DIY clothes hanger: interesting ideas and solutions. What to make a hanger from. Interesting solutions DIY floor wooden clothes hangers

The hallway, in a sense, is the face of the entire apartment. I want to feel coziness and comfort from the very entrance, so sometimes there is no point in cluttering it with massive cabinets. In this article we will tell you how to properly make a wall hanger with your own hands from wood and other materials, we will show drawings, photos and videos on how to create a clothes hanger in the hallway.

Some features

A wall hanger can be placed not only in the hallway, but also in the bathroom and kitchen, so you can make it design solution, which will add zest to the interior of the room. The main requirements that can be presented to this element are:

  • simplicity;
  • ease;
  • simplicity;
  • strength;
  • availability of materials;
  • compactness.

According to the installation method, it can be:

  • wall;
  • ceiling;
  • mobile.

In the first option, it makes sense to make a corner structure. If you place the hanger on the floor, you can place more weight on it. Options can be combined, creating, for example, a wall-mounted hanger with floor support.

The floor structure is not usually used in bathrooms and kitchens. This is impractical: such a hanger takes up quite a lot of usable space.

Hangers are classified according to the method of hanging clothes:

  • with hooks;
  • with a barbell under the shoulders.

In the first case, the entire product will take up significantly less space, but you can hang any clothes on hangers without fear that they will wrinkle, stretch and thereby lose their presentable appearance.

Materials

Wood and metal are most often used to make hangers. Someone may decide to order a ready-made forged structure for themselves if it fits into the overall picture. Hooks can be attached to:

  • glue;
  • self-tapping screws;
  • magnets;
  • suckers.

If you plan to hang outerwear that is winter time is especially difficult, then the most the best option self-tapping screws will be used. The rest are perfect for the bathroom or kitchen, where towels, bathrobes or oven mitts are usually placed.

The simplest

This option is used most often and it has a lot of variations that can be combined and combined. In order to make such a design, we will need:

  • the material from which the hanger will be made;
  • hacksaw or jigsaw;
  • fastening material;
  • roulette;
  • corner;
  • level;
  • pencil or marker.

The most simple solution there will be a bar with hooks. To make it, we will need a wooden plank (it should be without cracks or chips, and also well dried); instead, you can use part chipboard sheet or MDF. Its length is selected to suit your needs, and the width should be sufficient to place hooks on it. Wooden base can be coated with varnish or stain; the slabs do not need this, because They already have a laminate applied to them. After this, several holes are drilled in the wall (their number will depend on the total length).

The distance between them should be such that there is a 5 cm indentation from the edges of the board. To ensure that the holes are in the same plane, use building level. Dowels are inserted into the holes, and the base is screwed to them using self-tapping screws. Hooks are already attached to the bar itself. If you choose good fastening material, then this design can withstand heavy outerwear.

You can get creative with hooks. Instead of buying them, you can use, for example, old spanners. First they are cleaned and polished. After this they bend. Two holes are drilled into them, and the keys are screwed to the bar. For these purposes, you can also use forks. You just need to take steel ones, because... aluminum is very fragile. The cloves themselves can be given an interesting shape.

Tree twigs are also suitable: such a twig needs to be located on a small branch. To fix it to the base, you can slightly grind down the plane of the branch using grinding machine, after that the hook is simply screwed on with self-tapping screws. It is not necessary to place them in one row. You can do them at different levels. If you draw a staff, the hooks will serve as notes. A rectangular plank is not a requirement. On the round one you can hang hooks like numbers on a clock, and draw arrows in the middle. In addition, the base can be made in the shape of a heart, cloud, sun, etc.

It is important that the wall under such a hanger is finished, but not whitewashed. This is necessary so that things do not get dirty.

Let's complicate it

To prevent things from getting dirty on the wall, you can slightly improve the entire structure. You need to take two planks of the same size. Their length must correspond to the width of the planned structure. They are fixed in a horizontal position parallel to one another (one higher, the other lower). Next, we attach several more vertical slats between them (we do this using self-tapping screws; the length of the fastening material should be twice the thickness of the slats in order to tighten them well together.).

In width they can be the same as the previous two or a little thinner, in length - 1-1.3 m. If this is a hanger in the hallway, then it is good to attach a shelf on top for hats and hats. To do this, you will need a board 25 cm wide (you can take several elements that are smaller in width and secure them together using two jumpers). It can be fixed to general design with help metal corners or wooden jibs.

There is one more interesting option. To make it, you will need a block with dimensions of 5x5 cm. You need 7 of them. 30 cm each. To begin with, the boards are cleaned using a sanding machine. Sharp corners can be smoothed out. After this, cover them with several layers of varnish. Next, they will need to be secured to the wall using a hammer drill and self-tapping screws. They need to be arranged in the shape of two letters P, which are connected at the bottom by a jumper.

We make two holes in each plank using a 15-20 mm drill bit. Next, we cut out cylindrical dowels with a diameter for our hole. We clean it and paint it to match the color of the hanger. We coat them with PVA glue and embed them, let them dry well.

Most likely, you will like a hanger in the form of a tree. To make it, we need a sheet of MDF, chipboard or plywood. Using a marker, draw the outline of the plant. Next, use a jigsaw to cut out the resulting shape. The ends are processed and painted over or edged (in the case of chipboard). Using self-tapping screws, the product is attached to the wall, and hooks are hung on the branches. Here you can use real knots, as in one of the previous options.

Ceiling and tramples

Hooks are not always the way out of the situation. Often you need to make things fun on trempels. In order to ensure this, it is necessary to provide a horizontal rod. In this role, you can use, for example, a wooden plank 50x50 mm. It is better to round off sharp sides using grinder, then the hangers can move freely and can be easily removed. If the plank is long, then it is necessary to provide a horizontal jumper. Such a rod can be attached to the jibs of a hanger with a shelf, which was mentioned above. Instead of a wooden holder, you can use a special chrome-plated furniture tube. It is fixed using flanges.

You don’t have to use the wall for mounting at all. For this we need a chrome tube. We cut off two pipes 90 cm long. We fix two flanges to the ceiling (we select the distance between them as needed). We insert and fix these pipe sections into them. Next, we take another tube, its size will be such that it fits between the two hanging pipes. We mount the horizontal tube to the vertical ones using angles. The result is a minimalistic hanger for trempels.

This article is intended to give direction to your imagination, not to provide everything. possible options. We are sure that everyone has things at home that can be used in interesting ways.

Video

See what kind of hanger can be made from just a few planks:

Photo

The corridor is an important part of any apartment or house. This is the place through which guests pass, and the coat rack is one of the main components of the hallway. Just like without a sofa, it is difficult to imagine a living room; there is no corridor without a hanger. It's like a butler greeting guests. It can bring some kind of magic into the atmosphere or, conversely, ruin everything.

Modern options for hallway hangers come in several types.

It is difficult to describe how huge the variety of hangers is today. There is no end or edge to this, which is good news. But if you don’t understand them, then a rich assortment will not work to your advantage, but will only ruin everything, and the client can simply leave without buying anything, or he will buy any product he comes across, tired of choosing and beating around the bush.

A hanger is very often used when it is impossible to place a closet for storing clothes and shoes in the hallway.

For these reasons, it’s worth figuring out in advance what they are, and which one will suit your hallway.

First of all, a hanger is a must because of the functions it performs. At making the right choice it can become the “highlight” of your hallway and make a pleasant impression on your guests.

All of them are designed for one purpose - to create order in the hallway and keep your outerwear on.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION! You shouldn’t overestimate your hallway and buy the first hanger you like, because it may turn out to be too bulky for such a room. If space does not allow, then do not forget about practicality and space saving.

The floor hanger can only be placed in spacious hallway because it takes up a lot of space.

Where to start looking for the “ideal” hanger for the hallway?

There are several factors that you should rely on first.

  • Size of the room (it should complement, but not overwhelm the room).
  • Room design. If the hallway is designed in a minimalist style, and you like a bright hanger with remarkable patterns, you should think about this option several times before making a decision.
  • Having children. This factor is relevant when choosing any furniture. If the hanger is of original shape with sharp corners and can fall at the slightest push, you should abandon this idea. After all, children are very curious and want to touch everything in the house.

Choosing a wooden hanger will require the designer to have a good sense of style and experience.

Materials

If we talk about the materials from which hangers are made, then there is plenty to choose from - from artificial to natural materials. The most popular are wood, laminated chipboard and metal. And this is not surprising, because they are distinguished by their practicality and versatility. They can fit perfectly into any interior and complement it perfectly. These materials are often mixed.

Metal hangers for storing clothes in the hallway can simply fit perfectly into almost any interior.

Wooden hangers are usually chosen for the hallway if other furniture is also made of natural materials. But this is rather a rule, with exceptions.

Wooden hangers will fit perfectly into the interior of your hallway.

NOTE! Don't forget about the humidity in the room when purchasing a wooden model.

If we compare wood with metal, then in the second case the choice will be somewhat larger. The most popular types are wall and floor. They are quite practical and fit well. Wall-mounted ones are more convenient in terms of space saving. Despite this, they are very roomy. And in addition to hooks, such hangers often have additional shelves.

They can be presented in any color and style.

As for other materials, hangers are also made from glass, tree branches, and animal horns. Forged hangers are popular. Plastic models are economical option, but besides this they amaze with their colorfulness and diversity. As for glass, this is also an excellent solution for the minimalist style.

A hanger can also be non-standard and incredibly interesting.

Types of hangers

Hangers differ not only in the material from which they are made, but also in design, method of fastening, etc. If we talk exclusively about design, they come in the following types.

Vertical or wall. They are made from wood or chipboard and given different shapes(round, straight, curved). Mirrors can be attached to the sides. Sometimes they even add leather inserts for originality.

A hallway hanger is exactly the piece of furniture that will help you properly organize the space and put things in order.

Sellers offer a wide variety of products. There are even forged models. They look very original and stylish.

Their whimsical and original forms will certainly not leave without the enthusiastic attention of either their owners or guests.

IMPORTANT! It is worth noting that you will have to pay a lot for them.

The hanger does not have to be nailed to the wall. There are types of vertical hangers that don't even need to be installed. They are practical and very comfortable. But most value them precisely for their appearance. They look very aristocratic. They often happen extra bed for umbrellas.

The more successfully the design of the hanger is combined with the style of the hallway, the more comfortable, harmonious and modern it will look.

Such open hangers are often made specifically for corridors.

A regular crossbar with hangers on wheels is also very popular. It is very practical and convenient option and will suit almost everyone.

Many designers believe that it is the hanger that becomes the basis around which the entire interior of the hallway is created.

A hanger can perform several functions - serve for storing shoes and be a soft pouf.

For many buyers another important criterion is to have an ottoman or chair so you can sit down and put on your shoes in peace.

Horizontal ones are much simpler and more compact. They are made from the most different materials. The cost depends on this.

Despite using the same material, wooden hangers may be fundamentally different from each other in their design and construction.

In addition to hooks, there are only additional shelves for hats.

If you search, you can find interesting, designer horizontal hangers for the hallway.

Hanging cabinets are also popular. They perform both functions at once and are very convenient to use, because they have several drawers or shelves where you can not only hang clothes, but also put shoes and other accessories.

The main disadvantage of this hanger is that it takes up more space than a simple wall hanger.

The presence of a mirror in the hallway is mandatory, as are hangers. Combine them - great idea. And the market today provides such an option.

Also, many models have wheels, which greatly facilitates their use.

IMPORTANT! Floor hangers require a lot of space and are not recommended for small spaces.

But there are several more categories of hangers based on the type of hook fastening.

  • Fastening with screws (is the most popular and reliable option).
  • Glued hooks. Not suitable for hallways due to heavy load. The fastening will be too weak, and if the hanger still holds out in spring and summer, then in winter breakage is inevitable.
  • Attached using suction cups (the same as attaching with glue) and magnets - a reliable, but too complicated method. It requires installation of a metal surface in the hallway. Few people want to bother like that, so the first method is the most convenient and practical.

Many models of floor hangers are mini-hallways that are attached to the wall.

Original hangers for the hallway

IN Lately Hangers with folding hooks are becoming increasingly popular. This is perhaps the most convenient and practical option. The material can be either metal or wood.

Metal, in addition to its strength and reliability, also fits perfectly into various interiors.

It is difficult to describe all the most unusual, beautiful, modern, designer hangers recent years, because there are a huge number of them and creating categories from them is quite a difficult task.

Forged hangers look great. As a rule, they are painted matte black.

In short, designers love to make hangers in distinctive shapes and colors (maze, thorn, graphic, snowflake, water pipes, chairs, hands, owls, etc.)

If the corridor is made in modern style, finding a suitable hanger will not be difficult.

Conclusion

Everything in the house should fit together. It is this factor that creates comfort and a homely atmosphere. Don't put it in a pile different colors, styles and materials. Everything in the house should be in harmony. This is especially true for the hallway.

Hangers are made from various materials, natural and artificial, but wood and metal still remain in the lead.

Coming home after a long day of work, a beautiful, stylish environment will allow you to leave everything unnecessary behind you and plunge into home comfort and warmth. And a successful hanger can contribute a lot to this.

Wooden and metal hangers are practical and versatile; they will suit almost any interior.

VIDEO: DIY floor hanger.

According to the great director, theater begins with a hanger. But is it only theater?

It is difficult to imagine any home - be it a cozy apartment or a spacious cottage - without this integral attribute of our life.

A coat rack on the floor, hooks on the wall in the hallway, hangers in the closet... They have one role: to keep our things in neat condition.

However, people with rich in imagination are able to turn this boring piece of furniture almost into a work of art. A simple set of tools for work, patience and a couple non-standard ideas– and you are the owner of a unique thing.

Hanger as part of the interior

The main thing in any home is a spacious closet. It combines blouses and dresses, trousers and skirts, gloves and scarves, coats and raincoats.

A good housewife has every thing in its place. The clothes in the closet are different. And the hangers for it should also be different.

How to make a hanger with your own hands? Believe me, it's easy and even fun. Rifle through the chest of long-forgotten grandma's dresses. You will find amazing things there.

Antique hangers (the so-called hangers) can be restored, and they will turn into the main decoration of your closet.

In the old days, coat hangers were made of wood. Using one of the decorative techniques, you can give an old thing new life. And what a life... You will want to hang such beauty on the wall, and not in the closet - and let everyone admire it.

You can transform a clothes hanger using decoupage, unusual coloring or appliqué.

The soft hangers are very comfortable to use. Things on them keep their shape and do not slip off. You need to wrap regular trempels with thin foam rubber, and then cover them with a nice fabric. Beads and ribbons will give your new item a special charm.

How to decorate your home with a wooden hanger self-made more difficult. Woodworking requires special skill. And special tools are needed here.

Wooden wall hanger

Wall hanger is a simple design. However, its manufacture should be approached with the utmost seriousness - then it will serve you for a long time.

The main key to success is strong, dry wood without cracks. A piece of timber or a board is perfect. The length of the workpiece depends on the length of the future hanger. Before starting work, it would be a good idea to treat the wood with an antiseptic.

Panel fastenings are arranged on the board in one, two or three rows as desired.


Such a hanger belongs behind the door in the bedroom, as well as in the bathroom, pantry or bathhouse.

Accuracy is cultivated from childhood. Equip your children's room with a simple hanger. And if it is decorated with images of favorite cartoon characters, the child will be happy to take care of his clothes.

Note!

Do not attach the hanger directly to a plaster wall. Otherwise, you risk “whitewashing” your clothes. And a jacket or raincoat that gets wet in the rain will leave unsightly stains on the surface of the wall. To avoid this, you need to attach a sheet of plywood, thick paper or polyethylene under the hanger.

Panels for hooks can be given any shape - waves, ovals, hearts, suns, etc.

Attention! Using untreated wood is fraught with a lot of splinters. Don't forget to polish the hanger panel.

Use empty spools of thread or ready-made hooks of any shape as fastenings.
And if you turn on creativity, dried twigs or plant roots will be used. Trim them, remove the bark, sand them, varnish them - and here you have the hooks. You definitely won't find these in the store.

A simple wall hanger can be made from ordinary wooden planks. Nail them parallel to the wall - this is both a basis for fastenings, and protection of clothes from whitewashing, and interior decoration.

Note!

Of course, you can’t make such a hanger in half an hour. But the end result of your labors will be a real hanger. All that remains is to attach a shelf at the top for storing hats.

DIY hallway hanger

A good hanger for the hallway should be durable, beautiful, and at the same time as spacious as possible. IN limited space The hallway should accommodate outerwear, shoes and numerous accessories.

This should not be forgotten when designing a hanger. There should be enough compartments and shelves near the hanger in the hallway to accommodate everything you need.

Attention! When marking, consider the size of the wall on which you will place the hanger.

For standard apartment A hanger of this size is quite suitable: width - about 1 meter, height - slightly more than head level. Fastenings for clothes are placed on the panel in 2-3 rows.

Note!

A shelf for hats is needed at the top of the hanger. The strength of the structure will be given by the slats.

They are attached to the sides of the structure, connecting the shelf to the panel at an angle of 45 degrees. It is best to secure the hanger to the wall using dowels.

DIY wardrobe hanger

Making a hanger hanger with your own hands is very simple. There are many ways to make such hangers. You will need: large section wire, branch cuttings of a suitable shape, small plastic bottles, placed on a wire base, bent under the right angle metal bar or plate.

Wrap the base of the hanger with thin foam rubber or other similar material. Then choose a fabric that matches the color and sew around the base. Give the resulting cute little thing some charm with ribbons, beads or lace.

If the hanger is intended for a baby, decorate it with a funny face or applique. Pick a hook and hang it in the closet.

Floor hanger rack

Solve the problem of placing clothes in spacious rooms possible using floor hanger racks. Floor hangers are commonly used in reception areas of various institutions.

These interior items are made from metal pipes. A floor hanger is a universal thing. You can place almost anything on it. Except, of course, shoes.

The disadvantage of a pipe hanger is its instability. If things are placed unevenly on it, it may fall.

But the floor hanger can always be moved to the right place or even hidden in the closet.

This type of hanger is rarely used in residential premises: it takes up a lot of space and poses a danger to children. Nevertheless floor hanger rack It’s quite possible to make it yourself. The materials usually used are:

  • for support - an artificial spruce cross, couplings plastic pipes, swivel mechanism broken swivel chair;
  • for the stand - scraps of plastic or metal pipes, the trunk of a small tree, the handle of a shovel, a camera tripod, the “leg” of a floor lamp and other suitable parts.

Attention! The main thing in a floor hanger is its stability.

Unusual homemade hangers

A hanger can be made from absolutely any material or object. Sounds incredible? Don't believe me?

See for yourself:

  • Scraps of steel wire, tubing, or angle iron work great for the job. Welding can be used to connect parts. And if the metal is flexible and soft enough, just bend it with your hands. The choice of form is yours.
  • The design made of plastic pipes will appeal to fans of high-tech style.
  • If you like working with wood, this idea is definitely for you. From leftover wood of any thickness you can make a practical and multifunctional hanger for the hallway.
  • The simplest hanger can be twisted from wire. Attach clips to the edges of the resulting hanger - now you have a convenient thing for placing skirts and trousers. Experiment with the shape of the hanger - this can become the highlight of your product.
  • The idea of ​​a “hunting” life is the good old antlers of a deer or elk. Attaches to a suitable base and can be used as a wall or floor hanger.
  • It's no secret that many of us (especially men) prefer an ordinary chair to a spacious closet.

Shirts, jackets and even trousers are often hung on the back of a chair. Why not turn the back of the chair into an original hanger for those same shirts and jackets? This design can easily fit the entire suit.

Homemade hangers in the form of rings are quite suitable for storing belts, waistbands, and ties.

Hanger as home decoration

Before you start making or decorating hangers, think about what style prevails in the interior of your room or hallway. After all new thing should fit perfectly into the existing interior. Here are some examples:

  • Soft trempels covered with linen or knitted fabric in bright colors will fit perfectly into the decor of a country-style bedroom.
  • Bright hangers with a “doll” design are suitable for a teenage girl’s room in the Barbie style.
  • A luxurious hanger with twisted elements will decorate a boudoir in an oriental or palace style.
  • A wooden hanger with carved patterns will highlight the strict style of a classic-style office or hallway.
  • Antique, artificially aged or skillfully restored hangers will add a special charm to a retro-style room.
  • A hanger decorated with rhinestones, beads, bows and other shiny little things will look harmonious in the bedroom of a glamorous lady.
  • Designs made of metal or plastic parts, simple and unpretentious in shape, will decorate a room in a techno or hi-tech style.
  • Simple in shape and laconic in design, hangers will complement a minimalist interior.

DIY photo hangers

Ideas for making clothes hangers with your own hands: photos and drawings of a hanger for the hallway. Various options making a homemade clothes hanger.

You can make a clothes hanger with your own hands from scrap materials that are lying around idle at home. Craftsmen never cease to amaze with their ingenuity, here is a clear example of this homemade hanger for clothes made from ordinary forks.

A similar version of a hanger made of metal spoons.

Clothes hanger made from a pallet.

Here is a clothes hanger made from a pallet, and again the old pallet has a use. A wooden pallet is sawn into two parts, from each half of the pallet you can make a hanger, just paint the workpiece and attach the hooks to the boards with screws.

Another option for a hanger made from a pallet, here we use a whole wooden pallet, it is sanded with sandpaper, the boards are painted in different colors and hooks are attached.

Clothes hanger made of wood.

This hanger is more suitable for a summer house or a bathhouse; wooden knots fixed in a wooden structure are used as hooks.

Hanger made of metal profile and bars.

The structure consists of several bars and metal profiles fastened together.

DIY wooden hanger.

Here a wide board with an imitation of a piece of old wood is used, hooks for clothes are made of bars and secured with screws screwed into reverse side boards.

The wood is fired blowtorch, which is how the original texture of the product is achieved, The final stage coat the hanger with clear varnish.

In this version, there was some carving work.

And in this design, instead of hooks for clothes, door handles, which can also be coated with paint.

An interesting option for a hanger made from boards.

An original homemade hanger in the shape of a tree.

To make it, thick plywood is used, the outline of the wood pattern is drawn and cut out electric jigsaw. The structure is painted and attached to the wall with dowels.

Hangers for children's clothes.

The hanger parts are cut out of plywood with a jigsaw and painted. bright colors, in this way you can make a hanger in the form of animal figures.

DIY floor clothes hanger.

The simplest version of a floor-mounted clothes hanger made from pipes; to make it you will need a thin aluminum pipe 2 - 2.5 m long. The pipe needs to be bent as shown in the figure and the clothes hanger is ready.

Wall hanger made of pipes.

And this hanger consists of a pattern on the wall, coat hooks are attached with dowels directly to the wall.


You need to store clothes in such a way that they do not lose their attractiveness, and it is always easy to find the right outfit. But what will it be - a few nails driven into the wall, or a stylish and elegant floor hanger? A floor clothes hanger can become not only a functional item, but also a significant element of the interior, adding a touch of flair to it. a certain style and charm.

Pros and cons of floor hangers

The main disadvantage of the floor structure is its questionable stability, especially for inexpensive products. But if you think in advance about what kind of things the future hanger will be used for, you can choose a high-quality, fairly stable and safe model.

Advantages of floor hangers:

  • Mobility. This part can be easily moved to another location. If you have rearranged, renovated, added a new interior element to the room, or vice versa - freed up space from unnecessary things, perhaps now the hanger will look more harmonious in another place.
  • No installation work. When installing a wall hanger, it often requires holes in the wall, which damage decorative coating. When dismantling, the holes will be visible and the wall fragment will have to be repaired. When you no longer need the floor clothes holder, simply hide it in utility room in a matter of minutes.
  • Wide range of models. You can choose a floor hanger to suit any interior style, for any type of clothing, accessories and even shoes. They differ in size, material of manufacture, and external design.

Wooden floor clothes hanger

A wooden hanger is the most popular option. The wood is strong and durable, therefore, such a hanger will be stable and reliable. On sale there are varnished and painted products, carved models, as well as the most laconic ones, which, by the way, you can make yourself. Wooden stand for clothes will be appropriate in many style directions - from traditional classics to fashionable loft. Such a hanger will decorate a room in a country style, as well as a room in a modern eco-style.

Metal floor clothes hanger

This hanger has an impressive weight, so there is no doubt about its stability. Most often, metal hangers are made of chromed aluminum, which can be painted in a variety of colors. It is worth mentioning separately about forged floor hangers. These are products that are not inferior in practical qualities to ordinary metal ones, but have enhanced aesthetic properties. Forged hanger is a unique and elegant decoration for your hallway or verandas.

Floor-standing clothes hanger IKEA

Holders made from a variety of materials can be found at IKEA. An IKEA hanger can also be a combination of materials. For example, plastic hangers are unstable due to their low weight, so manufacturers use a hybrid of plastic and metal. Also, metal and wooden hangers are equipped with rubber or plastic tips on hooks (so as not to spoil clothes) and legs (to protect the floor covering).