Every person plays some role in his life every day. Some find it difficult to switch from the role of a strict boss to the role of a gentle and caring wife.

Role behavior – social function person. It is behavior that is expected from an individual. It is determined by its status or position in the structure interpersonal relationships.

The concept of role behavior includes the following structure:

1. Model of role behavior on the part of society.
2. A person's ideas about his own behavior.
3. Real human behavior.

Let's consider the basic models of role behavior.

Role behavior of the individual

There are many social roles in the world. Sometimes a person may encounter difficult situation, in which it personal activity interferes with one social role and makes it difficult to perform other roles. As a member of a group, an individual is subjected to great pressure and circumstances, as a result of which he may abandon his true self. When such a situation occurs, a role conflict arises within the person.

It is believed that when a person is faced with this type of conflict, he is exposed to psychological stress. This can lead to emotional problems that will manifest themselves during interaction. this person with others, as well as when doubt arises in making decisions.

Each person’s status at work has its own roles. In a role set, each role is a community of different roles that are not similar to other relationships. For example, one of the roles of a boss is that of a breadwinner. This role is not fixed by any charter in the organization. It is informal. The leader, like the head of the family, is assigned responsibilities according to which he must take care of the food of his family members, that is, his subordinates.

Role behavior in the family

The main parameter of the structure of role behavior in the family is what character predominates in the system of leadership. This determines the relationship between power and subordination. In order for the family not to have conflict situations, role behavior each member family must comply with the following:

The roles that form the whole system should not contradict each other. The fulfillment of a certain role by each person in the family must satisfy the needs of all its members. The roles that have been accepted must correspond to the personal capabilities of each person. There should be no role conflicts.

It is worth noting that each person should have more than one role over time. He needs psychological changes and variety.

4.1.2. Features of role behavior in conflict communication

4.1.3. Behavioral disguises of conflict communication

4.2. PSYCHOTECHNIQUES OF COUNTER-AGING BEHAVIOR IN SITUATIONS OF CONFLICT COMMUNICATION

Typology of personal difficulties in conflict communication

4.2.2. Game forms of positional conflicts

4.2.3. Psychotechnics of counter-game behavior

4.2.4. Analysis of situations of counter-play behavior

4.1. Role behavior in communication

4.1.1. Types of role behavior

IN social psychology A role is understood as a representation of a pattern of behavior expected from a person occupying a certain position in a given contact situation.

In the activities of an operational worker, the role is, first of all, a “mask” worn when communicating with various people. The role masks of operational communication are twofold. Some of them, changing the true signs of the personality qualities, relationships and intentions of the operative, retain the signs of his belonging to law enforcement agencies. The line or individual techniques of such role behavior are aimed at ensuring the conditions for achieving the goals of contact.

An example of role masks of belonging are options for behavior designed to establish psychological contact (forming a partner’s idea of ​​common hobbies, personal problems, etc.), with the aim of creating in him a distorted idea of ​​his plans and awareness of specific facts.

The other part of the masks is intended to hide belonging to operational services, to play the role of a representative of any social group.

Masks that hide the identity of an operative worker are of a more complex technological nature. Appropriate behavior presupposes the need to know the content of the role, its complexity and the accuracy of the specification (for example, just an engineer or an engineer graduate of a particular institute, etc.). The content of the role must correspond not only to the simulated group affiliation, but also to the characteristics individual style behavior, and sometimes even appearance, of an operational worker. Role behavior involves the ability to reproduce gestures, facial expressions, speech, demeanor and psychological characteristics of another person. Legal psychology notes the need for special preparation for such behavior.

Any communication by a law enforcement officer is governed by official and unofficial rules of conduct adopted in contacts with certain types people and in typical situations. The expectation that accepted rules of behavior will be followed in specific interactions between people is called social expectation. For example, the uniform of a police officer explains questions like: “How to get there?” Expectations regulate the role relationships of people.

In relation to role behavior in law enforcement, the following aspects can be specified:

role as a set of expectations existing in any organization regarding the behavior of an employee of a certain service;

role as the employee’s understanding of the behavior expected of him;

employee behavior based on the accepted role in the process of solving operational and service tasks.

An employee's role behavior is influenced by his personal characteristics, as well as his status, i.e., his relative position in interaction situations, determined by characteristics specific to a given situation. The status of a representative of a particular law enforcement service determines his rights, responsibilities and prestige. Personal status is the answer to the question “Who is he?”, Role is “What does he do?”

When entering into communication, an employee takes into account the partner’s position and selects an appropriate role for himself. Being a bearer of many roles, in specific situation it can only actively execute one. Others will be hidden, potential in this situation, but can become active roles when the interaction situation changes. The effectiveness of the role behavior of an operational worker depends on knowledge of the role, its subjective significance and on the art (technique, skill) of execution.

If the behavior of an operational worker does not correspond to the role expectations of any group, it applies social sanctions to him - one or another type of coercion to normative behavior (for example, threats, insults, blackmail, etc.). Positive sanctions are also possible - reinforcement of expected behavior.

An operational worker in his behavior has to choose between the expectations of groups of different affiliations. Moreover, in work situations, he behaves in accordance not only with the expectations of this group, but also in accordance with the norms of legality and professional ethics of a law enforcement officer.

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More on the topic ROLE BEHAVIOR IN COMMUNICATION:

1. Chapter 12. APPLICATION OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE “NONVERBAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNICATION” TO STUDY KINESIC-PROXEMIC PATTERNS OF ROLE BEHAVIOR OF REPRESENTATIVES OF DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS

These are mechanisms of socialization. Identifies concepts social status, role and role behavior.

Social status is the position of a subject in the system of interpersonal relations, which determines his duties, rights and privileges. It is established by society. Social relationships are confusing.

A social role is associated with status; these are the norms of behavior of a person occupying a certain status.

Role behavior is a person's specific use of a social role. It is reflected here personal characteristics.

Proposed the concept of Mead's social role in late XIX– XX centuries A person becomes a Personality when they learn to take on the role of another person.

Any role has a structure:

1. Model of human behavior from society.
2. A system of representing a person how he should behave.
3. The actual observable behavior of a person occupying a given status.

In the event of a mismatch between these components, a role conflict arises.

1. Interrole conflict. A person performs many roles, the requirements of which are incompatible or he does not have the strength or time to perform these roles well. At the heart of this conflict is illusion.

2. Intra-role conflict. When you are asked to perform one role different requirements different representatives social groups. The presence of intra-role conflict is very dangerous for the Personality.

A social role is a fixation of a certain position that one or another individual occupies in the system public relations. A role is understood as “a function, a normatively approved pattern of behavior expected of everyone occupying a given position” (Kohn). These expectations do not depend on the consciousness and behavior of a particular individual; their subject is not the individual, but society. What is essential here is not only and not so much the fixation of rights and responsibilities, but the connection of the social role with certain types of social Activity of the Personality. The social role is “socially required type social Activity and the way of behavior of the Personality” (Bueva). A social role always bears the stamp of social evaluation: society can either approve or disapprove of some social roles, sometimes approval or disapproval can differentiate among different social groups, the evaluation of a role can become completely different meaning in accordance with the social experience of a particular public group.

In reality, each individual performs not one, but several social roles: he can be an accountant, a father, a trade union member, etc. A number of roles are prescribed to a person at birth, others are acquired during life. However, the role itself does not determine the activities and behavior of each specific carrier in detail: everything depends on how much the individual learns and internalizes the role. The act of internalization is determined by a number of individual psychological characteristics each specific bearer of this role. Therefore, social relations, although in essence they are role-based, impersonal relations, in reality, in their concrete manifestation, acquire a certain “personal coloring”. Each social role does not mean an absolute set of behavior patterns; it always leaves a certain “range of possibilities” for its performer, which can be conditionally called a certain “style of playing the role.”

Social differentiation is inherent in all forms of human existence. The behavior of the Personality is explained by social inequality in society. It is influenced by:

• social background;
• ethnicity;
• the level of education;
• job title;
• prof. belonging;
• power;
• income and wealth;
• lifestyle, etc.

The performance of the role is individual in nature. Linton proved that the role has socio-cultural conditioning.

There is also a definition that a social role is a social function of a Personality.

It should be noted that there are several points of view:

1. Shebutani is a conventional role. Distinguishes between the concepts of conventional role and social role.
2. Totality social norms, which society encourages or forces to master.

Types of roles:

• psychological or interpersonal (in the system of subjective interpersonal relationships). Categories: leaders, preferred, not accepted, outsiders;
• social (in the system of objective social relations). Categories: professional, demographic.
• active or current - executed in this moment;
• latent (hidden) – a person is potentially a carrier, but not at the moment
• conventional (official);
• spontaneous, spontaneous - arise in a specific situation, not determined by requirements.

Relationship between role and behavior:

F. Zimbardo (1971) conducted an experiment (students and prison) and found that the role greatly influences the behavior of a person. The phenomenon of absorption of a person’s personality into a role. Role prescriptions shape human behavior. The phenomenon of deindividuation is the absorption of the Personality into a social role, the Personality loses control over its individuality (example - jailers).

Role behavior is the individual performance of a social role - society sets the standard of behavior, and the performance of the role is personal. Mastering social roles is part of the process of socialization of the Personality, an indispensable condition“growth” of the Individual in a society of his own kind. In role behavior, role conflicts can arise: inter-role (a person is forced to simultaneously perform several roles, sometimes contradictory), intra-role (occur when different demands are placed on the bearer of one role from different social groups). Gender roles: male, female. Professional roles: boss, subordinate, etc.

Jung. Persona – role (ego, shadows, self). Do not merge with the “person”, so as not to lose the personal core (self).

Andreeva. A social role is a fixation of a certain position that one or another individual occupies in the system of social relations. A number of roles are prescribed from birth (to be a wife/husband). A social role always has a certain range of possibilities for its performer - a “role performance style.” By mastering social roles, a person assimilates social standards of behavior, learns to evaluate himself from the outside and exercise self-control. Personality acts (is) the mechanism that allows you to integrate your “I” and your own life activities, carry out a moral assessment of your actions, and find your place in life. It is necessary to use role behavior as a tool for adapting to certain social situations.

Social role is the fixation of a certain position occupied by one or another individual in the system of social relations. A role is understood as “a function, a normatively approved pattern of behavior expected of everyone occupying a given position” (Kohn). These expectations do not depend on the consciousness and behavior of a particular individual; their subject is not the individual, but society. What is essential here is not only and not so much the fixation of rights and responsibilities, but the connection of the social role with certain types of social Activity of the Personality. A social role is “a socially necessary type of social Activity and a way of behavior of a Personality” (Bueva). A social role always bears the stamp of social evaluation: society can either approve or disapprove of some social roles, sometimes approval or disapproval can differentiate among different social groups, role evaluation can take on completely different meanings in accordance with the social experience of a particular social group .

In reality, each individual performs not one, but several social roles: He may be an accountant, a father, a union member, etc. A number of roles are prescribed to a person at birth, others are acquired during life. However, the role itself does not determine the activities and behavior of each specific carrier in detail: everything depends on how much the individual learns and internalizes the role. Each social role does not mean an absolute set of behavior patterns; it always leaves a certain “range of possibilities” for its performer, which can be conditionally called a certain “style of playing the role.”

Social differentiation is inherent in all forms of human existence. The behavior of the Personality is explained by social inequality in society. It is influenced by:

· - social origin;

· - ethnicity;

· - the level of education;

· - job title;

· - prof. belonging;

· - power;

· - income and wealth;

· - lifestyle, etc.

There is also a definition that social role is a social function of the Personality.

Types of roles:

· - psychological or interpersonal (in the system of subjective interpersonal relationships). Categories: leaders, preferred, not accepted, outsiders;

· - social (in the system of objective social relations). Categories: professional, demographic.

· - active or current – ​​currently being executed;

· - latent (hidden) – a person is potentially a carrier, but not at the moment

· - conventional (official);

· - spontaneous, spontaneous - arise in a specific situation, not determined by requirements.

Relationship between role and behavior:

Role behavior– individual performance of a social role – society sets the standard of behavior, and the performance of the role is personal. Mastering social roles is part of the process of socialization of the Personality, an indispensable condition for the “growth” of the Personality in a society of their own kind. In role behavior, role conflicts can arise: inter-role (a person is forced to simultaneously perform several roles, sometimes contradictory), intra-role (occur when different demands are placed on the bearer of one role from different social groups). Gender roles: male, female. Professional roles: boss, subordinate, etc.

Role behavior Role behavior has its own specificity and complex structure. His analysis was given by the famous American social psychologist G. Allport. He proposes the following framework, identifying four components of role behavior. 1. Role expectations are associated with regulations in the social system. They do not depend on the consciousness and behavior of a particular individual and act as external, more or less mandatory requirements. They come from society or a specific social group and mean what behavior is expected of a person, how a role should be performed, and how much behavior of this person meets these expectations and serves as a criterion for assessing the performance of a given role (good - bad teacher, doctor, student, father, mother, etc.). 2. A person’s understanding of his role includes his awareness of his functions, rights, and responsibilities associated with this role. This shows how fully the individual has assimilated the regulations that have developed in the social structure. 3. Acceptance or non-acceptance of the role. Acceptance means the individual's willingness to comply with all requirements in accordance with society's expectations. The degree of acceptance can be different: from complete merging with the role, identification with it (the woman is completely absorbed in her motherhood) to rejection, ignoring the responsibilities, functions inherent in this role, alienation from it (the student ignores the requirements of teachers, does not consider it necessary to attend classes, etc. .d.). 4. Performing a role. This is role behavior, specific actions, actions prescribed by it. Role-playing behavior differs from other forms of activity in that it presupposes the presence of a role partner and a certain skill of social interaction with him. The roles performed by a person, each individually and collectively, have great importance in the formation and development of personality. But the presence of a particular role does not in itself determine a person’s behavior. To do this, it must be learned, internalized, accepted. An internalized role is an internal definition, an individual’s awareness of his social position and his attitude towards it and the responsibilities arising from it. How the role will be performed depends on the attitude towards it, on individual psychological characteristics (attitudes and orientations, inclinations, character, abilities, etc.), his life experience.

Installation (attitude). This term was first used by the philosopher G. Spencer, later by N. N. Lange, a Russian psychologist. In 1918 W. Thomas (American) and Fl. Znaniecki (Pole) defined social attitudes as the mental experience of meaning, meaning, value social object. In 1928, L. L. Thurstone, together with E. S. Bogardus, developed an operational approach (measuring scales); in 1931, R. Park noted that attitudes have latency: each attitude has an unconscious stage, at this stage only reactions and others are inhibited. In 1935, G. Allport gave classic definition attitude: attitude - a state of mental and nervous readiness, based on experience, directing the individual's reactions in relation to all objects and situations with which it is associated. In 1940, two directions were formed: the study of the stability of the attitude structure and the analytical direction. In 1950, A. Campbell defined attitudes as a predictable syndrome of reactions consistent in relation to a number of social objects. In the 50s, J. S. Bruner and L. J. Postman emphasized the creative role of man, the role of motivation, and values. In the 60s, Katz defined attitude as an individual’s predisposition to evaluate any experience or its symbol, which can be expressed both verbal (opinion, assessment) and non-verbal behavior.

Installation consists of three components: descriptive knowledge; attitude; plans, behavior programs. Functions of the attitude: adaptive, protective, expressive (expresses the individual significance of cultural values), cognitive and the function of coordinating the entire cognitive system of mental processes.

While studying the structure of value orientations, V. A. Yadov developed a dispositional concept of personality, in which individual attitudes are linked into a certain level system of dispositions:

1) elementary attitudes (formed on the basis of vital needs, in simple situations they are not conscious);

2) social attitudes (formed on the basis of an assessment of individual social objects and situations);

3) basic social attitudes (determine the general orientation of the individual);

4) system of value orientations.

Scaling is more often used to measure attitudes; Thurstone scales and methods for their construction are widely known. As a result of a long selection and sorting by a large group of experts of the collected bank of judgments regarding the installation object, 11 statements were left, which should be arranged as a scale from maximum approval to maximum disapproval. The rules for selecting statements are as follows: statements must be addressed to the present time, unflattering ones are discarded, they must contain no more than one thought; You cannot use the words “everyone”, “no one”, “always”, foreign words that have a double meaning, are simply statements, not directly related to the object, as well as those that reflect general agreement. Measuring attitudes is also possible by behavior, although it must be taken into account that behavior and attitudes often diverge in the verbal component, which is opinion.

Changing an attitude usually has the goal of adding knowledge, changing attitudes, showing the consequences of changing views, opinions, etc.

Attitudes are more successfully changed through a change in attitude, which is achieved, for example, by suggestion. Under hypnosis, altered attitudes take on the form of firm beliefs. The formation of attitudes is influenced by parents (the similarity of the attitudes of parents and children in relation to socially significant objects is important) and authoritative individuals, as well as the media.

Stereotypes are one of the types of social attitudes. Knowledge about people, accumulated both in personal experience communication, as well as from other sources, are generalized and consolidated in people’s minds in the form of stable ideas - stereotypes. They are very widely used by people when assessing people, because they simplify and facilitate the process of cognition. The term “social stereotype” was introduced into social psychology by W. Lippmann to denote preconceived opinions and ideas. Thus, we're talking about primarily about evaluative stereotypes, and not about behavioral habits.

Stereotypes are regulators of behavior. National stereotypes are the most studied. They record relations between ethnic groups, are part of national identity, and have a clear connection with national character. Stereotypes are spiritual formations, emotionally charged images that have developed in the minds of people, conveying meanings, in which there are elements of description, evaluation and prescription. According to well-known researchers, the sum of true knowledge in a stereotype is always greater than the sum of false knowledge, however, due to their great generality, they do not contain significant information.

There are professional, physiognomic (based on the connection between appearance and personality traits), ethnic, etc. stereotypes. A national stereotype is a political instrument.

A national stereotype, denoting an entire ethnic or national group, presupposes the presence of a certain trait in all its representatives. This undifferentiated judgment inevitably contains—hidden or explicit—a certain positive or negative evaluation.

Image- image, likeness. Image endows a social phenomenon (person, group, organization, product) with new characteristics. Image is a “semi-finished product”, requires conjecture, stimulates the imagination, has a more regulatory role, requires a person or organization to be able to “live at the level of their image” and, therefore, has a sufficient motivational and mobilizing function. It has a suggestive effect and can become a stereotype. Together with social motives, the image directs and conditions all types of social interaction in which individuals and groups enter.

Features of personality role behavior

Introduction

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The need to be someone, to play certain roles, is an integral part of human existence. Without this, the social organism cannot function; without this, the self-realization of the individual is impossible.

In the 60s, domestic social psychologists began to actively develop role theory based on the West. This was due to the fact that the concept of “role,” according to E. S. Kuzmin, is “central for social psychological science, because the role is a link of communication social phenomena with psychological characteristics" (Kuzmin, 1977, 122).

There is also a definition that role behavior is the behavior of an individual in accordance with the tasks of the role and the expectations of others. Necessary conditions role behavior are role clarity and acceptability.

The clarity of the role presupposes that the person performing it knows and understands not only the content of the role, but also the connection of his activities with other people.

The acceptability of a role is that a person is ready to perform it consciously, since behavior in accordance with this role will bring him some satisfaction.

At the same time, A.L. Sventsitsky (1999) pointed out that any role is not a pure model of behavior. Main link between role expectations and role behavior is the character of the individual. This means that the behavior of a particular person does not fit into a pure scheme. It is the product of a unique, peculiar way of interpreting and interpreting roles.

Human behavior begins with the fulfillment of a certain social role. A person gets to know himself, evaluates his role and his place in the social environment and, in accordance with this, directs, controls and adjusts his behavior.

The process of entering a role and possessing it proceeds differently for each person. The quality of role behavior depends on the state of the mental parameters of the individual, which are influenced by the social and work environment.

Thus, there is always a need to take care of creating such a production and moral-psychological environment that would favorably influence the quality of fulfillment of the social role of each worker and would contribute to increasing his work initiative and social activity.

1. Understanding personality in psychology

Personality is a complex, multifaceted phenomenon public life, a link in the system of social relations. She is a product of socio-historical development, on the one hand, and a figure social development- with another.

The concept of personality began to take shape in ancient times. At first, the term “personality” meant the mask worn by the actor of the ancient theater, then the actor himself and his role in the performance. Subsequently, the term “personality” began to denote the real role of a person in public life.

Psychology understands personality as a specific person who is a representative of a certain society, nationality, class, group, engaged in any type of activity, aware of his attitude to the environment and endowed with individual mental characteristics.

In defining a person, one should highlight, first of all, its social essence. A person is born a person, but he becomes a person in the process of social and labor activity. The term “personality” is used only in relation to a person, and, moreover, starting only from a certain stage of his development. We don't say "pet personality" like "newborn baby personality." We are not seriously talking about the personality of a two-year-old child, although he exhibits not only his hereditary characteristics, but also a great many characteristics acquired under the influence of the social environment. Thus, psychology considers the social and biological in man in a dialectical unity, highlighting in this unity as the main and defining social factors.

The attitude to the understanding of “personality” has been and remains different among different researchers.

Psychoanalytic theories personality. Already at the beginning of the century, the Viennese psychiatrist and psychologist S. Freud proposed his interpretation of human personality, which had a a huge impact not only on psychological science and psychotherapeutic practice, but also on culture throughout the world. Discussions related to the analysis and evaluation of Freudian ideas lasted for decades. According to Freud's views, shared by a significant number of his followers, human activity depends on instinctive impulses, and, above all, the sexual instinct and the instinct of self-preservation. However, in society, instincts cannot manifest themselves as freely as in the animal world, since society imposes many restrictions on a person, subjects his instincts, or drives, to “censorship,” which forces a person to suppress and inhibit them. Instinctive drives thus turn out to be repressed from the conscious life of the individual as shameful, unacceptable, compromising and pass into the sphere of the unconscious, “go underground”, but do not disappear. While maintaining their energy charge, their activity, they gradually, from the sphere of the unconscious, continue to control the behavior of the individual, reincarnating (sublimating) into various shapes human culture and products of human activity. In the sphere of the unconscious, instinctive drives are combined, depending on their origin, into various “complexes”, which, according to Freud, are the true cause of personality activity. Accordingly, one of the tasks of psychology is to identify unconscious “complexes” and promote awareness of them, which leads to overcoming internal conflicts of the individual (method of psychoanalysis). Such motivating reasons, for example, included the “Oedipus complex.”

All further development personality was thought of as a clash between various “complexes” repressed into the sphere of the unconscious.

A careful consideration of Freud's concept of personality allows us to notice that human activity is understood as a biological, natural force. It is similar to the instincts of animals, i.e. just as unconscious, with all its changes, “sublimations” and conflicts with the society that is externally opposed to it. The function of the latter is reduced only to limiting and “censoring” drives. Such an interpretation of the personality and its activity actually turns the personality into an essentially biological being. It is assumed that man and society are fundamentally alien to each other, that their “harmonious” relations are possible only when one is suppressed by the force of the other, the eternal violence of one over the other, with the constant threat of a rebellion of the unconscious, a breakthrough into aggression, neurosis, etc.

Humanistic psychology (mainly American) in understanding the personality and its activity at first glance seems to be something opposite to the psychoanalytic direction. However, as will become obvious later, they are similar in their basic characteristics. Unlike psychoanalysts, who, trying to discover the source of activity, turn to the past, to the child’s “repressed into the unconscious” impressions and experiences, “humanistic psychology” considers the main factor in an individual’s activity to be aspiration to the future, to maximum self-realization (self-actualization). Its development is associated with the works of K. Rogers, A. Maslow, G. Allport and others.

Topological psychology. Using the accepted physical and mathematical In the sciences, the concept of “field”, K. Levin explains the behavior of an individual by the fact that various points and areas of the “living space” (field) in which the individual exists become the motives for his behavior due to the fact that he feels a need for them. When the need for them disappears, the meaning of the object is lost. Unlike psychoanalysis, K. Levin does not see biological predetermination in needs. Motivation is not determined natural properties a person, but by his interaction with a “field” in which objects are attractive in different ways: they have either positive or negative valence.

The presence of three or four leading directions in the understanding of personality that have developed in world psychological science, and their discrepancy original principles quite naturally gave rise to constant controversy.

In Russian psychology, the understanding of “personality” is also not unambiguous.

As I. S. Kon rightly notes, the polysemy of the concept of personality leads to the fact that some understand the personality of a specific subject of activity “in the unity of his individual properties and his social roles,” while others understand personality “as a social property of an individual, as the totality of socially integrated significant features, formed in the direct and indirect interaction of a given person with other people and making him, in turn, a subject of labor, knowledge and communication.” (Cohn 1967, 7).

All branches of psychological science consider personality as initially given in the system social connections and relations, determined by social relations and, moreover, acting as an active subject of activity. The actual socio-psychological problems of the individual begin to be solved on this basis.

2. Mechanisms of personality socialization. Role behavior

Socialization - the formation of personality - the process of an individual’s assimilation of patterns of behavior, psychological attitudes, social norms and values, knowledge, and skills that allow him to function successfully in society. Human socialization begins at birth and continues throughout life. In its process, he assimilates the social experience accumulated by humanity in various fields life activity, which allows you to perform certain, vital social roles. Socialization is considered as a process, condition, manifestation and result social formation personality. How does the process mean social formation and personality development depending on the nature of human interaction with the environment, adaptation to it, taking into account individual characteristics. As a condition, it indicates the presence of the society that a person needs for natural social development as individuals. As a manifestation, it is a person’s social reaction, taking into account his age and social development in the system of specific social relations.

The concepts of social status, role and role behavior are distinguished.

Social status is the position of a subject in the system of interpersonal relations, which determines his duties, rights and privileges. It is established by society. Social relationships are confusing.

A social role is associated with status; these are the norms of behavior of a person occupying a certain status.

Role behavior is a person's specific use of a social role. His personal characteristics are reflected here.

George Herbert Mead proposed the concept of social role at the end of the 19th – 20th centuries. A person becomes a person when he acquires the skill of entering into the role of another person.

Any role has a structure:

Model of human behavior from society.

A system of representing a person how he should behave.

The actual observable behavior of a person occupying a given status.

In the event of a mismatch between these components, a role conflict arises.

1. Interrole conflict. A person performs many roles, the requirements of which are incompatible or he does not have the strength or time to perform these roles well. At the heart of this conflict is illusion.

2. Intra-role conflict. When different representatives of social groups have different requirements for the performance of one role. Staying inside a role conflict is very dangerous for the individual.

A social role is a fixation of a certain position that one or another individual occupies in the system of social relations. A role is understood as “a function, a normatively approved pattern of behavior expected of everyone occupying a given position” (Kohn). These expectations do not depend on the consciousness and behavior of a particular individual; their subject is not the individual, but society. What is essential here is not only and not so much the fixation of rights and responsibilities, but the connection of the social role with certain types of social activities personality. A social role is “a socially necessary type of social activity and a way of behavior of an individual” (Bueva, 1967, 14). A social role always bears the stamp of social evaluation: society can either approve or disapprove of some social roles, sometimes approval or disapproval can differentiate among different social groups, role evaluation can take on completely different meanings in accordance with the social experience of a particular social group .

In reality, each individual performs not one, but several social roles: he can be an accountant, a father, a trade union member, etc. A number of roles are prescribed to a person at birth, others are acquired during life. However, the role itself does not determine the activities and behavior of each specific carrier in detail: everything depends on how much the individual learns and internalizes the role. The act of internalization is determined by a number of individual psychological characteristics of each specific bearer of a given role. Therefore, social relations, although in essence they are role-based, impersonal relations, in reality, in their concrete manifestation, acquire a certain “personal coloring”. Each social role does not mean an absolute set of behavior patterns; it always leaves a certain “range of possibilities” for its performer, which can be conditionally called a certain “style of playing the role.”

Social differentiation is inherent in all forms of human existence. Personal behavior is explained by social inequality in society. It is influenced by social background; ethnicity; the level of education; job title; prof. belonging; power; income and wealth; lifestyle, etc.

The performance of the role is individual in nature, but determined socioculturally.

Types of roles:

Psychological or interpersonal (in the system of subjective interpersonal relationships). Categories: leaders, preferred, not accepted, outsiders;

Social (in the system of objective social relations). Categories: professional, demographic.

Active or current – ​​currently executing;

Latent (hidden) – a person is potentially a carrier, but not at the moment

Conventional (official);

Spontaneous, spontaneous - arise in a specific situation, not determined by requirements.

F. Zimbardo (1971) conducted an experiment (students and prison) and found that the role greatly influences human behavior. Role prescriptions shape human behavior. The phenomenon of deindividuation may arise - the phenomenon of absorption of the individual into a social role. A person loses control over his individuality (example: jailers).

Role behavior is the individual performance of a social role - society sets the standard of behavior, and the performance of the role is personal. Mastering social roles is part of the process of socialization of the individual, an indispensable condition for the “growth” of the individual in a society of his own kind.

Jung identifies the concept of person and role (ego, shadow, self). During socialization, it is important not to merge with the “person”, so as not to lose the personal core (self).

A social role is a fixation of a certain position that one or another individual occupies in the system of social relations. A number of roles are prescribed from birth (to be a wife/husband). A social role always has a certain range of possibilities for its performer - a “role performance style.” By mastering social roles, a person assimilates social standards of behavior, learns to evaluate himself from the outside and exercise self-control. Personality acts (is) the mechanism that allows you to integrate your “I” and your own life activities, carry out a moral assessment of your actions, and find your place in life. It is necessary to use role behavior as a tool for adaptation to certain social situations (Andreeva, 1994, 98).

Conclusion

Personality is a complex concept that is one of the central concepts of sociology, philosophy and psychology. On sociological concept personalities are significantly influenced by philosophical concepts and psychological theories. Personality is the mechanism that allows you to integrate your “I” and your own life activity, carry out a moral assessment of your actions, find your place not only in a separate social group, but also in life in general, to develop the meaning of one’s existence, to abandon one in favor of another. In sociological works, a person is interpreted as a set of roles and statuses that he occupies in society.

A social role is the essence of the expectation that society places on an individual occupying a particular status. It does not depend on the personality itself, its desires and exists, as it were, apart from and before the personality itself. The basic requirements were developed, polished by society and exist regardless of specific people, contrary to their wishes and ideas. The main characteristics of the social role are emotionality; method of receipt; scale; formalization and motivation. Any social role includes some combination of these characteristics. In general, the social role that a person plays is very significant in his life, in his ability to function effectively within society.

One of the most important categories when studying the social roles of an individual is social status. It is social status that designates the specific place that an individual occupies in a given social system. Each person in the social system occupies several positions. Each of these positions, which involves certain rights and responsibilities, is called a status. Each status usually includes a number of roles. A specific social role, as a set of actions that a person occupying a given status in the social system must perform, is divided into role expectations - what is expected from a particular role, and role behavior - what a person actually performs within the framework of his role . The inconsistency of the latter often leads to role conflicts.

During various periods of personality development, there are frequent cases of so-called role conflicts. A person plays many different roles throughout his life, and each time he needs to be something different in order to receive approval and recognition. However, these roles should not be contradictory or incompatible. If the same person is presented with opposing social demands, role conflict may arise. In this regard, it is important preventive measure preventing such situations is to teach the individual social roles. The processes of personality development, teaching its social roles are important tool interaction between society and the individual. If mistakes are made in the process of personal development and mastery of social roles, then the individual may experience internal role tension. Against, developed personality, in respect of which a minimal number of mistakes were made in upbringing, can use role behavior as a tool for adaptation to certain social situations, without merging or identifying with the role, while at the same time “growing” into the society of their own kind. In general, mastering social roles is part of the process of socialization of the individual, an indispensable condition for a person to “grow into” the society of his own kind.

The influence of social role on personality development is quite large. Personality development is facilitated by its interaction with persons playing whole line roles, as well as her participation in the maximum possible role repertoire. The more social roles an individual is able to reproduce, the more adapted to life he is, and the process of personal development often acts as the dynamics of mastering social roles.

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