Defects in paints made with lime and adhesives. Defects in this case mainly occur due to non-compliance with the technology for performing the work. Most often, they can only be corrected by a complete rework. Let's consider the reasons for the formation of defects.
Peeling of the paint layer occurs because little glue was added to the prepared paint composition or chalk with large particles was used; not nrotse^,. the prepared painting composition was poured.
Peeling of the paint film can be caused by the following: a) the paint composition was too thick or was applied repeatedly to the same place; b) an excessive amount of glue has been introduced; c) painting is done using a thick layer of previously applied paint or weak putty.
Correct by thoroughly shading the applied composition with water using a brush. In this case, part of the coating is washed off. If this does not help, then you need to remove the entire layer of paint, grind the surface, prime and paint.
Showing through of the previous paint layer is possible because a primer of a different color than the paint composition was used, or because it had low coverage.
To correct the surface, the surface must be repainted. If this does not help, then you will have to re-prime it, using a pear tinted under the paint layer.
Rust stains are possible from prolonged flow of water through the plaster or from seepage of resinous substances through the plaster.
Corrected by eliminating the causes that caused the formation rust spots, removing rusty plaster and replacing it with new one. Another way is possible: remove the old paint, wash the surface with a warm 3% solution of hydrochloric acid, dry it, paint it with oil paint (oil or alcohol varnish), prime it and paint it.
Grease stains on plaster are caused by non-drying oils or mineral oils. Correction is possible only by cutting out oily spots of plaster, applying new, thoroughly drying, painting the joints near the new plaster with oil paint, priming and painting.
Efflorescence occurs from the release of soluble salts from the surface, which form a white crystalline coating on the paint or plaster. Efflorescence is removed by thoroughly drying and cleaning the surface with steel brushes, grinding the plaster, drying, painting the corrected area with oil paint, putty, primer and painting with adhesive paint.
“Training” can occur when painting a surface without a primer or if painting was done using old paint primed with a weak primer without shading.
To eliminate the defect, you need to thoroughly wash away the old paint with water, or even better, clean it, grind it, prime it and paint it again.
Banding is possible from the addition of dry pigments to the paint composition, from poor mixing of the composition, uneven shading and pressure on the brush. Striping can be eliminated by thoroughly washing with water and painting with a liquid paint using a spray gun.
“Veins” appear when surfaces are not well primed (especially with embroidered cracks covered with gypsum Mortar) or because the embroidered cracks are not sufficiently rubbed. To correct it, the paint layer should be washed away or completely removed, the surfaces should be primed well (cracks should be primed twice) and painted. Fix insufficiently worn seams by rubbing them, priming them and painting them.
Wrinkles are formed from using too thick (or too thin) paint composition. The paint composition must be diluted to normal viscosity and repainted.
The rough texture of the paint and the accumulation of small bumps are possible because the grout was done with coarse sand or the primer and paint composition were used unstrained. Correct by washing or grinding the surface, priming and painting with a strained compound.
Splashes, drips and omissions. Splashes can be due to an oversized hole in the nozzle, drips - due to a liquid paint composition or its uneven application, omissions - due to improper use of a brush, roller, etc. Corrected by washing the surface with water, priming and painting .
Marble-like stains arise from the use of a heavily sealed paint composition. Correction is possible by washing out the paint layer and painting (or priming and painting) with a normally sealed compound.
Joints can be visible due to inept work with brushes, rollers, spray guns or when painting according to weak primer. You can fix it by washing the surface with water and priming and painting.
Changes in paint color can occur as a result of the use of pigments that are not resistant to alkalis, light, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide. Corrected by washing off the applied paint, priming and painting with stable pigments.
A panel with uneven coloring may be caused by improper pressure on the panel brush or excessively thick paint. The elongated panel should be redone.
The painted surface dries unevenly because a primer composition of uneven strength was used and there were drafts. To correct it, you should eliminate drafts and check that the primer is prepared correctly.
Defects in paints made with oil and enamel compositions.
Brush marks can be visible when applying thick paint and not shading well enough. The dried paint is cleaned with pumice or sandpaper and re-painted with the prepared paint composition.
The joints are noticeable because the painting was carried out with quick-drying paints with breaks in the same place, i.e., in several grips. To correct the work, several people redo the work, working simultaneously without interruption. Joining should be done near pilasters, in corners, etc.
Drips appear from use liquid paint, applied in abundance to surfaces without sufficient shading. The dried paint is cleaned with sandpaper or pumice and painted with a composition of normal thickness.
A rough paint texture can be caused by the use of unstrained paint, painting over poorly executed putty, or poor cleaning (sanding). The correction consists of thoroughly sanding the painted surface with sandpaper or pumice and repainting.
“Crocodile skin” can be caused by applying quick-drying paint over insufficiently dry preparation. Corrected by cleaning with sandpaper or pumice, pro-oiling, puttying and painting.
Wrinkles on the paint are caused by applying a thick layer of paint. Correction by stripping, filling and painting.
Rusty and dark stains are possible because tar and mineral oil stains were not removed during preparation. Corrected by removing defective areas or thoroughly cleaning, washing with acids, alkalis, covering with two or three layers of alcohol varnish or nitro varnish and re-painting.
Spots of different colors with non-drying paint can occur when painting over non-drying paint. Correction - neutralization of alkalis in it with a weak solution of hydrochloric acid, washing clean water, good drying, priming, filling, painting with high-quality materials.
Peeling of the top layer of paint occurs when painting surfaces that are contaminated or previously painted with wax compositions. Correction: remove loose paint, clean the surfaces well with pumice or wash with soap and clean water, dry and paint.
Paint blistering is observed when painting poorly dried wooden surfaces.
In order to master the specified type of professional activity and the corresponding professional competencies, the student, in the course of mastering Section 4 PM. 04 "Repair of painted and pasted surfaces", must:
have practical experience:
repair of painted and pasted surfaces
be able to:
repair surfaces covered with wallpaper and films
repair painted surfaces with various painting compounds
control quality repair work
maintain safe working conditions
know:
technology for repairing surfaces covered with various materials, painted with aqueous and non-aqueous compositions
requirements sanitary standards and rules for the repair of pasted and painted surfaces
safety rules when performing repair work
For this section, for independent work it is proposed:
Topic 4.2. Technology for repairing painted and pasted surfaces.
1. Drawing up technological maps:
For repair of painted surfaces with aqueous compounds;
For repair of painted surfaces with non-aqueous compounds;
For the repair of surfaces covered with wallpaper.
criteria for evaluation.
An important part independent work The student is preparing and defending abstracts, reports, projects, essays, tests and term papers.
Types of independent work when studying any discipline are preparing a report, abstract, messages or notes. These works are classified as written works.
1. Report – is a verbal or written statement of a message to a specific
The report is compiled according to the following algorithm:
Select literature on this topic and become familiar with its content.
Using bookmarks, mark the most significant places or make
Make a plan for the report.
Write a plan for the report, at the end of which you must express your
attitude to the topic being presented and its content.
Prepare in accordance with the requirements for formatting written work.
Approximate structure of the report:
1. Title page
2. Explanatory note
3. Introduction
4. Text of the work
5. Conclusion.
3. List of used literature.
Abstract (from Latin refero – I report, inform), a brief summary in writing or in the form of a public speech of the contents of a book, scientific work, or the results of studying a scientific problem; a report on a specific topic, including a review of relevant literature and other sources. As a rule, the abstract has a scientific and informational purpose.
In the process of working on an abstract, 4 stages can be distinguished:
Introductory – choosing a topic, working on an outline and introduction.
The main one is work on the content and conclusion of the abstract.
The final stage is the preparation of the abstract.
Defense of an abstract (at an exam, student conference, etc.)
Abstract structure:
Conclusion ( conclusions and proposals): the results of the analysis of the evolution and development trends of the issue under consideration are formulated; Suggestions are given on ways to resolve significant issues.
Title page
Introduction: justification of the topic of the abstract, its relevance, significance; listing of issues discussed in the abstract; determining the goals and objectives of the work; review of sources and literature. Its length is 1-3 pages.
Main part: the main part has a title that expresses the essence of the abstract; it may consist of two or three sections, which also have a title. The main part provides a deep and systematic presentation of the state of the issue being studied; Conflicting opinions contained in various sources are presented, which are analyzed and evaluated with particular care.
The conclusion is 2-3 pages long.
When presenting the material, the following rules must be observed:
It is not recommended to narrate in the first person singular. You need to choose impersonal forms of the verb. For example, instead of the phrase “I conducted an experiment,” it is better to write “an experiment conducted.”
When mentioning surnames in the text, be sure to put initials before the surname.
The quotation is given in the form in which it is given in the source and is enclosed in quotation marks on both sides.
Each chapter begins on a new page.
3. Abstract - This is a consistent, coherent presentation of the material of a book or article in accordance with its logical structure. The main part of the summary consists of theses, but they are also supplemented with evidence, facts and extracts, diagrams and tables, as well as notes from the reader himself about what he read. If the abstract consists of only extracts, it is called textual summary. This is the most “non-developing” type of outline, since when compiling it, the student’s thought is practically turned off from the work, and the whole matter comes down to mechanical rewriting of the text. If the content of what you read is presented mainly in the form of exposition, retelling is free summary. If from what you read, only one or several problems related to the topic stand out as the main ones, but not the entire content of the book - a thematic summary.
Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below
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Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Kazan State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering
Department of TSMIC
on the topic: “Technology of gluing and painting surfaces”
Completed: art.gr.2ST 302 Knyazev M.A.
Head: Iskanderov R.A.
Kazan 2014
Introduction
4. Painting facades and roofs
Conclusion
Literature
Introduction
paintwork painting wallpaper roofing
Painting includes work on applying paint coatings. Paint and varnish coatings in construction are used to protect surfaces from atmospheric influences, metal products from corrosion, wooden products from destruction or wear, and for decorative finishing. various designs, increasing their sanitary, hygienic and fire-fighting properties, as well as for aesthetic and engineering purposes.
1. Types and purpose of paint and varnish coatings
Painting includes the work of applying paint and varnish coatings. Paint and varnish coatings in construction are used to protect surfaces from atmospheric influences, metal products from corrosion, * wooden products from destruction or wear, for decorative finishing of various structures, increasing their sanitary, hygienic and fire protection properties, as well as for aesthetic and engineering purposes.
A paint coating is one or more dried layers of paint and varnish materials applied to the surface to be painted, which, as a result of drying (hardening) or processes occurring simultaneously in the binder (polymerization, polycondensation, carbonization, etc.) are transformed into a decorative protective film, durable connecting to the base.
According to their optical properties, paint and varnish coatings can be transparent or opaque; according to the degree of gloss - shiny or matte; by the nature of the surface - smooth and rough (for example, “shagreen” texture).
The clear coat does not obscure the texture or color of the finished surface or underlying layer. Materials for clear coatings are varnishes, cellulose esters or other polymers in pure form or dissolved in light organic solvents. The most common in construction are silicone, acrylic, urethane and oil-resin varnishes, which are used to coat structures and wood products while maintaining visible texture (parquet floors, built-in furniture, veneered doors), as well as decorative stone chips when finishing the interiors and facades of buildings.
The opaque coating completely covers the natural color and texture of the surface being finished. Opaque coatings come in matte, shiny, single-color and with a decorative pattern. A coating with a decorative pattern is the artificial reproduction of the texture and color of wood or any other patterns on an opaque coating.
Materials for opaque coatings are painting compositions consisting of a binder, fillers, pigments and solvents.
Painting compositions are divided according to purpose: for interior (finishing floors, walls) and exterior (finishing facades, roofs, metal structures) work; decorative and picturesque; special (for example, chemical resistant, fire resistant).
To improve technological and operational properties (reducing drying and hardening times, increasing water resistance, decorativeness), special additives are introduced into painting compositions - driers, thinners or thinners; water repellents.
In relation to the effects of water, paint and varnish coatings are classified as non-waterproof and water-resistant. The film of non-waterproof coatings either dissolves in water or, under its influence, significantly reduces its decorative and performance properties. Non-waterproof coatings include coatings made with lime, adhesive, and casein paint compositions. To obtain waterproof coatings, painting compositions with water-insoluble binders are used - varnishes, enamels, oil and synthetic painting compositions, which form a waterproof film on the surface of the base.
Paint coatings typically consist of a primer layer, one or more layers of putty with intermediate layers of primer, a top coat of primer and one to three layers of paint composition.
The purpose of priming the surface is to strengthen the top layer of paint, equalize its “pulling” ability, fix dust on the surface and increase the adhesion strength (adhesive strength) of the putty or paint to the surface to be finished. Putty is used to fill various irregularities and level the surface to be finished for final painting. Surface painting is carried out to obtain a paint finish of the required performance quality, color and decorative effect.
A primer is a liquefied binder, sometimes with a small amount of pigment, that has a lower viscosity than paint compounds. The primer should be deeply absorbed into the pores of the base, creating a thin layer over the entire surface that firmly adheres to the base and paint coatings (putties or painting compounds). If a paint composition is directly applied to the primer, then it is advisable to use the same paint composition as a primer, but diluted with a solvent. The primed base does not suck out a large amount of binder from the paint and varnish coatings and thereby does not weaken the coating.
Putty is a composition used to level surfaces that have unevenness up to 2 mm, and to create a smooth, uniform surface that does not have visible pores, holes, cracks, scratches, potholes and other defects and is suitable for priming and painting or for wallpapering and synthetic films.
Thick putties with a large amount of binder (lubricating pastes) are used to fill cracks, cavities and potholes up to 5 mm in size. Defects of greater depth are repaired with polymer cement or gypsum polymer cement mortar. Each layer of putty must be primed. The primer, impregnating the thin putty layer, strengthens it and gives the surface increased adhesion (adhesion) to subsequent layers of paint coating.
To perform the final painting finish, various paint compositions are used. The technology and technique for performing painting work depend on the type of paint composition.
All painting compositions (primers, putties and paint compositions), as a rule, are called the same as the binder used in them: lime (the binder is lime), perchlorovinyl (perchlorovinyl varnish). Painting compositions based on the type of binder are divided into water-based adhesives and mineral binders, oil-based and synthetic.
Aqueous primer compositions include vitriol, alum, soap and silicate; for oil - drying oil, diluted oil color, oil-emulsion composition and pentaphthalic primer on oil-resin varnish; synthetic - perchlorovinyl, polyvinyl acetate, styrene-butadiene, organosilicon.
Water putties - vitriol and alum; oil-adhesive - made on the basis of drying oil (3, 5, 10 and 18% drying oil); synthetic ones are gypsum-polymer-cement and polymer-cement, carboxymethylcellulose-latex-chalk, perchlorovinyl, pentaphthalic, polydiene.
Painting compositions (paints): water-based - lime, silicate, adhesive and cement; oily - oily; synthetic - polyvinyl acetate, acrylic, styrene-butadiene, organosilicon, perchlorovinyl, glyphthalic, pentaphthalic, isoprene, organosilicate, etc.
Painting compositions also include adhesives and mastics for attaching wallpaper and films.
2. Requirements for the readiness of the building for painting work
Painting work completes the entire complex of work on the construction of buildings; they are carried out as the last thing.
The duration, labor intensity, cost and quality of painting work depend on the technical readiness of the building under construction for painting work.
The technical readiness of a building for painting work is determined by the state of all previous construction and installation works and the quality of their implementation, as well as the quality and degree of factory readiness of parts and structures used in the construction of the building.
Before the start of painting work, all construction, installation and finishing work, plastering and tiling, which may damage the paint finish, must be completed, as well as glazed windows; the building heating system has been fully completed and tested; sealed with mortar and sealant the places where blocks and panels meet each other, as well as the places where floor panels are connected and places with large irregularities on the surface of reinforced concrete products; holes in places where risers, pipelines and other wiring pass, as well as installation holes and damaged areas are plastered; windows, balconies and door blocks; screeds and leveling layers under the floors were made; stair railings and built-in wardrobes were installed; the seams between blocks or panels are sealed; all roofing and waterproofing works; structures and frames for fastening have been installed suspended ceilings, facings from natural stone and lamp pendants; all damp rooms have been dried and separate places designs.
Of particular importance is the timely and high-quality implementation of sanitary and technical electrical installation work. Delay in laying hidden pipelines necessitates sealing and drying their locations and repainting surfaces. Pressure testing of heating and water supply systems, flushing of sewers during the process of painting premises or after its completion leads to difficult-to-remove defects and rework of already completed work.
IN winter time in rooms where painting work is carried out, the air temperature should be no lower than 10°C and the relative humidity should not be more than 70%.
In non-standard buildings, temporary entrance doors are installed and all openings and openings in the unheated part of the building are sealed. Concrete and reinforced concrete products (partitions, acoustic slabs, etc.), plaster and gypsum concrete panels to be finished must have a moisture content of no more than 8, and wooden crafts-- no more than 12%. Surfaces to be painted are pre-dried and cleaned of splashes and drips of solution, grease stains, efflorescence and corrosion.
Before the façade is handed over for painting, an area of at least 3 m wide is cleared along it and an area at least 3 m wide is planned for the installation of scaffolding (if this is provided for in the work design).
By the start of finishing work, the construction site must be planned, roads and entrances must be constructed, etc. The start date for finishing work must correspond to the schedule approved for this facility.
To begin finishing work, you must have certificates for hidden work and for acceptance of the object for finishing. The acts for hidden work indicate data on the work performed, which may further affect the quality of the finish (for example, on the strength of the screed under the leveling layer). In the act of acceptance of the object for finishing, the compliance of the quality and degree of factory finishing of reinforced concrete, gypsum concrete, carpentry, metal and other products with the requirements of GOSTs and TUs is noted; the quality of structures and planes handed over for finishing - verticality, horizontality, evenness, strength, rigidity, tightness of sealing gaps, etc.
Finishing work, as a rule, is carried out in a certain technological sequence: glass, plastering, facing, painting and wallpaper. Depending on the type, the floor is installed either before painting and wallpaper work or after.
Glass works - glazing with ordinary, polished and display glass, as well as stemalite and glass profile.
Plastering work - applying a layer of monolithic plaster on brick, slag concrete, reinforced concrete, concrete and other surfaces, as well as sealing joints during the construction of buildings and structures from prefabricated structures.
Cladding works - internal and external cladding buildings and structures with artificial (ceramic, mosaic, polystyrene) slabs and tiles, natural stone slabs (granite, travertine), as well as synthetic large-sized tiles and roll materials (polyform, vinisten).
Flooring - installation of screeds, plank and parquet floors, as well as floors made of synthetic tiles and roll materials.
Painting work - finishing surfaces with water-based, glue, oil, varnish, enamel and synthetic paint and varnish compositions, as well as pasting walls with wallpaper and synthetic films.
3. Coloring internal surfaces
Using non-aqueous compounds - oil, varnish, enamel - surfaces are painted protectively and decorative purposes. When the main purpose of the coating is the protective one, compositions that form glossy films are used. When glossy films are formed, the pigments are immersed in the thickness of the paint coating, and on top of the pigments there is a continuous layer of binder that specularly reflects light.
At decorative painting matte coatings are used on surfaces inside the building, which soften the color tones of the paint and make defects in plaster, concrete, and wood less noticeable
Non-aqueous compounds are used to decorate rooms that are subject to increased hygienic requirements and in which the painting must be mechanically durable (kitchens, public canteens, laundries, operating rooms, shops, corridors of public institutions). They are applied only to dry surfaces in a thin, even layer two or three times, and each layer must be completely dry before applying the next one.
In a thick layer under the top film, a liquid layer remains and roughness, wrinkles and cracks form on the painted surface.
To increase hiding power, solvents (for example, turpentine) are added to non-aqueous compositions.
The number and sequence of operations for preparing, processing and painting internal surfaces with non-aqueous compounds depend on the type of surface, type of painting composition and category of painting work
Water-based paint compositions include adhesive paints based on animal (including casein) and plant glues, on carboxymethyl cellulose water-soluble CMC glue, as well as lime, silicate, casein and synthetic water-based paints. Water-based paints form non-waterproof, semi-waterproof and waterproof coatings. As a rule, they are prepared at a construction site: pigments of a different color are introduced into the creamy mass of the main pigment to give the paints the appropriate shade. The finished color is ground on a paint grinder.
To prepare paint colors, pigments and binders are used, taking into account the operating conditions in which the painted surfaces will be located. The working viscosity of the colors should ensure coverage of surfaces without dripping and without noticeable brush marks.
Water colors are divided according to color intensity (density):
solid, in which all color pigments are used without any admixture of white;
intense - with a small admixture of white pigment;
normal - using white and other colored pigments in approximately equal quantities;
bleached - using white pigment with a small addition of other colored pigments.
Before painting with solid and intense colors, the surface is primed with colored primers (to match the color of the main coating). It is better to seal water colors with vegetable glues (starch paste or CMC glue). In this case, the coating is more even and the risk of formation of marble-like veins, which often results from a low degree of sealing with animal glues, is eliminated.
When dry, normal water colors, especially bleached ones, become significantly lighter; solid colors darken. Often the color changes the given color due to sedimentation of pigments, and the more liquid composition applied, the faster this process occurs. Therefore, colors are prepared in paste form and kept unsealed; seal and dilute them to the required viscosity immediately before use.
The aqueous paint compositions used must be a homogeneous mass without lumps in appearance, and in color they must correspond to the approved standards of the color book.
Mix the paint thoroughly before use. The viscosity of paint compositions, as a rule, is determined using a VZ-4 viscometer; it should be within 15-180 s, depending on the nature of the paints and the method of applying them to the surface to be painted.
Surfaces are painted over the dried primed layer (not earlier than an hour after its application). Paints are applied two or three times with brushes, paint rollers, spray guns, sprayers, etc.
The number and sequence of operations for preparing, processing and painting internal surfaces with aqueous compositions depend on the type of surface, paint composition and category of painting work.
When accepting paint coatings, their compliance with the design, samples of test paints and approved standards is checked. Acceptance of painting work is carried out after water-based paints have dried or a strong film has formed on surfaces painted with synthetic materials. water-based compositions. Surfaces must have a glossy or matte monochromatic texture. On painted surfaces, stains, tacks, wrinkles, drips, omissions, and show-through of underlying layers are not allowed. Local curvature of lines and shading in mating surfaces painted in various colors, with high-quality painting are not allowed, with improved painting they should not exceed 2 mm, and with simple painting - 5 mm. Borders, friezes and panels must be the same width and have no visible joints or bends. Splashes and stains on sprayed surfaces should be distributed evenly. When finishing surfaces with texture, the layer of texture must be durable, not lag behind the base, and not have cracks, weak particles or burrs.
4. Painting facades and roofs
Facade paints must have weather resistance, i.e. resistance to sunlight and heat, changes in air temperature, and precipitation; alkali resistance, light resistance, i.e. not destroyed by ultraviolet radiation; elasticity, adhesion, vapor permeability, hiding power.
Smooth, smooth facade surfaces are painted with traditional special facade paints (for example, lime-cement, cement, silicate). The service life of such coatings is 5-7 years. To increase the durability of the finish, silicate paints modified with hydrophobic organosilicon liquids GKZh-10 and GKZh-11, and synthetic paints are used. The color scheme has been maintained for the last 10-12 years. Currently, the following types of synthetic facade paints are used: water-based E-VA-17 and E-KCh-112, silicone enamels of the KO and “silal” brands, organosilicate VN-30, acrylic AK-126 and “Viana”, isoprene, etc.
IN modern construction All higher value purchase facade paints, which are a suspension of polymer binders in solvents with particles of pigments, fillers, surfactants, plasticizers, stabilizers and other special additives. Paint coatings made from them are characterized by high durability, decorativeness, manufacturability and meet the requirements modern architecture(opportunity to receive a wide color range and various textures of decorative protective coatings). Such paints are produced centrally at factories according to the relevant technological regulations, and their quality is controlled by technical specifications.
5. Covering surfaces with wallpaper and films
Pasting of walls and ceilings with wallpaper or synthetic films is carried out after completion of all painting work, with the exception of the last painting of carpentry and floors. When covering walls and ceilings with wallpaper or films, the room temperature should not be below 10°C, and the relative air humidity should not be more than 70%. Humidity of pasted concrete surfaces should be no more than 4%
Wallpaper can be ordinary and moisture-resistant with a polyvinyl chloride or polyvinyl acetate coating, which can be wiped with a damp cloth during use. One of the wallpaper types highest quality are embossed wallpaper - linkrust, which is made by applying a layer of colored mastic from oils, resins, plasticized nitrocellulose or other non-aqueous binders with fillers to paper. The relief pattern on the linkrust is obtained by rolling paper with fresh mastic applied through patterned rollers.
Wallpaper is delivered to the site with cut edges, cut and selected according to color and pattern, completed for each room and apartment and placed in containers.
Synthetic films are roll material with a smooth or embossed surface, matte or glossy texture, with a printed pattern. Films are made by applying polyvinyl chloride or polypropylene paste to a paper or fabric base. Every year, synthetic films are increasingly used: they replace paper wallpaper, glazed tiles, laminated paper, linkcrust. A film that imitates valuable wood species is used to cover door panels and built-in furniture parts. It is widely used in repairs residential apartments and public spaces.
Surfaces covered with films are hygienic and decorative. Films allow you to imitate any Construction Materials both in color and texture, and in the nature of the surface. Compared to a number of materials (laminated paper, thin wood veneer, linkcrust, ceramic tiles), they are more economical in cost and labor costs during use.
The type of wallpaper and synthetic films must comply with approved standards for each type of finish.
Walls are covered with ordinary wallpaper living rooms, dormitories, moisture-resistant - walls of corridors and halls of residential apartments, walls in cultural and public buildings; various synthetic films or linkrust - walls of kitchens and sanitary cabins with normal temperature and humidity conditions of operation.
Wallpaper and films must be uniform in color, non-sticky, without stains, scratches, tears or folds. The paint layer must be resistant to abrasion and not crumble when bending wallpaper or films. Fuzzy or uneven edges of drawings and displacement of colors are not allowed on the panels. Rolls are stored in closed, dry rooms in a horizontal position at an air temperature of at least 10°C.
To glue wallpaper, use a paste made from synthetic glue CMC (sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose) and finely ground chalk. The paste must be homogeneous, without undissolved particles, grains of sand and other impurities. The viscosity of the paste at a temperature of 18--20°C (according to VZ-4) is 25--30 s.
Synthetic films on a fabric base are glued with PVA polyvinyl acetate dispersion or latex aqueous glue of the “bustilate” type.
Such adhesives are usually prepared centrally and delivered to construction sites in metal cans.
Linkrust and synthetic films are secured with wooden or plastic layouts that cover the joints of the panels and their upper edge.
When gluing surfaces with wallpaper or films, all processes are performed in a certain technological sequence
Instead of pasting walls with waste paper, it is allowed to level the surfaces with continuous putty. All wallpaper and films are glued with an overlap, with the exception of thick films or films with pile.
The work of wallpapering and filming consists of preparing adhesives, preparing wallpaper, preparing surfaces and gluing wallpaper.
Conclusion
Therefore, the conclusion is this: painting work must be performed by qualified craftsmen, professionals. In order for the desired result to be achieved, you should not carry out painting work at very low or very low temperatures. high temperatures Also, when carrying out painting work, high humidity should be avoided.
Painting work should only be carried out in compliance with safety regulations. When carrying out painting work, they always use a variety of flammable materials: paints, adhesives, mastics, etc. That is why, when carrying out painting work, special attention should be paid to issues related to labor safety when working with such materials; it is necessary to strictly follow the company's instructions and instructions.
Literature
1) Technology of molar work E.D. Belousov
2) Apartment renovation E.G. Zhukovsky
3) Do-it-yourself painting work by M. V. Kondrashova
4) Painting and pasting A.G. Lazarev
Posted on Allbest.ru
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The purpose of the “Fork” part and the operating conditions of its main surfaces. Justification for the choice of base surfaces and the method for obtaining the workpiece. Development of technology for processing part surfaces. Calculation of cutting conditions for turning and drilling operations.
course work, added 02/18/2013
Rough turning cylindrical surfaces: right and left incisors, elements of their heads and the shape of the front surface. Dimensional accuracy of parts and surface roughness. Preparing the machine for finishing and finishing, securing parts.
abstract, added 03/18/2011
Manufacturing of optical surfaces. Rough and fine grinding, use of abrasive material. Polishing process with crocus or cerium oxide. Methods for making flat and parabolic, black and white surfaces, copies of diffraction gratings.
abstract, added 09/28/2009
The importance of preparing the surface of painted materials to obtain high-quality coatings. Methods for preparing the surface before painting. Structure of multilayer coatings and film formation processes. Classification and storage of paints and varnishes.
abstract, added 10/11/2013
Methodology for selecting optimal routes for processing elementary surfaces of machine parts: planes and ends, external and internal cylindrical. Selection of processing routes for toothed and threaded surfaces and holes. Total labor intensity factor.
Plaster is a finishing and protective layer. Its purpose is to improve thermal and soundproofing properties enclosing structures, give walls and ceilings smooth and flat surface, ready for painting work.
Plastering work with wet processes, due to their labor intensity and unfavorable working conditions, should be replaced as widely as possible with industrial finishing methods, therefore wet plaster receives limited use, mainly in repair work and partially in new construction, if due to operating conditions it is necessary to abandon dry plaster or from the use of other materials with similar qualities.
Depending on the purpose of the buildings and the requirements for the quality of finishing, three categories are distinguished ordinary plasters:
simple (irregularities up to 5 mm) - for finishing warehouses, basements, temporary and some industrial buildings; perform by leveling the applied solution “under the falcon”;
improved (irregularities up to 3 mm) - for finishing residential premises, trading floors, educational institutions, industrial buildings; carry out leveling the solution “according to the rule”;
high-quality (irregularities up to 2 mm) - for finishing monumental buildings and structures, as well as public and administrative buildings with increased requirements for the quality of finishing; performed by leveling and smoothing the mortar along the beacons.
"There are also types of plaster for special purposes:
1) plaster on a metal mesh, which is used when constructing suspended ceilings and thin (30-35 mm) partitions, to protect metal and wooden structures from fire, to prevent cracks on the surface of special structures (grids 30 X 30 and 40 X 40 mm layer thickness one side of the mesh is 20 mm, two sides are 25 mm each);
2) sound-absorbing plaster made of slag with a particle size of 2-5 mm or pumice sand, cement (gypsum) and water; it has increased heat-protective properties and is also called warm;
3) heat-insulating plaster - a solution of a mixture of asbestos, asbozurite, etc. with water - applied to hot pipelines, technological equipment and special designs to reduce heat loss;
4) X-ray-proof plaster - from cement and lime-cement mortars with barite sand or dusted barite (layer thickness 14.6 mm per 1 mm of the calculated thickness of the lead layer). The practical thickness of plaster for walls is 30-100 mm, for ceilings 5-20 mm, it is lined with glazed tiles, plasterboard sheets or covered with wooden paneling;
5) acid-resistant plaster - on acid-resistant cement with quartzite filler of two fractions: up to 0.15 mm (dust) and 0.15-5 mm (sand);
6) decorative, not requiring further processing or finishing. They are used mainly for finishing buildings and structures for which the project provides for a special artistic decoration. From decorative pieces - Turks greatest distribution received colored, terrazite. stone, rusticated and ornamental.
Plaster is performed in multi- and single-layer.
Multilayer plaster consists of three separately applied layers: spray, primer and cover; the spray and soil are called plaster markings. Each layer of plaster has a specific purpose.
Splash- the first layer of plaster coating flows into all the pores and roughness of the plastered surface and the previous covering. For spraying, prepare a liquid solution with a water content of up to 60% of the binder volume.
The spray layer is leveled for better adhesion of the soil layer (base layer) to it. The thickness of the spray when applied manually is 3-5 mm, and when applied with mortar pumps on wooden surfaces - no more than 5 mm.
Priming- the second layer of plaster coating - fills all surface irregularities and allows you to create an even plane of plaster layers. The soil can be formed by applying several layers of solution. The soil solution must be dough-like (plastic) and contain water up to 35% of the binder volume. The number of soil layers is taken depending on the size of the base irregularities. Each layer of soil should not exceed the maximum thickness, beyond which it floats off the surface, as well as the appearance of shrinkage cracks. Thus, the thickness of each layer of mortar based on lime and lime-gypsum binders should not exceed 7 mm, and for those based on cement and cement-lime binders - 5 mm.
Covering- the third layer of plaster - levels the surface of the soil and gives the plaster an even and smooth appearance. For ordinary plasters, the coating has a thickness of up to 2 mm. The coating solution should be of a thinner consistency than the primer solution and contain up to 50% of the binder volume of water. The coating is applied after the soil has dried, when light pressure on the surface does not leave any dents on the plaster.
In the usual version, high-quality and improved plaster is made from a spray layer, one or several layers of soil and a covering layer, and simple plaster is made from a spray layer and a layer of soil. The total thickness of the plaster should not exceed: high-quality - 25, improved - 20, simple - 18 mm. If it is necessary to apply a plaster coating with a thickness of more than 20 mm to the surface, a metal mesh is stretched before plastering. When plastering on a metal mesh, the spray is applied cement-sand mortar, and the soil and covering layer - with cement-sand or lime-sand mortar.
The covering layer can be applied with gypsum mortar, but only on calcareous soil and in rooms with normal humidity.
The method of multilayer application of plaster is based on significant use manual labor. In addition, multilayer plaster requires a lot of time and effort to complete.
The use of single-layer plaster allows for more complete implementation of complex mechanization. Single-layer plaster is applied using adjustable mesh frames and vibropressing plastering machine.
Plastering using mesh frames is used for finishing vertical surfaces. The solution is applied using a nozzle through a metal mesh with cells 15 X 15 - 40 X 40 mm, stretched over the frame. After applying the solution, it is leveled over the mesh from top to bottom with a trowel or fine trowel. When the solution has acquired some strength, the frame with the mesh is moved to the next section, and the traces of the mesh remaining on the surface of the plaster are smoothed out with a trowel or manually.
A further improvement of the single-layer plaster method is the use of vibropress plaster. a machine that applies, levels, compacts and smoothes the solution on the surface in one step. The productivity of the vibropressing machine is 180-200 m2 per shift.
The preparation of wooden surfaces for plaster is as follows: surfaces made of boards more than 100 mm wide are split and wedged to avoid warping of the boards due to their absorption of moisture from the solution; upholster the surfaces with boards made of plaster shingles with clear cell sizes of 45 X 45 mm; in places where wooden surfaces meet stone and concrete surfaces, upholstery is used instead of covering with shingles metal mesh with cells 20 X 20 mm.
Preparation for plastering brick, concrete and other stone surfaces involves cleaning them from dust, dirt, grease, bitumen stains and salts (efflorescence) that have come to the surface. Smooth surfaces, such as concrete, made in metal formwork, must be processed by notching or sandblasting. Metal beams and stringers are covered with mesh or wire before plastering.
All surfaces to be plastered are hung in vertical and horizontal planes with the installation of beacons. The thickness of the beacon should be equal to the thickness of the mantling without covering. To install beacons on walls and ceilings, mark the planes of future plaster and determine the smallest required thickness plaster marking. To do this, mark nails are driven into the corners of the rooms or plaster marks with nails are placed along which cords are pulled along the diagonals of the ceiling and along the perimeter of the walls.
Plasterboard sheets are widely used for finishing interior spaces with air humidity under operating conditions not exceeding 60%. Surfaces finished with dry plaster are hung and support marks (beacons) are installed on them. In places where electric lighting devices are hung and where plugs and switches are located in the same plane with the marks, the necessary bases for them are made from mortar or pieces plasterboard sheets.
Plasterboard sheets are secured to the surface: by gluing the back side of the sheets with mastic, which is applied to the support marks or directly to the surface to be coated; by nailing sheets to a wooden frame, previously calibrated and fixed to the surface to be covered; nailing sheets directly to the surface to be coated. To nail the sheets, galvanized thin nails with a wide head are used. The heads of the nails are sunk into the sheet and filled with whitewash.
For each sheet, continuous support strips are made along its contour, and between them are transverse strips or individual molding marks made of gypsum mastic with a distance between them of up to 40 cm. Glue or mastic is applied to the support strips and marks, the sheet is pressed against them and temporarily secured 5-6 nails, which are removed after the glue or mastic has set. The total area of the supporting strips and marks must be at least 10% of the sheet area.
The seams between the sheets during subsequent wallpapering of the surface are sealed with a putty compound flush with the general surface. When finishing the surface with adhesive or oil paint, the seams are filled with a plastic putty composition and jointed with a narrow joint.
The most typical defects in plaster are cracks, gouges, peeling, stains and discolorations, etc. Small cracks and gouges are eliminated by rubbing these areas with lime mortar after removing old paint. Large cracks in the plaster are cleaned out with a knife or spatula, washed with water and filled with chalk putty with the addition of drying oil. Then the surface is ground.
The strength of the plaster and the reliability of its adhesion to the base are checked by tapping the surface. When tapped, loose plaster makes a dull sound. Damaged and loose plaster is beaten off, the surface of the base is cleaned of residual mortar, cut and washed with water. Then they are plastered again. If the plaster is damaged locally, it is repaired locally, and the rest of the surface is washed and rubbed.
When repairing finishing using plasterboard sheets, remove damaged sheets, repair the bases if necessary, arrange wooden frame and attach new sheets
galvanized or galvanized nails, which are driven along the contour of the sheet every 100 mm at a distance from the edge of no more than 20 mm; in the middle part of the sheet, the nails are placed in a checkerboard pattern at a distance of no more than 300 mm. The front surface of the newly reinforced sheets must be flush with the surface old plaster. The joints of the sheets are puttied.
Humidity of brick or stone walls to be plastered in winter conditions should not exceed 8%. The degree of humidity is determined in the laboratory.
Plastering of stone and brick walls built using the freezing method is allowed only after the masonry has thawed from the plaster marking side.
The use of hot water to accelerate the heating of frozen walls or to remove ice from them is not allowed.
Plastering internal surfaces subject to rapid cooling ( window slopes, niches, etc.) are performed before the onset of cold weather. Plastering of these surfaces after the onset of cold weather is allowed only if the plaster marking is protected from premature freezing (by electric heating, insulating structures with felt, etc.).
During acceptance of plastering work, the strength of the connection between the mantling and the plastered surface is checked by tapping; They also check for cracks, cavities and other defects. The surface of simple plaster should not have more than three irregularities (gaps between the attached lath and the wall) with a depth of up to 5 mm, and the vertical deviation should not exceed 15 mm over the entire height of the room.
For improved plaster, no more than two irregularities up to 3 mm deep are allowed, and the vertical deviation is no more than 10 mm over the entire height of the room.
For high-quality plaster, no more than two irregularities with a depth of up to 2 mm and a vertical deviation of no more than 5 mm over the entire height of the room are allowed.
Painting works. The internal surfaces of buildings and structures are painted for sanitary and hygienic purposes, as well as to give the interiors an aesthetic appearance, normal operation of the premises and protection building structures from aggressive environmental influences.
Depending on the purpose of the building or structure and the requirements for finishing, the complexity of the finishing is determined and the category of painting work is established. Regulatory documents for the production of finishing works establish three types of painting finishing: simple, improved and high-quality.
Simple finishing, as a rule, is used for painting the surfaces of utility rooms, warehouses and other secondary premises and temporary buildings; improved - for painting
residential, office, educational and domestic premises of industrial and utility companies; high-quality - for painting clubs, theaters, train stations, administrative and other permanent buildings and public buildings. The higher the color quality, the more technological operations must be done.
Between painting work performed during building renovation and new construction, there is a slight difference in the methods of preparing the surface for painting. Adhesive paint is removed by washing warm water, and lime, casein, silicate and other paints - mechanically, after wetting the surface with water. Surfaces previously painted with oil and other non-aqueous compounds are cleaned mechanically or chemically, and in case of particularly strong paint adhesion and unevenness, by burning. With the chemical method, a layer of a mixture of quicklime and caustic soda dissolved in water is manually applied to a previously painted surface. The softened paint is scraped off with steel scrapers, and the cleaned surface is thoroughly washed with water.
When preparing old plaster for painting, it is cleaned of dust and dirt. If there are rust stains on the plaster, they are removed by washing with a solution copper sulfate, otherwise they may appear on fresh paint. If there is damaged plaster in certain areas, it is repaired.
Wooden surfaces previously painted with oil or synthetic paints are cleaned of fragile paint metal brushes. Places with durable paint washed with a 3% solution - soda ash and then with clean water.
Metal surfaces (radiators, pipes, grilles) are thoroughly cleaned of fragile paint, dust, dirt and rust using steel scrapers and brushes.
Before painting, newly plastered surfaces are checked and, if necessary, dust is removed with a rag or a strong stream of air from a compressor. Irregularities in plastered surfaces are smoothed out with flaking or pumice. If cracks are found, they are cut to a depth of 2 cm, moistened with water and spread with a spatula with gypsum chalk paste.
Painting is preceded by the following operations: priming, lining, puttying and sanding.
Primer- this is a painting composition containing a pigment and a binder; applied to impregnate porous surfaces and uniformly absorb the paint composition. When applying the primer manually, rollers or brushes are used. Brushes allow you to better rub the primer into the pores of the surface, providing stronger adhesion of the painting compounds to the base. For mechanized application of primers, various mortar pumps or pressure tanks with painting rods are used.
Grease- this is the process of filling pre-primed, widened by cutting cracks with putty compounds (lubricating pastes) wooden structures, cracks in the plaster and individual damaged areas in concrete structures. The greasing is done manually or with steel spatulas.
Puttying is the process of applying putty mass to a primed surface to be finished thin layer 1-3 mm and subsequent leveling of the putty with a manual or mechanized spatula. Continuous filling is carried out with high-quality painting.
After the putty has dried, the surface is sanded using pneumatic and electric grinders or manually with pumice or sandpaper.
Painting of interior surfaces of premises, depending on their height and type of work performed, is carried out from scaffolding, scaffolding-towers and painting tables manually and by mechanized methods. Mix the paint thoroughly before use. The viscosity of paint compositions is usually determined using a VZ-4 viscometer. The viscosity of the composition is characterized by the time it flows out of the viscometer; it depends on the type of paint and the method of applying it to the surface to be painted. Its value is 15-180 s.
Lime paint is applied to the moistened surface using hand and electric spray guns in 1-3 layers, each layer following the fresh previous one.
Silicate painting is carried out in 2-3 layers using rollers, spray guns and pneumatic sprayers over a primer made of liquid glass solution. Each layer is applied after IO-12 hours.
Glue painting is carried out using rollers, spray guns and air spraying units. well primed surface. The color is applied in one layer, avoiding the appearance of gloss and drips. To avoid the formation of streaks, each area is painted without interruptions in work and before the paint dries on the adjacent area. During the painting and drying process, do not intensively ventilate the room, which can lead to uneven drying of the color and the formation of stains.
Water-based painting, due to rapid drying, should be carried out in one step, without allowing interruptions, otherwise the joints of the painting done in different time. Painting is carried out with rollers or spray guns in at least two layers of primer.
And the composite painting is applied in at least two layers using rollers, pneumatic rollers, pneumatic installations, non-
air spray and lightweight paint sprayers, in which the paint container is attached directly to the spray gun. To avoid the appearance of drips, paint is applied in a thin, even layer over a well-dried previous one. Coloring hard to reach places performed with brushes and special rollers for various purposes.
Painting work begins after water-based paints have dried or a strong film has formed on surfaces painted with oil or synthetic compounds. Spots, tacks, drips, wrinkles, omissions, show-through of lower layers of paint and brush or roller marks are not allowed on painted surfaces. Surfaces must have a glossy or matte monochromatic texture.
To enhance the decorative qualities of the paint and highlight its individual elements, various types of finishes and coatings are often used. A single- and multi-color pattern is rolled onto a monochromatic surface with rollers, a pattern of a different color is applied with a sponge or type-setting stamps, narrow panel strips are drawn out, and the pattern is applied using stencils. Painted surfaces are trimmed and sprayed. Mastic finishing and textured finishing with decorative* crumbs are also used. As the latter, crushed and artificial materials with a grain size of 2-5 mm: stone - granite, quartzite, marble; granulated - glass, crushed ceramic chips. Decorative chips are fixed with one or two layers of varnish.
Cladding works, just like plastering, are designed to produce a smooth or embossed surface, which increases durability, improves the performance of erected structures and can serve as architectural decoration.
Surface cladding with sheet, tile or stone materials compared to plastering works, carried out wet method, has the following advantages: it becomes possible to immediately begin subsequent work (painting, wallpapering, etc.) immediately after cladding; work in winter conditions is simplified. For cladding internal surfaces, glazed ceramic, enameled glass and polystyrene tiles are mainly used, as well as large-sized enamel-coated fiberboards and laminated paper sheets.
At internal lining Smooth concrete and brick walls are cut using a hammer gun. Brick walls, made empty, are not subject to notching. Wooden walls insulated with a layer of roofing felt or glassine, and the cement-sand base is reinforced with metal wire mesh, which is secured along the lath with nails.
Before installation ceramic tiles The surface of the wall to be coated is cleaned. If there are grease stains, it is recommended to wash them off with warm water and soap or washing soda or a 2-3% solution of hydrochloric acid, followed by rinsing with clean water. Particularly stubborn grease stains are washed with water and at the same time cleaned with metal brushes.
Tiles for concrete or brick surfaces fixed on cement-sand or polymer-cement mortar. The solution is applied in a thin layer to the back side of the tile. Then the tile is pressed against the wall and tapped with the end of a tile spatula.
The cladding is carried out in horizontal rows from bottom to top. To obtain joints of the same width, scrap tiles, nails or metal plates are used. After installing all the tiles, the seams are filled with gypsum, polymer-cement or cement mortar. Finally, the contaminated areas are cleaned and the lined surface is washed with water.
Polystyrene tiles are glued onto a layer of rosin, polymer cement or coumaron rubber mastic 1-1.5 mm thick. The surface to be tiled must be thoroughly leveled and dried, then it is cleaned from dust with a dry soft brush and primed with mastic intended for gluing tiles. The mastic is applied with a spatula to the back side of the tile up to the level of its edge and pressed tightly against the wall.
The thickness of the joints between polystyrene tiles should not exceed 0.5 mm. The mastic that has protruded through the seams is immediately removed with a knife blade, and the surface of the cladding is wiped with a rag.
Coated wood fiber boards and laminated paper sheets are attached using coumarononairite glue to dry surfaces free of dirt and dust. The glue is applied to the surface of the walls and slabs or sheets in a thin layer with a plastic or wooden spatula and left for 6-8 hours. Then the glue is applied to the walls a second time and left to rest until it becomes “tack-free”, after which it is coated with glue again and the slabs or sheets are glued to the wall. , pressing them tightly with your hands. Exposed glue is removed with a rag. The seams are painted water-based paints, sealed polyvinyl chloride film or covered with profiled layouts.
Destruction of the cladding occurs in cases where the technology of the work is violated and when choosing facing tiles or interlayer material, the specific conditions in which the cladding will be used are not sufficiently taken into account. To repair damage to the cladding, perform 1 at the lowest cost labor and materials, it is necessary to leave the remaining hardened layer and apply mastic with a layer of less thickness.
Repairs usually begin with tapping and identifying tiles that have lost contact with the wall, preserving them, if possible, for reuse. The areas from which the tiles have been removed are wiped with a rag, blown with a stream of compressed air and primed with a solution or polyvinyl acetate emulsion. A layer of mastic with a thickness of I - -2 mm is applied to the tile and immediately glued to the intended area of the wall. For gluing, cement-polyvinyl acetate and clay-bitumen mastics, solutions and mastics on liquid glass are used.
Wallpaper works. Wallpapering is one of the final types of aesthetic wall decoration for the renovation of residential and public buildings.
Based on their performance properties, wallpaper is divided into ordinary (non-moisture resistant); moisture-resistant, allowing wiping and easy rinsing with water; washable, allowing frequent washing with water, including warm water with soap or soda; sound-absorbing (pile); heat and sound insulating - based on foamed plastics. By quality Wallpapers are divided into simple, medium quality and high quality. Quality is determined by the weight of the paper. Wallpaper is produced in rolls of 6, 12, 18 and 25 m with a width of 0.5; 0.6; 0.75 m. Moisture-resistant (washable) wallpaper is covered with a moisture-resistant layer containing synthetic resins. Sometimes a layer of glue is applied to their back surface during the production process. Linkrust is a colored plastic mass based on synthetic and polyvinyl chloride resins. Finishing and decorative films are made from polyvinyl chloride in rolls with various bases (paper, fabric, etc.). They are produced in single and multi-color, with a smooth or embossed front surface. A non-drying adhesive composition is applied to the back side of the film at the manufacturer.
Wallpaper is selected in accordance with the purpose of the premises being finished (their orientation, lighting and dimensions).
Paper wallpaper is glued with adhesives various compositions. The most common synthetic adhesive is CMC, which is water soluble. Its advantage is this. that it is easy to use, does not leave stains on the surface of the wallpaper and is relatively cheap.
Concrete and plaster are cleaned before gluing, cracks in the plaster are sealed with adhesive lubrication paste, and roughness is smoothed out with the end of the wood. The seams of wooden partitions made of plywood and plasterboard sheets are pre-sealed with putty or pasted over with paper strips in 1-3 layers. Cover with putty and cover with drying oil or varnish the heads of nails buried in the thickness of plywood, wood or plasterboard sheets. Before wallpapering, a layering is carried out - with a brush, a primer is applied to the walls under the top and bottom of the wallpaper, in the corners around the perimeter of doors and windows, at heating devices. These measures make it possible to increase the adhesion of the glue to the wallpaper in the most vulnerable places, where peeling of the wallpaper most often occurs during operation.
A preparatory layer of waste paper to level out minor roughness and create a smooth surface is glued to all bases, with the exception of plasterboard sheets.
The wallpapering technology comes down to the following. The back side, coated with glue, is applied to the wall so that the cut layer of the panel lies on the uncut edge of the glued strip with the correct alignment of the pattern. The panels are glued with the cut edge towards the window so that the joint is less noticeable. Thick and embossed wallpaper is smeared with glue twice with a break of 15-20 minutes. The glued panels are carefully smoothed with a dry hair brush or a clean soft cloth, straightening out all folds and wrinkles.
Surfaces for linkrust are prepared in the same way as for oil painting. Monolithic plaster, gypsum, gypsum concrete and concrete under linkcrust are primed with drying oil with the addition of grated red lead and drier. After the soil has dried, the surface is puttied with oil-adhesive putty, and after it has dried, it is cleaned with pumice, primed again and covered with linkcrust. Cracks and joints in surfaces made of wood, plywood and plasterboard sheets are filled with putty, and the places where linkcrust lag most often occurs are covered with gauze or thin cloth dipped in paste. Linkrust sheets are pre-cut into panels required sizes, roll into rolls, lower for 5-10 minutes in hot water, then taken out and kept for at least 8-12 hours. After this, the edges of the panels are cut off on both sides, the walls are glued, and panels smeared with paste are applied to the not completely dry surface. A small amount of antiseptic - phenol or aluminum-potassium alum and insecticide - borax are introduced into the flour paste. Drying of the linkrust continues for 7-10 days, after which its surface is painted with oil paint, varnish or enamel. Wood, pile, sound-absorbing and film-coated paper wallpapers are glued in the same way as thick paper wallpapers.
Films without base, having back side non-drying adhesive layer, paste, applying to the wall and rubbing with a clean rag. The surfaces on which paper-based film wallpaper is glued are cleaned and primed (as for adhesive painting). Then, on the prepared surface, the position of the top and vertical edges of the panels is marked, they are opened in height, cut in places where they adjoin platbands, pipes and sanitary fixtures, the edges of adjacent panels are cut off (taking into account an overlap of 1.5-2 mm) and marked according to the markings .
Apply a paste (4% solution of CMC glue) to the back side of the wallpaper with a brush, leaving an unpainted strip 1.5-2 cm wide along the edges (only on the overlap side). Glue the panel, checking its position according to the plumb line, adjusting the edges and smoothing it from the middle to the edges. After a day, the edges of the panels are glued at the joints with polyvinyl acetate emulsion.
For gluing with film wallpaper on a fabric basis, the surfaces are prepared in the same way as for high-quality painting: they are cleaned of deposits, smoothed, drying oil, a partial grease is carried out, two continuous putties are applied and sanded, and primed with an oil composition in the color of the film. Wallpaper on a fabric basis is prepared in the same way as on a paper basis (except for the wetting process), and is glued with a full-vinyl acetate emulsion diluted with 3-4 parts of water. Adhesive composition applied with a brush. After careful alignment with a plumb line, the panel is smoothed down with a plastic spatula, from the center to the edges. After 3-4 hours, the seams are cut, cutting with a knife simultaneously two adjacent, overlapping panels. The edges of the panels at the seams are folded back, coated with glue and glued to the wall, connecting the edges end to end, smoothing and leveling the seams. Remove excess glue with a wet rag or sponge.
For gluing film washable wallpaper, styrene-butadiene latex adhesive bustylate is used.
A promising direction in interior decoration is the use of wallpaper with an applied adhesive composition, which significantly increases labor productivity and improves the quality of wallpaper work.
A workplace for wallpapering work is organized in each room to be wallpapered, and is provided with materials in the amount of daily requirements.
Safety precautions. Internal walls it is necessary to plaster from scaffolding, stepladders or inventory tables, and external ones - from scaffolding, scaffolding or cradles. On flights of stairs work is carried out from special scaffolding with shorter legs and railings. Plastering of external slopes (in the absence of scaffolding) should be carried out from fenced floorings laid on beams protruding from window openings, or from cradles. Transfer of solutions must be mechanized. Before starting work, check the serviceability and strength of all mechanisms and devices.
It is prohibited to work with mortar pumps at a pressure exceeding that specified in the passport.
Temporary portable electrical wiring for interior work must have a voltage of no more than 36 V. Places of operation of mortar pumps must be connected by alarm systems to workplaces. It is prohibited to dry plaster with open braziers or flamethrowers.
Heaters for drying surfaces must be enclosed in a casing made of sheet steel and mounted on special stands.
When facing surfaces with mortar or polymer-cement mastic, workers must be provided with gloves, goggles and overalls, and when using sodium coumarone or other adhesives on lightweight aggregates, also with respirators.
In rooms where work is being done on gluing polystyrene tiles using polystyrene, rosin or indene-coumarone mastics, due to the release of flammable and explosive vapors, it is necessary to ensure reliable ventilation. During the cladding process, as well as for 2 days after its completion, it is prohibited to smoke or use electric heating devices, carry out welding, soldering and other work involving the use of flame and the formation of sparks.
When cleaning surfaces before covering from dust compressed air from the compressor, as well as when cleaning the lining sandblasting machines workers must wear protective helmets and goggles.
The premises where painting work is carried out, due to the formation of tiny particles of volatile substances that are harmful to the health of workers, must be ventilated or have artificial ventilation, and workers must be provided with respirators, safety glasses and protective clothing. Before starting work, pneumatic painting supply hoses are checked for water spraying and tested at a pressure exceeding 1.5 times the working pressure, and a corresponding entry is made in the work log. Pressure gauges on pneumatic paint sprayers must be corrected and sealed. During painting work, electrical wiring in the premises must be de-energized.
Indoor walls are painted using scaffolding or stepladders. It is not allowed to rest ladders on frames window frames. People are not allowed to stay for more than 4 hours in rooms freshly painted with oil paints. Any paint that gets onto an unprotected area of skin must be removed with a rag, then the skin must be washed with warm water and soap.
The most common defects in the surfaces of building structures and products (significant unevenness, cavities, chips and deep cracks) are the result of violations of their manufacturing technology, mechanical damage during transportation and installation, poor quality of prefabricated elements, cladding and plasters
Before painting, defective areas are repaired with polymer-cement and gypsum-polymer cement solutions. Solutions are prepared from dry commercial cement-sand or gypsum-cement-pozzolanic mixture and additives (polyvinyl acetate dispersion or synthetic latex) in a ratio of 0.2:1 to cement or gypsum binder, resulting in polymer-cement or gypsum-polymer cement solutions. The polymer additive increases the adhesion, impact strength and workability of the solution. This allows it to be applied to various substrates (for example, concrete, gypsum concrete). The adhesion of polymer cement mortar to concrete reaches 0.5-0.6 MPa after 28 days, which is 4 times greater than the adhesion strength of conventional cement-sand plaster mortar.
A solution of dry mixtures is prepared at construction sites. The dry mixture is thoroughly mixed with water to a working consistency in mortar mixers or plasterer boxes. The dispersion or latex is introduced into water in advance and the solution is mixed on it. A small amount of lime-adhesive gypsum retarder is added to the gypsum-polymer cement mortar.
Solutions are supplied to the floors using mortar pumps.
Before repair, defective areas are thoroughly cleaned of dirt and dust, then primed aqueous solution polyvinyl acetate dispersion of 7% concentration using a brush. Considering that the volume of repair work is usually small, plaster solutions applied by hand using plastering tools.
The plaster spatula (12, a) and the scoop-spade (12.6) consist of a steel sheet up to 1.5 mm thick, a handle with an elbow 50 mm high and wooden handle standard size, planted on a cutting. The length of the blade blade is 180 and 200 mm. The handle is attached to the canvas by welding and less often riveted. The solution that accumulates at the place where the cutting is attached is systematically cleaned. Spatulas with a seamless fabric and a handle are more convenient - it is easier to remove the solution from them. The smaller the mass of the blade, the easier it is to work with it.
Plaster spatulas are used to pour and dose (approximately) various materials, mix dry mixtures and mortars, pour, spread, level and smooth mortars, cut off excess mortar, clean tools, equipment and fixtures from mortar.
The graters (Fig. 12c), intended for leveling and spreading the solution, are made of wood; the canvas must be planed evenly. Depending on the purpose, the canvas can be from 150 to 2000 long, from 20 to 150 wide, and from 5 to 30 mm thick.
Shaped graters (12, g), used for rubbing husks, ends and chamfers, are more productive and convenient to use than simple ones. They are metal long 804 mm and wooden ones up to 2000 mm long. For wooden graters, the canvas is knocked down from two planed boards at right angles, the handles are secured with nails. The disadvantage of wooden scuffers is that they warp.
The graters (12, d) are used for smooth finishing of the mortar, i.e. grout. They are made from pine or spruce wood, duralumin, and galvanized steel. The handle is made at such a height that the grater is comfortable to hold. The average dimensions of the grater blade are 110X190 mm. The handle is attached to the canvas with nails or wooden dowels. As the float cloth wears out, the ends of the nails or dowels are recessed into the float cloth.
When wet and dry, the grater blade warps, which reduces labor productivity. To make the grater grout cleaner, thick felt or felt is nailed to the canvas, but such a grater does not cut off small tubercles, so first rub the surface with a grater with wooden canvas, and then with felt-covered canvas. Sometimes, to smooth the mortar, articulated floats with a long handle are used, the block of which is wrapped in sanding paper. Smooth the surfaces using a reciprocating movement of a clip or grater 60-70 cm wide.
Smoothers (12, e) are more productive than graters, but their smoothing quality is lower. Smoothing irons can be made of steel or wood. Wooden trowels are trowels, the canvas of which is covered (upholstered) with rubber.
To smooth the surface of the solution, use a flaked stone or the end of a tree. A piece of flake stone (hard rock sand stone), sand-lime brick or the end of a tree coniferous species inserted into a holder with a long handle, which allows you to smooth surfaces in rooms 2.5-3 m high without stepladders or tables.
As a result of repairing and leveling surfaces with polymer-cement or gypsum-polymer-cement mortar, a finely rough surface is obtained that is not suitable for direct painting; it is additionally leveled with putties.
