A hip roof, provided it is constructed correctly, is distinguished not only by its presentable appearance, but also by increased strength, which allows it to effectively withstand precipitation and strong winds. In this article we will talk about the structure of the rafter system hipped roof, we will consider the varieties of such frames, and also describe a detailed work plan for their construction.

Comparative characteristics of frame types: tent and hip

The category of roof with four slopes includes 2 types of frame systems, which schematically look like square (hipped structure) and rectangular (hip roof) envelopes. In our country, the envelope roof is quite popular. The main feature of hipped roofs is the absence of gables. To construct the rafter system of a hipped roof, in both cases hanging and layered rafters are used. Their assembly methods are standard for roofs with any number of slopes.

Distinctive features of hipped roofs of various designs:

• In the case of a hip frame, the roof consists of four isosceles triangles whose vertices touch at one point. In this case, the functions of the ridge are assigned to the central support beam in layered structures, or to the top point of the hanging rafter truss.
• A hip-type roof assumes the presence of two triangular and two trapezoid-shaped slopes. In this case, the trapezoidal slopes are adjacent to the ridge beam with their upper ribs, and the triangular slopes with their vertices. In this case, all four slopes touch each other with lateral ribs.

Studying the plan of the rafter system of a hipped roof, we can conclude that the choice of the configuration of four pitched roof depends on the shape of the building. That is, square houses covered with tent structures, and rectangular ones - hip roofs. In this case, you can use any roofing materials, both hard and soft.

When drawing up drawings of the rafter system of a hipped roof, you should clearly indicate the geometric shape, as well as indicate the position of individual elements and the projections of the slopes with exact dimensions.

As a rule, hip and hip-type rafter systems are combined with traditional ones - single-pitched, gable and sloping roofs within one object.

For support hipped design you can use a Mauerlat, which is top harness on concrete or brick walls oh, and also the top crown of the log house. Layered technology is used in cases where it is possible to install upper and lower supports under each rafter leg.

• The Mauerlat must be reinforced to withstand the pushing forces in case of rigid fixation rafter legs wooden overlays or metal corners.
• If the upper part of the leg is fixed rigidly, and the lower part is hinged, you can fix the Mauerlat in the usual way. In this case, when the load on the frame increases, the rafters will be able to move slightly.
• The bursting load and pressure on the Mauerlat will be leveled by using rigid fastenings on the lower part of the rafters and hinged fastenings on the upper heels.

Please note that the method of laying the Mauerlat and the entire rafter system should be provided for at the building design stage. In the absence of internal load-bearing walls and the impossibility of placing supporting elements for the central part of the roof, hanging rafter technology is used. However, most often they install an inclined type of stable frame, having provided for the presence of load-bearing structures in advance.

When constructing hip and hip frames, the following specific components of the rafter system of a hipped roof are used:

• Diagonal legs from which the ridges of the slopes are made. In hip-type frames, such slanting legs combine the corners of the roof with its highest point. Hip frames involve joining the ridge beam consoles to the corners using diagonal rafters.
• Cornices (half-legs) are elements mounted at an angle of 90 degrees to the cornices. Since they connect to diagonal rafters and are parallel to each other, their length will vary. Roof slopes are created from such elements.

The same structural elements are used to create valleys, with the only difference being that the corners are made concave.

It is the installation of slanted rafters that poses the greatest difficulty. Moreover, these elements will bear an increased load, since they serve as a supporting element for fastening in the upper part of the ridges, that is, they act as a ridge. Therefore, before starting work, it is necessary to calculate the rafter system of a hipped roof.

In general, the process of erecting a roof with four slopes includes the following steps:

1. Laying mauerlat on walls made of brick or concrete. In log houses, this element is the upper crown.
2. Installation of a central support beam under a hip frame or assembly of support structures for a hip roof.
3. Installation of layered rafter legs under one or another structure.
4. Attaching diagonal rafters that align the corners of the roof with the central peak or ends of the ridge.
5. Marking and installation of spigots.

If a hanging type of rafter system is assumed, then the first stage of creating a tent structure will be the placement of a central truss in the shape of a triangle. When creating a hip-type structure, at the starting stage several roof trusses.

Construction of a hip roof

Since private construction mainly uses hip roofs with layered rafters, let us consider in more detail the process of installing a hipped rafter system of this design. The support for the structures will be the floors placed on the Mauerlat.

Fixation using the cutting method will be performed only at the junction of the ridge with the rafters, so the Mauerlat can be installed on conventional fasteners. In the building under consideration, the box of the house has dimensions of 8.4 × 10.8 m. The roof on the plan will exceed the dimensions of the house by 40-50 cm on each side - this is the width of the eaves overhang.

Plan for laying supports on the Mauerlat

Depending on the material used to construct the walls of the building, the mauerlat can be laid in various ways.

• In the upper part of the walls made of gas silicate or foam concrete blocks, you need to pour a reinforced concrete belt in which to place anchors for subsequent fixation of the Mauerlat.
• When constructing brick walls, a side of 1-2 bricks is made in their upper part so that a recess is formed in the center of the wall for a wooden frame. As the bricks are laid, wooden plugs are placed between the bricks, to which the Mauerlat will be fixed with brackets.

For the Mauerlat you will need a beam with a cross section of 100×150 or 150×150 mm. When planning the use of space under the roof, thicker beams should be used. The frame elements are joined with oblique notches, followed by reinforcement with nails, screws or screws, and in the corners with staples.

Next, you need to place the ceiling elements on the Mauerlat. They are made from bars with a cross section of 100×200 mm. The central beam is laid first. If the length of the lumber is not enough, it is made from two pieces of timber. Moreover, the connection point should be on a supporting element, for example, a load-bearing wall.

In this case, the beams are laid in 60 cm increments. As a rule, the box has non-ideal dimensions, so the spacing between the beams can be slightly adjusted to smooth out imperfections. The distance from the walls of the house to the outer beams located on both sides should be 90 cm. This is required for the installation of outriggers.

Extensions are attached to the end parts of the floor beams. For convenience, they are first placed only in those places where the rafters will be installed later. They are fastened to the surface of the outrigger mauerlat with nails, and to the beams with dowels, large-section nails, and self-tapping screws, after which the fastening is reinforced with corners.

Assembling the ridge section of a hipped roof

The central section of the hip roof is nothing more than a traditional gable structure. Consequently, its assembly is carried out using technology for pitched roofs. Although such a design usually involves the presence of a bed on which supports for the ridge are placed, in in this example the functions of such an element are assigned to the central floor beam.

The ridge section of the roof is done as follows:

• First they collect supporting structure under the rafters, whose upper heels will rest against the ridge beam. The skate itself will be supported by three support pillars, of which the middle one is mounted directly on the central beam of the floor. To correctly install the two outer pillars, transverse bars are placed under them on top of the ceiling, spanning at least 5 beams in length. The struts provide additional stability to the structure. Support elements the frame is made of timber with a cross-section of 100×150 mm, and the struts are made of boards 50×150 mm.
• To ensure that all rafters are the same, a template is made for cutting them. To do this, a board of the required length is tried on at the installation site, the cuts are marked, and then all the rafters are cut along it.
• The finished rafters are supported on the ridge beam by the cutting point, and the lower part is secured to the outrigger.

Typically, floor beams are placed perpendicular to the frame so that the support of the rafter legs in the central part of the roof rests on them. Since in the example under consideration the rafters are connected to the extension, the installation of additional supports is necessary. They are placed in such a way as to redistribute the load from the rafters and supports to the walls.

In the end, you need to install three rows of stems on each side. After this, a cornice is attached strictly horizontally to the floor beams and extensions, facilitating further work on the roof.

Fastening the corner extensions of the rafter system

It is necessary to install corner extensions in the corners behind the cornice board.

They are attached like this:

• From the corner to the place of the conventional intersection of the floor beam with the outer support of the frame, a string is pulled.
• A block is placed along its contour in the right place. On the block you need to mark the places where it intersects the floor beam and the corner joint of the cornice. According to the markings, all excess is cut off.
• Using corners, the finished element is attached to the ceiling and mauerlat.

The same actions are performed with all remaining offsets.

Installation of sloped rafters - drawings

The diameter of the diagonal rafters coincides with the dimensions of the ordinary elements. Since in our example the slope of the trapezoidal slopes and hips is different, one of the sloped legs is placed slightly higher than the other.

The process of creating and installing slopes is as follows:

• Using laces, we outline additional lines for marking the cut, pulling it towards the corners and the center of the slope from top point ridge beam.
• Determine the angle between top part corner stem and lace. This will be the angle for the bottom cut (α). The upper cut (β) is calculated using the formula: β=90º-α.
• We take a piece of board and cut one edge of it at an angle β. Having attached the workpiece to the place where the upper parts are joined, we combine its edge with the lace. We mark the excess and saw off.
• In another blank for the lower heel, we saw off a section at an angle α.
• Using the templates obtained, the first diagonal rafter is cut out. If there is no whole board of the required length, the element is assembled from two pieces. They are spliced ​​using an inch board, 1 m long, placing it with outside rafters The finished element can be installed.
• The second half of the diagonal rafters is made in the same way, not forgetting that it should be placed slightly lower than the first. The junction of the two halves of the slope should not coincide with the section where the boards are joined into one piece.
• The boards are joined with nails at a distance of 40-50 cm.
• Next, you need to draw a saw line along the lace on the rafter so that it can be joined to the adjacent diagonal element.

The manufacture of the remaining 3 parts is carried out in the same way. Supports are installed under each of these rafters in the places where the beams meet the corner extensions. Additional supports near the ridge are required if the span exceeds 7.5 m.

Assembly and installation of hip rafter legs

Using a stretched cord from the ridge to the center of the slope, we measure the lower angle γ and calculate the opposite angle δ=90º-γ. Just as with diagonal parts, templates are made for cuts on the upper and lower heels of the element so that it fits tightly between the diagonal rafters. Having made the central hip rafter, it must be installed in the appropriate place.

Structural rigidity and reliable fastening The shortest extensions are provided by installing short extensions between the cornice and corner extensions.

At the next stage, they make templates for the makers:

• A piece of board is sawn off at an angle δ and tried on at the junction with the diagonal leg.
• Excess areas are identified and then sawed off. This template will be needed to create all the flaps that will be installed on one side of the hip. For the other half, the cut on the blanks will need to be done on the opposite side.
• The lower heel of the splices is cut according to a template sawed off at an angle γ. This blank is suitable for creating lower joints on all spigots.

The production of spigots is carried out taking into account the estimated length of the elements and according to the manufactured templates. They will fill the planes of the hips and main slopes. The installation of these parts is carried out so that the junction points of the slopes with the spouts on opposite sides do not converge in one place, that is, apart. The fastening elements for connecting the frames with the diagonal rafters are angles, and with the outriggers and floor beams - jagged plates or angles - whichever is more convenient.

The construction of a roof with a hip frame is carried out using the same technologies as with a hip frame. The only difference is the absence of a ridge in hip roofs. In this case, installation of the rafter system hip roof begins with joining the diagonal rafters, and then the splices. If hanging rafters are used, the central truss is installed first.

Thus, a detailed study of the features of the construction of hipped roofs will allow you to begin creating frame structure with knowledge of affairs.

Plan and drawings of a gable roof

It is difficult to imagine a building without a reliable roof over it. Any roof is the basis, the main guarantor of the inviolability of things in the house and the safety of property. It is the main protector from rain, snow and wind. After its construction, you can move on to the next stage, which involves interior work. Having made this part unreliable, there is no need to talk about a full-fledged home. A do-it-yourself gable roof is the simplest and most functional option among other types of roofing. Roof parts

There are several roof options, one of which is gable. Construction does not require a lot of talent, since this type of roof is the simplest. The housing element consists of the parts shown in the figure:
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The structure consists of the following parts:
Horse. The upper part that will connect the 2 slopes.
Rack. An installation used to redistribute weight from the top to the bottom of the roof. It must be made from quality materials.
Sill. A beam located horizontally. Connects the rack and the load-bearing wall.

View of the roof from the inside
Start of the skate

Start of the skate
Struts. These boards are fixed under small angle. Serve to redistribute weight from rafters to load-bearing elements at the bottom.

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Rafter leg. These elements form a visible outline in the shape of a triangle. Serve to hold the roofing covering. The heavier it is, the more often it is necessary to lay rafters.
Fillies. Boards that extend the rafters. Necessary to create an overhang with gable roof, By building regulations which must be at least 0.5 m.

Simple gable roof
Fillies in schematic form

Difference between rafters
It is quite possible to complete the roof plan for a gable roof and the drawing on your own. All elements can be constructed in several ways. The difference is the rafter system used for construction. There are the following types of rafters:

Layered. Here it is necessary to install additional support beams located in the middle of the load-bearing walls. The rafters will transfer part of the load to internal devices to lighten the weight. The type of rafters is used if the roof, built with your own hands, is heavy, with large areas dwellings, significant distances from the walls (more than 10 meters).

Types of rafter systems

Hanging. The only support for them is the side ceiling. When constructing such systems, it is necessary to tighten them to prevent the beams from bursting with other materials. They can be done both from above and from below. It is worth considering that when installing the top puffs, an indentation of no more than half a meter is made.

The systems are used in many homes, and both are of sufficient quality for comfortable use. During construction mansard roof, are used together. In this case, hanging and inclined types of rafters are combined. It is worth creating rafter drawings that will show the location of each element of the roof, built with your own hands, so that there are no incomprehensible moments. It will help you calculate the amount necessary materials.
Any element of the house must be created, understanding how it will all look as a result. For clarity, a drawing is created, and so that everything fits perfectly, it is calculated in advance. The plan takes into account the length of the roof along the ridge, the length of the slopes, and the length of the plumb lines is shown separately. The angle of inclination of the roof is determined. The angle is determined taking into account the following points:

• In case of strong winds in the construction area, the angle is set to about 10-12° so that the roof is not torn off.
• With significant winter precipitation, the slope is within 30-40o. the snow will easily slide off the surface. There are no difficulties in the calculations, but if the roof is made with a complex shape, this will make it difficult to calculate the required values.

Roof construction

After making calculations and purchasing the necessary parts, the Mauerlat is installed. After this, the sheathing is created. The element is the basis for a do-it-yourself roof, made from pine or other coniferous wood. The material is durable and lightweight, capable of distributing the weight of all elements over the entire plane. Placed along the roof slopes, between the rafters, and on the top of the walls.
Mauerlat

In order for the element to last longer, an insulating layer is necessary between the wall and it. Roofing material is suitable for this. The Mauerlat can be secured using any fasteners that are convenient.
To erect a roof, you must follow the plan:

• Fastening the rafters. If hanging ones are used, they must be assembled in advance, using fasteners to stiffen this part. The outer elements are made first, then the inner ones. With a layered system, a bed is first created where the supports will be installed. If the length of the elements is insufficient, you can add it by installing fillies.

Installation of sheathing. You can use any materials for construction, but it is important to get rid of bark from the boards in order to increase the service life of the elements. If you plan to use a soft roof, the sheathing is made continuous. A rigid base is required here so that there is no deformation during operation.
Continuous sheathing

Lattice. It is done using hard types of coating: slate, metal tiles.
Lattice system

Roofing. There are many coating materials, each of them involves the use different methods coverings. Do not neglect the recommendations of the material manufacturer. It is important to make a slight overlap between the elements. The structure must not be disturbed to prevent leaks.
Don't forget that reliable roof built with your own hands is a guarantee of the safety of property in the house. You shouldn’t neglect its construction, so that you don’t have to make complex repairs later.

Construction of a gable roof rafter system - a quick guide

Required tools and materials

There are different types of roofing, they differ in shape and consist of various materials, however, what is common to all is the presence of a foundation. Let's consider the design of a rafter system for a gable roof.

Roof truss system design

So, every building has a roof that is supported by something. It is this support, without which installation of the roof simply would not be possible, that is called the rafter system. It consists of many structural elements, these include braces, racks, ridge purlins, battens with counter-battens, etc. In fact, its importance is comparable to the skeleton in the human body.

Wood is mainly used as a building material. However, you should not think that absolutely any wood will do, as long as the dimensions are maintained. For this purpose they take only quality materials, preferably coniferous species. In addition, they must be well dried in natural conditions. Also, before use, all elements must be treated with a special antiseptic to prevent the appearance of fungus, mold, rotting and termite damage. Also worry about fire safety; various types of special solutions are also sold for this.

A feature of all new buildings will certainly be shrinkage, so many builders advise installing floating rafters. Their design is not fundamentally different from the one you have chosen; modifications are carried out only for attaching the leg and ridge beam. The installation is carried out without rigid fixation, and during the shrinkage process, the rafters can slightly change the location of their elements, without changing or losing strength. Otherwise, parts of the structure may bend or even break.

Gable roof and types of rafter system for it

As the name suggests, the device gable design assumes two wings, i.e. inclined planes, connecting to each other at the very top. What about the bottom, it rests against the walls of the building. The front and rear gables can be brick, cinder block or other building material. In addition, they are often decorated, especially since today there are many ways to give this element a unique look.

This design of the roof truss system has many advantages, for example, the ability to arrange an attic space. Of course, it is not suitable for living, but storing things there is quite possible. Also, the resulting space is often used as an attic. Besides, it's enough economical option, and the probability of leakage is minimal.

Now it’s worth dwelling a little on what options for gable roof rafter systems exist. So, there are hanging and layered types of structures. In the first case, the support is the ridge of the roof, and in the second the walls of the house, as well as an additional intermediate support, for example, the middle load-bearing wall. These rafters also differ in the principle of service.

Beams of a suspended system work simultaneously in both compression and bending, but what about layered beams, in this case the emphasis is only on bending.

The best option is a combined structure of a gable roof (alternating sloping and hanging rafter elements). Using this method you can not only save construction material, but also to make the structure somewhat stronger, and this is not superfluous. After all, this part of the house is subject to heavy loads, for example, sometimes a person is forced to climb onto it in order to restore it; in addition, one should not underestimate the power of winds, snow, rain, etc. So, regardless of the type of gable roof rafter system chosen, the design is mandatory must be sufficiently reliable and strong.

DIY rafter system for a gable roof

So, having understood the basic concepts, you need to pay attention to the practical part.

How to make a rafter system for a gable roof with your own hands - step-by-step diagram

Step 1: Arrangement of the base for the rafters

Direct installation of the roof truss system can be started only after the pediment, ridge, mauerlat, and floor beams have been installed (for the attic, beams of a larger cross-section are taken). In addition, you should lay boards on the ceiling, which will serve as the floor of the attic or attic, depending on the purpose of the room.

Step 2: Preparing the Material

Of course, you need to prepare the workplace first, but how strong the structure of the rafter system of your gable roof will be largely depends on the quality of the material. So we buy only high-quality wood - the most suitable beams for this purpose are with a section size of 50x100 mm. A smaller size is not always able to serve for a long time, and during strong winds or the snow melts, you will hear the pitiful creaking of wood. Do not forget to treat them with all the necessary means, they have already been discussed above. Next, we cut out the elements for the rafter system. It is much more convenient to do this on the ground and then lift the finished parts. Cuts should be made on the ridge where it will connect to the legs of the rafters.

Step 3: Installation

Having installed the ridge, you should also mark the places where the beams are attached to the Mauerlat and make grooves there. The outer beams are installed first. Then a strong thread is stretched between them (a fishing line will do) to make it easier to position the intermediate legs. The beams are attached to the ridge with long nails, but to secure them to the Mauerlat, you will need anchor bolts. To increase the reliability of the gable structure, additional spacers should be installed; they are also nailed.

House with a gable roof: project + Photo - rafters before price calculation

Often, when building a roof, people have to make a rather difficult choice - which option to prefer.

The fact is that modern technologies provide the opportunity for such a choice, allowing you to install any type of roof in a fairly short time. In Russia, gable rafter roofs have always been more popular.

When thinking about which design is more suitable, the homeowner is guided by many factors: its functionality, reliability and durability, and the ability to prevent precipitation from entering the building.

Perhaps this was facilitated by the peculiarities of the climatic conditions of our fatherland.

In winter, much less snow accumulates on such roofs, because it rolls off the surface, reducing the load on the structure.

The number of slopes does not in any way affect the parameters of the house, therefore specific choice depends on the preferences of the owners.

The gable roof of the rafter system is quite easy to install, it is durable and reliable in operation. Its structure allows the use of many of the most different materials as roofing materials: from the usual, well-known slate, to fashionable metal tiles.

House with a gable roof: advantages

Such a roof looks like two surfaces inclined towards each other, oriented along long sides houses connecting at the top into a ridge. It goes great with classic house, having the usual rectangular shape.

Among the advantages are:

• sufficient strength and slope height, allowing the use of almost any roofing material;
• light and simple design;
• well ventilated attic;
• the slope of the slopes, preventing the accumulation of sediments.

The roof slope is important parameter for this type of roof. For arid areas, its optimal value is up to 45 degrees. Where the amount of precipitation is high, it increases to 60. When designing a roof, the prevailing winds in a given area should also be taken into account: after all, with an increase in the angle of inclination, the windage of this part of the structure increases.

The choice of the appropriate type of roofing also depends on its slope.

Tiles and slate, for example, can only be used if the temperature is at least 22 degrees. The final cost of the roof will also depend on the slope of the slopes. The larger it is, the more you will have to spend on coating materials, and the higher the overall price will be.

Gable roof rafters: device diagram

What does any rafter system consist of? These are the rafters themselves, the roof plate, the struts and the sheathing. The rafter legs with their upper ends must be overlapped using special overlays. The lower ends are connected to support beams made of logs, as well as to the mauerlat.

According to the project, a gable roof can be made in two ways: with hanging rafters, or with sloping ones. This or that method is selected based on the size of the structure itself frame house or gazebos.

It is extremely important that the calculation of the gable roof (rafter system structure) is carried out correctly. The best way to handle this is to hire a professional.

Fastening the support beam (aka Mauerlat)

It can be done using various methods:

• The most reliable of them (also the most common) is as follows. When the walls are installed, onto which the support beam is then planned to be attached, a concrete belt (continuous) is created along the perimeter of the building. It can be replaced with a concrete beam.

Thick studs, at least 12 mm in diameter, are inserted into this armored belt. The studs must penetrate the axis of the Mauerlat when attaching it. From its edge to the edge of the armored belt you need to leave about five centimeters. The distance between the studs should be from one and a half to two meters, so that each part of the support beam is securely fastened along the edge.

We should not forget at least about the minimum required roof slope. Otherwise, you may experience leakage or damage from strong winds.

• During laying, the studs are embedded directly into the wall. They will have to be walled up much deeper, so the studs themselves must be much longer. Not like that reliable way fastenings as the previous one, but for a gable roof with an area of ​​less than 250 square meters (with or without an attic) it is quite suitable.
• Most affordable way. A soft but thick wire is laid in advance in the masonry, with the help of which the Mauerlat is then secured. How it's done? Shortly before the end of the laying, when several rows remain, the middle of the wire is placed between the rows so that its ends protrude evenly on both sides.

Mounting diagrams for the Mauerlat

Their length must be sufficient to attach the support plate. To prevent the wire from being too noticeable, its outer end is passed through the mortar joint between the bricks. This method is quite common and very reliable, especially if we're talking about about a building of modest size (for example 10 by 10)

If the walls and beams have undoubted strength, then the rafters can be attached directly to the beams without using a support plate. Plan gable roof rafters may involve the use of the upper crown of the house (chopped) instead of the mauerlat. In some cases, a separate support beam for the roof is required.

Between the purlins and racks, to enhance the stability of the rafters, struts are made. The necessary parameters for the struts and rafter legs are calculated using the roof calculation. The usual width of simple rafter boards is approximately five centimeters, but their height is up to 20.

To form an overhang that will become reliable protection external wall from precipitation, puffs or rafters are placed at least half a meter beyond the plane of this very wall. It is necessary to place under the Mauerlat good layer waterproofing, otherwise the service life of the structure will be greatly reduced. You can use good old roofing felt or other similar material.

Several layers of insulation are laid between the rafters, always with offset seams. Materials with low thermal conductivity are used as insulation, for example, ordinary mineral wool. In addition to thermal insulation, it is also necessary to install a vapor barrier. To do this with inside The insulation is fixed with a well-stretched polyethylene film.

A special vapor-proof waterproofing film is used. This is a diffuse membrane with a special perforated structure. It is capable of releasing incoming interior space steam enters the insulation, but prevents moisture from entering it from the outside.

Lathing: assembly order

After this, you can begin the direct installation of the gable roof according to the drawing. Final (before roofing work) The stage of completing the gable roof structure will be the assembly of the sheathing. Its production usually takes wooden beam 6*6, 5*5 or 4*4 cm. Install it perpendicular to the rafters, as provided by the design. The sheathing serves to transfer and redistribute the weight of the roof to the rafters, which, in turn, direct it to the load-bearing walls of the building. The pitch of the sheathing can be different, and it depends on the type of roofing material chosen.

Some of them generally require the installation of a continuous covering-flooring. These are, for example, flat slate or soft roof. And under soft tiles bitumen requires additional underlay carpet, mounted on top of the deck. It not only levels its surface, but also protects it from unnecessary moisture when laying roofing materials.

To do this, you can use specially treated fiberglass with bitumen impregnation.

DIY gable roof is a great choice for responsible homeowners who aren't afraid to get their hands dirty and are ready to get to work. Simple design, which represents an isosceles triangle in section, is not at all difficult to build yourself. The height of the descent and the angle of the roof can be varied, but certainly within the limits of correctly made calculations.

Construction of a gable roof truss system: assembly and installation

The roof is the structural element of a house that gives it a unique look. There are a great many options for constructing such a structural element. But among them there is one, gable, the appearance of which changes remarkably depending on the angle of inclination of the slope.

In order for the structure to be as strong, reliable and durable as possible, the design of the gable roof rafter system must be thought out at the stage of developing the house project. A properly executed structure must be able to cope with permanent loads, say, the weight of the roof, as well as temporary ones presented by nature - snow, wind, rain. The most optimal plan is considered to be a gable roof plan, in which the rafter legs rest with their ends against a support beam, the so-called Mauerlat, and are fixed in a special way. In this case, the load can be evenly distributed around the perimeter of the house.

Rafter system design

As already noted, the key to the strength of any roof is its rafter system. According to their design, they are divided into layered and hanging.

Hanging

Hanging rafters are beams that have only two points of support, namely the walls of the house. In this case, each leg is subject to mainly two types of loads - bending and compression.

Hanging ones transmit horizontally the load bearing on them (the weight of the roof, snow, wind) to their support points, that is, to the walls, as a spreading force. To reduce its influence, the rafters are connected with a wooden or metal tie. IN rafter device of a broken gable roof, similar ties are floor beams. With a span of 8 m or more, headstocks with struts are additionally installed under each truss.

Layered

Layered rafters are beams that have an intermediate support that rests on additional supports or the internal wall of the house. The main effect of this system on supports is bending. IN load-bearing structure roofs can only be used overlays if intermediate supports are located at a distance of up to 6.5 m from each other.

The layered structure is lighter than the hanging or combined system.

The scheme may also contain elements of a future attic. Vertical racks, reinforced with struts and crossbars, which are installed in this case, can serve as part of the attic in the future. They are supported by floor beams. Read: Installation of a gable roof rafter system.

Installation of the rafter system

Mauerlat installation methods

In houses made of logs or beams, the lower part of the rafters is supported by the upper crown, and in brick or stone houses - a special support beam, Mauerlat. It is laid on a waterproofing pad on the inside of the wall along the attic.


The Mauerlat is fixed to the wall:

by means of a reinforcing belt (on concrete with studs), on studs embedded in the masonry of the walls, using wire rod.

A hairpin is a metal rod with a thread. Its length is chosen on the basis that one half of the stud will be embedded in the wall, and the protruding part should be enough by 3–4 cm to tighten the nut on top of the Mauerlat.

Ridge run

The upper part of the gable roof structure rests on the so-called ridge girder. It is a log or timber to which the upper ends of the rafter legs are attached. It is this run that will subsequently serve as the ridge of the roof.

With a house length of up to 6 m, it is permissible to prepare a ridge run from a single beam or log. At the same time, it can rest on two pediments without additional supports. If the length of the house is more than 6 for the installation of a composite ridge girder construction trusses are used.

Additional items

The side girders serve as additional support for the system itself. They are supported either by building trusses or by the gables of the house. If the structure is heavy, the purlins are made in the form of a “construction lift” or a rocker. Struts help relieve the rafters in the center. They are installed under all “legs” at an angle of 45° or more. In this way, you can build a gable roof up to 14 m. Braces (diagonal beams) strengthen the rafters and help the gables withstand strong wind loads. The support of their upper part is the corner of the pediment, the lower part is the central floor beam.

Installation procedure

Rafters can be installed in two ways:

assemble the truss on the ground and lift it up; assemble trusses directly at the installation site.

The choice of installation method, of course, is up to the contractor, however, in any case, when creating trusses of the same type, it is more convenient to use a template according to which the rafters will be cut and connected.

Making a template like this is not at all difficult.

To do this, take two boards, slightly longer than the rafters, lift them up and install them like the future structure. Align them vertically so that the top of the ridge is installed in accordance with the drawing, the boards are connected with one nail. By lowering or raising the ends of the boards, achieve the required angle of inclination and connect the boards using a transverse strip and thus fix them in the desired position. The finishing version is adjusted to this template and connected.

Technology of fastening to the Mauerlat

Fastening is one of the important points when installing a roof. The rafters are attached to the mauerlat in two ways.

Rigid fastening. The main principle of this technology is the exclusion of any influences on the connection - bends, turns, shifts. Such staticity can be achieved by fastening the rafters using corners or support beams. You can also make cuts on the rafters, use staples, and drive nails. Additionally, they are attached to the wall with wire or anchors.

Sliding (hinged). This type of fastening, which has 2 degrees of freedom, is especially recommended for wooden houses. The moving part in this design is the rafters. It is performed using a special saw, securing the joint with two nails driven at an angle, or a metal plate equipped with holes for nails and others.

Trusses are first installed at the beginning and end of the building, after which a cord is pulled between them. The horizon level should be perfectly level. If a distortion is detected, one of the trusses can be lowered slightly. All other rafters are installed under this cord with the pitch specified in the project. Then additional elements are installed: retaining beams, braces, frames and crossbars.

As an example, watch the video: “Gable roofs: installation of the rafter system.”

1) Draw the coordination axes of the building.

2) Draw the outline of the walls.

3) Lay Mauerlat along the perimeter of the building on the outer walls.

4) Place a support beam in the corners of the building to support the diagonal rafter legs.

5) At an angle of 45°, draw diagonal rafter legs from the corners of the building.

6) Lay a plank along the inner wall of the building and show the upper purlin.

7) Lay the rafter legs, starting from the support unit, after a certain distance.

8) Lay short rafter legs (springs) along the diagonal rafter legs in a checkerboard pattern.

9) Install the racks every 3000 - 6000 mm, starting from the support unit.

10) If the building width is more than 12 m, place a crossbar at the rafter legs.

11) To form a cornice, a filly is nailed to each rafter leg, and fillies, called shorties, are nailed to the diagonal rafter legs on both sides.

An effective solution roof design is the use of layered rafters to cover spans of up to 14 m if the building has one internal support and up to 16 m with two internal supports.

The rafters are connected using fastening bolts, staples and nails.

In the case when the distance between supports (external or internal) is more than 7500 mm, in civil buildings the load-bearing foundation of the roof is roof trusses, representing a flat geometrically unchangeable lattice system consisting of individual, interconnected elements (rods). Rafter trusses can be wooden, metal-wood, steel and reinforced concrete. Wooden trusses are called hanging rafters.

The pitch of trusses for spans up to 9 m is 3–4 m, for spans over 10 m – 1.5–2 m.

Hanging rafter diagrams

Dormer windows arranged in pitched roofs for lighting, ventilation of the attic, and access through them to the roof. They can be semicircular, triangular, rectangular shape. Lighting is provided through a glazed sash measuring at least 0.6×0.8 m. For ventilation, wooden louvered grilles are used, located adjacent to the glazed sash of the dormer window. Dormer windows must be placed in such a way as to ensure through ventilation. It is recommended to place the bottom of the window no higher than 0.8 - 1.0 m from the top of the attic.

Types of dormer windows

a – triangular; b – semicircular; c – rectangular; g – polygonal

1 – glazed parapet; 2 – louvered grille

In the construction of cottages and country houses, rafter systems used in residential buildings. This article will talk about how a rafter system is designed, what a rafter plan is and how it is drawn up to facilitate the calculation of the system.

Rafters for residential buildings are most often made of wood. Such rafter systems are usually made in the shape of a triangle, although other designs are sometimes used.

If it is necessary to save living space, use rafters attic systems, allowing you to equip another living room in the attic.

Design of rafter systems and rafters

Designing a rafter system is quite challenging task requiring special skills and knowledge. To do this, it is necessary to correctly calculate snow and wind, and the optimal weight of the system.

Therefore, the greatest efficiency and durability of a built house can be achieved if the calculations and drawings of the rafter system are performed by a competent, qualified specialist with experience in performing such work.

Most important points taken into account when designing the roof are:

• Type of roof being built;
• Angles of inclination of slopes;
• Material used for roofing;
• selection of rafter section;
• Calculation of rafter system structures.

At the same time, the magnitude of the slope of the slopes also affects the calculation of the strength of the supporting structure and the choice of material with which the roof will be covered.

Most of these materials directly affect the design of the rafter system, therefore, the covering material must be selected at the design stage.

The rafter structure should be carefully calculated when designing the roof, since shortcomings made when assessing loads can cause both deformation of the rafter structure and damage to the roof covering during operation, as well as the collapse of the entire roof.

The load-bearing structures of the roof, which in the case of a pitched roof consist of sheathing and rafters, ensure its stability and strength.

The structural layout of the rafters depends on the following parameters:

• Roof shape;
• The presence of internal supports and their location;
• Length of the space to be covered.

When drawing rafters, it should be taken into account that rafters or rafter trusses can be hanging or layered (the most widespread type).

Most often, the rafter design is made in the shape of a triangle, providing maximum rigidity and efficiency.

Complex rafter trusses include whole line various additional elements, such as:

• Rafter beams, also called rafter legs;
• Puffs;
• Crossbars;
• Racks;
• Struts, etc.

Let's take a closer look at the two main types of rafters:

1. Layered rafters are installed in houses where load-bearing wall is average. They consist of two rafter legs, the lower ends of which rest on the mauerlats - load-bearing beams, and the upper ends - on the ridge run, which is supported by racks. The racks are installed on a bench located on the load-bearing internal wall. The Mauerlat and the bench serve to distribute the load on the walls. In the absence of longitudinal internal walls, the rafters should be supported by transverse interior walls or on poles, the distance between which does not exceed 6.5 meters. With the help of one additional support, the width of the covered room can be increased to 12 meters, and with two supports - up to 15 or 16 meters. Increasing the span complicates the design, since it becomes necessary to introduce additional structures, such as racks and struts, to increase the stability and lateral rigidity of the rafter system, turning the rafter structure into a truss.
2. are used in the absence of internal supports and rest only on external walls. The composition of the hanging rafters includes inclined rafter legs and a stretcher, which is horizontal beam, receiving thrust from the legs of the rafters. The lower ends of the rafter legs rest on the mauerlats using tightening, and for the upper ends the rafters are fastened to the ridge. The simplest version of hanging rafters is a triangular symmetrical truss, and the volume of the overlapped space can be from 7 to 12 meters. The structure can be strengthened using a special tie - a crossbar.

Important: it should be noted that the production of hanging rafters is a rather labor-intensive process, and their cost is significantly higher than the cost of suspended rafters. Therefore, quite often, in order to reduce construction costs, they equip combined systems rafters, which include both hanging and inclined rafters.

Development of a rafter plan

When developing a rafter plan, the following procedures are performed:

• Application of modular coordination axes, to which the values ​​of the thickness of the main walls of the building are attached. In this case, the extension of the crowning cornice of the structure used is displayed on the plan of the external walls in the form of a contour line;
• The plan shows smoke and ventilation ducts and pipelines, the location of which is necessarily taken into account in the process of placing elements of the designed rafter system;
• A plan of the selected roof shape is developed in the form of a sketch, which should also take into account the location of the walls. The ridge, valleys, ribs, as well as the following elements are drawn on the plan in the form of lines:

1. The shape of the roof slopes;
2. Slope direction;
3. Location of dormer windows;
4. Location of gables, etc.

• Using the roof plan, a plan of the rafter system is drawn, which should indicate the placement of the following elements:

1. Rafter beam;
2. Mauerlats;
3. Rafter legs with fillies and tie rods, resting on mauerlats;
4. Racks, as well as longitudinal struts, providing the necessary spatial rigidity of the rafter system (displayed as a dashed line);

The cross sections of the various elements take approximate values ​​depending on what type of wood will be used in construction (boards, beams or logs). The pitch of the rafters, that is, the distance between them, is selected depending on which scaffolding used in roofing construction, as well as on the weight of the material used for covering:

• The pitch is 100-120 cm;
• The pitch of rafters made from beams is from 150 to 180 cm.

In addition, the distance between the rafters can change when chimney or ventilation pipes are passed between them.

In addition, these pipes can be passed by interrupting the rafter legs; for this, their free ends rest on wooden jumpers located between adjacent rafters, for the fastening of which a special rafter cut is performed.

In the case of gable or gable roofs dormer windows are placed in gables located at the ends. This improves ventilation efficiency attic space in the warm season.

When developing a project for a hipped roof, you should display on the plan such elements as the slanted diagonal legs of the rafters, the flanges resting on them, as well as the dormer windows located on the hips.

If the under-roof space is equipped with attic floor, the plan should also show the upper beams of the framing walls, on which the rafters will rest.

It should also be taken into account that the development of a plan for the rafter system should be carried out in parallel with the development of a plan for the various structural sections of the designed building, which must be interconnected.

• On the rafter plan drawing, the values ​​of the distances between the modular axes of the designed building are indicated, to which the wall thickness values ​​are attached. Dimensional lines, which mark the chain of steps between the rafter axes, are drawn on the plan closer to its outline. Inside the plan, the distances between the racks, ventilation and chimney pipes, as well as between various elements rafter system designs. In addition, it is necessary to display callouts on the plan, which will indicate the values ​​of the lengths and cross sections of the listed elements.

The rafter system is the most important element the structure of the roof being erected, on the correct design of which indicators such as the reliability of the roof, its safety and the length of its service life depend.

Therefore, without having the required skills and abilities, it is better not to start drawing up a rafter plan, but to entrust this work to a qualified specialist with the necessary experience.

In this lesson we will look at how to compose and rafter plan in AutoCAD (2010). According to current standards, a roof plan must be drawn up for buildings with internal drain. If the drainage in the building is external and the building is not complex, then such a drawing is not necessary. Next, let's see how to draw a plan for a pitched roof and flat roof industrial and public buildings.

How to draw a roof plan

General information about the construction of drawings of industrial and roof plans public buildings: to construct a drawing, the plan is divided into rectangles, according to the building plan. Inside the rectangles, lines are drawn that will indicate ridges and valleys - the external and internal junctions of the slopes. These lines are projections of the main elements of the walls, so the roof model will be better represented in volume. Some of the rectangles will be located outside the walls. This required condition to a correctly executed roof plan, since they must have an overhang.

The roof plan of a pitched roof is distinguished by the presence more projection lines of ridges and valleys, since the slopes have a large slope, in addition, such roofs are often made complex shape. The roof plan of a flat roof is often limited to just a few lines.

The construction of front or side views is carried out taking into account the slopes of the roof slopes. The roof slope is set at the stage and is determined by the purpose of the building, its type, the selected roofing material, etc.

3 rules for drawing a pitched (flat) roof plan:

• the intersection of two slopes forms a ridge (endow). Its projection on the plan divides the corner of the rectangle into equal parts;
• if the eaves lines are parallel, then the ridge line will be parallel to them... its projection will be in the middle, unless otherwise determines the type of roof (for example, if the slopes are not equal);
• When two lines of intersection converge at a point, a third one will most likely pass through it.

Suggested procedure for working in drawing programs:

• draw a polyline around the existing house plan;
• copy it, as well as the outlines of the main walls, onto a drawing with a roof plan;
• mark with a line the projection of the upper ridge of the house;
• draw the remaining ridges and valleys using the three rules given above;
• place ventilation and smoke ducts on the roof plan;
• post skylights(if any);
• directions of drains, slopes of slopes, marks;
• indicate dimensions on the plan (along axes and contours).

After reading this lesson, you should not have any questions about how to draw a roof plan - a house plan; you must agree that the whole drawing is just a few lines! However, the question: how to draw a rafter plan has not yet been resolved.

How to draw a rafter plan

The rafter plan is a designation of pitched roof elements that is omitted from the roof drawing. The rafters are positioned taking into account the roofing material, since different materials require different foundations. In the case of metal tiles, it is necessary to leave a space of 450 cm between the rafters. Drawing procedure in AutoCAD:

• copying the roof plan or mirroring half of the roof, if these drawings must be combined;

• assigning roof lines a smaller thickness;

• parallel offset from the ridges and valleys of the lines by half from the rafters (if the rafters are 15 cm, then the offset in the program must be specified as 75 mm);

• after this, the main frame is ready (see more details: the rafter system of the house), then you need to move on to the rafters of the slopes, it is recommended to draw them from the middle of the roof, especially if the building is symmetrical (it is better to place two lines at once on opposite sides of the line of symmetry and move from them) .

• The distance for placing the rafters is selected individually, taking into account the characteristics of the roof of the house; in my work it was up to 800 mm; in places where chimneys pass, the distance was reduced to 600.