tajik state of the Samanids was formed, practically independent of the Baghdad Caliphate.

At its peak, it stretched from the deserts of Central Asia to the Persian Gulf and from the borders of India to the Baghdad region. Under the Samanids, the process of the formation of the Tajik people was completed, its language became dominant.

For more than 100 years, the Samanid state lived a peaceful life, which contributed to the flourishing of cities, crafts, the development of agriculture and trade, and mining. This was the true Renaissance, which gave the world great humanists, such as the founder of the Persian-Tajik poetry Rudaki, the creator of the immortal poem "Shahnameh" Ferdowsi and the world famous scientist-encyclopedist Abu Ali Ibn Sina (Avicenna). But gradually the class struggle, feudal strife and frequent raids of nomads shook and weakened the Samanid state, which in 999 fell under the blows of the Turkic-speaking tribes. The dynasties of the Karakhanids (in the north) and the Ghaznavids (in the south) based their power on its ruins. At that time, land grants to prominent military leaders, the so-called ikta, became widespread. Instead of the former hereditary landowners (dehkans), a new social group, the Iqtador landowners, acquired great importance, and they intensified the exploitation of the peasants. It was a time of rapid urban growth. Khujand acquired particular importance. It developed crafts, established trade with neighboring and distant countries: India, Iran, Russia.

In the middle of the XII century. the Seljuk state was formed in Central Asia. The Seljuks - nomadic Turkic-speaking tribes - in search of places for wintering, opposed the Ghaznavids and, defeating their troops, established their rule.

At the beginning of the XIII century. (1219-1221) Central Asia was conquered by the Mongols, under the leadership of Genghis Khan. Shortly before his death, he divided the captured lands between his sons. The main cultural regions of Central Asia were included in the ulus (inheritance) of his second son Chagatai. The ruler retained all previously existing taxes and duties, including land rent, and introduced new ones. The people resisted. An especially large uprising broke out in 1238 in Bukhara, led by the artisan Mahmud Tarabi. Directed against the Mongols and the feudal-exploitative elite, it, like all others, was suppressed with great cruelty.

The next century was marked by the struggle of the Chagatai khans, who stood for strong ties with sedentary cultural centers, with the Mongolian nomadic military nobility, who defended a nomadic way of life. The coming to power in 1370 of Timur temporarily stopped feudal strife. Having carried out several campaigns of conquest, Timur created a huge power with the capital in Samarkand. Most of the territory of modern Tajikistan was part of this empire.

In the powerful state of Timur, cities flourished, the agricultural oases of Central Asia, abandoned during the Mongol conquest, were restored, astronomy, mathematics, history, literature, and art developed.

The intradynastic struggle and the raids of the nomads shook this empire too. The leader of the nomadic tribes Muhammad Sheibani Khan. using the enmity between the descendants of Timur, in 1500-1507. conquered Central Asia. Under him, the state consisted of appanages, the largest were Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara, Balkh, headed by members of the Sheibanid dynasty and major feudal lords. And only in the second half of the 16th century. the country was united. From 1557 to 1598, Shaybanid Abdullah Khan ruled Central Asia. He made Bukhara his capital, forming the Bukhara Khanate. In 1598, Abdullah Khan was killed and power passed to the Ashtarkhanid dynasty. They managed to hold on to most of Central Asia and the Balkh region. However, in the 17th century. feudal strife escalated again. In this era, the Khiva Khanate was formed. Due to continuous wars and exorbitant taxes, the economy of the khanates fell into decay. As in previous centuries, the rulers distributed land to their entourage and feudal lords along with the peasants, who became their serfs.

In the next century (18th century), the khanates of Central Asia remained backward and politically fragmented. This was mainly due to the weak development of commodity production and the absence of a national market.

At that time, Kulyab, Gissar, Karategin, Darvaz, Vakhan, Shugnan princedoms existed on the territory of modern Tajikistan. The regions inhabited by Tajiks were part of various khanates and states. Most of the Tajiks of Central Asia lived in the Bukhara and Kokand khanates, a smaller part in the independent Tajik principalities.

In the second half of the XIX century. regions of Central Asia were conquered by Russia, and the Turkestan General Government was formed on its territory. It included the northern regions of Tajikistan and the Pamirs, and the central and southern regions (the so-called Eastern Bukhara) were in the possession of the vassal of the Russian Tsar - the Bukhara Emir. Since that time, the development of these regions of Tajikistan has gone in different ways. Commodity-money relations gradually developed on the territory that was ceded to Russia, cotton ginning and oil mills were built, oil and coal production was established, and a local proletariat was formed.

V late XIX v. the tsarist government carried out some agrarian reforms... The sedentary population received irrigated land. A significant amount of land was withdrawn in favor of the treasury. The new agrarian system could not eliminate feudal relations, but only created the conditions for the emergence of capitalist land tenure. A new class appeared and began to grow - the kulaks, in whose hands the best lands were concentrated. Lands of large landowners were leased to sharecroppers-chairikers, their labor was much cheaper than hired labor. Agricultural day laborers, mardikors, also became widespread. The increase in taxes, numerous duties, lawlessness caused frequent unrest in the beks, into which the emirate was divided. Particularly famous was the major uprising in 1885 in the Baldzhuan bekstvo, led by the blacksmith Vose. In 1900, the peasants of the Kelif bekstvo rebelled, in 1901 - in Denau, in 1902 - in Kurgan-Tyubinsk. All these actions of the dekhkan masses were brutally suppressed.

The first World War especially exacerbated contradictions and stratification in society. In the summer of 1916, the most massive uprising in its entire history broke out in Central Asia. It began in the north of Tajikistan (Khojent, Kostakoz, Ura-Tyube, Penjikent), and then covered the whole of Turkestan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, parts of the Astrakhan province and the Urals. The uprising, mostly peasant, arose spontaneously. The reason for it is mobilization by the tsarist government local population for rear work. The uprising was suppressed by the tsar's and in Bukhara by the emir's troops.

The peoples of Central Asia participated in the coup that took place in Russian Empire in 1917. In the cities of Turkestan, including Khodjent, Ura-Tyube, Samarkand and New Bukhara (Kagan), Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies arose. At their request, on March 31, 1917, the Turkestan General Government was abolished. Power was seized by the bourgeoisie, which formed a committee of the Provisional Government. The Bukhara Emir ruled his domains indefinitely. Therefore, the February Revolution changed little in the life of Turkestan. As a result of the struggle for power between various strata of the population in November 1917, the Soviets won in Tashkent, and soon in most of Turkestan, including in the northern regions of Tajikistan and the Pamirs. In April 1918, the V Congress of Soviets of the Turkestan Territory proclaimed the formation of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which became part of the RSFSR.

The Bukhara emir and the feudal lords who supported him, the Muslim clergy and the local bourgeoisie reacted to the coup with hostility, looking for allies in the struggle against the Soviets. The emir contacted Kolchak, the Russian white movement and British business representatives who were looking for markets and raw materials in this territory, acting in concert with the Afghan government. But the emir failed to start a war.

In August 1918, the Bukhara Communist Party was formed. She is developing a program to overthrow the power of the emir. The combined forces of the Red Bukhara detachments and units of the Red Army under the command of M. Frunze laid siege to Bukhara on August 30, 1920. The next day, the emir fled from the city to Dushanbe. The assault on Bukhara ended on September 2 with the victory of the Soviets.

On October 6, 1920, the First All-Bukhara Kurultai (Congress) of People's Deputies proclaimed the creation of the Bukhara People's Soviet Republic (BNSR). It was called not socialist, but popular because the political and economic conditions for the establishment of socialist relations had not yet matured in it. The BNSR government declared the equality of all nationalities and abolished taxes, confiscated the lands of the emir, feudal lords and officials, declared industrial enterprises the property of the people. But the position of Soviet power remained precarious as long as counterrevolutionary forces were operating in the eastern part of the republic. The emir, who fled to the village of Dushanbe, with the support of the beys and the clergy, gathered a large army and began military operations. The republic turned to the government of the RSFSR for help. From the parts of the Turkestan front, the Gissar expeditionary detachment was formed, which also included the soldiers of the Bukhara Republic. The detachment defeated the troops of the emir and in February - March 1921 occupied Dushanbe, Kulyab, Garm, and the former ruler fled to Afghanistan with the remnants of the troops. Soviet power was established on the territory of Central and Southern Tajikistan. Parts of the Red Army, having completed their combat operations, left Eastern Bukhara.

In 1922, the Central Committee of the RCP (b) adopted a resolution on measures to combat the Basmachis and to strengthen Soviet power in the BNSR. A specially formed Bukhara group of troops defeated Enver's gangs. Simultaneously with the struggle against the Basmachi, Soviet power grew stronger in Eastern Bukhara. Dehkans were exempted from taxes, farms affected by the war were provided loans, seeds, agricultural implements. Schools, various courses, hospitals were opened everywhere.

In 1924 g. state of emergency in Eastern Bukhara was abolished, and the people's republic was transformed into a socialist one. The national-territorial demarcation carried out in the same year led to the formation of the Central Asian republics, including the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic as part of the Uzbek SSR. Declarations on the emancipation of women and on universal education were of the most important political and economic importance for the young republic.

In 1929, the gangs of Fuzail Maksum (the former Karategin Bek) raided Garm, and two years later Ibrahim Bek's gang appeared, robbing and killing people. In 1929, the Tajik ASSR was transformed into a union republic.

The sown area by 1941 increased in comparison with 1913 by more than 1.5 times. Tajikistan has become the main base for fine staple cotton. The industry also developed in the region, first for the processing of agricultural raw materials, and then mechanical engineering, production building materials and other industries. The working class grew up in the republic, the national intelligentsia was formed, the first higher educational institutions of Tajikistan appeared. But the peaceful labor of the Soviet people was interrupted by the attack of Nazi Germany. The men went to the front. About 50 thousand Tajik fighters were awarded orders and medals for courage and bravery in battles, and 40 soldiers were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. The workers who remained in the rear provided all-round assistance to the front. Residents of the republic have collected 120 million rubles for the construction of a tank column "Collective Farmer of Tajikistan" and an air squadron "Soviet Tajikistan". The republic provided the front and rear with cotton, bread, meat, fruits, vegetables. And at the same time, she continued to build large enterprises - a textile mill, a spinning mill, a cement plant, creameries, and the Nizhne-Varzob hydroelectric power station.

After the end of the Great Patriotic War, the economy of Tajikistan rose to a new level. The production of raw cotton continued to increase. Within the USSR, Tajikistan ranked first in cotton yield and third in gross harvest.

Hundreds of new factories and plants began to produce products in the republic. The industry has mastered the production of spare parts for cars, electric cables, carpets, looms, lighting equipment, transformers and refrigerators. The dams of new power plants have risen on the rivers.

In September 1991, with the collapse of the Soviet Union, a new state appeared on the map of Central Asia - an independent democratic republic Tajikistan, proclaiming the ideals of peace, goodness, humanism and justice, open for dialogue with all countries and peoples.

Tajikistan attracts hundreds of travelers from all over the world because here you can completely plunge into the kingdom of natural purity and splendor. Mountains and, dizzy with their height, the purest waters numerous high mountain lakes, the world's tallest dam, a carpet of millions of irises, poppies and edelweiss blooming on the mountain slopes, crystal waterfalls and an amazing animal world - that's far from full list something that can make the strings of the soul ring in a gentle tonality even in the most inveterate inhabitant of a large city.

Local residents have the ability to exist in harmony with the beauty that Nature has generously endowed them with. Being in Hissar Historical and Cultural Reserve, it is difficult to get rid of the feeling that strict lines Hissar fortress originated here naturally, and are not the work of human hands. The same can be said about the ancient monument of the pre-Muslim era, whose palaces and temples are unique and have no analogues in terms of architectural composition.

However, Tajikistan has been attractive at all times, not only due to the surrounded by many legends Marguzor Lakes and amazing views Sari Khosor valleys but also as an important site The Great Silk Road- cultural and economic artery of the past. It was thanks to the merchants who followed it that the world learned about another feature of this wondrous land - numerous healing mineral springs.

Today, mountain hiking enthusiasts (to the fabulous region of the Fan Mountains) and climbers ( Ismail Somoni peak/ ex. ), travelers on four-wheel drive jeeps (on the famous high-mountainous), explorers historical events and ancient buildings, of which there are thousands in Tajikistan, as well seekers of ancient legends in secluded high-altitude settlements and those who want to climb where no man's foot has gone.

If your gaze is tired of bumping into buildings blocking the sun, if your eye asks for a horizon that is not dotted with masts of power lines and cellular communications, if you have a desire to enjoy the true beauty and diversity of nature - come to Tajikistan! Combined with the air infused with mountain herbs and an overall atmosphere of majestic tranquility, the diverse energies energize the body and clear the head of negative thoughts, allowing you to see the world in brighter and more positive tones. This attitude remains in the soul for a long time and everyone who is lucky enough to visit here will consider it the most valuable of the souvenirs accumulated in their lives.

Useful information for traveling in Tajikistan

General information about Tajikistan.

Location... Located in the southeast of Central Asia, Tajikistan is 93% mountainous and occupies the "highest" position in the region. No, not in terms of economic indicators and not in terms of infrastructure development, but in terms of its geographic data. Moreover, more than half of the land lies at an altitude of over 3,000 meters above sea level. And the highest point of the region - Ismail Samani Peak (7495 m, former Communism Peak) is located in Tajikistan. Needless to say, the nature of the region is not just beautiful, but delightfully beautiful.

Square- 143,100 sq. km.

Population- 8,000,000 people. The population density is 50 people per sq. Km and is distributed relatively evenly throughout the country.

National composition... Representatives of more than 80 nationalities live in Tajikistan, among which the leading are Tajiks (80%), Uzbeks (15.3%), Russians (1.1%), Tatars (0.3%). In addition to Tajikistan, Tajiks also live in Uzbekistan (about 4%), in northeastern Afghanistan (over 3.5 million people), in the border regions of Kyrgyzstan, southeastern Kazakhstan and in the Iranian province of Khorasan.

Political structure... Tajikistan is governed by the President, and the legislative function is assigned to a bicameral parliament - Majlisi Oli. Both the president and members of parliament are elected for 5 years. There are also various parties in the country.

Administrative divisions... In Tajikistan, there are 3 viloyats (oblasts), 17 cities, 62 districts, 55 villages and 368 jamoats - rural communities. At the same time, 13 districts are under republican subordination.

The city of Dushanbe with the surrounding 8 districts is a separate administrative unit. The population of Dushanbe is 764 thousand people (2013). In the symbiosis of narrow eastern streets and quite modern avenues, you can feel the special charm that always appears in places where different cultures meet.

Official language... The population of the country almost everywhere speaks the state Tajik language. But, nevertheless, even the Tajiks themselves often have to supplement their speech with Russian words. This is due to the large number of dialects (more than 50 dialects and dialects), which are quite different from each other. Thus, the Russian language is often not only the language of interethnic, but also intra-ethnic communication.
Tajik belongs to the southwestern group of Iranian languages. The vocabulary of the language includes, in addition to Tajik and common Iranian roots, borrowings from Arabic, Uzbek and Russian. The first written monuments of the Tajik language date back to the 9th century. In the 15th century. for the first time, the divergence of the Tajik language with classical Persian began to occur. Currently, the two languages ​​are very different phonetically. In addition, the vocabulary of the Tajik language is more archaic in comparison with the classical Persian; in the latter, the percentage of Arab borrowings is much higher, while in the Tajik in the 20th century, a lot of Russian borrowings appeared. Nevertheless, the mutual understanding of Tajiks with native speakers of the literary Persian language is still preserved.

Currency unit- somoni. The national currency is the only legal tender in Tajikistan, all payments are made in somoni. One somoni is equal to 100 dirams. The Tajik monetary unit received its name in honor of the founder of the first Tajik state, Ismail Samani (in the Tajik transcription “Somoni”).

Religions... The vast majority of citizens are Muslims. Of these, 85% are adherents of Sunni Islam, and 5% are Shiite. The remaining 10% of the population profess other religions. Most of them are Christians (Orthodox), there are 5 communities of Baptists, 2 Roman Catholic parishes, a community of Seventh-day Adventists, Jehovah's Witnesses and Lutherans, two communities have originating from South Korea Son Min Church, there are also 4 Baha'i communities, one Zoroastrian and one Jewish community. Many representatives of non-Muslim confessions of Tajikistan live in the capital of the republic.

Standard time zone: UTC / GMT +5 hours. The transition to winter time is not carried out.

Electricity... Hotels can be equipped with both modern European-type sockets with thick sockets and grounding, and standard Soviet ones. The voltage in the network is the same - 220 volts with a frequency of 50 hertz.

Climate of Tajikistan.

The climate of Tajikistan, like any mountainous country lying in the southern latitudes, is very diverse: subtropical in the low valleys, moderately warm in the middle tiers of the mountains and cold in their high parts.

The mountains here they serve as a barrier in the path of cold winds, and make significant changes in heat distribution. In particular, when lifting from Fergana depression on the Gissar-Alai ridges, the average air temperature drops in summer and winter, and when descending to the Gissar depression, and from it to the Vakhsh valley, it increases. This phenomenon is associated with the overflow of air masses through the ridges, during which they are compressed, and the heat released during this heats the surrounding air. In the Pamirs, the average monthly temperatures decrease when moving from west to east, where, due to an even greater distance from the Atlantic Ocean, the continentality of the climate increases.

The maximum amount of precipitation occurs in winter and spring; it rarely rains in summer and autumn. From October to May, there are strong snowstorms(the temperature can drop to -45 ° C, making it almost impossible to climb), and on the plains sandstorms usually fall between June and October. These winds can last for a week or more, which should be taken into account when planning a trip to these parts. Strong winds also occur in winter, feeling like turning the notorious 2 degrees below zero to -10.

Summer, which comes already at the end of the calendar spring, is rather hot, but thanks to the same mountains, high air temperatures are observed only in the valleys.

As in many other countries of Central Asia, it is better to come to Tajikistan in spring and autumn. Optimal time for climbing and mountain trekking- summer. Average winter air temperature in valleys does not fall below -5 degrees, but summer does not exceed +38.

How to dress in Tajikistan.

Dress in the country should be in accordance with the time of year and the area where the visit is made. In the cold season, it is important that the clothes reliably protect from the piercing wind, while in the summer, light cotton outfits are enough. Hats are also a must in summer.

On the part of the authorities, there are no requirements for choosing a style of clothing, but do not forget that the people of Tajikistan are quite religious, therefore, even not very frank shorts can cause discontent and unhealthy interest. You should pay special attention to the above when going on excursions to mosques and other religious places - in this case, you need loose, non-tight clothing that covers your arms to the elbow and legs below the knees. Equipment for mountain hikes must comply general rules accepted for this sport.

The cuisine of Tajikistan.

Dishes of Central Asia in different countries have many similarities due to the mutual penetration of cultures and culinary traditions of the peoples. There are many similarities in the cuisine of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, but in the Tajik versions of the dishes there is that pronounced special note that could arise only under the influence of the great Pamir.

Gorgeous manti, pieces of meat and fat in which they seem to melt, barely touching the tongue; crumbly, sprinkled with pomegranate seeds, bringing in that sourness, which is so lacking in the pilaf of other peoples; kovurma lagmon, with its oily threads gleaming on the plate, exuding a spicy aroma of spices - all this is done so deliciously that it is impossible to refuse.

About spices it is worth mentioning separately - they are added here a little more than in neighboring Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. This makes the cuisine of Tajikistan a bit similar to the Caucasian one. The local culinary tradition also stands out for the use of more onions. Be it onions in manti or green onions in schurve, it fits perfectly into the overall taste of the dish, ennobles it and makes it more juicy.

A special attitude to baked goods and other bakery products turns Tajikistan into a paradise for lovers dough products... It is here that unique flatbreads, starting breakfast with which, it will be difficult to switch even to delicious pies with herbs and golden chuchvaru... By the way, the very name of these cakes speaks of their small size and translates as "palm". This shape and volume allowed mountain shepherds (shepherds) to use all the bread at once, leaving no broken pieces. Indeed, the attitude towards bread in Tajikistan has always been elevated. It is never laid down "face" and is broken as carefully as possible, not crumbling. When a dispute arises, when evidence is required, but there is none, the Tajik takes a piece of cake in his hand and swears by bread, which means his maximum conviction in his righteousness. This is done extremely rarely, and only in those cases when the oath is of particular importance. Deliberately throwing bread in the house is a serious insult to the owners.

Separately, it should be said about the high role fruit... They have always been consumed in large quantities. It is even allowed not to offer the guest meat, but a vase with dull shining grapes, bulk apples and peaches emitting a languid aroma will always decorate the dastarkhan.

Equally important hallmark Tajik gastronomic traditions is the attitude to food in general, which is divided into "Cold", "hot" and "medium" types... No, this does not mean temperature or cooking method, but nutritional value, normalization, beneficial features of a particular product in relation to the season and each individual. The foundations of a kind of local dietetics were first voiced by himself. Abu Ali ibn Sino... The action of many of them can be observed even now in the rules of serving and alternating dishes.

The cost of food in Tajikistan.

The cost of food in Tajikistan will evoke clearly positive emotions. Compared to European countries, it is not just low, but strikingly low.

The reason lies in the underdeveloped economic standard of living of the people, in which prices of a higher order would become simply unacceptable for most people. Thanks to this, a hearty lunch costs no more than 8-10 US dollars in the republic.

Visa and registration.

Tajikistan is interested in attracting foreign tourists. The right to visa-free entry citizens of Russia and the CIS countries, except for Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, can use it.

It can take about a month to get a visa to Tajikistan at the embassy (more details). Before the document is issued, the consular department from Tajikistan must receive visa invitation... Upon arrival in the country, each foreign citizen must fill out migration card and register with the migration service within 3 working days. Citizens of Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan can stay on the territory of Tajikistan without temporary registration for up to 30 days. Those citizens who have a tourist visa (T) can also stay in the country for up to 30 days without registration. Holders of other categories of visas must register within 3 working days.

The received certificate of registration and the migration card will have to be returned to the border control officers upon departure; the presence of registration can also be checked by the police on the street. There are rather high fines for the lack of registration, even by European standards.

Registration certificate- this is a separate document with the seal of the migration service, where the name of the foreigner, his passport number and the period of validity of temporary registration are indicated.

Obtain temporary registration You can do it yourself at the Migration Service (OVIR), and if you are staying at a hotel, the hotel staff can do it. However, it should be borne in mind that not all hotels in the Republic of Tajikistan, even those in the capital, can apply for a temporary registration; it is better to clarify this issue in advance, before entering the country. Payment for registration is not included in the cost of staying at the hotel, it is considered a separate service and is paid separately.

In order to visit attractions in the border areas (Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region, Khatlon Region, Pamir), you must obtain a special permission(permit).

Customs regulations of Tajikistan.

Not much different customs regulations of Tajikistan from other countries of Central Asia. It is prohibited to import pornographic materials, drugs, weapons, ammunition and printed publications that can be interpreted as posing a threat to the political system of the state. It should be noted separately that even those medications that contain any narcotic substance cannot be imported. An exception is the availability of a prescription.

For foreign citizens the ban also applies to the import and export of somoni. Otherwise, you can export everything except food, precious stones, gold and minerals. If there is a desire to purchase any piece of jewelry as a souvenir, you must first obtain permission to export it. The same applies to products self made... If any particular specimen is made more than 50 years ago, you will have to obtain written confirmation that it does not represent cultural or historical value.

Import of foreign currency in cash is not limited... If the imported amount is more than 5000 USD or equivalents in other currencies, then it must be declared. However, upon entry, we recommend that you enter in the declaration all imported money, because in any case, a foreigner has the right to export cash from the country no more than the amount that he imported.

When leaving the country, the amount of more than 500 USD must already be declared. But there is also a nuance: it is allowed to export up to 2,000 USD in cash from Tajikistan without any documents. When exporting more than 2,000 USD, you must provide Customs documents confirming the legality of the origin of the amount. Such a document is, inter alia, customs declaration confirming the import of cash foreign currency or currency values ​​into the Republic of Tajikistan.

Currency in Tajikistan.

In order to purchase various goods and pay for services rendered in Tajikistan, you must use somoni- local currency. Foreign currency exchange (US dollars, euros, rubles, tenge, Uzbek sums and Kyrgyz soms) is carried out by banks in large cities and numerous exchange offices, which can be found in almost any settlement of the republic.

Sometimes tourists are faced with an unusual choice. It lies in the fact that the rate tends to fluctuate quite noticeably, and the probability of discovering much more favorable rates a day after the exchange is very high.

Therefore, you can buy somoni in parts, as you spend. You should not engage in foreign exchange transactions on the streets and bazaars. Private money changers do not have the appropriate official permits.

Bank cards Visa and Master Card can be accepted for payment in some hotels and supermarkets only in Dushanbe and Khujand. ATMs are also found only in these two cities.

Internet in Tajikistan.

The quality of the Internet in Tajikistan depends on the locality - the larger the city, the better the Internet in it. In small villages, it may not exist at all. Wi-Fi is available in some hotels and restaurants in Dushanbe and other large cities. Internet cafes are also common only in large settlements.

Photographing in Tajikistan.

The country has banned photographing and filming at military installations and at airports. Going on an excursion to the border areas, you must first clarify with the accompanying persons what exactly can be filmed and what is not. In addition, it is not recommended to photograph locals on the street without their permission. To a greater extent, this applies to women, especially those who are dressed in national clothes. Additional charges may apply for photographing and filming some attractions.

Souvenirs of Tajikistan.

When it's time to choose souvenirs and gifts, the first, undoubtedly, are striking gold embroidery... Local craftswomen can argue in this matter with the famous gold embroiderers from Bukhara itself! It seems that the breath of the Pamir itself was put into the product, and the threads were taken directly from the great canvas of History.

Perhaps the elements national dress, brought from here, are unlikely to be able to be carried at home, but even stored in a closet, they will help to remember this amazing mountainous region. For those who seek a more practical approach to the selection of souvenirs, all kinds of handmade scarves and shawls... In this case, the concept of handmade applies not only to decoration, but also to the material itself. The people of Tajikistan have always been famous for their textiles produced by local craftsmen.

The second thing that a souvenir lover can rejoice at is leather products... What is there just not! Keychains, wallets, small straps, shoes and much more - all this is done by craftsmen with their own hands and decorated with all kinds of embossed designs and inserts from other materials.

Pottery technology, not forgotten by the people of Tajikistan in our days, will proudly display on their table ceramic products for example, a skillfully made salt shaker. Or you can hang a dish of indescribable beauty on your wall, giving your apartment a kind of oriental charm.

Since the East is a delicate matter, it is better to go shopping at the bazaar together with a person who can distinguish a real work of local craftsmen from stamping that came out of the press in Uncle Lee's cellar. Of course, in souvenir shops there is less risk of getting a fake, but you won't be able to bargain there, but what is the East without bargaining?

National holidays of Tajikistan.

Now in Tajikistan, about 64 holidays are celebrated, the most common and solemn of which are:

. Independence Day - September 9; . Navruz - March 21-22; . Eid al-Adha and Ramadan Hayit holidays; . New Year - January 1;

On these days, all citizens of the republic rest from 2 days to one week.

In addition to the above holidays, days such as:

The rest of the holidays are either celebrated as professional, or not in all regions of the republic. During professional holidays, employees of the "named" profession usually have a rest, while others celebrate these days in their own way.

State symbols.

State symbols of the Republic of Tajikistan, as, in principle, and many other countries of the world are the coat of arms, flag and anthem.

Flag.

State flag of the Republic of Tajikistan is a symbol of state sovereignty, an inviolable union of workers, peasants and intelligentsia, friendship and brotherhood of all peoples living in the republic.
The state flag of the Republic of Tajikistan is a rectangular panel consisting of three horizontally located colored stripes: top band red and equal in width to the lower green stripe, as well as the middle white stripe, which is one and a half times the width of the side stripes.
A stylized crown and a semicircle of seven stars above it are depicted in gold on a white stripe at a distance of half the length of the panel from the shaft. The ratio of the total width of the flag to its length is 1: 2. The crown and the star are inscribed in a rectangle, the sides of which are 0.8 vertically and 1.0 horizontally of the width of the white stripe. Five pointed stars fit into a circle with a diameter of 0.15 and are located along an arc, with a radius of 0.5 of the width of the white stripe.
The date of adoption of the state flag is November 25, 1992.

Coat of arms.
Coat of arms of the Republic of Tajikistan is also a symbol of freedom and independence. It is an image of a stylized crown and a semicircle of seven stars above it in the rays of the sun rising from behind mountains covered with snow and framed by a crown made from ears of wheat on the right, and cotton branches with open bolls on the left. At the top, the crown is intertwined with a three-strip ribbon, in the lower sector there is an open book on a stand.
In the color image of the Tajik coat of arms, the crown, sun, mountains, ears, a book and a stand are gold; the stems and leaves of cotton are green, the stripes on the ribbons are red, white and green, respectively; the cover of the book is red.
The right to use the image of the coat of arms of the republic by enterprises, institutions and organizations can only be granted by the government of Tajikistan. Persons guilty of desecration of the state emblem of the republic are liable in accordance with the law of the Republic of Tajikistan.
The coat of arms of Tajikistan was adopted on December 28, 1993.

Hymn.

The National Anthem of the Republic of Tajikistan is an expression of the inviolability of friendship and brotherhood of all peoples and nationalities of the country.
The sacred duty of every citizen is worthy respect for the Law on the National Anthem of the Republic of Tajikistan.
During the performance of the anthem of Tajikistan, the participants of the mass event listen to it while standing.
Persons guilty of insulting the anthem of the republic are prosecuted in accordance with the legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan.

The text of the anthem(lyrics by Gulnazar Keldi, music by Sulaimon Yudakoa):

Original text: Diyori armandi mo, Ba bakhti mo sari azizi tu baland bod, Saodati tu, presslati tu begazand bod. Zi durii zamonao rassiday, Ba zeri brocade that saf kashida, kashidaem. Zinda bosh hey Watan, Toikistoni ozodi man! Baroi nangu nomi mo Tu az umedi raftagoni mon nishona, Tu bari vorison aoni ovidona, Khazon namerasad ba navbaori tu, Ki mazrai wafo buvad kanori tu, kanori tu. Zinda bosh hey Watan, Toikistoni ozodi man! Tu modari yagona, Baoi tu buwad baoi honadoni mo, Maromi tu buvad maromi ismu they mo, Zi tu saodati abad nasibi bridge, Tu astivu ama aon abibi bridge, abibi bridge, Zinda bosh hey Watan, Toikistoni ozodi man!

Translating to Russian language: Our beloved country We are glad to see your pride. May your happiness and prosperity be always. We've been walking towards this day since ancient times, We are under your flag. Long live my Motherland, my free Tajikistan! You are a symbol of the hope of our ancestors Our honor and dignity You are eternal peace for your sons, Your spring will never end We are still loyal to you. Long live my Motherland, my free Tajikistan! You are the mother to all of us Your future is our future Your meaning, the meaning of our soul and body, You always give us happiness Thanks to you, we love the world! Long live my Motherland, my free Tajikistan!

Telephone codes in Tajikistan.

International code of Tajikistan: +992 (8-10 992)
To call Tajikistan, you need to sequentially dial + 992 - area code - phone number.

Telephone codes of city lines of large cities of Tajikistan:

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