Specific are the concepts in which single-element or multi-element classes of objects (both material and ideal) are reflected. These include the concepts: “house”, “witness”, “earthquake”, “poem by V.V. Mayakovsky "Good!"
Abstract names are those concepts in which not the whole object is thought, but any of the attributes of the object (for example, "whiteness", "injustice", "honesty").
Relative and non-relative concepts
Relative- such concepts in which objects are thought, the existence of one of which presupposes the existence of another ("children" - "parents", "student" - teacher "," boss "-" subordinate ").
Non-relative- such concepts in which objects are thought. Existing independently, regardless of the other ("house", "man", "blast furnace").
Positive and negative concepts
Positive concepts characterize the presence of a particular quality or relationship in an object. For example, a literate person, greed, a lagging student, a beautiful act.
If the particle "not" or "without" ("demon") merged with the word, and the word without them is not used (for example, "bad weather", "disorderly", "impeccability", "sloppiness"), then the concepts expressed by such words are also called positive.
Negative those concepts are called that mean that the specified quality is absent in objects (for example, "an illiterate person", "an ugly act", "disinterested help").
Collective and non-collective concepts
Collective are called concepts in which a group of similar objects is thought of as a single whole (for example, "regiment", "herd", "flock"). We check it like this. We cannot say about one tree that it is a forest; one ship is not a fleet. Collective concepts are general (for example, "grove", "student construction team") and single ("the constellation Ursa Major", "Russian State Library").
Let us give examples of a complete logical description of some concepts.
"Team" - general, specific, non-relative, positive, non-collective.
"Bad faith" - general, abstract , irrelevant, negative, non-collective.
« Poem»- general, specific, non-relative, positive, non-collective.
Relationships between concepts
The objects of the world are interconnected and interdependent with each other. Therefore, concepts that reflect the objects of the world are also in certain relationships. Concepts that are far from each other in their content and have no common features are called incomparable(like negligence and thread). The rest of the concepts are called comparable.
Comparable concepts are divided into compatible(the scope of these concepts coincide in whole or in part) and incompatible the volumes of which do not coincide with either the water element.
On this basis, concepts are divided into:
concrete and abstract;
positive and negative;
correlative and non-relational;
collective and non-collective.
Specific concept- a concept that reflects the object or phenomenon itself, which has a relative independence of existence (diamond, oak, lawyer).
Abstract concept- a concept in which the property of objects or the relationship between objects that do not exist independently, without these objects (hardness, durability, competence) is thought of.
Positive concept- a concept that reflects the presence of the object of thought of any property, quality ("metal", "living", "action", "order").
Negative concept- a concept that characterizes the absence of any quality or property in an object of thought. Such concepts in the language are denoted using negative particles (“not”), prefixes (“no-” and “no-”), etc., for example, “non-metal”, “inanimate”, “inaction”, “disorder”.
The logical characterization of concepts as negative and positive should not be confused with the axiological assessment of the phenomena and objects designated by them. For example, the concept of "innocent" is logically negative, but reflects a positively assessed situation.
Correlate- a concept that inevitably presupposes the existence of another concept ("parents" - "children", "teacher" - "student").
Irrelevant concept- a concept in which an object is thought of, existing to a certain extent independently, separately from others: "nature", "plant", "animal", "man".
Collective concept- a concept correlated with a group of objects as a whole, but not correlated with a separate object from this group.
For example, the concept of "fleet" refers to a collection of ships, but does not apply to an individual ship, a "collegium" consists of individuals, but one person is not a collegium.
Non-collective concept- refers not only to the group of objects as a whole, but also to each individual object of this group.
For example, a "tree" is the entire collection of trees in general, and birch, pine, oak in particular, and this particular tree separately.
The distinction between collective and non-collective (distinctive) concepts is important when constructing inferences.
For example:
The conclusion is correct because the concept of “law students” is used in a separative sense: each student of the faculty studies logic.
The conclusion is incorrect, because in this case the concept of "law students" is used in a collective sense, and what is true in relation to the entire set of students as a whole may be incorrect in relation to some of them.
2.2. Types of concepts by their volume
If the types of concepts by their content characterize the qualitative differences of objects, then the division of concepts by volume characterizes their quantitative differences.
Empty and non-empty concepts. They are characterized depending on whether they refer to non-existent or really existing objects of thought.
Empty concepts - concepts with zero volume, i.e. representing an empty ideal gas class.
The empty concepts are those denoting really non-existent objects - both fantastic, fairy-tale images ("centaur", "mermaid"), and some scientific concepts denoting or hypothetically assumed objects, whose existence can be refuted in the future ("caloric", "Magnetic fluid", "perpetual motion machine"), or confirmed, or idealized objects that play an auxiliary role in the sciences ("ideal gas", "pure substance", "absolutely black body", "ideal state).
Non-empty concepts have a volume that includes at least one real object.
The division of concepts into empty and non-empty is to some extent relative, since the border between the existing and the non-existent is movable. For example, before the appearance of the first real spacecraft, the concept of "spaceship", which inevitably appeared at the stage of the human creative process, was from the point of view of logic empty.
Single and general concepts.
Single concept - a concept, the volume of which is only one object of thought (a single object, or a set of objects, thought of as a single whole).
For example, "The Sun", "Earth", "The Faceted Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin" are single items; "Solar system", "humanity" are single concepts used in a collective sense.
General concept - a concept, the volume of which is a group of objects, moreover, such a concept is applicable to each element of a given group, i.e. used in the separative sense.
For example: "star", "planet", "state", etc.
E.A. Ivanov 1 notes that the formal-logical division of concepts into types is necessary, but has significant drawbacks:
conventionality of dividing concepts into concrete and abstract; in reality, any concept is simultaneously concrete (has a well-defined content) and abstract (as a result of abstraction);
Therefore, E.A. Ivanov proposes to proceed from the division of objects of thought into things, their properties, as well as connections and relations, which is accepted in dialectical-materialist philosophy. Then the following types of concepts can be distinguished according to their content:
substantial concepts (from Lat. substantia - the fundamental principle, the deepest essence of things), or the concepts of the objects themselves in the narrow, proper sense of the word ("man");
attributive concepts (from Lat. atributium - added), or the concept of properties ("rationality" of a person);
relational concepts (from Lat. relativus - relative) ("equality" of people).
The formal-logical division of concepts into concrete and abstract does not give the opportunity to understand why concepts are less abstract and more abstract, less concrete and more concrete, how the abstract and the concrete relate to each other in the same concept. The answer to these questions is given by dialectical logic.
COLLECTIONAL CONCEPTS
COLLECTIVE CONCEPTS
concepts, the volume elements of which are certain aggregates, generally speaking, separately existing, but somehow related objects (due to which their aggregate can be thought "collectively", that is, as one). For example, each element of the scope of the concept of "forest" - dept. forest is a collection of trees, thought of as a whole. The system of the item will be the following concepts: "", "collective", "", "set", etc. An aggregate, considered as a whole, has its own special properties, which are different from the properties of its elements. Therefore, statements referring to an aggregate cannot, generally speaking, be attributed to its elements. When something is stated about the elements of an aggregate, then they say that this aggregate (as, for example, the concept of "this brigade" in the judgment: "All members of this brigade are Komsomol members") is used in this case as a division, etc. (taken in the separative sense).
Lit .: Chelpanov GN, Textbook of Logic, 1946, pp. 9–10.
E. Voishvillo. Moscow.
Philosophical Encyclopedia. In 5 volumes - M .: Soviet encyclopedia. Edited by F. V. Konstantinov. 1960-1970 .
See what "COLLECTIONAL CONCEPTS" are in other dictionaries:
A generic name with relatively clear content and relatively well-defined scope. P. are, for example, " chemical element"," Law "," gravity "," astronomy "," poetry ", etc. A clear boundary between those names that can be called P ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
- (lat., Acervus, i.e. a bunch) so called. sophism, with which they seek to prove an internal contradiction, which seems to lie in collective concepts. This is done by asking a series of questions in the form of the following: Won't one grain make a heap? No! Two grains? Also no! ...
Concept- - 1. a thought expressed in words, which contains knowledge about the general and abstract properties of objects, phenomena, events. Exists different approaches to distinguish and systematize concepts, For example: 1. specific concepts; 2. collective concepts; ... encyclopedic Dictionary in psychology and pedagogy
A science that studies the methods of systematic observation of mass phenomena of human social life, compiling their numerical descriptions and scientific processing of these descriptions. Thus, theoretical statistics is science ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
WEBER Max- (WEBER, Max) (1864 1920) Weber is often considered the founder of modern sociology for the following reasons: (1) Weber systematically outlined the conceptual apparatus of sociological analysis; (2) he developed a consistent philosophy ... ... Sociological Dictionary
In contrast individual concept means the concept of a genus, class, species. Collective concepts, concepts of essence, etc. are also common. Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary. 2010 ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
- (Italian caricatura, from caricare to load, exaggerate) a way of artistic typification, the use of Caricature and Grotesque means for critically focused, tendentious exaggeration and emphasis negative sides vital ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
I. Geographical outline of the country. II. Climate. III. Population. IV. Ethnographic sketch of the population of Siberia. V. Land tenure. Vi. Sources of well-being of the rural population (agriculture, cattle breeding, crafts). Vii. Industry, trade and ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
- (ICD) disease grouping system and pathological conditions reflecting modern stage development of medical science. Is an regulatory document determining the rules for the systematization of observations in the study of morbidity (Morbidity), ... ... Medical encyclopedia
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d) Collective and dividing.
This is, perhaps, the most important distinction between the types of concepts, because the allocation of these types is directly related to the rules for working with concepts. These types of concepts refer only to general concepts. Single concepts can be neither dividing nor collective. Elements of the volume of a concept can be of two types: 1) they can be single objects, 2) they themselves can be sets of objects. In connection with this division, two types of concepts are distinguished. Collective is called a concept, the volume elements of which themselves constitute a set of homogeneous objects. Example: Collective concepts include: "crowd", since the elements of the concept "crowd" are separate crowds, which, in turn, consist of homogeneous objects - people; "Library" - since the elements of the volume of this concept consist of homogeneous objects - books; parliament, collective, constellation, navy and the like. Dividing a concept is called, the volume elements of which do not represent sets of homogeneous objects. Examples: Most concepts are separative. Man, student, chair, justice, logic, crime and the like. It is easy to see that collective and dividing concepts should be treated in the same way. You just need to always be aware of what is actually an element of the scope of collective concepts. In the concept of "library", the element of the volume of the concept is not books, but libraries. If they say that the library was flooded, this does not mean that every book died in the water. The volume element of the concept of "social class" is not individual people - bourgeois, peasants or workers, but large groups of people. And therefore, if you are told that something is in the interests of such and such a class, this does not mean that it is in the interests of every worker, bourgeois, and peasant. You also need to be aware of what is considered part of the scope of such concepts. For example, part of the scope of the concept of "university" is this or that set of universities, and not these or those faculties of a given university. It should be remembered here that the distinction between the genus and the species and the part and the whole, made earlier, should be borne in mind. Many concepts can be used both in a separative and in a collective sense. “Citizens of our state support the idea of private property” does not mean that every citizen of the state supports this idea. According to the author of this statement, the citizens of our state generally support this idea. Here the concept of "citizens of our state" is used in a collective sense. “Citizens of our state are obliged to abide by the law” - in this statement we are talking about every citizen, that is, the concept of “citizens” is used here in a separative sense.
The scope of the concept call a set (set) of objects covered by this concept. So, the scope of the concept "rectangle" covers endless set flat geometric shapes rectangular, but with very different lengths of pairwise equal opposite sides; the volume of the concept of "square" is only a part of the volume of the concept of "rectangle", since it covers only those of the rectangular figures in which not only opposite ones are equal, but also adjacent parties... The volume of a concept is depicted in logic in the form of a circle (Euler's circles), the set of points of which symbolizes the many objects covered by this concept.
Concepts differ in their content and volume.
In terms of scope, concepts are divided into common, single and empty.
Common is called a concept, the scope of which includes a class (set) of objects, consisting of more than one element (for example, "chair", "table", " Personal Computer"," Number "," function "and the like). The scope of a general concept can be finite or infinite. Most of the general concepts that have a finite volume cover directly a large number of objects (elements) "chair", "table", "computer", "plane" and others. General concepts with a fixed volume cover a strictly defined range of objects: "planet Solar system"," Student of our group "and the like. General concepts with an infinitely large volume are used, as a rule, in theoretical disciplines ("rational number", "algebraic function" and others).
Single is called a concept, the volume of which consists of one single object (element). It is expressed either own name("Sun", "Earth", "number pi") or the wording of a characteristic or set of attributes belonging only to this subject ("inhabited planet of the Solar system" "the highest egyptian pyramid") Or by isolating a separate object from the class of homogeneous ones using the demonstrative pronoun (" this planet "" this pyramid "" this number ").
Empty the concept (with zero volume) does not contain a single element in its volume ("mermaid", "Baba Yaga", "perpetual motion machine", "brownie" and the like).
Universal class.
In the course of any intellectual operation (reasoning, proving, and the like), we general rule explicitly or implicitly, we restrict ourselves to the framework of a certain subject area, represented in cognition by a group of more or less similar concepts in content. Intelligent operation can be aimed at different groups objects: types of prints, the class of animals and plants, only the class of animals or only the class of animals or only the class of plants, many diseases. Each time, however, we limit ourselves to this particular subject area and try not to go beyond its limits, more or less clearly outlined. When classifying books, we do not include animal species in this operation, and in the proof of the theorem, say, about the similarity of triangles, we do not include information about movies. The subject area, assumed to be extremely wide for some operation, will be called a universal class. Many prints can be seen as universal in relation to the classes of books, brochures, newspapers, and so on. In turn, many books can be made a universal class, highlighting in it, for example, the types of book editions. The concept of a universal class is relative and is always determined by the chosen subject area. A universal class can encompass both the entire conceivable set of essential objects in the world, and a certain limited set - for example, many books in my library, or even matches in some kind of box.
For the formation of productive skills in text analysis, it should be recognized that it is very useful to master the logical methods of description. relationship between concepts... A graphic method is quite effective in this sense, taking into account, first of all, volumetric characteristics and therefore depicting the relationship between concepts as a certain "location" of classes relative to each other. It turns out that the possible relationship between two arbitrary concepts P and Q is reduced to the following four types: 1) equal volume; 2)crossing; 3)externality; 4)subordination.
Equal volume.
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Since such concepts relate to one set,
it is obvious that the difference between them is determined exclusively by their content (otherwise, it would be impossible to speak of two concepts at all).
