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Object world and progress
Throughout the development of scientific and technological progress, there has been a dispute: what came first - a product (as an object of the market) or a technology for its manufacture.
AT In most cases, it is the technology of enterprise development that determines:
1. Opportunities to release new competitive products
2. Achievement of the main economic results of the enterprise
It is confirmed that technology is the mother of the economy. Innovative development of an enterprise is impossible without technological innovations. Therefore, according to the concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation until 2020, one of the priority areas in the field of economy and economic development are:
1. Turning innovation into a leading factor in the economic growth of sectors of the national economy
2. Transition to the formation of a technological base social and economic development based on innovation
The main objective:
The development of technological support for production is the creation of an objective world.
This applies to both tangible and most intangible economic products (patents, know-how, software). However, the competitiveness of the created objective world, especially at the present time, is determined not so much by constructive as by design solution. It would not be possible without the "explosive" development of technology. Today, only the collective creativity of all specialists of the enterprise can ensure the high competitiveness of the product.
Today, when designing products, it is especially important to take into account all the factors that determine their existence in the subject environment:
1. Technical
2. Technological
3. Economic
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4. Aesthetic
5. Ergonomic
6. Environmental
7. Commercial
8. Socio-political
9. Social
10. Psychophysiological and other factors
It follows that any modern enterprise must take into account the presence of both internal and external factors.
Internal factors– everything that is necessary to create a product (design and technological preparation of production, production itself, control, testing)
External factors - actions that need to be taken to a market partner (market research, marketing policy, creating a positive image of the enterprise).
In the Russian industrial practice still insufficient importance is attached to both the technological support of production and the design of products, which are closely related to each other.
At the same time, industrial products designed according to the rules of design are not only the subject of production, but also the main means of expressing their form and content, which directly depend on the technological support of production processes.
In other words. The engineer is responsible for technical specifications products, and
designer - for its properties that are valuable to a person. That is both an engineer and a designer
have a single design object. The engineer is the author of the technical logic of machines and devices, and the designer is their harmony with man.
A designer is needed to sell products.
Consequences:
1. Engineering solutions provide technical, technological and organizational parameters for the production of new products.Technical specifications- physically and technologically achievable level
certain market competitive properties of the product.
Technological parameters- physicochemical characteristics processed materials, the value of which characterizes the level of development of a particular technological process. Determined, for example, by the speed of rotation
or movement of the product during processing: temperature, pressure and
similar parameters accompanying the manufacturing process of the product.
Organizational and technical options - level of organization
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production process manufacture of products. (For example,
production capacity pcs/shift, labor intensity)
2. Design solutions provide intelligent, social,
comfortable, aesthetic parameters of modern products.
Smart Options- reflect the level of application of knowledge and the progressiveness of design and technical solutions.
Social options- express their social production
usefulness and significance for society and the individual. Comfortable indicators- reflect the optimality of their functional and
emotional connection with a person.
cultural signs reflect the degree of its value and prestige, corresponding to a given era, region or society as a whole.
Aesthetic features reflect the measure of the integrity and harmony of technology
on equipment and artistic ideals and values of society.
Product as an object of design, production and consumption
1. Product creation
Design + production
2. Usage
Operation + repair
3. Destruction Disposal/Destruction
Design is a complex process that combines engineering, technological and aesthetic principles.
Design goal:
Initiate necessary changes in the objective world surrounding a person, taking into account all the factors of the existence of the future product in this environment.
The dominance of certain factors is dictated by the need
meet specific needs.
The dominance of utilitarian (technical) factors causes the need to design a product with a predominance of engineering and technical solutions.
Dominance of aesthetic factors determines the need to develop
decorative design.
Thus, a product as a product of production is a set of utilitarian and aesthetic values designed to meet the functional, social, psychological, economic and other needs of the consumer.
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Products depending on their purpose:
1. Products of the main production After being placed on the market, they become a commodity
2. Auxiliary products
Designed and manufactured by the company itself, cat. designed for technological support of own production (non-standard
fixtures, fixtures, tools)
Production Process- organization of targeted technically, economically and socially justified actions to transform the subject
human habitat.
Operation of an industrial product - the process of external and / or internal changes on the part of objects that this product affects in
the course of its operation.
Repair of an industrial product- technological processes of restoration of its main technical and energy changes (losses) that occurred during its operation.
The life of the product ends with its disposal or destruction.
This process can be active (the product is crushed, disassembled or melted down) or passive (it rusts, crumbles,
breaks up).
Methods for designing the form and content of products that increase the competitiveness of products
The designer is responsible for the form, the constructor is responsible for the content.
Product structure- an ordered relationship of all the elements included in the product.
Design of forms and surfaces of the product
To determine the competitive points of the product, it is necessary to know the algorithm of its
creation, i.e. the order of its design and technological algorithm of manufacturing.
Determination of the shape of the product
The general form of the product determines the order of construction and the process of interaction of its elements, i.e. the form and content of the product are in constant interaction.
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Determining the shape of product elements
The shape of each element is determined by the properties of the selected material, dimensions and surface requirements. starting point for design
the shape of the element is the shape of its functional surfaces.
functional surfaces- surfaces, cat. should play a major role in meeting the specific need for which these elements
must be manufactured. There may be several such surfaces (for example,
the screwdriver has 2 of them)
At the same time, the elements connecting the functional surfaces can change more dynamically, which makes it possible to create whole ranges.
products. At this stage of the design, the necessary
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engineering calculations, sketches and drawings are developed. Finally
the designs of each element are selected after:
1. Material selection
2. Element Sizing Definitions
3. After assigning surface parameters
4. The choice of element manufacturing technology
Those. shop drawings always reflect the 4 main properties of each
element (shape, material, dimensions and surfaces). To select the manufacturing technology of each of the elements, technical requirements are indicated,
presented to them relative position, physical and mechanical properties
surfaces, etc. The fifth main property of the product - its structure - is displayed in the assembly drawing.
Product shape design methods
The main function of the product: description of the practical implementation of a specific
the need for which it was created. This function can be expanded by increasing the number of needs satisfied.
The main function of the product has a decisive influence on its shape: it is
whether it is a machine, device or instrument. Therefore, two products with different
the main functions will be so different that it is impossible to create an intermediate product.
Surface elements have main functions, and products have subfunctions!!!
Very often, the main function of a product is divided into subfunctions that
have almost the same importance for design as the main function. For example, the main function of a watch is to show the exact time, but in order to do this, it is necessary to create an entire structure between the mechanism that supplies energy and the hands, the elements of which perform various sub-functions.
The method of changing the functional surfaces of the product is based on
changing the parameters that determine the shape of the element. It is used
to search or generate new ideas.
Parameters that may change during design development
functional surfaces:
1. Amount of elements
2. Location of elements relative to each other
3. The geometric shape of the elements
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4. Dimensions of elements
Example: the difference and unity of people's faces
The analysis shows that the change in the listed design parameters
leads to no difference functional purpose, and to the difference of parameters
functions performed by this surface.
Shape division method
If we carefully consider the design of the parts connecting
functional surfaces various products the same purpose (for example, handles in modern toothbrushes), you can find
regularity, which is attributed to the fifth variational parameter of the form.
Thus, when designing products, 5 variational shape parameters are used in the following order:
1. Amount of elements
2. Location of elements
3. Geometry
4. Dimensions
5. Shape division
However, this does not mean that all 5 must be used in every situation.
parameters. The final decision to accept design features product shape depends on:
1. From the choice of materials
2. From the production process - processing technology
3. From the assessment of appearance
Using sketches, models, scale drawings, the shape of all parts is selected, which are then documented as a set of working drawings of parts and assembly drawings at the stage design preparation for production, which are then the basis for the implementation
subsequent work on the technological preparation of production.
Technology as the basis for the economic development of an enterprise
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Market Success
product depends not only on its
(aesthetic properties) and
designs
(utility properties). AT
significant
sometimes decisively they depend
from the level
technological
providing them
production, which should be owned by a particular enterprise. At the same time, the basis of life and innovative development of any enterprise is its technological environment, which includes (see figure) primarily:
1. Technological processes as a set of methods, techniques and operations necessary to consistently achieve production goals for the production of industrial products (borscht) or the provision of services, but nothing happens without technology (what and how?)
2. Tools and technological equipment necessary to obtain the specified design parameters of processed products or services provided (what?)
3. Technological equipment, means of mechanization and automation
production processes
The prospectus for the Information Resources Policy Program at Harvard University states:
1. Nothing exists without materials.
2. nothing happens without energy
3. nothing makes sense without informationIn terms of technology, this means:
1. The product is always material
2. It is impossible to manufacture products without the use of energies contained in various equipment
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3. Without information in the form of manufacturing technology, any production
loses its meaning
Production technology - sequence of targeted
technologically and economically justified actions (methods and techniques), without
which it is impossible to produce a product or service.
The technological process cannot be implemented without the availability of technological
equipment, fixtures and tools.
Technological equipment- equipment designed to process source material for the purpose of manufacturing from it the final
product or intermediate semi-finished product. Today it is understood
equipment used both for industrial purposes and equipment used, for example, for IT technologies, i.e. machine equipment, and
multimedia technology.
The organization of the production process is impossible both without instrumental
provision, and without special or universal equipment. Tools are needed both for shaping (for example, a stamp) and for surface treatment of parts (for example, turning tools). Technological equipment
used to fix workpieces (products) in the process of their processing => technological innovations are possible only as a result of innovations
and improvement of both instrumental and technological equipment, as well as a set of methods, techniques and sequence of operations.
Selection of the optimal technological process
Optimal process - a process that provides the best way coordination between constructive and technological
product manufacturing requirements.
Those. when developing a technological process, the features of
not only the features of all the main properties of the elements of the product from the standpoint of design (shape, material, size and surface properties), but also the required
engineering properties of the structure.
The technological cycle of processing parts (elements of products) includes
achieving two goals:
a) at the first stages, ensuring the maximum approximation of the shape of the workpiece to the given shape of the part (shaping technologies)
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b) At the subsequent stages of processing, technological support for achieving
required surface properties (surface-forming technology)
Forming technologies:
1) blank production (casting, rolling, stamping)
2) Forming processes
Surface forming- manufacturing technologies: processing
cutting, electrophysical technologies, laser hardening, etching,
coating, etc.
As a rule, the given shape of the product is maximally achieved in this way.
called roughing operations. While surface treatment
applies to semi-finishing and finishing operations. The higher the requirements for the quality of surfaces, the more complex the technology of their processing.
It follows that the cost of obtaining high-quality surfaces as
the rule is much higher than for obtaining the form of elements (details)
products for procurement or roughing operations - this also applies to time and financial costs.
In this case, the conversation is often about the parameters of the surface layer, which requires
knowledge of laws such as surface physics, electronic theory of metals, and
etc. This led to the emergence of the concept of science-intensive (high technology).
As we said above, the product is determined by the form and content, while the content is determined by the number of elements and technological
processes of their connection with each other. Connecting technologies: welding,
soldering - non-separable structures, bolted or screw connections, demountable structures.
The problem of choosing a technology for manufacturing products is usually solved even before the release of working drawings and is the subject of heated discussions between designers and technologists. The former often underestimate the importance of technology in the economic space, which can lead to
unjustified overspending of resources and funds spent on organizing the production of products. A technologist, like a designer, must begin his
activities at the first stages of design, and from the position today -
at the marketing research stage.
Leading foreign firms have long understood the importance of technology and are trying to
make maximum use of the knowledge of the technological staff in improving
productivity, quality and economy of labor use. When choosing a rational set and sequence technological operations, first of all, the discussion of the technology for obtaining functional surfaces begins, i.e. those surfaces without which not a single element and not a single product can fulfill the stated needs.
Any modern production is unthinkable without the use of advanced technologies, materials and equipment, which must comply with modern international standards in the field of protection environment and rational use natural resources.
Everyone knows that the prevailing difficult situation on the world industrial market steadily requires increasing the competitiveness of products. That is why modern industrial production should not stop at dogmatically obsolete technologies, it should move and develop all the time.
The competitiveness of an enterprise largely depends on the efficiency of using production capacity and in this matter one cannot lag behind modern technologies, be it: modern machines and equipment; industrial information Technology; production automation technologies; energy supply and energy saving technologies for enterprises; technology of industrial water treatment system; production waste disposal technologies, etc.
With all of the above and many other equally important modern industrial technologies You will be given the opportunity to get acquainted in this subsection of the independent scientific and technical publication WWW.site.
The development and approval of the WSS project allow the owner of the enterprise not only to avoid administrative and financial sanctions, but also to express his civil responsibility for the state of water supply and protection water resources. The approval of such a project is preceded by work on its preparation on the basis of regulatory framework and collected baseline data. It is coordinated by Rospotrebnadzor, on the basis of which an appropriate conclusion is issued.
GC "Karelian Combine" announces the modernization of the production line at the enterprise in the city of Sortavala. The updated lines will feature a number of technological innovations. The company's technologies have no analogues in the world. This is also evidenced by frequent offers from foreign companies to purchase developments and implement them at foreign enterprises...
Special equipment for testing the quality and strength of manufactured products in industry are universal testing machines. They are intended for a wide range of static tests. Through this kind of research, various physical indicators of materials are determined. These properties are most often tested for specific types of deformation: compression, twisting, peeling, shearing, bending, and others.
Since early times man has tried a large number of various materials for the manufacture of weapons, household items and just jewelry. Time passed, and mankind discovered metals. The main method of processing this material was blacksmith hammers and a simple technology based on which heating the original blank to high temperature and further transformation of the product to the form required by the customer. This technology is used...
Great role railway both in Russia and abroad. A track hoisting and leveling machine is required to perform work on the railway track: repair work, daily operation of communication lines, even tram lines if necessary. During operation, the rails tend to deform under the weight of trains and freight trains. The track hoisting and leveling machine, which has been used for repairing rails since ancient times, easily copes with this task.
Almost every industry in modern conditions needs high-quality equipment for metal processing. This can safely include such industrial giants as car factories, as well as enterprises that specialize in the production of aircraft, ships, trains, etc.
The popularity of mirror workshops performing individual orders, is constantly growing. This is easy to understand, because thanks to their services, it is possible to obtain a relatively inexpensive product that is guaranteed to exist in a single copy and at the same time fits perfectly into the interior of your home.
All over the world industry is one of the main initiators, customers and consumers of innovations. Thanks to innovation, industrial companies begin to produce and offer us new products that are better and / or cheaper than the old ones. We are happy about this, companies are getting richer, the state collects taxes from everyone and talks about an innovative way of development. However, this idyllic picture is not entirely correct. In fact, companies do not like to innovate, and they can be understood. To switch to a new technology, it is necessary to stop the existing production, invest money (instead of distributing it as bonuses and dividends) in the purchase of equipment and the establishment of a new production, wait until the production starts working and enters the previous working rhythm. In addition, there is always a risk that the market will not accept new products. And this risk, in fact, is much greater than it seems. Let's not forget that all companies with great joy report their successes and carefully hide their failures. Therefore, there is an illusion of inevitable success from the introduction of innovations.
Why are innovations still being introduced? There are two main reasons why companies are interested in innovation. The first and foremost is competition. The fear of falling behind competitors and, conversely, the desire to get ahead of them is the most effective motivation for innovation. If it were not for competition, we would not see many products on the market. Why introduce a new one if the old one brings a good income? Moreover, the more competitive the market, the more it is susceptible to innovation. Our country is no exception. Compare the domestic food industry, which is forced by intense competition in the market to constantly improve the quality and improve the range of its products, and the Russian automobile industry, which is making heroic efforts to prevent competition. The second reason that encourages companies to introduce innovations is the increase by the state of environmental, energy-saving and other standards that force them to update their products. So far, our state is poorly able to use this resource of innovative development.
Has the time come for Russian industry to innovate? The answer is ambiguous. Everything depends on the market, its openness and the level of competition.
Two niches have formed in the foreign market, in which Russian companies feel quite confident.
- The first is energy carriers and related products. For example, the export of aluminum is largely an export of the electricity that is used to produce it. In the context of the global shortage of energy resources, interest in innovation is shown mainly by those who think about the future reduction in the cost of oil.
- Another market niche for Russian companies on the world market is the production of products that are superior in complexity and quality to Chinese ones, and at a price lower than European ones. This strategic niche for Russian products is quite dynamic. On the one hand, China is mastering more and more new technologies. On the other hand, it turns out to be quite difficult to compete with European and American companies on price, especially where energy carriers are not dominant in the cost structure. There is a lag in labor productivity and production efficiency. Therefore, in order to stay, the more confidently develop in this niche, it is vital to introduce innovations, both technical and managerial, to master the production of new goods, improve quality and reduce the cost of products.
Within the country, the situation is similar. The more open the market, the higher the competition on it, the greater the need for innovation. Russia's accession to the WTO will even more even out the situation in the foreign and domestic markets.
Many industries are currently qualitative change development strategies. Until recently, the main content of the business was the redistribution and concentration of property, and the main income was brought by the resale of assets. After that, the companies took up a more familiar business for the industrial business: the production and sale of products with a focus on profit as the difference between the price of products and their cost. At the same time, the main criteria were the increase in sales volume and the company's market share. In the empty home market, this was easy at first. Then the first difficulties appeared due to competition from foreign companies. But the default arrived in time. Some companies took advantage of the respite and confidently captured the newly empty market. Others were less nimble, and today they are again uncomfortable in the market. In the foreign market, the success of Russian companies in many respects, except for those already mentioned low prices on energy carriers were due, in fact, to the free operation of fixed assets created back in the Soviet era. To date, these resources have largely been exhausted: the domestic market is relatively full, energy prices have leveled off, fixed assets have been exhausted. In addition, in 2004, the cost of most types of raw materials jumped 1.5–2 times. And this was a big shock for the manufacturing industries, because. It is impossible to shift the increase in the cost of raw materials to buyers. This year, for the first time, many companies began to think about another component of profit - the cost of production. Thus, the Russian industry is beginning to move from an extensive to an intensive path of development.
So, due to the growing competition and the impossibility of increasing their market share, many Russian companies today face the following problems:
- It is necessary to improve, in some cases, fundamentally the quality of products
- It is necessary to improve and develop the product range
- It is necessary to enter the market with new, more complex products with new consumer properties
- It is necessary to reduce the cost of manufactured products.
Most companies have financial resources or access to such resources. The question is how to solve these problems. There are three outwardly contradictory, but in fact complementary ways of solving these problems. In order for them not to contradict, but to complement each other, it is important to understand the possibilities and limitations of each of these paths.
Way one . Purchase of modern Western equipment and technologies. It should be noted that in many cases we are talking not about replacing Soviet equipment with Western ones. On many old machines you can see “made in ...”, and “in” is not only in the CMEA countries. In the renewal of fixed assets, the leaders of many Russian enterprises see a panacea for solving all their problems related to the competitiveness of their products on the market. Of course, the transition to a modern technical and technological base is an extremely important, necessary and relevant process. But only those who still believe that they live in a closed, limited world, and not in a global economy, can think that this will solve all problems. Comparing your enterprise with the neighboring one, which does not have modern equipment, you can sleep peacefully. If, however, we see as our competitors advanced companies equipped with modern equipment, you begin to understand that the technical level of production is a necessary, but by no means sufficient condition for competitiveness in the market. Moreover, by installing standard equipment and mastering modern standard technologies, Russian enterprises begin to compete with Western ones not on consumer properties, but on price and quality, which have never been our strongest sides. In the production of standard products, it is enough low levels redistribution of such a path is inevitable. But we must remember that in this way we can only catch up or keep up with competitors, but not ahead of them.
Way two . Mastering Russian technologies. A very difficult path. First, because of the different understanding of what technology is. For a scientist, technology is “I know how to do it”. For the head of the enterprise, technology is a production line for the production of new products (see Fig.).
And between these ideas there is a gap, which, with the destroyed chains of the innovation cycle, is practically not filled. Secondly, the market prospect of new products is not clear, since the scientist worked on his technology, proceeding primarily from his own interest, and not from the needs of the market. But on the other hand, original domestic technologies can give products new consumer properties that will make it possible to differ from competitors not only in price. Currently, Russian companies solve these problems, usually in the following ways.
Development or re-creation of our own design offices. Large companies can afford it. Such design bureaus solve the issues of current modernization and renewal of the product range quite well. It is more difficult with the development of fundamentally new products, especially with the development of new markets, because this requires initiating innovation at an earlier stage.
Scaling technologies of small innovative enterprises. Small innovative companies are a new form of introducing scientific developments into production and business. For industry, small enterprises are interesting not only because they already have technologies at the level of, albeit experimental, but production, but, first of all, because they tested the market with their products, and the market accepted their goods.
Implementation of scientific developments through the instrument of corporate funds or other infrastructure elements that undertake market analysis, technology development, its testing, etc.
Way three . Introduction of modern management technologies. Management issues have traditionally been underestimated in Russia. We have never had a high production culture. Our destiny has always been uniqueness, "through the thorns to the stars", and not the production of homogeneous products with the same high quality and reduced cost. At the same time, our classic at one time rightly said that the winner in economic competition will be the one who will show the maximum productivity. So far, according to this indicator, Russian business is far behind. In the United States, the average output per worker in corporations is about $200,000 per year. In the best Russian companies, this figure does not exceed 30 thousand dollars. In very good ones, it is 15-20 thousand. Most do not exceed 10,000. What to do? You can, of course, try to invent your own methods. But without a general culture of high productivity, such inventions are unlikely to be systematic. Obviously, we cannot do without attracting Western experience and management culture. Of course, this should not be blind copying, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the Russian mentality, the level of the economic structure, and the traditions of paternalistic relationships between the leader and subordinates in Russia. In adaptation, creative refraction of Western culture of management with Russian specifics, our Russian style should be formed. effective management. Just like it is American style management, Japanese, French.
Innovation is defined as the end result of an innovation activity that is embodied in a new or improved product introduced to the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice, or in a new approach to social services.
Innovation includes not only technical and technological developments, but also all changes that contribute to the improvement of the company's activities (new products, new services).
Kinds innovations:
1 In terms of innovative potential: basic - new solutions that form a new industry. Created on the basis of a new scientific discovery; modifying - solutions that are significant changes in basic innovations; Pseudo-innovations are solutions that are minor changes to basic innovations.
2 According to the source of appearance: scientific and technological progress, society, the needs of the enterprise. The emergence of innovation is stimulated either by a new scientific discovery, or specific consumers with effective demand, or the own needs of the enterprise.
3 On the subject of innovation: product (new product), process (new technology, new methodology, new labor organization).
4 By scale of application: division, enterprise. In the case of an intraorganizational innovation, the innovation is created and used within the enterprise or its separate subdivision, the innovation does not take a commodity form.
5 According to the purpose of creation: strategic (innovation, the implementation of which the company expects to receive additional competitive advantages in the future), reactive (innovation that ensures the survival of the enterprise, i.e. innovation carried out in response to the actions of competitors).
6 By the nature of satisfaction of needs: satisfaction of existing needs, forming new requests.
7 According to the method of development: with the involvement of external developers, developed at this enterprise.
Also, innovation may depend on the purpose of innovation: 1) increasing the competitiveness of products and the entire enterprise in the future (development innovation); 2) solving the problem of selling a product due to a drop in demand for this product and a decrease in its sales, as well as the problem of the survival of an enterprise in the market in conditions of fierce competition (crisis innovation).
Types of innovations in industry. In industry, there are a number of forms of technology transfer: 1) simulation - leading to the support of the production process without its fundamental change; 2) adaptive - adapting production to new technology without its significant change; 3) innovative, requiring a complete change in production .
Also included in technological preparation production, there is a certain classification of innovative technologies, which is divided according to a number of features: 1) by industry (science and education, computer science, industry, services, healthcare, agriculture, etc.), 2) by the level of novelty (original (pioneer) in the world, based on inventions, original for the organization, based on know-how), 3) by the dynamics of development (progressive, developing, established, obsolete), 4) by the scope of technology (management, production), 5) by purpose ( creative, destructive, dual-use), 6) in relation to resources (knowledge-intensive, capital-intensive, energy-intensive, energy-saving, waste-free, low-operational), 7) in terms of automation level (manual, mechanized, automated, automatic, deserted), 8) in terms of competitiveness ( competitive and non-competitive).
11 Innovation and innovation market: essence and characteristics
In the conditions of the market as a system of economic relations for the sale of goods, within which demand, supply and price are formed, the main components of innovation are innovations, investments and innovations. Innovations form the market of innovations (innovations); investments – capital (investment) market; innovation is a market of pure competition for innovation. These three main components form the scope of innovation.
Innovation - an innovation developed but not implemented in practice. The innovation market is formed by innovative projects that need funding and implementation. The main product of this market is the scientific and scientific-technical result, i.e. a product of intellectual activity, which is subject to copyright, executed in accordance with the established legislation. In world practice, it is customary to distinguish between scientific, scientific and technical activities, as well as experimental developments. The offer on the innovation market is formed by the following subjects of innovation activity: research institutes and universities, small innovative firms, individual inventors. Innovative projects offered on the innovation market can be at different stages of development: an idea, applied research, a prototype, an innovative product mastered in production. The price of an innovation depends on the degree of development, as well as the practical and commercial significance of the innovation.
Innovation turns into innovation as a result of practical use. Under innovation refers to the profitable use of innovations in the form of new technologies, types of products and services, organizational, technical and socio-economic decisions of an industrial, financial, commercial, administrative or other nature.
The market of innovations (innovations) is a set of organizational and economic relations that arise in the process of exchanging the results of innovation activity and coordinating the interests of its participants - sellers (creators of innovative product objects) and consumers (buyers) in terms of prices, terms and scales of such an exchange. The product of the innovation market is an innovative product, i.e. innovation different kind. The subjects of competitive relations in the innovation market are innovative organizations.
The period of time from the birth of an idea, the creation and dissemination of an innovation to its use is commonly called innovation lifecycle. In accordance with international practice, the life cycle is divided into a number of stages: 1 - marketing, search and market research; 2 - design and development of technological requirements; 3 - product development; 4 - material and technical supply; 5 - preparation and development of technological processes; 6 - production; 7 - control, providence of tests and surveys; 8 - packaging and storage; 9 - sales and distribution of the product; 10 - installation and operation; 11 - technical assistance and maintenance; 12 - disposal of the product after use.
Over the past few years, innovations have become one of the most important indicators of socio-economic development, they are directly related to meeting the requirements of the public: as a result of innovative production of products of appropriate quality, the standard of living of the population rises.
The basis of the manufacturing industry is mechanical engineering, which is gaining momentum in recent times, thanks to the introduction of innovations, therefore, it can be argued that the efficiency of the production process depends directly on innovation.
In the innovation sector of industry in Russia, two important problems should be highlighted.
First of all, workers in the industrial complex are not motivated to promote innovation. Manufacturers investing in R&D work in the innovation market, and the use of new technologies is often much smaller than that of foreign competitors. More than 90% of consumers are satisfied with an imported manufacturer due to the fact that Russian proposal the latest technology is at a fairly low level. Also, it should be noted that the predominant part of industries is monopolized, which suppresses the desire of the manufacturer to promote the use of new technologies.
Another problem is the excessive interference of the state in the industrial activity of the enterprise. The very presence of the state in the capital negatively affects the ability to introduce innovations industrial enterprise. As a rule, private organizations are more inclined towards the development of the innovation sector. It is the state that plays the leading role in the introduction of innovations: it strictly controls the participants in the business space that it creates. In addition, during the economic crisis, the state is practically the only way for business to continue the activities of the enterprise.
In all world rankings, Russia is at the bottom of the list in terms of innovation development. The main problem is the quality of the institutional environment and government institutions, which are important factors in doing business. But still, it cannot be said that the situation of our country is completely hopeless. There are small engineering organizations, some of them can even be called successful, but in such industries as microelectronics, optoelectronics, laser technology, and modern optics, the situation is rather difficult. This is due to the fact that even the smallest research conducted in these areas is very expensive. Investments of this level can be sponsored either by large organizations or banks. Financing such events worth several billion rubles in Russia is, to put it mildly, difficult.
It can be concluded that it is necessary to reorient the industry to a more intensive path, which indicates the need to solve a number of problems.
As you know, about 300 developments are created in Russian mechanical engineering every year. Over the past few years, out of the total amount created, only 12% are unique and can compete with high-quality foreign analogues. More than 25% of developments are tool production and machine tool building, and oil and chemical engineering - 50% of the total number of developments. This can be explained by the huge scientific and production potential formed after 1945, the rest of which continues to work fruitfully in our time. In addition, a large number of technologies have been developed in the areas of welding, structural materials, blank production, as well as special types of technologies.
It can be concluded that in our time a huge amount of work is being carried out in the field of innovation, among them we can note, for example, the development adaptive multi-purpose stand, which allows serial testing of gas turbine plants with high power. The created stand provides new opportunities for gas turbine engineering enterprises in the field of operation of gas turbines with a capacity of up to 40 MW, which are currently in demand on the market and are supplied to new facilities of the gas transmission system as part of the implementation of Russian and foreign contracts of OAO Gazprom.During the implementation of the project, foreign partners were involved and unique technical solutions, which ensured the versatility of the stand (short terms of adaptation to new products) and its high productivity (the throughput of the complex increased by 150 gas turbines per year).
Another rather interesting development is the development of a new building material based on peat, which will act as a heater. It is known that peat has ecological and disinfecting properties, but its main disadvantage is flammability. Scientists Tomsk University were able to cope with this problem, and in May of this year, the project received a diploma at the Tomsk Innovation Forum. Now, the developers are looking for sponsors to promote and implement their idea.
There are huge deposits of peat in the Tomsk region, and the cost of its processing is new technology minimal. Mass production of peat insulation will reduce the cost of housing construction, but the quality will remain unchanged, and environmental friendliness will also increase.
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