Among all types of measuring instruments that are used to measure angles, universal protractors are among the most commonly used. Their advantage lies in the fact that they can be used in a completely different areas activities. If more simple models, some of which are even made of wood, have a narrow directivity, may have a limited scale in a certain range or even a fixed angle, then mechanical goniometers universal type on average have a scale from 0 to 180 degrees. Some can measure the entire circumference, both inside and outside corners.

The scope includes areas such as:

• Construction, where they are used for design and installation and layout work;
• Carpentry and joinery;
• Topography;
• Locksmith work;
• Machine tool building;
• Mountain Sphere - for obtaining vertical and horizontal angles;
• Engineering - different high precision measurements

In most cases, the measurement takes place by direct contact with the part when the protractor is placed on the surface. In addition, there is also an optical measurement method and modern devices that use a laser to read data. For modern goniometers, GOST 5378-88 is still relevant, which describes several types of devices, both with additional devices, and without them.

The advantage of such a device as the 2UM goniometer and other models is that they can be easily applied in many working areas. Reliable manufacturing made of tool steel, as well as the presence of a special case for carrying and storage allows you to preserve the service life for a long time. Many of the devices have been in operation for decades. For all mechanical products the production time is practically irrelevant, since when proper storage they work fine without any problems.

But special care is required for them, since the moving parts must be lubricated, protected from shaking and other vibrations. If a breakdown occurs with the device, then it will be very difficult to repair it yourself, since there are no parts in the public domain. The cost of some ultra-precise devices can be quite high, but on the other hand, there is always an alternative to budget options.

Varieties and design features

Protractor type 2 2 is far from the only representative of its kind, since the variety of universal varieties is very large. They can be classified according to several criteria:

• Measurement type - this includes mechanical and digital;
• In mechanical, vernier may be absent or present;
• The width of the angle measurement range, as well as its fixation;
• Dimensions;
• Error value and accuracy class

Combined models are also found on the modern market. Thus, the classification is very broad and many factors depend on what the device is intended for more. After all, for the same engineering field a prerequisite is the minimum error and maximum accuracy of the data obtained. However, it is also of the generic type.

Most of the models are made of tool steel, which makes it easy to carry all the hardships of work in the most different conditions... But some simple budget models are made of plastic or wood. As a rule, they do not differ in high accuracy of readings and are used for private use. The goniometer scale is mandatory for all devices, except for fixed ones. Angle deviation is measured using a special fixed moving ruler. It can be marked with a vernier scale to obtain data on tenths of an angle. Some models are equipped with an additional stop that helps to better fix the part. Most of the models are in the shape of a protractor, but there are also linear ones, like bent corners.

photo: universal goniometer device

Specifications

Protractor 2UM and 5UM have the following characteristics

The 4UM model, which is more common due to its relatively low cost, has next row parameters.

The rest of the models are not so common and often belong to the budget versions, which in professional field do not apply, since the device can be considered serious with an error of a maximum of 10 minutes and is made of tool steel.

How to use a universal goniometer - measuring principle

Essentially all measuring instruments easy to use if you've used them at least once. But if you do not know how to work with a goniometer, then here you need to decide on the type of device and learn the basics of its operation. The easiest way to work with a goniometer is with those that work on the principle of direct contact with the measured surface. Then it is enough to apply the horizontal plane of the bottom of the device according to the zero reference line. Then you need to move the ruler to the desired distance, which will show the absolute value.

Dealing with optical devices is more complicated. Measurement with a goniometer in this case requires additional reliable fixation, since there is no way to reliably install everything on the measured surface. With a vernier scale, additional tenths of angles can be calculated. You can only use verified devices, since otherwise the readings will be inaccurate and there will be a large error. Combined models are the most difficult to use, but also the most versatile of all produced.

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Universal mechanical protractor: Video

Most types of construction and installation work are impossible without the use of a special tool - a protractor. As the name suggests, this device is used to measure the angles of structures. The most demanded at the moment are mechanical tools of this variety. Such goniometers are inexpensive, it is not difficult to use them, and measurements with their use can be made quite accurate.

Instrument history

The mechanical goniometer was invented a very long time ago. Along with the ruler, it is one of the most ancient instruments on earth. Scientists believe that he first appeared in Egypt and Babylon. After all, the construction of such grandiose structures as, for example, the pyramids, without a goniometer would be simply impossible.

The construction of this simple device over the past centuries, practically did not change. Modern protractors look exactly the same as those used by the ancient engineers of Egypt. The only thing is that nowadays other materials are used for the manufacture of such tools. Of course, the scope of application of modern protractors is much wider.

Classification by purpose

There are many types of this popular tool. Protractors are classified mainly by purpose. Modern manufacturers produce the following options of this tool:

Construction. Tools of this group are usually used to perform layout or assembly operations. Construction mechanical protractor can also be used in the development of drawings of projects of buildings and structures.

Carpentry. Such tools are simply irreplaceable when performing all kinds of work with wooden blanks.

Mountain. Used in mine surveying.

Nautical. They are used to determine the geographic latitude.

Locksmiths. Such tools are used when performing work of the corresponding specialization. Mechanical locksmith goniometer usually has a rather high degree

Educational. These tools are used by schoolchildren in the classroom and when doing homework.

Artillery. This type of instrument is also highly accurate. Protractors of this type are used when installing artillery pieces.

Universal. This can be used to measure angles in a wide variety of jobs.

Types by method of use

All mechanical tools existing on the market today can be divided into groups according to such criteria as size and In addition, such devices are also classified according to the scope. A modern mechanical protractor can be used:

For measuring outside angles. Such models are marked with the letters UM.

For measuring internal angles (ID).

Design features

The unit of measurement of any angle, as you know, is a degree - 1/360 of the diameter of a circle. He is the step of the protractor. Degrees, in turn, are subdivided into minutes and seconds. Common element the construction of all instruments of this type is a base in the form of a movable arc, on which a scale with degrees and minutes is applied. The latter is movably fixed on a special ruler that serves Starting point when measuring. Very often, a square is included in the design of such tools instead of a ruler. It is fixed to the support bar. It is possible to fix the obtained measurement result in such devices using a special screw.

Mechanical pendulum protractors additionally have a special structural element that takes a vertical position when the angle of inclination of the measured part is changed. These tools are more convenient to use than conventional tools. They are used most often when working with large-sized products. For example, they are used to measure the actual angles of the nodes and mechanisms of agricultural machinery.

Protractors are made most often of tool steel. This material is durable and resistant to damage. The steel mechanical goniometer serves for a very long time. In some cases, tools of this variety can also be made of wood or plastic. Such models are most often used when performing various kinds of renovation works indoors (for example, when installing wall panels or Sometimes devices of this type are also made of lightweight aluminum.

Protractor with vernier

This is one of the most convenient Vernier units called the auxiliary scale installed on the protractor. This small in size is fixed additional element above the upper edge of the arcuate base and remains stationary during operation. It serves to more accurately determine the number of divisions on the main scale. The principle of operation of the vernier is based on the fact that the human eye notices the coincidence of divisions much more accurately than the location of one of them between the others. Mechanical protractor, supplemented with such an element, of course, is much more convenient to use than the usual one. In addition, the measurements themselves using it can be made much better.

Instructions for use

The question of how to measure angles with a mechanical goniometer is quite simple. Using such a device is, of course, more difficult than using an electronic version. However, you can still learn to work with them rather quickly. Measurements when using mechanical devices are made by choosing different combinations of the position of their elements. For example, outside corners when using universal tool Semenov is checked as follows:

The square is pressed against one side of the corner of the product.

The scale of the arcuate base is applied to the other.

Carefully check the places of abutment of the tool and the sides of the corner of the product for the absence of gaps.

Fix the instrument with the screw on the object to be measured.

They look at what value on the scale coincides with the edge of the square.

It is even easier to measure the angle between converging or diverging opposite sides of the workpiece. In this case, you can also use a mechanical protractor designed by Semenov. For measurement, a horizontal tool bar is simply attached to one of the sides, on which a square is fixed, and to the other - a scale of an arched base.

How to use the goniometer yourself simple kind, we know from school, but there are much more types, areas of purpose and designs of this tool, sometimes the principle of its operation is not even completely clear, although the task is still the same - to measure the angle of inclination in a plane or space. We will try to fill in the gaps while reading this article.

Protractor - device and purpose

This tool, as it is not difficult to guess, exists for measuring angles, and it can be not only plane images, as in school notebooks or production drawings, but also the inclination of parts in relation to each other in any structures. It is possible to measure indicators even in remote objects, for which the optical version of the device is successfully used.

We are accustomed to the fact that for reliability it is better to touch what we are measuring, that is, the device intended for the operation is applied to the investigated surface, but although the contact method prevails, it is not the only one. The optical method allows you to calculate angles while being relatively far from the objects under study. The measurement result is always presented in degrees well known to us, which have to be counted independently or observed on displays, which, for example, a digital goniometer possesses. The instruments differ and the scale from which readings should be taken.

It can be ruled, and also include an additional circular component, the orientation along which is facilitated with the help of an arrow. The scale can be represented by a vernier, we will consider this separate type of devices in more detail a little below, and the most advanced can be considered electronic.

The device of the simplest angle meter is rather primitive: two rulers with scales that are set along the angle and give the desired value. Others are more intricate. Before work, the measurer fixes some angles of the device with known value, a kind of instrument tuning. But, for example, a carpenter's goniometer is already on sale with a firmly fixed and measured angle, which is convenient for a quick assessment of the slope of the surface with which the master is working.

Tool types for measuring angles

The most relevant for us is a construction goniometer. Without him and his faithful companions (plumb line and building level) not a single site would have cost. All equipment is installed with a clear assessment of the terrain in three dimensions, all assembly work, any marking - all this requires correct orientation in space, and the human eye is far from perfect, so even the horizontal plane of the plane is difficult to weigh, and what can we say about the angles.

A locksmith and carpentry goniometer always accompany specialists, because their products are then used in various areas of human activity, and the slightest deviations in the axes or angles can sometimes cost lives. To draw up reliable topographic diagrams, it is also impossible to use our natural optical device, in fact, just as it is impossible for them to evaluate subtle medical indicators. Therefore, a topographer and orthopedist cannot work without such an instrument.

The romantic profession of an astronomer is also not complete without such a device. Schoolchildren master the first basics of geometry with such a device in their hands, more often these are ordinary squares with already fixed angles of a known size. Engineer, miner, sailor - professions that use almost the entire line of possible devices for measuring angles. Each area requires such data with varying degrees of accuracy and reliability. A high-tech laser protractor is increasingly used, especially in the military industry (sights).

If the areas of application are almost limitless, then the classification of the instrument by device is somewhat more modest: optics, mechanics, laser and electronics. Already within this classification, you can find many other parameters that affect the choice of the customer, for example, permissible errors. Mobility, functionality, dimensions of the device itself, and its equipment also affect the price of goods.

Mechanical angle meter - what is it?

A mechanical device is still considered familiar and affordable. Such a goniometer is universal, because it allows you to attach it to almost any surface and take readings of the external and inner corner... There is an optical type and a vernier. The second is more common and convenient for contact measurement. Vernier is an auxiliary clarifying scale that is combined with the main one and increases the accuracy of the value by orders of magnitude. Its role may be familiar to you from handling a caliper, mechanical micrometer, and other mechanical measuring instruments.

When buying a device, it is important to ask what regulatory document (standard) the product was manufactured according to, because accuracy will be a critical parameter, and if there is no regulatory document for its verification and adjustment, then your measurements may be far from the truth. That's why it is best to avoid Chinese manufacturers, who rarely take calibration so seriously, but are cheaper than any Russian or European counterparts.

Mechanical types of devices have the most intricate structure. The vernier type includes the following units: a body to which a disc is attached with a nut, a base with a main scale and a vernier, and there is also a ruler and a shank moving along it in the process of fixing the angle value. The optical view consists of a body in which there is a disc with a scale, a fixed ruler is attached to it, and a magnifying glass, a movable ruler and its lever are installed on the disc. There is a plate under the disc with a pointer that is visible through the eyepiece. This whole system is set in motion, then it is fixed in the selected place, and a reading is taken through a magnifying glass.

How to use a protractor - an approximate principle of action

The more automated the device, the less work we need to do. For example, an electronic goniometer requires only to fix the ruler in the desired position and gives the result to the display. Optics will already require the installation of the instrument on flat surface to avoid fluctuations in relation to the horizon. And mechanics will also require a minimal understanding of the device itself in order to find a way to correctly take readings. Therefore, we will analyze the most capricious cases that can await us.

Vernier device

The device is applied to the desired angle on the plane, its ruler and body must coincide with the sides of the angle. Now we count the degrees on the main scale until we reach zero on the vernier, so degrees are found. Now we move along the vernier scale until we find a division that coincides with the division of the main scale, as if extending it in one straight line. This is how the minutes are determined. Scale values ​​may differ depending on the accuracy of the instrument, read the passport of your instrument.

Optical instrument

The movable ruler should be moved so that she and her stationary partner form the desired angle. Then the clamping ring is fixed. Now it should be remembered that the disc and the magnifying glass this mechanism are dependent in their position on the movable ruler, which means that they constitute a kind of indicator of the desired value. Through a magnifying glass, you can observe the markings on the disk, which are correlated with the mark on the plate, and the readings of the device are calculated.

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Protractor with vernier refers to a mechanical type of measuring instruments that are used to measure geometric angles in various parts and designs. It can even be used to work with distant objects using the optical method, if it is possible to fix it in an exact position. The results are shown in degrees, and thanks to the additional scale and more accurate readings. Distinctive feature this appliance is the presence of a vernier scale, which is attached to the device on a specially elongated ruler. Thanks to it, you can measure everything with an accuracy of tenths of a degree. Thus, given type can be used in a wider field where greater accuracy of the received data is required.

The basis for obtaining measurements is the ruler-circular scale and the vernier itself, located on the ruler below it. Electronic devices of this type do not exist. Protractor with vernier 4UM, which belongs to standard models and is one of the most common in use, can operate in the range from 0 to 180 degrees. This model complies with GOST 5378-88. Most often, it finds application in the industrial field, where work is going on with the manufacture of parts, their repair, inspection and other operations.

As an advantage, it is worth noting an increase in the accuracy class of the device. The use of vernier makes it possible to work with tenths, which in many areas is very useful, so that among specialists it is he who is in greatest demand. Like many other mechanical measuring instruments, the vernier goniometer is a durable device that does not have a specific lifespan. Qualitative disadvantages include special conditions storage and difficulty in repair, since there are no easily replaceable parts. Compared to electronic versions, then this one may look outdated, although it is actively used in our time.

Varieties and design features

There are several models of mechanical measuring priori with vernier. Almost all of them are made of metal. The principle of change is the same for them and the differences are only in size, scale markings and some design features. As a rule, the scale is made in the form of a protractor, not necessarily correct shape... A metal ruler is attached to its middle, which controls the angle of inclination and indicators of the measured value. Near the part where the ruler passes next to the school of the device, there is a scale with a vernier on its surface.

photo: goniometer device with vernier

Thus, a goniometer with a vernier GOST 5378 88 often has the same accuracy class. But the working range of the scale is not always the same. For example, if all types operate in the range from 0 to 180 degrees, and differ slightly only by the magnitude of the error, then Type 2 or model 1005 has indicators from 0 to 360 degrees for external measurements and 40-180 for internal ones. These are often relatively small devices that are easy to carry and operate. An important feature the presence of a metal ruler is the ability to apply markings at a given angle directly to the surface of the item being measured. Due to the fact that the product is made of metal, the ruler does not deteriorate even with prolonged use.

Specifications

It follows from this that the type 4 vernier goniometer is one of the simplest and less accurate. At the same time, it is the cheapest of the entire line. Protractor with vernier Type 2 is one of the most accurate. It has more complex structure and additional supports. All of them are made of tool steel, which provides them with a long service life and reliable operation.

How to use a goniometer with a vernier - the principle of work

A mechanical goniometer with a vernier is the most familiar tool in a specialist's work. It should be noted right away that you can take readings from it, both with and without an additional scale. The only difference will be in accuracy. The first method is much simpler, and if you have not previously used such a device before, then you should first pay attention to this particular option. Readings can be taken from any surface, and even work with outside corners, and not only with internal ones, if the feature of the model allows it.

The first step is to make sure that the device is clearly fixed at zero and the ruler has no backlash. If it walks too easily and slips a little, then problems may arise during measurement and it is better to replace such a device with a serviceable one. Lower horizontal plane serves as a reference point, so it needs to be precisely positioned along the horizontal line that you want. Some models have an additional stop for this. After that, you can rotate the ruler to the point you need, which will show how many degrees are in a given angle. A ruler that is not securely attached may work, but it cannot be used for marking.

The second way to use a goniometer with a vernier involves the use of an additional scale. As soon as you fix the reading, you should stop the ruler and calculate the divisions on the vernier. The calculation is carried out from the first line, which is zero, to the one that coincides with the line of indication of the measured angle. Thus, if the device showed an angle of 36 degrees and the fifth line of the vernier corresponds to this mark, then the exact reading will be 36.4 degrees.

Manufacturer

Despite the fact that even now many devices have been used since the times of the USSR, where they were produced, there are also modern manufacturers... These can be not only domestic enterprises, but also representatives of the foreign market. It should be noted that the vernier goniometer is produced by:

• Mitutoyo (Japan;
• Scala;
• Caliber (Russia);
• IDF (Italy)

How to set up and use a goniometer with a vernier: Video

In this article, we will look at such a measuring tool as a protractor. Protractors have been known to mankind since ancient times. The first mention of the goniometer dates back to the third millennium BC. Naturally, these were completely different, primitive devices that had little in common with modern protractors. Today, these are high-precision, widely used measuring instruments. Protractors, as the name suggests, are used to measure all kinds of angles, calculate bevel angles, transfer measured angles to work surfaces, and, of course, do not do without a protractor when making drawings. For measurements, protractors use special units of measurement - degrees. Protractors are used not only for calculating the angles of various parts and structures, but also for taking measurements between objects located at a distance from each other. This function can be performed by optical protractors.

The classification of goniometers is not carried out, however, they can be distinguished by the type of device, by its size and permissible errors. Perhaps the most important parameter of the goniometer is the permissible error limit of the device during measurements. The error of the device varies greatly depending on the purpose of the protractor and is a specified parameter that must be specified for each type and model of the device.

Exists whole line normative documents describing the technical characteristics of the goniometer and regulating the entire "life cycle" of the device, from the moment of production, including operation, and ending with periodic verification of instruments. For example, the production and technical characteristics of "classical" goniometers are described in the "Soviet" GOST 5378-88, republished in 1992, but, for example, the calibration of goniometers is carried out in accordance with GOST 13006-67.

By the type of device and design features, the protractors are classified into:

Mechanical goniometers, which in turn are divided into simple (for example, 4URI) and vernier (2UM, 5UM and 4UM);

Fixed angle protractors are not really a measuring device. It is more a device for comparing a given reference angle, the angle that needs to be measured. Usually the angles of such a goniometer are multiples of 45 °;

Optical - have an optical element

Pendulum - designed to measure angles of various cutting tools(for example, goniometers 3URI-N and 3URI-M);

Electronic (digital) - built on the electronic principle of semiconductor operation. visible distinctive feature- the presence of a display with an accurate indication of the angle.

Laser - the principle of operation is based on measuring the distance of the receiving device from the laser emitter.

Also, there are combined appliances such as, for example, electronic protractors with an electronic level or electronic protractors with a laser level.

Classification mechanical protractors produced by the type of the scale. On this basis, mechanical ones are: with a ruler, ruler-circular scale, with an electronic display, as well as goniometers with a vernier. In addition, goniometers are classified depending on their purpose. The main devices highlighted here: construction, seaworthy, locksmith, topographic (topographic), astronomical and educational goniometers.

The most widespread and frequently used goniometers are optical and vernier goniometers. Engineers, highly qualified workers and just professionals in the field of instrumentation, mechanical engineering and construction choose the second option, since with such a goniometer they can measure the outer angles of parts on the vernier scale, as well as make markings on a plane. Structurally, the device includes a square and a ruler. By using them in various combinations, angles can be measured in a wide variety of cases. At the same time, the setting of the required angle is facilitated due to the possibility of accurate installation.

Before working with the goniometer, it is necessary to carry out a zero adjustment. It is carried out quite simply: the measuring surfaces of the base of the protractor and the removable ruler are applied to each other. If there are no gaps or a gap between them, then check whether the zero stroke of the base and vernier coincides.

Any goniometer has two measuring surfaces. The first is the surface of the base, which coincides with the diametrical plane of the base scale. The second surface, which is in direct contact with the product, may be, depending on the design of the goniometer and on the value of the calculated angle, the measuring surface of either a square, or a ruler, or a sector.

For measurements, the goniometers are first adjusted to the required size of the product by moving the measuring surfaces of the goniometer. Then, a part is placed between these measuring surfaces. The final setting is made using a micrometric feed. The final setting is carried out until the gap between the product and the measuring surfaces disappears. Then, the device is fixed with a nut, and only after that, readings are taken on the vernier scale and on the main scale.

In view of their new technical capabilities, at present, protractors are finding more and more wide application... It is no longer just a specialized tool for industrial use, protractors are now often used in ordinary life... Thanks to these devices, measuring work is simplified, making such work more comfortable and efficient, especially if they are used in conjunction with a frame level, rulers and other measuring devices. A modern goniometer should have a minimum error and have wide working surfaces.