System classification internal water supply

I. By the method of “delivery” of water

Indoor water supply systems can be divided according to several criteria. The first is the use of pumping equipment. There are systems that, in principle, do without pumps and even without water tanks. There are systems with only a water tank or only with pumps; you can also find a combined type (there is both a pump to increase pressure and a water tank).

Systems without pumps and water tanks

If the pressure is external network water supply can supply liquid even to the very high crane internal water supply, then the water supply system does not use pumps and water tanks.

Systems with water tank

If the pressure in the external water supply network periodically drops and therefore is not always able to provide water supply to the highest located taps of the internal water supply system, water pressure tanks are used in the water supply system. That is, water from the city network is first supplied to a reservoir located at the top of the building, and from it to indoor plumbing. Such a tank has several valves, one of which prevents the flow of water back into the external network (when the pressure drops), another prevents the tank from overflowing, and the third prevents water from entering the internal water supply before the tank is full.

Systems with pumps to increase pressure.

If the pressure of the external water supply network cannot, in principle, “deliver” water to the highest point of the internal water supply system, pumping equipment is used in the water supply system.

Systems with water tank and pump

Often, to increase the efficiency of water supply, in addition to pumps, water tanks are also used. Such combined system allows you to reduce energy costs, since pumping equipment can operate intermittently.

II. By type of highway routing

The internal water supply system can be with lower and upper distribution lines. The first type is the most common. The water pipeline is laid in basements or special underground channels.

With overhead wiring, all communications are located on the technical floor. This is a less popular type of water supply, since its installation is more complicated, and any accident can lead to flooding of all lower floors of the building. Therefore, water supply with overhead distribution lines is used only in extreme cases.

III. According to the method of laying the pipeline

There are internal water supply systems with open and hidden pipelines. Open involves installing pipes along the walls of the building, columns, under the ceiling or near the floor. Hidden plumbing fits into special underground channels, niches, grooves and other openings in the walls. Both types of water supply have their advantages: the first, for example, is easier to install and costs less, but the second better meets sanitary and hygienic requirements and does not worsen the appearance of the building.

In hotels, water is used for household and drinking needs - for drinking and personal hygiene of staff and guests; for production needs - for cleaning residential and public premises, watering the territory and green spaces, washing raw materials, dishes and cooking, washing workwear, curtains, bed and table linen, when providing additional services, for example in a hairdresser, sports and fitness center, and also for fire protection purposes.

The water supply system includes three components: a water supply source with structures and devices for collecting, purifying and treating water, external water supply networks and an internal water supply system located in the building.

Hotels located in cities and populated areas are usually supplied cold water from the city (village) water supply. Hotels located in rural areas, in the mountains, on highways, have a local water supply system.

The city water supply uses water from open (rivers, lakes) or closed ( The groundwater) sources.

02.09.2015

A distinctive feature of this summer has been the growing interest of Russians in traveling within the country. Thus, according to VTsIOM, more than a quarter of fellow citizens plan to spend their holidays in Crimea. First of all, the strong volatility of the ruble, which affects final cost tour. However, the crisis affected not only vacationers, but, perhaps even more so, entrepreneurs involved in the tourism sector. To stay afloat, many of them thought about how to save money and not lose on the quality of the services provided.

This approach is especially relevant for mini-hotel owners who are forced to compete with hotel chains, but do not have the latter’s resources. In cities such as St. Petersburg, Moscow and Kazan (Top 3 attractive destinations in Russia according to TripAdvisor), hotels of this type are often located in the historical center, where there was initially no hot water supply. If the premises have access to gas, the most obvious solution is gas instantaneous water heater. Modern devices they no longer resemble the predecessors familiar to many in any way. In addition to modern appearance, the speakers received reliable system security and intelligent control. Yes, flow-through gas water heater Ariston Marco Polo Gi7S is equipped with an electronic board that analyzes the current parameters (water inlet temperature and flow rate) and changes the current power, thereby maintaining a stable water temperature in the tap, reducing to zero the risk of getting burned or falling under a stream of ice-cold water. Owners of mini-hotels can reduce costs by using an inexpensive energy resource - gas. The only drawback is not very high performance: one column can provide hot water without sacrificing quality, 2-3 users at the same time. In other words, the device will need to be installed in each room. But it’s worth considering that this solution is recommended specifically for small hotels, since only in this case will they save money.

If we talk about other devices using blue fuel, it is worth mentioning double-circuit gas boilers. They make it possible to organize both an independent heating system and hot water supply. The most economical in this segment are condensation models, which use the energy of the transition of steam into a liquid state to obtain an additional resource. For example, Ariston boilers can save up to 35% of fuel per season compared to their traditional “brothers”. In addition, single-circuit gas boilers can be used in conjunction with a boiler indirect heating. In fact, this device- this is a thermally insulated tank with a coil through which the coolant runs and transfers its temperature to the water, while the coolant itself is heated by heating. Obvious advantage This option of hot water supply is an opportunity to obtain a large amount of hot water, but at the same time avoid additional energy consumption.
In addition to double-circuit heating boilers, gas boilers can handle the organization of hot water in mini-hotels. storage water heaters. What distinguishes them is increased power, large tank volume and much longer service life compared to household appliances. But design fades into the background, because they are mounted not in visible places, but in specially designated rooms. Modern technologies allow you to prepare a large volume of water in up to 20 minutes. For example, gas model Ariston NHRE will warm 315 liters in 12 minutes.

Another solution with which you can organize a hotel hot water system is an electric water heater. Despite the fact that it uses an expensive energy resource, the opportunity to save money is inherent in its very principle of operation: the main consumption of electricity occurs only when the volume of the tank is heated. Further, the temperature in it is maintained due to the thermal insulation system. In addition, the most advanced models, such as Velis QH, are equipped with the ability to set a specific operating algorithm. For example, if you know the arrival time of guests, you can program the device so that it warms up at a certain time. Without working “idle”, it will not waste energy. This way you can reduce your electricity consumption by up to 20%. But it is worth considering that such household devices must be installed in each room separately. If the hotel project provides for a general hot water supply, then it is better to choose industrial models. In addition, they are quite economical: to prepare 1000 liters - a volume sufficient for an average-sized enterprise - electric model only 12 kW is required.

The following solutions have long been actively used by foreign hoteliers. Despite the initial high costs of purchasing equipment and installation, they can quickly pay for themselves due to the full or partial use of free renewable resources. It's about about solar systems and heat pumps. The former are more understandable and well-known, the latter are still exotic for Russia. An example of such equipment is the Ariston NUOS series of water heaters with a heat pump. The devices of the line make it possible to extract heat directly from the air and use it to provide hot water supply. This way you can save up to 70% energy. For example, spending 1 kW of electricity, the user receives 3-4 kW of heat. That is, 2-3 kW goes to him for free from environment.

Compared to traditional water heaters, NUOS only uses energy to operate the fan and compressor motors. The devices operate optimally when the outside temperature ranges from -5 to 37°C. Thus, they allow you to save on conventional energy resources throughout most of the year, and in the southern regions of the country even in winter. In addition, the air produced at the outlet helps natural ventilation rooms, creating a refreshing effect.
Summarizing all of the above, we note that today the market for water heating equipment is very wide and is able to satisfy even non-standard requests: for example, it is possible to fit devices for a hybrid DHW systems or completely powered by renewable sources. Hotel owners can only calculate which option will be the most economically feasible.

Hot water supply

Hot water in hotels is used for domestic, drinking and industrial needs. Therefore, she, just like cold water, used for these purposes, must meet the requirements of GOST R 2872--82. To avoid burns, the hot water temperature should not exceed 70 °C and should not be lower than 60 °C, which is necessary for production needs.

Hot water supply in hotels can be:

central

centralized.

With local water supply, water coming from the cold water supply system is heated in gas, electric water heaters, hot water columns. In this case, water is heated directly at the point of consumption. In order to avoid interruptions in hot water supply, hotels usually use central system hot water supply. With central hot water preparation, water coming from the cold water supply system is heated by water heaters in individual heating point hotel building or central heating point, sometimes water is heated directly in the boilers of local and central boiler houses. With centralized heating, water is heated in water heaters with steam or hot water coming from the city heating network.

The scheme of hot water supply networks can be dead-end or with the organization of hot water circulation through a system of circulation pipelines. Dead-end circuits provide for constant water supply.

If water withdrawal is periodic, then with this scheme the water in the pipelines will cool down during the period of no withdrawal, and during water withdrawal it will flow To water points with low temperatures. This results in the need for an unproductive reset large quantity water through the water tap, if desired, obtain water with a temperature of 60 - 70 ° C. In a circuit with water circulation This disadvantage is absent, although it is more expensive. Therefore, this scheme is used in cases where water withdrawal is not constant, but it is necessary to maintain a constant water temperature during water withdrawal.

Circulation networks are arranged with forced or natural circulation. Forced circulation carried out by installing pumps, similar to the water heating system of buildings. It is used in buildings with more than two floors and with a significant length of main pipelines. A building's hot water supply system includes three main elements: a hot water generator (water heater), pipelines and water pipes, and water points.

Heating

The heating system serves to heat rooms in cold period year and maintaining normal indoor air temperature regardless of outside temperature. Currently, water, steam and electric heating. The choice of heating depends on the purpose and architectural design of the hotel. The most common is water heating. Hotels use medium-pressure heating systems with water temperatures up to 120? C, which is supplied from a combined heat and power plant, and then used for heating purposes. Heat sources for hotels can also be their own boiler houses.

A water heating system has a number of advantages compared to steam heating. In this system, you can regulate the temperature of heating devices. For this purpose, individual automatic room thermostats are installed in the rooms. In hotel entrance lobbies located in relatively cold areas, it is recommended to install floor heating units at the entrance. In areas with temperatures at winter time- 15? C and below in the vestibules of the main entrances of the hotel building special air-heat curtains.

Heating systems are divided into local and central. TO local systems These include systems in which all the main elements are combined into one device. Such systems are stoves, gas and electric heating. Their range of action is limited to one or two adjacent rooms.

In central systems, the heat source is located outside the heated premises or even outside the building. Central heating systems are classified according to the type of coolant, its temperature and pressure; methods of its movement, heat transfer from the outer surface of heating devices to the air of heated rooms; circuit solutions.

Water heating systems are divided into:

1. According to the location of the supply pipelines - with upper and lower wiring. Water from a boiler or other water heater through the main riser enters the supply main pipeline, and from it into the supply risers, from where it enters the heating devices through the connections, gives off heat to the air in the room and, through the return connections, enters the return risers, the combined return main pipeline and into the water heater for subsequent heating. A water heating system with bottom wiring and natural circulation received this name due to the location of the supply main pipeline in the lower part of the building (in the basement, in the underground channel, in the technical underground).

2. According to the method of supplying and draining water from heating devices - two-pipe and single-pipe systems.

Two-pipe water heating and pump circulation systems are characterized by the presence of two risers ( vertical pipelines). Through one of them, the supply, water flows to the heating devices, and through the return - water, giving off heat to heating devices, enters the collection return (main) pipeline, through which it is sent to the water heater or to the heating point.

Single-pipe systems are those with single risers. Hot water from the main flows into risers equipped with heating devices. Part of the water flows into the heating devices, and the rest passes through the riser to the devices located below. The water that has cooled in the heating devices returns to the same riser.

3. In the direction of water movement in the main supply and return pipelines- dead-end and with passing water movement.

All of the above systems are dead-end water heating systems.

4. According to the circulation method - with natural and pump circulation.

To remove air from the heating network that interferes with normal operation heating systems, air collectors are installed on main pipelines at their highest point. There are flow-through and non-flow air collectors. Flow-through air collectors cut into the main line. The diameter of the air collector is 3-4 times larger than the diameter of the main line. Therefore, water entering the air collector slows down the speed of movement, which contributes to the release of air bubbles from the water.

Flow-through air collectors can be central or corner.

A non-flow air collector is installed above the main line. It removes air from water much worse. The first sign of a heating device not heating up is the presence of air in its upper part, the so-called airing of the system; air must be removed through a valve installed in the upper part of the air collector.

Cold water system

Hotels use water for household and drinking needs-- for drinking and personal hygiene of staff and guests; for production needs -- for cleaning residential and public premises, watering the territory and green spaces, washing raw materials, dishes and cooking, washing workwear, curtains, bed and table linen, when providing additional services, for example in a hairdresser, sports and fitness center, as well as for fire-fighting purposes.

The water supply system includes three components: a water supply source with structures and devices for collecting, purifying and treating water, external water supply networks and an internal water supply system located in the building.

Hotels located in cities and towns are usually supplied with cold water from the city (village) water supply. Hotels located in rural areas, in the mountains, on highways, have a local water supply system.

The city water supply uses water from open (rivers, lakes) or closed (groundwater) sources.

Water in the city water supply must meet the requirements of GOST R 2872--82. Before being supplied to the city water supply network, water from open water supply sources always undergoes pre-treatment to bring its quality indicators into compliance with the requirements of the standard. Water from closed water supplies usually does not need treatment. Water treatment is carried out at waterworks. When supplying water from rivers, stations are located along the river flow above populated areas.

The water supply station includes the following, shown in Fig. 2.13 structures:

• *water intake devices;
• *first lift pumps;
• *settlements and treatment facilities;
• *water storage tanks;
• *second lift pumps.

Second lift pumps maintain the required pressure in the main pipelines and the city water supply piping system. In some cases, water towers are connected to the main pipeline system, which contain a supply of water and can create pressure in the water supply system by raising water tanks to a certain height.

From the waterworks through the city water supply network, water reaches consumers.

Rice. 2.13.

1 -- water intake structure; 2 -- pumping station first rise; 3 -- wastewater treatment plants; 4 -- tanks clean water; 5 -- pumping station of the second lift; 6 -- water pipelines; 7 -- water tower; 8 -- main water supply network

City water networks constructed from steel, cast iron, reinforced concrete or asbestos-cement pipes. They are equipped with valves in the wells to shut off individual sections of the water supply network in the event of an accident or repair, and fire hydrants for water supply when extinguishing fires. The water supply network pipelines are located at a depth of at least 0.2 m below the depth of soil freezing in winter. Steel pipelines must have reliable waterproofing.

Internal water supply building is a set of equipment, devices and pipelines that supply water from central external water supply systems or from local water supply sources to water distribution points in the building. Internal water supply in hotel buildings must be separate to meet economic, industrial and fire safety needs. The domestic and industrial water supply systems are combined, since clean drinking water is used in hotels for economic and production needs.

The internal plumbing of a cold water supply system includes the following elements:

• *one or more inputs;
• *water meter unit;
• *filters for additional water purification;
• *boost pumps and water tanks;
• *pipeline system with control valves (distribution lines, risers, connections);
• *water folding devices;
• *fire extinguishing devices.

In Fig. 2.14 presented various schemes cold water supply systems.

By entering called the section of pipeline connecting the internal water supply with the external water supply. The entry is made perpendicular to the building wall. For this purpose, cast iron or asbestos-cement pipes are used. At the point where the inlet is connected to the external water supply network, a well and a valve are installed, which turns off the water supply to the building if necessary. Hotels usually have two inlets, which guarantees, firstly, an uninterrupted supply of cold water, and secondly, a sufficient supply of water to the fire hydrants in the event of a fire.

Water metering unit designed to measure water consumption by an enterprise. It is installed in a heated room immediately after passing through the input outer wall building. Water flow is measured using a water meter.

The water meter is designed in such a way that when a stream of water passes through it, a turbine (or impeller) is rotated, transmitting movement to the meter dial needle. Water consumption is indicated in liters or cubic meters.

Rice. 2.14.

A-- scheme with direct connection to the city water supply network (with a lower dead-end main line); b-- diagram with a water tank (with upper dead-end wiring to masters); V-- with a booster pump (with a lower ring distribution line); G -- with a booster pump and a water tank (with a lower dead-end main line); d-- with a booster pump and a hydropneumatic tank (with a lower dead-end main line); 1 -- city ​​water main; 2 -- shut-off valve; 3 -- water supply; 4 -- water meter; 5 -- drain valve; 6 -- main pipeline; 7 -- riser; 8-- shut-off valve on the riser; 9 -- branches to water points; 10 -- booster pump; 11 -- water tank; 12 -- float valve; 13 -- check valve; 14 -- hydropneumatic tank; 15 -- compressor

The water meter is selected based on reference data, depending on the estimated maximum hourly (second) water flow at the inlet.

In four- and five-star hotels, water from the city water supply must pass additional cleaning at water treatment plants. Target additional processing-- obtain water that meets international quality standards.

The diagram of the water treatment station is shown in Fig. 2.15. At water treatment stations, water is passed through special filters consisting of layers of quartz, river sand, activated carbon, disinfect it using an ultraviolet irradiation lamp (UVR), and introduce various additives into the water.

The UV lamp kills microbes contained in water and softens it. The lamp service life should not exceed one year.

The additive used is NaOH alkali, which is automatically injected into the water through special holes in the pipeline. The goal of treating water with NaOH is to bring it to an acidity level of pH = 8.2. Salts can also be added to water: NaCl and A12(SO4)3.

The choice of cold water supply system design in a hotel building depends on the available pressure (Pa) in the external water supply network at the entrance to the building. For a normal water supply to all water supply points of the internal water supply system, the required pressure (Pa) in the external water supply network must be no less than:

Where is the pressure required to lift water from the inlet to the highest point, Pa; -- pressure loss in the water metering unit, Pa; -- pressure loss at the water treatment plant, Pa; -- pressure loss in pipelines, Pa; -- required free pressure at the highest water point, Pa.

Rice. 2.15.

The pressure in the internal water supply network should not exceed 0.6 MPa.

Depending on the ratio of values, the building will be equipped with one of the cold water supply systems.

When >, a constant supply of water is ensured to all water supply points of the building and the most simple system water supply without a booster pump and water tank (see Fig. 2.14, A).

If constantly at certain times of the day< , и поэтому периодически обеспечивается подача воды к ряду водоразборных точек, устраивают систему водоснабжения с water pump or hydropneumatic tank(see Fig. 2.14, b).

During periods when? , the water tank is filled with water, and when< , вода из водонапорного бака расходуется для внутреннего потребления.

Provided that most of the time< , устраивают систему водоснабжения с booster pumps or with booster pumps and a water pressure (or hydropneumatic) tank (see Fig. 2.14, c-e).

In the latter option, the pump operates periodically, filling the tank from which the system is supplied with water. The water tank is installed in top point building. The hydropneumatic tank is located at the bottom of the building. The premises in which pumps are installed must have heating, lighting and ventilation. A building can be served by one or more pumps installed in parallel or in series. If the building is served by one pump, then the second pump must be connected to the network and serve as a backup. Pumps are selected taking into account their performance and the pressure generated.

For an internal plumbing system use steel (galvanized) or plastic pipes. Pipelines are laid openly and closed in building structures. To ensure water drainage, horizontal sections are laid with a slope towards the inlet. The water supply system, depending on the design, can have upper or lower water distribution.

The diameter of the pipeline is determined using special tables depending on the number of water distribution (water consumption) points and their sizes.

The diameter of the main lines of the economic, industrial and fire-fighting water supply systems is assumed to be at least 50 mm.

Internal water supply systems are equipped pipeline And water fittings.

Pipeline fittings are designed to disconnect sections of pipelines for the period of repair, regulate pressure and flow in the system. There are shut-off, control, safety and control pipeline valves.

Valves and valves are used as shut-off and control valves. Gate valves are made of cast iron and steel, and valves are also made of brass. Shut-off valves installed on the inlet, risers and branches.

Safety fittings include safety and check valves, to the control room - level indicators, control taps, taps for pressure gauges.

Water taps include various taps at the points where water is collected: wall taps, toilet taps, taps cisterns, watering, urinal, flushing, as well as mixer taps for sinks, bathtubs, showers, washbasins, swimming pools, washing machines and etc.

Fire water supply

Water is the most common fire extinguishing agent. Possessing a large heat capacity, it cools flammable substances to a temperature lower than their self-ignition temperature, and blocks the access of air to the combustion zone with the help of the resulting vapors. A jet of water directed under high pressure has a mechanical effect on the fire, knocking down the flame and penetrating deep into the burning object. Spreading over a burning object, water wets parts of building structures that have not yet been engulfed in fire and protects them from burning.

To extinguish the fire, water is supplied from the existing water supply. In some cases, it can be supplied using pumps from natural or artificial reservoirs.

Internal fire water supply is provided by the installation of risers with fire hydrants in the building. Fire hydrants placed on staircase landings, in corridors and separate rooms of hotels at a height of 1.35 m from the floor in special lockers marked “PC”. The equipment of the fire locker is shown in Fig. 2.16. In addition to the tap, the locker should contain a 10 or 20 m long canvas hose and a metal fire nozzle. The sleeve has quick-release nuts at the ends for connection to the barrel and valve of the tap. The sleeves are placed on a rotating shelf or wound on a reel. The distance between fire hydrants depends on the length of the hose and should be such that the entire area of ​​the building is irrigated by at least one jet. It is allowed to use hoses of the same length and diameter in the building.

Rice. 2.16.

A -- with rotating shelf; b- with a coil; 1 -- cabinet walls; 2 -- fire hydrant; 3 -- fire riser; 4 -- fire trunk; 5 -- fire hose; 6 -- rotating shelf;

7 -- coil

In hotels located in multi-storey buildings, the internal fire-fighting water supply system also includes automatic fire extinguishing means that localize the source of fire, block the path of spreading flames and flue gases, and eliminate the fire. TO automatic means fire extinguishing systems include sprinkler and deluge systems. Schemes of sprinkler and deluge fire-fighting water supply systems are shown in Fig. 2.17.

Sprinkler systems serve for local fire extinguishing and combustion, cooling building structures and giving a fire signal.

The sprinkler system includes a system of pipelines laid under the ceiling and filled with water, and sprinklers, the holes of which are closed with fusible locks. When ready, the sprinkler system is pressurized. When the temperature in the room rises, the sprinkler lock melts and a stream of water from the sprinkler, hitting the socket, breaks over the fire. At the same time, the water approaches the alarm device, which signals a fire. The area protected by one sprinkler is about 10 m2. Sprinklers are installed in residential rooms, corridors, service and public areas of hotels.

Rice. 2.17.

A-- sprinkler system; b-- deluge system; 1 -- sprinkler; 2 -- distribution manifold; 3 -- connecting pipeline; 4-- water tank; 5- control and alarm valve; b-- water supply valve; 7-- water riser; 8 -- deluge sprinkler; 9-- incentive pipeline; 10 -- water main

Deluge systems designed to extinguish fires over the entire design area, create water curtains in the openings of fire walls, above fire doors, dividing the hotel corridors into sections, and fire alarms. Deluge systems can be with automatic and manual (local and remote) activation. Deluge systems consist of a system of piping and sprinklers, but unlike a sprinkler system, water deluge sprinklers do not have locks and are constantly open. A water supply valve with a temperature-sensitive lock is installed in the pipeline supplying water to a group of sequential sprinklers. In the event of a fire, the lock opens the valve and water flows from all deluge heads to extinguish the fire or create a curtain. At the same time, the fire alarm goes off.

The performance of sprinkler and deluge installations depends on their Maintenance, which consists of performing a number of activities provided for in the instructions for their operation.

Hot water system

Hot water in hotels is used for domestic, drinking and industrial needs. Therefore, it, like cold water used for these purposes, must meet the requirements of GOST R 2872-82. To avoid burns, the temperature of hot water should not exceed 70 °C and should not be lower than 60 °C, which is necessary for production needs.

Hot water supply in hotels can be local, central or centralized.

At local water supply water coming from the cold water supply system is heated in gas, electric water heaters, hot water columns. In this case, water is heated directly at the point of consumption. In order to avoid interruptions in hot water supply, hotels usually use a central hot water supply system. At central When preparing hot water, water coming from the cold water supply system is heated by water heaters in the individual heating point of the hotel building or the central heating point, sometimes the water is heated directly in the boilers of local and central boiler houses. At centralized In heat supply, water is heated in water heaters with steam or hot water coming from the city heating network.

The scheme of hot water supply networks can be dead-end or with the organization of hot water circulation through a system of circulation pipelines. Dead-end circuits provide for constant water supply. If water withdrawal is periodic, then with this scheme the water in the pipelines will cool down during the period of no withdrawal, and during water withdrawal it will flow to water supply points at a lower temperature. This leads to the need for unproductive discharge of a large amount of water through a water collection point when it is desired to obtain water with a temperature of 60 - 70 "C.

In the scheme with water circulation This disadvantage is absent, although it is more expensive. Therefore, this scheme is used in cases where water withdrawal is not constant, but it is necessary to maintain a constant water temperature during water withdrawal.

Circulation networks are arranged with forced or natural circulation. Forced circulation is carried out by installing pumps, similar to the water heating system of buildings. It is used in buildings with more than two floors and with a significant length of main pipelines. In one-, two-story buildings with a short length of pipelines, it is possible to arrange natural circulation of water through the circulation pipeline system due to the difference volumetric mass water at different temperatures. The principle of operation of such a system is similar to the principle of operation of a water system.

heating with natural circulation. Just like in cold water supply systems, hot water lines can be with lower and upper wiring.

The hot water supply system of a building includes three main elements: a hot water generator (water heater), pipelines and water points.

As hot water generators In central hot water supply systems, high-speed water-water and steam-water heaters, as well as capacious water heaters, are used.

Principle of operation high-speed water-to-water water heater, shown in Fig. 2.18, consists in the fact that the coolant - hot water coming from a hotel boiler room or a centralized heating system - passes through brass tubes located inside a steel pipe, the interpipe space of which is filled with heated water.

Rice. 2.18.

A-- single-section; b-- multi-sectional; 1 and 7 -- pipes for water inlet; 2 - a confuser; 3 and 5 -- pipes for water outlet; 4 -- water heater section; 6 -- thermometer fitting; 8 -- jumper; 9 -- knee

Rice. 2.19.

IN high-speed steam-water water heater hot steam supplied to the heater body heats the water passing through brass tubes located inside the body.

The design temperature of the coolant in the water-water heater is assumed to be 75 °C, the initial temperature of the heated water is 5 °C, the speed of movement of the heated water is 0.5 - 3 m/s. High-speed water heaters are used in systems with uniform water flow and high water consumption.

Capacitive water heaters used in systems with intermittent and low water consumption. They allow you not only to heat, but also to accumulate hot water.

Three, four and five star hotels must have backup hot water supply system during accidents or preventative work. Industrial hot water supply systems can be used for backup hot water supply systems. electric water heaters. In Fig. 2.19 shows the electric industrial water heater “OSO” (Norway). The tank capacity of such a water heater ranges from 600 to 10,000 liters, and the water temperature adjustment range is from 55 to 85 °C. The inner tank is made of of stainless steel with copper coating. In a backup hot water supply system, there may be several water heaters operating in parallel.

The hot and cold water supply system pipelines represent a single complex of the hotel’s economic and industrial supply system and are laid in parallel.

Water points are equipped with mixer taps that allow obtaining a wide range of water temperatures (from 20 to 70 °C) by mixing hot and cold water.

For the hot water supply system, galvanized steel or plastic pipes are used to avoid corrosion. Connections steel pipes and fittings for the same reason must be threaded. To reduce heat loss and prevent water cooling, main pipelines and risers are thermally insulated. Water taps and pipeline fittings in hot water supply systems are made of brass or bronze with seals that can withstand temperatures up to 100 °C.

Operation of water supply systems

After completing all installation work by construction or major renovation cold or hot water supply systems begin their acceptance into operation. Acceptance begins with an inspection of all equipment and pipelines of water supply systems. Noticed deficiencies are included in the defect list. They must be eliminated within the specified time frame.

Then, after eliminating the identified deficiencies, they carry out testing the water supply system for leaks. In this case, the fittings of all water points must be closed. The test consists of filling the pipelines with water using a hydraulic press, raising the pressure in the pipelines to the operating value. When leaks occur, minor installation defects are eliminated, pipeline connections between each other, with equipment and fittings are tightened, and seals are sealed. Upon completion of this work hydraulic press create a pressure in the pipelines higher than the operating pressure by 0.5 MPa and maintain the system under this pressure for 10 minutes. During this period, the pressure should not rise by more than 0.05 Pa. If this requirement is met, the system is considered to have passed the leak test. At the same time with pipeline networks Water heaters of hot water supply systems are tested under pressure.

Upon completion of work to check the tightness of the water supply system, it is carried out test run. During the test run, the sufficiency of the supply of cold and hot water to all water points is checked, the compliance of the water temperature with the required value (65 - 70 ° C) is determined, the absence of noise during operation of the pump and its overheating is checked, and a report is drawn up.

Correct and reliable operation indoor plumbing system depends on the conditions of its operation, proper supervision and care.

Basic operating conditions: eliminating water leaks, preventing water from freezing in network pipes and sweating on the surface of pipelines, weak pressure water, combating noise from water fittings when opening them.

During operation of cold and hot water supply systems, periodic inspections systems, setting the following:

• *serviceability of water meter valves and water meter, pumping equipment;
• *no water leaks in fittings and equipment connections;
• *serviceability of water heating equipment;
• *serviceability of main pipelines, risers, connections;
• *serviceability of water fittings.

Water leak through pipelines usually occurs when they are damaged due to corrosion. At open gasket In pipelines, damaged pipes are easy to detect and replace; if they are hidden, it is very difficult to detect a leak.

The main leakage of water occurs through water taps due to wear of sealing gaskets, damage or deterioration of individual parts of the units. Worn or damaged items must be replaced or repaired.

To avoid water supply damage due to frozen pipes When the heating system is turned off and the room temperature drops to 3 °C, the water must be drained from the pipelines.

During the operation of the water supply system, situations may arise in which water flows poorly or not at all to water points. This may be caused by: insufficient pressure at the entrance to the building; clogging of the water meter grid or installation of a water meter of insufficient caliber; pump malfunction; a decrease in the flow area of ​​pipelines due to fouling of the pipe walls with salt deposits or the ingress of foreign objects and rust. To eliminate the above reasons it is necessary:

• *install a pump to increase pressure in the building's piping system;
• *clean or replace the water meter;
• *correct or replace the pump valve;
• *clean water pipes and water fittings.

During operation of the water supply system, problems may also arise. noise in pipelines. Vibration and noise occur when the pump wears out and is installed incorrectly when pipes are tightly embedded in building structures.

One of the main problems is providing the hotel complex with water for drinking and household needs and, in connection with this, equipping the structure with appropriate plumbing and sewerage equipment. Hotel buildings built on developed territories are supplied with water from the city water supply network. Smaller facilities (boarding houses, recreation centers in resort areas) are built on undeveloped territories and have their own water supply from rivers, wells or wells.

Water network provides the building of the hotel complex with water for drinking and economic and production needs. Along with providing the hotel with cold water, there are hot and fire water supply systems.

The quality and temperature of the water supplied to the hotel complex must meet the requirements of the standards. Water consumption is calculated separately for cold and hot water supply systems. One hotel resident can have up to 300 liters of water per day. Actual water consumption is also calculated by the water consumption at the places of water intake (in the number of rooms, in individual auxiliary rooms - in the laundry room, sauna, swimming pool, for air conditioning, etc.). Calculated specific consumption water per unit of throughput of the hotel complex.

Tap water in hotel facilities, holiday homes, boarding houses, etc. must be potable no matter for what purpose it is used. Suitability is determined by sanitary and epidemiological surveillance laboratories. Tap water from the city network must meet all requirements and there should be no need to use additional means to improve its quality.

Internal plumbing system consists of the following elements:

— input (a section of pipe perpendicular to the building from the external main to the water metering unit);

— water metering unit, the main part of which is a water meter, which serves to measure water consumption;

— the building’s water supply network with fittings from the water metering unit to the points of consumption;

- water-pressure-spare tanks, which are installed at the highest point of the system, allow you to create not only a certain supply of water, but also the necessary pressure in the internal network, which ensures an uninterrupted supply of water to high and remote points of water collection, regardless of the water pressure in the external mains ;

— pumps are used to supply water to the internal network when the water pressure in the external network is insufficient for this.

In the event that city pressure does not provide water supply to the upper water points, a water pumping system is assumed in the hotel building. There are two types of pumping: during peak hours and constant. Pumping during peak hours is carried out using a pump installed at the inlet, and is usually carried out in automatic mode. If city pressure does not constantly provide a round-the-clock water supply to the upper water points, constant pumping is provided, i.e. around the clock.

By purpose, the internal water supply can be for drinking water, industrial and fire protection. In hotels, industrial water supply is practically not used.

The sewerage equipment of hotel facilities is closely related to the water supply, both from the point of view of design and operation. Sewage pipes drain contaminated water (from the kitchen, baths, laundry, swimming pools, etc.) and precipitation (rain and snow melt).

Sewage through various sanitary facilities(sinks, washbasins, toilets, floor grates) flow through discharge pipes into the city network collector or into its own network. Since during the drainage of wastewater, rotting processes occur in the pipes, then between the drainage and each receiver Wastewater siphons are installed to prevent gases from entering the room from the network. The flow of air (oxygen) into the pipes is carried out using exhaust pipes, which are discharged above the roof of the structure - this is the so-called. open sewer deaeration.

Sewer pipes are divided into horizontal, vertical and branch pipes. The main channel connects the building to the street sewer.

Sewer and water pipes, as well as their protection, can be disguised, but are easily accessible for maintenance. Vertically and horizontally laid sewer pipes must be carefully and tightly connected to prevent flooding of hotel rooms and restaurant halls, gas release due to loose connections of sewer pipes, and erosion of building foundations.

Outlet pipes must be grouped and laid so that they are accessible from all sides; It is not advisable to lay them through frequently visited premises. It is also worthwhile to provide additional branches that could be used if necessary. Selection of diameters and sections sewer outlets are accepted in accordance with current sanitary standards and rules.