Mechanisms and conditions for the implementation of democracy.

The concept and principles of democracy.

Democracy as a Phenomenon of Political Culture.

Democracy: Theories, Preconditions and Conditions of Existence.

Democracy = democracy + human rights. The problem of democracy in the XX-XXI centuries is politicized.

The principles of democracy.

1. The people are the only source of state. power and bearer of supreme power.

2. The presence of human rights and freedoms.

3. Election of the highest authorities.

Mechanisms of Democracy.

1. Legal: guarantee of the rights of all, legislative consolidation of rights, the rule of law, political pluralism.

2. Institutional: free elections, separation of powers, an independent court, a multi-party system, the presence of alternative media.

Conditions for the implementation of democracy.

1) Political. 2) Legal. 3) Economic. 4) Social. 5) Cultural: a) high level of culture of society, b) democratic political culture of citizens and political leaders.

Political culture is an element of any political system, incl. democratic. One of the criteria of democracy is the level of citizens' participation in politics and the degree of their influence on politics.

Elements of a democratic polit. culture: a) active and conscious participation of citizens in politics, b) a high level of legal awareness, c) tolerance.

Complementarity of democracy - the acceptability of democracy for the people through the prism of: a) the historical past, b) natural and geographical conditions, c) the originality of the national character and national identity.

Positive aspects of democracy.

1. Reliable control over power by society and individuals.

2. Guarantee of human rights and protection of a person from the arbitrariness of the authorities.

Negative sides of democracy.

1. Formal and legal nature of democracy (discrepancy between formal rights and real opportunities).

2. Social activity can be destructive.

3. The differentiation of society makes it difficult to identify the majority.

4. Competent and responsible leaders are not always nominated in elections.

5. Economically, democracy is not always effective.

6. Democratic regimes are not always stable.

V. Pokhmelkin. Basic conditions of democracy for Russia.

1. Overcoming the psychology of mass paternalism in the mass consciousness.

2. Delineation of power and property.

3. Real separation of powers and deconcentration of powers.

4. Transparency of government activities.

The culture of political campaigning (4 hours).

Political campaign concept. Designing a political campaign: strategy, resources, tactics, planning.

27. The concept of a political campaign and its project.

Political campaign- a management process initiated by a political entity to achieve certain political goals by methods and means that exclude the use of open forms of coercion.

It is based on the will and interests of the political subject.

The subject of management is a group that implements in practice the decision to achieve the goal.

The object of management is people with their own political culture.

For many representatives of the object, the relationship is not obvious (the subject is not visible, the object remains independent).

Campaign project- the main document. Prepared based on the analysis of the situation. Sections: strategy, resources, tactics, schedule.

Basic requirements for the project.

1. Reasonableness. Justification of strategy, resources, tactics as a result of the analysis of the situation.

2. Concreteness and brevity.

3. Limited access.

Question 2. Political campaign strategy(6 points).

Main political goal... Determined by the political entity. For example, winning an election or promoting a brand.

Management goals... Determine the desired changes in the motivation of the control object to act in the interests of the subject.

Difficulties: a) the same action can be caused by different motives, b) the need to influence different target audiences.

Definition address (target) groups through object segmentation.

Definition central theme campaigns.

Definition plot lines campaigns.

Definition relations with the main competitors.

The term "democracy", which came to us from the Greek language, literally means "the rule of the people." What is behind such a loud definition, and what forms of democracy exist today? We will try to answer these questions in a short and accessible way.

From the history of democracy

The concept of democracy appeared in the 5th century BC. NS. in Ancient Greece. However, the Greeks themselves, although they became its founders, were not delighted with this political order. Plato called democracy the power of the envious poor, Aristotle interpreted it as a form of government for the majority of poor citizens acting exclusively in their own interests. Pythagoras considered democracy "a scourge that threatens humanity."

The Athenian democratic system was selective. On the one hand, any citizen of the country could take part in solving state issues, for this he should only participate in the People's Assembly, which was the highest authority.

On the other hand, only free male citizens over 20 years of age had this right. Women and slaves did not take part in governing the state.

Modern scholars are less strict in their assessment of Athenian democracy and consider it more progressive than its current manifestation, which many call oligarchic democracy. At the same time, they note: the current attempts to establish the power of the people are still far from the ideal that Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Benedict Spinoza, Ivan Franko and Andrei Sakharov painted in their works.

Signs of democracy

Since its inception, democracy has undergone significant changes. Slavery fell into oblivion, women were given equal rights with men, and government through popular forums and veche was transformed into referendums and elections.

Today, Western and domestic political scientists disagree when they try to define democracy. However, for both of them, its essence boils down to the participation of ordinary citizens in government, only the degree of this participation is seen by everyone in different ways.

The main features of democracy are:

• the supremacy of the people's power. In practice, this means: the people have the right to govern the country through state authorities, revealing their will in referendums and electing their representatives to the legislative body of the country;

• representatives of the main government bodies are elected, not appointed. The same applies to the first leaders. As an example, we will cite the elections of the President and the State Duma of Russia, and in Ukraine - the Verkhovna Rada, regional, district and city councils;

• equality of all strata of the population, including equality of electoral rights. All citizens who have reached the legal age have the right to vote in a democratic country;

• subordination of the minority to the majority. An example would be any vote where the decision is taken by a majority vote.

The presence of the listed signs indicates that the country is following a democratic path of development. However, one should not forget that the degree of democracy, that is, the admission of ordinary citizens to governing the country, is different.

Principles of Democracy

The principles on which a democratic state is based follow from the characteristics listed below:

• observance of all human rights and political freedom. In other words, a democratic state acts strictly within the legal framework, observes the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights and empowers the people with the right to change the constitutional order;

• electivity of state power, the formation of local self-government through the expression of the will of the people. An example is the elections to district, city and regional councils, as well as to the State Duma and the Verkhovna Rada;

• equality of all citizens, regardless of race and nationality, social status, gender, place of residence, religious and political views;

• separation of branches of power and the impossibility of influencing one another. Thus, the judiciary should be free from pressure from the executive and the legislature, this guarantees the objectivity of decision-making;

• pluralism, guaranteeing a plurality of parties, associations and public organizations.

Forms of democracy: disadvantages

Most political scientists identify two forms of democracy.

Straight

In this case, the people directly, without intermediaries, take part in deciding the fate of the state. An example is the holding in March 1991 of a referendum on the preservation of the USSR in an updated form, and in December of the same year - the Ukrainian referendum, during which Ukraine gained independence.

Indirect

It is also called representative and representative, since it allows the people to express their will not directly, but through intermediaries - deputies, mayors, senators, etc. By electing them to self-government bodies, the people delegate them their powers to determine the political and economic strategy for the development of the state.

Both forms of democracy have their drawbacks.

Cons of direct democracy:

• it is difficult to make an agreed decision that takes into account the opinion of not only the majority, but also the minority. In a referendum, the majority wins, the minority loses;

• the competence of the people is not high enough, and therefore the decisions they make are not always correct;

• professional politicians have learned to skillfully manipulate public opinion and gain voters' sympathy. Unfortunately, the usual demagoguery and deceit are often hidden behind pre-election promises;

• the high cost of plebiscites: elections cost the state budget millions, which could be used to develop the economy and improve the well-being of the people;

• low civic engagement, manifested in poor turnout at polling stations.

Negative features of indirect democracy:

• bureaucracy and separation of the people's representatives from those who chose them. Alas, people often come to power who care not about the welfare of the country, but about their own interests;

• lobbying the interests of financial and industrial groups. Behind the back of any deputy is an invisible force that finances his election campaign and subsequently demands to work off these investments by adopting the laws it needs;

• weakening of popular control from below. After a deputy is in parliament, voters are practically deprived of leverage over him until the next elections.

As you can see, both forms of democracy are far from ideal and require further improvement. Western countries, following this path longer than we do, also cannot boast of a final solution to the problem. Therefore, everyone still has many difficult tasks and, possibly, unpopular measures ahead. But the main thing is that the vector is set.

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1 POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF THE DEMOCRATIC AND TOTALITARY REGIME E. V. Lavrentyeva, 3rd year student of the direction "Jurisprudence" of the Saransk Cooperative Institute (branch) of the autonomous non-profit educational organization of higher education of the Central Union of the Russian Federation "Russian University of Cooperation" candidate S. B. Kotlyarov of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of State and Legal Disciplines of the Saransk Cooperative Institute (branch) of the autonomous non-profit educational organization of higher education of the Central Union of the Russian Federation "Russian University of Cooperation" Everyone knows the fact that the state as a form of organization of society originated a long time ago and has been functioning for quite a long time. Over a long period of existence, a lot of ideas have been formed about what the state should be in relation to the methods and means of exercising power. In the historical process, these ideas manifested themselves in different forms from practically realized forms of government and political systems to political philosophies, ideologies and doctrines. These concepts are now one of the key concepts in modern political science. Among them, undoubtedly, is the concept of "political regime", which is a set of methods for organizing power, the nature of the goals and principles underlying political action. Political regimes act as a transformation of the social systems of any society. Transformation should be understood as the development of political regimes in time and space within the framework of certain mechanisms that characterize the cooperative interaction of elements of systems, and development as a special kind of connection between the states of elements of systems. The main signs of development are the qualitative nature of changes at the system level, irreversibility and direction. Taking into account the complexity in the presentation of the concept of development, we can talk about the internal mechanism of development, in this case, these are qualitative, irreversible, directional changes caused by the contradictions of the system. People unite in a state and live in this political space, ready to give it part of their individual capabilities and abilities in exchange for well-being arising from their individual expectations. Due to the existence of the common good, a mutual qualitative excess of the expected result can occur. The legal basis that ensures mutual excellence is the creation of conditions that ensure the inflow of the whole variety of individual possibilities into the state. As well as the elimination of unreasonable 1

2 obstacles to realizing the expectations of everyone from being in the state. In the absence of proportionality of individual capabilities, expectations and results, the state loses its quality as a political organization of the whole society, with certain consequences arising from this circumstance. The concept of a political regime can be subjected to many different classifications, which are influenced by both the subjective characteristics of the political situation in a particular state in a certain period: so, in the scientific and scientific-journalistic literature one can find such formulations as "bureaucratic oligarchic regime", "Stalin's repressive regime "," Brezhnev's "stagnation" regime, etc. However, more interesting for detailed consideration are the main varieties of the political regime in the broadest sense of the concept, containing the basic characteristics of certain political systems, in particular, such regimes as democratic and totalitarian. Why? Today, among many representatives of political thought, a democratic regime, which implies the organization of a democratic order in the country, is considered perfect, a benchmark, the desire of peoples for democracy is now increasingly strengthening. Totalitarianism, on the other hand, is labeled as a negative element of political experience, a regime that is completely unnecessary and irrelevant these days, in our opinion, is a rather subjective moment. Totalitarianism, like democracy, has certain positive and negative sides. Like democracy, it has its own varieties of implementation. Both regimes can be useful and effective in certain political situations, and therefore both regimes must be evaluated objectively. Actually, it is precisely the objective assessment of the democratic and totalitarian regimes by identifying their positive and negative elements, “for” and “against”, that is our goal. To implement it, one must first of all remember what totalitarianism and democracy are like political regimes, what are their basic principles, characteristic features and varieties. The following characteristic features of totalitarianism can be identified: 1) High concentration of power, its penetration into all spheres of society. Power claims to be the spokesman for the highest interests of the people. Society is alienated from power, but does not realize this, since in the totalitarian consciousness, power and people appear as a single and inseparable whole; 2) The formation of government bodies is carried out in a bureaucratic way and outside the control of society. The company is governed by the nomenclature; 3) There is only one ruling party headed by a charismatic leader; 2

3 4) Repressions are constantly or periodically carried out among members of society as a means of internal politics; 5) The state is exercising strict control over the economy, almost all forms of non-state ownership are being liquidated; 6) There is only one ideology functioning in society, claiming a monopoly on truth. Oppositional views are manifested mainly in the form of dissidence; 7) In totalitarian ideologies, history appears primarily as a natural movement towards a specific goal (world domination, the building of communism). In the name of achieving this goal, any means are justified. 8) The state monopoly on the mass media (mass media) is established, a complete absence of pluralism is established in society. Political propaganda serves the purposes of glorifying the regime, sacralizing the supreme power; 9) Political socialization aims to educate a "new man" loyal to the regime, ready for any sacrifice in the name of the "common cause." Manifestations of individuality are suppressed, ideas about the state as a source of distribution of benefits are implanted, whistleblowing is encouraged. 10) The state structure is unitary. The rights of national minorities are declared, but in practice they are limited. Totalitarianism as a whole is characterized by such fundamental elements and features as the presence of one ideology, a single official ideology that determines the goal of social development; dominance of one mass political party; merging into one whole party and state with the dominance of party structures; political, economic and social monopoly of power - total control of all spheres of society; superiority of the state over the individual, priority of public interests. These features come into conflict with such basic and unshakable democratic principles as democracy, legal and political equality of citizens, respect for minority rights, political pluralism, the assertion of the leading role of the rights and freedoms of the individual, human and citizen. Because of this contradiction, totalitarianism, with all its characteristic features, was declared hostile to freedom, which implies the absence of absolute control. In general, democracy is characterized by the following principles: 1) The sovereignty of the people - the source of their political power; 2) Equality of rights of citizens to participate in government, which implies the ability to elect and be elected in the structure of power, to participate in control over its activities; 3) Regularity of elections and separation of powers; 4) Freedom of the individual, exercised through human rights; 3

4 5) Pluralism, realized through the competitive struggle of various social groups, forces, political parties and organizations. The principle of exercising state power on the basis of division into legislative, executive and judicial are enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation as one of the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation. This means that government bodies should be formed and interact on the basis of this principle. The independence and independence of bodies belonging to various branches of state power does not exclude their active interaction in the exercise of their powers, as well as the coherence of their work. Analyzing these features, one can, of course, agree that democracy as a political regime is more effective in realizing the rights and freedoms of the individual. This can be confirmed by a comparative analysis, for example, of the modern judicial system in the Russian Federation and the judicial system in the USSR in the 1930s, or rather, the existence at that time of extrajudicial sentencing bodies that existed during the “period of purges”. On the positive side, democracy is also characterized by the fact that such democratic features as legal and political equality of citizens and respect for minority rights implement the principle of social justice. Without the observance of civil laws by all citizens, which we do not yet have, we cannot even dream of a civil, democratic society. Indeed, in a civil society with a high legal and political culture of citizens, such an atmosphere of life is created in which all citizens will naturally become unequal partners in feeling, understanding the essence of events and relations between the community and the state, citizens and power structures, according to the ability to comprehend everything that happens in life society. The ability to apply to the competent state authorities for the protection of substantive subjective rights is the most important in the content of the entitled person's right to protection. And although the security side of the law cannot be reduced only to the application of measures of state coercion, it should be recognized that the involvement of an authorized person in the exercise of his right by the apparatus of state coercion is the most important condition for the reality and guarantee of the rights of citizens and legal entities in any modern democratic state. History, however, illustrates not only the effectiveness of totalitarian regimes, but also their doom and replacement, as a rule, by democratic systems. The desire of the masses for democracy is quite understandable and understandable democratic principles are most attractive to the public. Legislatively enshrined the priority of human and civil rights and freedoms, the principle of democracy, the participation of the masses in government create an illusion of an individual's social significance, then 4

5 there are satisfies one of his basic social needs, even if in fact these principles do not work. List of used literature: 1. Kolokolova EO Transformation of social systems in the cooperative dimension // Russian University of Cooperation is 100 years old. Saransk Cooperative Institute 35 years old: anniversary. Sat. scientific. articles. Saransk, S. Yambushev F. Sh. The phenomenon of natural law // 20 years of the Constitution of the Russian Federation: legal science and practice in modern Russia: materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference. Saransk, S. Chicherov E. A., Kotlyarov S. B. On the principle of separation of powers according to the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993 // 20 years of the Constitution of the Russian Federation: legal science and practice in modern Russia: materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference. Saransk, S. Gromova T.N. scientific-practical conf. Saransk: YurExPraktik, Part 2. S Gromova T.N., Ganin O.N. Saransk Cooperative Institute 35 years old: anniversary. Sat. scientific. articles. Saransk, S

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It is necessary to take into account the biological interaction of man with the natural environment and space. This allows us to consider not only the problems of equitable distribution of resources within society, but also the problems of the necessary exchange of resources between society and the environment. The biosphere and humanity are an integral system. The researcher-sociologist often cannot go beyond the limits of society, therefore sociology is characterized by a "look from the inside", although in order to assess the position of society, the trajectory and the goal of development, a "look from the outside" is needed, taking into account that the external environment for mankind is biosphere. The noospheric approach allows one to see the "supersystem", to consider the mind as an attribute of living matter. This makes it possible to avoid anthropocentrism and predict the future of humanity as part of the biosphere.

It is known that development always proceeds against the background of random events. But history has regularities (1 Against the background of random events, it is difficult to distinguish trends if the observation interval is not long enough. because the laws of development of living matter are invariant. See: Popov V. P. Invariants of the nonlinear world, - Pyatigorsk. Technological University Publishing House, 2005. (holism.narod.ru); Popov V. P. Organization. Tectology XXI, - Pyatigorsk : Technological University Publishing House, 2007. (holism.narod.ru); Popov V.P., Krainyuchenko I.V. Events that correspond to the laws of development can be considered "progressive". History is a consequence of the actions of people, and the actions of people are determined by their psyche (1 Popov V.P., Krainyuchenko I. V. Psychosphere, - Pyatigorsk: Publishing house RIA - KMV. 2008. (holism. Narod.ru)). In the course of evolution, the psyche has accumulated in the form of programs of behavior the most important laws of nature.

It is necessary to abandon the linear development models. This will allow avoiding many forecasting errors, realizing that the World is developing in waves, cyclically, alternatively. Each object has its own individual life cycle. There is a periodic acceleration and deceleration of development, an increase and decrease in the diversity of elements of biological and social systems. The nonlinearity of the world does not allow illusions about the "stable, continuous development" of society.

The concepts of the democratic structure of society are based on the presumption of the primordial rationality and constructiveness of a person. People are supposedly able to negotiate with each other, they are not characterized by destructive tendencies, they tend to obey the rules that exist in society, because they understand their rationality and necessity. The attitude of democratic systems to violence is also connected with this view of a person - it is allowed only as an exceptional measure in relation to a minority of the population. In modern society, something akin to a religious belief in the rule of the people has arisen. This belief is supported by the most powerful means of ideological processing of public consciousness.

In reality, people are more likely to show their animal basis inherited from distant ancestors. All past political systems, following genetic programs, dreamed of a bright (heavenly) future, where you can eat sweetly, have fun, multiply, rule, achieve popularity, fame. Aristocrats and the people competed for a paradise life. Both totalitarian and democratic regimes are focused on the conquest of resources, on increasing the level of consumption, and the growth of GNP.

Democracy is often associated with the desire for an equitable distribution of resources. But "justice" is a subjective concept. Fairness is when people have no desire to redistribute resources. A minimal but equal distribution of food can be fair, for example, during the famine in the USSR (rationing system). And the very uneven distribution of income with a high average level of consumption (Western capitalism) can be considered unfair. The desire for justice in people is ineradicable (genetic envy is at the heart of it), but really impracticable. The theory of fair distribution is based on subjective assessments of the labor contribution to the social product. It is important not to deprive a person of his livelihood and not to cause an acute sense of envy. In such a society, there will be fewer conflicts. In some cases, it is enough to create the illusion of a just society.

Thus, democracy is just an attempt to conceptualize the basic problem of human life (alas, unsolved). And the basic program of people remains the desire for hedonism, and not for a reasonable arrangement of their lives. An analogue of the idea of ​​democracy is the idea of ​​communism, an illusory goal, conceptually not formalized, but alluring.

"In essence, democracy is just more or less free competition to one degree or another of authoritarian institutional and non-institutional forms, between which a compromise is sometimes possible" (1 See V. Tretyakov's speech. Democracy: universal values ​​and the diversity of historical experience Materials of the joint round table of the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, magazines "Polis" and "Political class".). In our era, many political systems claim to be called democracies (liberal, Soviet, post-Soviet, "sovereign", fascist, Libyan "Jamahiriya", etc.).

Democracy presupposes the participation of society in solving social and political problems, in the management of public affairs. The mechanisms of this participation can be different (parliamentary representation, self-government, councils, etc.). But in any political model, even the most democratic, there are always authoritarian and traditional elements (2 See G. Glinchikova's speech. Ibid.).

Assessing the degree of reality of democracy, it is necessary to take into account the influence of property stratification, the rigidity of the monetary mechanism that mediates many aspects of social relations, the relativity of tolerance, which is not an obstacle to violence against society by the state apparatus. Finally, in the conditions of the most developed democracy there is "superpower" - the ruling elite. These people have such a high social status that in fact they do not depend on state power, as well as on the political and economic situation, they are connected by personal acquaintances or kinship relations "(1 Zinoviev A. A. On the way to a super-society. Munich. 1991.).

Let's name some elements of political systems that are considered to be the positive aspects of democracy.

1. The principle of separation of powers into legislative, executive and judicial powers limits the arbitrariness of power. With the development of civil society, there are media that have significant influence. But these positive features are often nullified by the existence of monetary power (2 Ibid.).

2. There are institutions of control over the activities of the state. This is, first of all, a universal electoral system, thanks to which citizens have the opportunity to make limited adjustments in power. The judicial system also performs the function of control, which should be independent, and in developed countries it is largely so.

3. In a democracy, pluralism of opinions is maintained. Repressions against "dissent" are condemned. This forces the authorities to listen to the opinions of various sectors of society and various political forces.

4. In a democracy, you can hold meetings, organize processions, and demonstrate your opinion. The dissenting minority can be the bearer of alternative goals and ways to achieve them, but at the same time they cannot hinder the majority. When the majority leads the system to a standstill, then they can listen to the voice of the minority. However, society usually distrusts dissidents for a long time.

5. Democratic political systems severely limit the possibility of explicit power of the individual. The power of the elite groups is being strengthened. When the people elect their deputies to the power structures, then in fact they form the elite. But this elite can turn into an authoritarian group, which in fact is happening. In addition, any elite group is usually headed by a leader, a leader whose opinion dominates in decision-making. Thus, the role of the individual in history is preserved, albeit in a different form.

6. Democracy creates certain opportunities for such representatives of the people who are able to direct the efforts of the state to solve the problems of society. In our opinion, democracy should be understood as a political system capable of bringing to power an elite that meets the expectations of the majority. At the same time, there should be a feedback from the population, but for now "democracy is the days and hours when all members of society become equal to each other" (1 Ivin A. A. Philosophy of history. Textbook, - M.: Gardariki. 2000.) ...

7. Selectivity gives the potential opportunity to bring to power people selected on psychological tests. Under inherited power or dictatorship, the country is ruled by random psychotypes. However, these advantages of being elected can be easily falsified, which in fact is happening.

The aforementioned political mechanisms, in fact, are aimed at reaching compromises between the top elites and the wider strata of society.

Consider the negative aspects of democracy.

1. Not a single model of democracy will create a mechanism of democracy by the people, when "all power belongs to the people," since this is really impracticable. The people are multifaceted, they consist of various social groups with their own specific interests. It is impossible and impractical to interview millions of people on every question in order to find out the opinion of the majority. The people cannot combine the functions of the executive and management system at the same time, since this violates the principle of specialization and worsens the quality of management.

2. The disadvantage of democracy is that the majority opinion is not capable of expressing and supporting non-standard solutions. An ingenious thought appears in one head. To support it, the majority must at least understand it. Most often, misunderstood geniuses remain in splendid isolation. Most support banal, instinctive decisions gleaned from past experience.

3. Democracy is essentially the rule of instinct. In the course of self-organization, the popular masses cannot suppress genetically determined instincts, for example, voluntarily create a society of limited consumption. The demand for bread and circuses will not provide a forward movement towards the noosphere, the sphere of reasonable, limited consumption. History testifies that civilizations were often destroyed by an unconscious and rough crowd (1 Chernyavskaya A. G. Psychology of domination and subordination: a reader, (book. Z.ru collection)).

It is difficult to imagine the mind of the crowd. Even a cruel dictator who leads society to a saving goal is doing a good deed. And if a democratic society, unanimously and enthusiastically moves towards a false goal, then it commits suicide. If the goal of the movement is chosen incorrectly, then all the unanimous ideals and beautiful slogans will not give positive results.

4. Democratic society continues to issue "licenses" for power to people promising a "paradise life". However, it is clear that many consumer trends create problems and obstacles for the development of society.

5. The past history of mankind is the process of adaptation of people to the social environment, to themselves. Relations with nature have always receded into the background, since resource problems were resolved as if by themselves. In our age, the problems of interaction with the biogeosphere come to the fore, which should be reflected in politics. Technically, this can be done by limiting the consumption of natural resources. To convince the people of this, it will take the powerful influence of the elite.

6. Any nation strives to raise the level of consumption, to the level of the elite, or at least to the level of the average American. But with current production capabilities, if half of the world's population consumes like the average American, then the biosphere will lose its reproductive capacity, leading to an environmental disaster. The democratically elected elite will not be able to fulfill the will of the people without causing an ecological catastrophe.

7. Democracy and human rights are fertile ground for the flourishing of terrorism, since they limit the possibilities of combating terrorism, limit the rights of investigative bodies. Concern for the rights of law-abiding citizens expands the possibilities of illegal elements.

We see that democracy observed over a relatively short historical interval is a contradictory set of facts, against the background of which it is difficult to identify a development trend. The observed state of society is not a product of the leaders' conscious activity, it is the result of stochastic self-organization, characteristic of all young biological and social systems.

Human society (system) contains subsystems specialized in the implementation of various functions. The people are the executive subsystem that creates material goods and resources. The governing subsystem consists of the elite and the leader, who do not produce anything, exist at the expense of the resources created by the people. They professionally manage internal and external processes. The governing subsystem makes decisions and, with the help of power mechanisms, motivates people to implement them. The authorities are interested in ensuring that the executive subsystem does not lose the ability to produce public goods. Therefore, the relationship of the "owner - horse" type is formed. A good owner often looks after a horse better than people. Democracy is a political system where the opinion and wishes of the executive subsystem are taken into account in various ways when making decisions. The law of selfishness of subsystems has led to the fact that the higher hierarchies take care of themselves more than of the subordinates, but are forced to maintain a balance of interests between the executive divisions.

The idea of ​​democracy as the rule of the people is incorrect. The real power is always with the elite. General elections of the elite do not deprive them of the right to make decisions even against the will of the people. In addition, well-developed electoral fraud technologies turn elections into a spectacle. The problem of creating a "fair", scientifically reasoned government remains.

At present, there is an intensification of self-organization in the "humane". Civil society is developing. The coordination of interstate relations is carried out through a variety of intergovernmental mediation organizations (IGOs). The observed process resembles the initial phase of the formation of a new society, characterized by high stochastic activity that does not have an explicit target orientation. Linear thinking predicts that this process will intensify, government regulation may disappear, and civil society will replace it. However, linear predictors should be disappointed. At least and above all, in order to stop the uncontrolled destruction of the habitat, stochastic social processes should be turned into controllable ones. The development of events, most likely, will lead the population of people to such an organization, when subsystems are specialized and consolidated in achieving a common goal. This state does not provide for conflicts between bodies.

The processes observed today are not anomalous; normal evolution is taking place against the background of natural fluctuations. Therefore, the choice of the further development path will not be random, it is determined by the memory accumulated in the system. This means that ties will continue to strengthen, not only within the state, but also between states. Already today, as a result of globalization and expansion on the planet, the number of large economic entities (TNCs) is increasing, the length of horizontal and vertical ties is increasing, and the integration of the world economic system is increasing. There is a movement towards a controlled society.

In our opinion, the main problem of the human society consists not in restructuring the structure of relations, but in "reformatting" the existing worldview. This is likely to happen under the pressure of impending crises.

Valery Popov, Doctor of Chemistry, Professor of the Department of Management, Pyatigorsk Technological University; Irina Krainyuchenko, Doctor of Philosophy, Professor of the Department of the Institute of Economics and Management (Pyatigorsk)