Ph.D. L.V. Rodionov, head of the scientific research support department; Ph.D. S.A. Gafurov, senior researcher; Ph.D. V.S. Melentyev, senior researcher; Ph.D. A.S. Gvozdev, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education “Samara National research university named after academician S.P. Koroleva", Samara
To provide hot water and heating modern apartment buildings(MKD) projects sometimes include roof boiler houses. This solution is cost-effective in some cases. At the same time, often when installing boilers on foundations, proper vibration insulation is not provided. As a result, residents of the upper floors are subject to constant noise exposure.
According to the sanitary standards in force in Russia, the sound pressure level in residential premises should not exceed 40 dBA during the day and 30 dBA at night (dBA is an acoustic decibel, a unit of measurement of noise level taking into account human perception of sound. - Ed.).
Specialists from the Institute of Machine Acoustics at Samara State Aerospace University (IAM at SSAU) measured the sound pressure level in the living space of an apartment located under the roof boiler room of a residential building. It turned out that the source of the noise was the roof boiler room equipment. Despite the fact that this apartment is separated from the roof boiler room by a technical floor, according to the measurement results, an excess of daily sanitary standards was recorded, both at the equivalent level and at an octave frequency of 63 Hz (Fig. 1).
Measurements were performed in daytime days. At night, the operating mode of the boiler room remains virtually unchanged, and the background noise level may be lower. Since it turned out that the “problem” was already present during the day, it was decided not to carry out measurements at night.
Picture 1 . Sound pressure level in the apartment in comparison with sanitary standards.
Localizing the source of noise and vibration
To more accurately determine the “problem” frequency, measurements of the sound pressure level in the apartment, boiler room and on the technical floor were carried out in different operating modes of the equipment.
The most typical operating mode of the equipment, in which a tonal frequency appears in the low-frequency region, is simultaneous operation three boilers (Fig. 2). It is known that the frequency of boiler operating processes (combustion inside) is quite low and falls in the range of 30-70 Hz.
Figure 2. Sound pressure level in various rooms when three boilers operate simultaneously
From Fig. 2 shows that the frequency of 50 Hz prevails in all measured spectra. Thus, the main contribution to the spectra of sound pressure levels in the rooms under study is made by boilers.
The level of background noise in the apartment does not change much when the boiler equipment is turned on (except for the frequency of 50 Hz), so we can conclude that the sound insulation of the two floors separating the boiler room from the living rooms is sufficient to reduce the level of airborne noise produced by the boiler equipment to sanitary standards. Therefore, you should look for other (not direct) ways of spreading noise (vibration). Probably, high level sound pressure at 50 Hz is due to structural noise.
To localize the source of structural noise in residential premises, as well as to identify vibration propagation paths, vibration acceleration measurements were additionally carried out in the boiler room, on the technical floor, as well as in the living space of the apartment on the top floor.
The measurements were carried out at various operating modes of boiler equipment. In Fig. Figure 3 shows the vibration acceleration spectra for the mode in which all three boilers operate.
Based on the results of the measurements, the following conclusions were made:
– in the apartment on the top floor under the boiler room, sanitary standards are not met;
– the main source of increased noise in residential premises is the combustion process in boilers. The prevailing harmonic in the noise and vibration spectra is the frequency of 50 Hz.
– lack of proper vibration isolation of the boiler from the foundation leads to the transfer of structural noise to the floor and walls of the boiler room. Vibration spreads both through the boiler supports and through the pipes with transmission from them to the walls, as well as the floor, i.e. in places where they are rigidly connected.
– measures should be developed to combat noise and vibration along the path of their propagation from the boiler.
A) 
b) 
V) 
Figure 3 . Vibration acceleration spectra: a – on the support and foundation of the boiler, on the floor of the boiler room; b – on the support of the boiler exhaust pipe and on the floor near the boiler exhaust pipe; c – on the wall of the boiler room, on the wall of the technical floor and in the living area of the apartment.
Development of a vibration protection system
Based on a preliminary analysis of the mass distribution of the gas boiler structure and equipment, cable vibration isolators VMT-120 and VMT-60 with a rated load on one vibration isolator (VI) of 120 and 60 kg, respectively, were selected for the project. The vibration isolator diagram is shown in Fig. 4.
Figure 4. 3D model of cable vibration isolator model range TDC.
Figure 5. Vibration isolator fastening schemes: a) support; b) hanging; c) lateral.
Three variants of the vibration isolator fastening scheme have been developed: support, suspended and lateral (Fig. 5).
Calculations have shown that the lateral installation scheme can be implemented using 33 vibration isolators VMT-120 (for each boiler), which is not economically feasible. In addition, very serious welding work is expected.
When implementing a suspended scheme, the entire structure becomes more complicated, since wide and fairly long corners must be welded to the boiler frame, which will also be welded from several profiles (to provide the necessary mounting surface).
In addition, the technology for installing the boiler frame on these skids with VIs is complex (it is inconvenient to attach the VIs, it is inconvenient to position and center the boiler, etc.). Another disadvantage of this scheme is the free movement of the boiler in lateral directions (swinging in the transverse plane on the VI). The number of vibration isolators VMT-120 for this scheme is 14.
The frequency of the vibration protection system (VPS) is about 8.2 Hz.
The third, most promising and technologically simpler option is with a standard support circuit. It will require 18 vibration isolators VMT-120.
The calculated frequency of the VZS is 4.3 Hz. In addition, the design of the VIs themselves (part of the cable rings are located at an angle) and their proper placement around the perimeter (Fig. 6) allows such a design to accommodate a lateral load, the value of which will be about 60 kgf for each VI, while the vertical load on each VI is about 160 kgf.
Figure 6. Placement of vibration isolators on the frame with a support diagram.
Design of a vibration protection system
Based on data from static tests and dynamic calculations of VI parameters, a vibration protection system for a boiler room in a residential building was developed (Fig. 7).
The vibration protection facility includes three boilers of the same design 1 installed on concrete foundations with metal ties; piping system 2 for the supply of cold water and the removal of heated water, as well as the removal of combustion products; pipe system 3 for supplying gas to the boiler burners.
The created vibration protection system includes external vibration protection supports for boilers 4 designed to support pipelines 2 ; internal vibration protection belt of boilers 5 , designed to isolate vibration of boilers from the floor; external anti-vibration mounts 6 for gas pipes 3.
Figure 7. General form boiler room with installed vibration protection system.
Main design parameters of the vibration protection system:
1. The height from the floor to which it is necessary to raise the load-bearing frames of the boilers is 2 cm (installation tolerance minus 5 mm).
2. Number of vibration isolators per boiler: 19 VMT-120 (18 - in the internal belt bearing the weight of the boiler, and 1 - on the external support to dampen vibrations of the water pipeline), as well as 2 vibration isolators VMT-60 on external supports - for vibration protection of the gas pipeline.
3. The “support” type loading scheme works in compression, providing good vibration isolation. The natural frequency of the system is in the range of 5.1-7.9 Hz, which provides effective vibration protection in the region above 10 Hz.
4. The damping coefficient of the vibration protection system is 0.4-0.5, which provides a gain at resonance of no more than 2.6 (oscillation amplitude no more than 1 mm with an input signal amplitude of 0.4 mm).
5. To adjust the horizontality of boilers, nine seats for vibration isolators of a similar type are provided on the sides of the boiler in the U-shaped profiles. Only five are nominally installed.
During installation, it is possible to place vibration isolators in any order in any of the nine places provided to achieve alignment of the center of mass of the boiler and the center of rigidity of the vibration protection system.
6. Advantages of the developed vibration protection system: simplicity of design and installation, insignificant rise of boilers above the floor, good damping characteristics of the system, possibility of adjustment.
The effect of using the developed vibration protection system
With the introduction of the developed vibration protection system, the sound pressure level in the residential premises of the upper floor apartments decreased to an acceptable level (Fig. 8). The measurements were also carried out at night.
From the graph in Fig. 8 it is clear that in the normalized frequency range and according to the equivalent sound level, sanitary standards in living quarters are met.
The effectiveness of the developed vibration protection system when measured in a residential area at a frequency of 50 Hz is 26.5 dB, and at an equivalent sound level of 15 dBA (Fig. 9).
Figure 8 . Sound pressure level in the apartment in comparison with sanitary standards, taking into account developed vibration protection system.
Figure 9. Sound pressure level in one-third octave frequency bands in a living room when three boilers are operating simultaneously.
Conclusion
The created vibration protection system allows you to protect a residential building equipped with a roof boiler room from vibrations, created work gas boilers, as well as ensure normal vibration mode of operation for the most gas equipment together with the pipeline system, increasing the service life and reducing the likelihood of accidents.
The main advantages of the developed vibration protection system are simplicity of design and installation, low cost in comparison with other types of vibration isolators, resistance to temperatures and pollution, insignificant rise of boilers above the floor, good damping characteristics of the system, and the possibility of adjustment.
The vibration protection system prevents the propagation of structural noise from the roof boiler room equipment throughout the building structure, thereby reducing the sound pressure level in residential premises to an acceptable level.
Literature
1. Igolkin, A.A. Reducing noise in residential premises through the use of vibration isolators [Text] / A.A. Igolkin, L.V. Rodionov, E.V. Shakhmatov // Security in the technosphere. No. 4. 2008. pp. 40-43.
2. SN 2.2.4/2.1.8.562-96 “Noise in workplaces, residential premises, public buildings and in residential areas", 1996, 8 p.
3. GOST 23337-78 “Noise. Methods for measuring noise on residential area and in the premises of residential and public buildings", 1978, 18 p.
4. Shakhmatov, E.V. A comprehensive solution to the problems of vibroacoustics of mechanical engineering and aerospace engineering products [Text] / E.V. Shakhmatov // LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing GmbH&CO.KG. 2012. 81 p.
From the editor. On October 27, 2017, Rospotrebnadzor published information on its official website “On the impact of physical factors, including noise, on public health”, which notes that in the structure of citizens’ complaints about various physical factors, the largest share (over 60%) is made up of complaints about noise. The main ones are complaints from residents, including about acoustic discomfort from ventilation systems and refrigeration equipment, noise and vibration during operation of heating equipment.
The reasons for the increased noise level created by these sources are the insufficiency of noise protection measures at the design stage, installation of equipment with deviations from design solutions without assessing the generated levels of noise and vibration, unsatisfactory implementation of noise protection measures at the commissioning stage, placement of equipment not provided for in the project, as well as unsatisfactory control over the operation of the equipment.
The Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare draws the attention of citizens that in the event of adverse effects of physical factors, incl. noise, you should contact the territorial Office of Rospotrebnadzor for the constituent entity of the Russian Federation.
The number of requests from citizens received by the Office of Rospotrebnadzor in the Tyumen Region about the deterioration of living conditions due to exposure to excess noise levels increases every year.
In 2013, 362 complaints were received (in total regarding violations of peace and quiet, accommodation and noise), in 2014 - 416 complaints, and in 2015, 80 complaints were already received.
According to established practice, after residents apply, the Department orders measurements of noise and vibration levels in residential premises. If necessary, measurements are carried out in organizations located near apartments, where, for example, “noisy” equipment is operated - a source of noise (restaurant, cafe, store, etc.). If noise and vibration levels exceed permissible values, according to SN 2.2.4/2.1.8.562-96 “Noise in workplaces, in residential and public buildings and in residential areas”, to the owners of noise sources - legal entities, individual entrepreneurs - the Department issues an order to eliminate identified violations of sanitary legislation.
How can you reduce the noise from the equipment listed above so that during its operation there are no complaints from the residents of the house? Certainly, perfect option-provide for the necessary measures at the design stage of a residential building, then the development of noise-reducing measures is always possible, and their implementation during construction is tens of times cheaper than in those houses that have already been built.
The situation is completely different if the building has already been built and there are noise sources in it that exceed current standards. Then, most often, noisy units are replaced with less noisy ones and measures are taken to isolate the units and the communications leading to them from vibration. Next, we will consider specific sources of noise and measures for vibration isolation of equipment.
NOISE FROM THE AIR CONDITIONER
The use of three-link vibration isolation, when the air conditioner is installed on the frame through a vibration isolator, and the frame - on reinforced concrete slab through rubber gaskets (in this case, the reinforced concrete slab is installed on spring vibration isolators on the roof of the building), leads to a reduction in penetrating structural noise to levels acceptable in residential premises.
To reduce noise, it is necessary, in addition to strengthening the noise and vibration insulation of the air duct walls and installing a muffler on the air duct of the ventilation unit (from the premises), to attach the expansion chamber and air ducts to the ceiling through vibration-isolating hangers or gaskets.
NOISE FROM THE BOILER ROOM ON THE ROOF
To protect the boiler room located on the roof of the house from noise, the foundation slab of the roof boiler room is installed on spring vibration isolators or a vibration isolating mat made of special material. Pumps and boiler units equipped in the boiler room are installed on vibration isolators and soft inserts are used.
Pumps in the boiler room must not be installed with the engine facing down! They must be installed in such a way that the load from the pipelines is not transferred to the pump housing. In addition, the noise level is higher with a higher power pump or if several pumps are installed. To reduce noise, the boiler room foundation slab can also be placed on spring shock absorbers or high-strength multilayer rubber and rubber-metal vibration isolators.
Current regulations do not allow the placement of a rooftop boiler room directly on the ceiling of residential premises (the ceiling of a residential premises cannot serve as the basis for the floor of the boiler room), as well as adjacent to residential premises. It is not allowed to design rooftop boiler houses on buildings of preschool and school institutions, medical buildings of clinics and hospitals with 24-hour stay of patients, on dormitory buildings of sanatoriums and recreational facilities. When installing equipment on the roof and ceilings, it is advisable to place it in places farthest from the protected objects.
NOISE FROM INTERNET EQUIPMENT
According to the recommendations for the design of communication systems, informatization and dispatching of housing construction projects, it is recommended to install cellular antenna amplifiers in a metal cabinet with a locking device on technical floors, attics or stairwells of the upper floors. If it is necessary to install house amplifiers on different floors of multi-story buildings, they should be installed in metal cabinets in close proximity to the riser under the ceiling, usually at a height of at least 2 m from the bottom of the cabinet to the floor.
When installing amplifiers on technical floors and attics, to eliminate the transmission of vibration from a metal cabinet with a locking device, the latter must be installed on vibration isolators.
EXIT - VIBRATION ISOLATORS AND “FLOATING” FLOORS
For ventilation and refrigeration equipment on the upper, lower and intermediate technical floors of residential buildings, hotels, multifunctional complexes or in the vicinity of noise-regulated rooms where people are constantly present, the units can be installed on factory-made vibration isolators on a reinforced concrete slab. This slab is mounted on a vibration-isolating layer or springs on a “floating” floor (an additional reinforced concrete slab on a vibration-isolating layer) in a technical room. It should be noted that fans and external condenser units, which are currently produced, are equipped with vibration isolators only at the request of the customer.
“Floating” floors without special vibration isolators can only be used with equipment having operating frequencies of more than 45-50 Hz. These are, as a rule, small machines, the vibration isolation of which can be ensured in other ways. The effectiveness of floors on an elastic base at such low frequencies is small, therefore they are used exclusively in combination with other types of vibration isolators, which provides high vibration isolation at low frequencies (due to vibration isolators), as well as at medium and high frequencies (due to vibration isolators and a “floating” floor).
The floating floor screed must be carefully isolated from the walls and the load-bearing floor slab, since the formation of even small rigid bridges between them can significantly worsen its vibration-isolating properties. Where the “floating” floor adjoins the walls there must be a seam made of non-hardening materials that does not allow water to pass through.
NOISE FROM THE GARBAGE CHIP
To reduce noise, it is necessary to comply with the requirements of the standards and not design the waste chute adjacent to residential premises. The garbage chute should not be adjacent to or located in walls enclosing residential or office premises with regulated noise levels.
The most common measures to reduce noise from garbage chutes are:
- “floating” floors are provided in waste collection rooms;
- with the consent of the residents of all apartments at the entrance, the garbage chute is sealed (or eliminated) with the placement of a garbage chamber for wheelchairs, a concierge room, etc. in the premises. (the positive thing is that in addition to noise, odors disappear, the possibility of rats and insects, the likelihood of fires, dirt, etc. is eliminated);
- the loading valve bucket is mounted framed with rubber or magnetic seals;
- decorative heat and noise insulating lining of the garbage chute trunk made of building materials separated from building structures buildings with soundproofing pads.
Today many construction companies offer their services various designs to increase the sound insulation of walls and promise complete silence. It should be noted that in fact, no structures can remove the structural noise transmitted through the floors, ceilings and walls when disposing of solid household waste into a garbage chute.
NOISE FROM ELEVATORS
In SP 51.13330.2011 “Noise protection. The updated version of SNiP 23-03-2003 states that it is advisable to locate elevator shafts in the stairwell between flights of stairs(clause 11.8). When making an architectural and planning solution for a residential building, it should be provided that the built-in elevator shaft is adjacent to rooms that do not require increased protection from noise and vibration (halls, corridors, kitchens, sanitary facilities). All elevator shafts, regardless of the planning solution, must be self-supporting and have an independent foundation.
The shafts must be separated from other building structures with an acoustic seam of 40-50 mm or vibration-isolating pads. Acoustic slabs are recommended as an elastic layer material. mineral wool on a basalt or fiberglass base and various foamed polymer roll materials.
To protect an elevator installation from structural noise, its drive motor with gearbox and winch, usually installed on one common frame, are vibration-isolated from the supporting surface. Modern elevator drive units are equipped with appropriate vibration isolators installed under metal frames on which motors, gearboxes and winches are rigidly mounted, and therefore additional vibration isolation of the drive unit is usually not required. In this case, it is additionally recommended to make a two-stage (two-link) vibration isolation system by installing a support frame through vibration isolators on a reinforced concrete slab, which is also separated from the floor by vibration isolators.
The operation of elevator winches installed on two-stage vibration isolation systems has shown that noise levels from them do not exceed standard values in the nearest residential premises (through 1-2 walls). For practical purposes, care must be taken to ensure that vibration isolation is not compromised by occasional rigid bridges between the metal frame and the supporting surface. Electrical supply cables must have sufficiently long flexible loops. However, the operation of other elements of elevator installations (control panels, transformers, cabin and counterweight shoes, etc.) may be accompanied by noise above standard values.
It is prohibited to design the elevator engine room floor as a continuation of the ceiling slab of the upper floor living room.
NOISE FROM TRANSFORMERSSUBSTATIONSON THE GROUND FLOORS
To protect residential and other premises with regulated noise levels from noise from transformer substations, the following conditions must be observed:
- premises of built-in transformer substations;
- should not be adjacent to noise-protected premises;
- built-in transformer substations should
- located in basements or on the first floors of buildings;
- transformers must be installed on vibration isolators designed accordingly;
- electrical panels, containing electromagnetic communication devices, and separately installed oil switches with an electric drive must be mounted on rubber vibration isolators (air disconnectors do not require vibration insulation);
- ventilation devices premises of built-in transformer substations must be equipped with noise suppressors.
To further reduce noise from the built-in transformer substation, it is advisable to treat its ceilings and interior walls sound-absorbing cladding.
In built-in transformer substations protection against electromagnetic radiation must be provided (a mesh made of a special material with grounding to reduce the level of radiation of the electrical component and steel sheet for magnetic).
NOISE FROM ATTACHED BOILER ROOMS,BASEMENT PUMPS AND PIPES
Boiler room equipment (pumps and pipelines, ventilation units, air ducts, gas boilers etc.) must be vibration-isolated using vibration foundations and soft inserts. Ventilation units are equipped with silencers.
To vibration-proof pumps located in basements, elevator units in individual heating points (ITP), ventilation units, refrigeration chambers, the specified equipment is installed on vibration foundations. Pipelines and air ducts are vibration-insulated from the house structures, since the predominant noise in apartments located above may not be the basic noise from equipment in the basement, but that which is transmitted to the enclosing structures through vibration of pipelines and equipment foundations. It is prohibited to install built-in boiler rooms in residential buildings.
In piping systems connected to the pump, it is necessary to use flexible inserts - rubber-fabric hoses or rubber-fabric hoses reinforced with metal spirals, depending on the hydraulic pressure in a network, 700-900 mm long. If there are pipe sections between the pump and the flexible insert, the sections should be attached to the walls and ceilings of the room on vibration-isolating supports, suspensions or through shock-absorbing pads. Flexible inserts should be located as close as possible to the pumping unit, both on the discharge and suction lines.
To reduce noise and vibration levels in residential buildings from the operation of heat and water supply systems, it is necessary to isolate the distribution pipelines of all systems from the building structures at the points where they pass through the load-bearing structures (entering and exiting residential buildings). The gap between the pipeline and the foundation at the inlet and outlet must be at least 30 mm.
Prepared based on materials from the journal Sanitary-Epidemiological Interlocutor (No. 1(149), 2015
Date: 12/12/2015
Boiler rooms make a lot of noise. They have many elements that make sounds: pumps, fans, pumps and other mechanisms. Basically, working in industry, with industrial equipment, one way or another forces the specialist to deal with noise, and there is no way to make the units completely silent yet. But you can make them much less loud.
How to reduce the noise of a boiler room when designing
Very strict requirements are imposed on the noise level of electrical and thermal power facilities, especially if the designated facilities are located within the city. A boiler room is just a heat power facility, and even being compact, it can cause significant discomfort to others.
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V.B. Tupov
Moscow Energy Institute ( Technical University)
ANNOTATION
The original developments of MPEI to reduce noise from energy equipment Thermal power plants and boiler houses. Examples are given of noise reduction from the most intense noise sources, namely from steam emissions, combined-cycle plants, draft machines, hot-water boilers, transformers and cooling towers, taking into account the requirements and specifics of their operation at energy facilities. The test results of mufflers are given. The presented data allows us to recommend MPEI silencers for widespread use at energy facilities in the country.
1. INTRODUCTION
Solutions to environmental issues during the operation of power equipment are a priority. Noise is one of the important pollutants environment, decrease negative impact which is subject to the laws “On the Protection of Atmospheric Air” and “On the Protection of the Environment”. natural environment", and sanitary standards SN 2.2.4/2.1.8.562-96 establish permissible noise levels in workplaces and residential areas.
The normal operation of power equipment is associated with noise emissions that exceed sanitary standards not only on the territory of power facilities, but also in the surrounding area. This is especially important for energy facilities located in large cities near residential areas. The use of combined cycle gas units (CCP) and gas turbine units (GTU), as well as equipment of higher technical parameters associated with increased sound pressure levels in the surrounding area.
Some energy equipment has tonal components in its emission spectrum. The round-the-clock operation cycle of power equipment causes a particular danger of noise exposure for the population at night.
In accordance with sanitary standards, sanitary protection zones (SPZ) of thermal power plants with an equivalent electrical power of 600 MW and above, using coal and fuel oil as fuel, must have a SPZ of at least 1000 m, operating on gas and gas-oil fuel - at least 500 m. For CHPPs and district boiler houses with a thermal capacity of 200 Gcal and above, operating on coal and fuel oil, the sanitary protection zone is at least 500 m, and for those operating on gas and reserve fuel oil - at least 300 m.
Sanitary norms and rules are established minimum dimensions sanitary zone, and actual dimensions may be larger. Excess acceptable standards from constantly operating equipment of thermal power plants (TPP) can reach 25-32 dB for work areas; for residential areas - 20-25 dB at a distance of 500 m from a powerful thermal power plant (TPP) and 15-20 dB at a distance of 100 m from a large district thermal station (RTS) or quarterly thermal station (CTS). Therefore, the problem of reducing noise impact from energy facilities is relevant, and in the near future its importance will increase.
2. EXPERIENCE IN NOISE REDUCTION FROM POWER EQUIPMENT
2.1. Main areas of work
Excess of sanitary standards in the surrounding area is formed, as a rule, by a group of sources, the development of noise reduction measures, which receive much attention both abroad and in our country. The work on noise suppression of power equipment from companies such as Industrial acoustic company (IAC), BB-Acustic, Gerb and others is known abroad, and in our country there are developments by YuzhVTI, NPO TsKTI, ORGRES, VZPI (Open University), NIISF, VNIAM, etc. . .
Since 1982, the Moscow Energy Institute (Technical University) has also been carrying out a set of works to solve this problem. Here, in recent years, new effective silencers have been developed and implemented at large and small energy facilities for the most intense noise sources from:
steam emissions;
combined cycle gas plants;
draft machines (smoke exhausters and blower fans);
hot water boilers;
transformers;
cooling towers and other sources.
Below are examples of noise reduction from power equipment using MPEI developments. The work on their implementation has a high social significance, which consists in reducing noise exposure to sanitary standards for a large number of the population and personnel of energy facilities.
2.2. Examples of noise reduction from power equipment
Discharges of steam from power boilers into the atmosphere are the most intense, albeit short-term, source of noise both for the territory of the enterprise and for the surrounding area.
Acoustic measurements show that at a distance of 1 - 15 m from the steam exhaust of a power boiler, sound levels exceed not only the permissible, but also the maximum permissible level sound (110 dBA) at 6 - 28 dBA.
Therefore, the development of new effective steam silencers is an urgent task. A noise suppressor for steam emissions (MEI silencer) was developed.
The steam muffler has various modifications depending on the required reduction in exhaust noise level and the characteristics of the steam.
Currently, MPEI steam silencers have been implemented at a number of energy facilities: Saransk Thermal Power Plant No. 2 (CHP-2) of OJSC “Territorial Generating Company-6”, boiler OKG-180 of OJSC “Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works”, CHPP-9, TPP-11 of OJSC “Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works” Mosenergo". Steam consumption through the silencers ranged from 154 t/h at Saransk CHPP-2 to 16 t/h at CHPP-7 of Mosenergo OJSC.
MPEI mufflers were installed on the exhaust pipelines after the GPC of boilers st. No. 1, 2 CHPP-7 branch of CHPP-12 of Mosenergo OJSC. The efficiency of this noise suppressor, obtained from the measurement results, was 1.3 - 32.8 dB across the entire spectrum of standardized octave bands with geometric mean frequencies from 31.5 to 8000 Hz.
On boilers st. No. 4, 5 CHPP-9 of Mosenergo OJSC, several MPEI silencers were installed on the steam discharge after the main safety valves(GPC). The tests carried out here showed that the acoustic efficiency was 16.6 - 40.6 dB across the entire spectrum of standardized octave bands with geometric mean frequencies 31.5 - 8000 Hz, and in terms of sound level - 38.3 dBA.
MPEI mufflers, in comparison with foreign and other domestic analogues, have high specific characteristics, allowing to achieve maximum acoustic effect with minimal muffler weight and maximum steam flow through the muffler.
MEI steam silencers can be used to reduce the noise of superheated and wet steam being discharged into the atmosphere, natural gas etc. The muffler design can be used in wide range parameters of the discharged steam and be used both on blocks with subcritical parameters and on blocks with supercritical parameters. The experience of using MPEI steam silencers has shown the necessary acoustic efficiency and reliability of the silencers at various facilities.
When developing measures for noise suppression of gas turbine plants, the main attention was paid to the development of silencers for gas paths.
According to the recommendations of the Moscow Power Engineering Institute, the designs of noise suppressors for gas paths of waste heat boilers of the following brands were made: KUV-69.8-150 manufactured by Dorogobuzhkotlomash OJSC for the Severny Settlement gas turbine power plant, P-132 manufactured by Podolsk Machine-Building Plant JSC (PMZ JSC) for Kirishi State District Power Plant, P-111 produced by JSC PMZ for CHPP-9 of JSC Mosenergo, waste heat boiler under license from Nooter/Eriksen for power unit PGU-220 of Ufimskaya CHPP-5, KGT-45/4.0- 430-13/0.53-240 for the Novy Urengoy Gas Chemical Complex (GCC).
A set of works to reduce the noise of gas paths was carried out for the Severny Settlement GTU-CHP.
The Severny Settlement GTU-CHP contains a two-case HRSG designed by Dorogobuzhkotlomash OJSC, which is installed after two FT-8.3 gas turbines from Pratt & Whitney Power Systems. Evacuation of flue gases from the HRSG is carried out through one chimney.
Conducted acoustic calculations showed that in order to meet sanitary standards in a residential area at a distance of 300 m from the mouth of the chimney, it is necessary to reduce noise in the range from 7.8 dB to 27.3 dB at geometric mean frequencies of 63-8000 Hz.
A dissipative plate noise muffler developed by MPEI to reduce the exhaust noise of a gas turbine unit with a gas turbine unit is located in two metal noise-attenuation boxes of the unit with dimensions of 6000x6054x5638 mm above the convective packages in front of the confusers.
At the Kirishi State District Power Plant, a steam-gas unit PGU-800 with a P-132 horizontal installation unit and a gas turbine unit SGT5-400F (Siemens) is currently being implemented.
Calculations have shown that the required reduction in noise level from the gas turbine exhaust tract is 12.6 dBA to ensure a sound level of 95 dBA at 1 m from the mouth of the chimney.
To reduce noise in the gas ducts of the KU P-132 at the Kirishi State District Power Plant, a cylindrical muffler has been developed, which is located in the chimney internal diameter 8000 mm.
The noise suppressor consists of four cylindrical elements placed evenly in the chimney, while the relative flow area of the silencer is 60%.
The calculated efficiency of the muffler is 4.0-25.5 dB in the range of octave bands with geometric mean frequencies of 31.5 - 4000 Hz, which corresponds to an acoustic efficiency at a sound level of 20 dBA.
The use of silencers to reduce noise from smoke exhausters using the example of CHPP-26 of Mosenergo OJSC in horizontal sections is given in.
In 2009, to reduce the noise of the gas path behind the centrifugal smoke exhausters D-21.5x2 of the TGM-84 st. No. 4 CHPP-9, a plate-type noise suppressor was installed on the straight vertical section of the boiler flue behind the smoke exhausters before entering the chimney at an elevation of 23.63 m.
The plate noise silencer for the flue duct of the TGM TETs-9 boiler is a two-stage design.
Each muffler stage consists of five plates 200 mm thick and 2500 mm long, placed evenly in a gas duct measuring 3750x2150 mm. The distance between the plates is 550 mm, the distance between the outer plates and the wall of the flue is 275 mm. With this placement of the plates, the relative flow area is 73.3%. The length of one stage of the muffler without fairings is 2500 mm, the distance between the stages of the muffler is 2000 mm, inside the plates there is a non-flammable, non-hygroscopic sound-absorbing material, which is protected from blowing by fiberglass and perforated metal sheet. The muffler has aerodynamic drag about 130 Pa. The weight of the muffler structure is about 2.7 tons. The acoustic efficiency of the muffler, according to test results, is 22-24 dB at geometric mean frequencies of 1000-8000 Hz.
An example of a comprehensive development of noise reduction measures is the development of MPEI to reduce noise from smoke exhausters at HPP-1 of Mosenergo OJSC. Here, high demands were placed on the aerodynamic resistance of the mufflers, which had to be placed in the station’s existing gas ducts.
To reduce the noise of gas paths of boilers Art. No. 6, 7 GES-1, a branch of Mosenergo OJSC, MPEI has developed an entire noise reduction system. The noise reduction system consists of the following elements: a plate muffler, gas path turns lined with sound-absorbing material, a separating sound-absorbing partition and a ramp. The presence of a dividing sound-absorbing partition, a ramp and sound-absorbing lining of the turns of the boiler flues, in addition to reducing noise levels, helps to reduce the aerodynamic resistance of the gas paths of power boilers st. No. 6, 7 as a result of eliminating the collision of flue gas flows at the point of their connection, organizing smoother turns of flue gases in gas paths. Aerodynamic measurements showed that the total aerodynamic resistance of the gas paths of the boilers behind the smoke exhausters practically did not increase due to the installation of a noise suppression system. Total weight noise reduction system amounted to about 2.23 tons.
Experience in reducing noise levels from air intakes of forced-air boiler fans is given in. The article discusses examples of reducing the noise of boiler air intakes using silencers designed by MPEI. Here are mufflers for the air intake of the VDN-25x2K blower fan of the BKZ-420-140 NGM boiler st. No. 10 CHPP-12 of Mosenergo OJSC and hot water boilers through underground mines(using the example of boilers
PTVM-120 RTS "Yuzhnoye Butovo") and through channels located in the wall of the boiler house building (using the example of boilers PTVM-30 RTS "Solntsevo"). The first two cases of air duct layout are quite typical for energy and hot water boilers, and a feature of the third case is the absence of areas where a muffler can be installed and high air flow rates in the ducts.
Measures to reduce noise were developed and implemented in 2009 using sound-absorbing screens from four communication transformers of the TC TN-63000/110 type at TPP-16 of Mosenergo OJSC. Sound-absorbing screens are installed at a distance of 3 m from transformers. The height of each sound-absorbing screen is 4.5 m, and the length varies from 8 to 11 m. The sound-absorbing screen consists of separate panels installed in special racks. Steel panels with sound-absorbing cladding are used as screen panels. The panel on the front side is covered with a corrugated metal sheet, and on the side of the transformers - with a perforated metal sheet with a perforation coefficient of 25%. Inside the screen panels there is a non-flammable, non-hygroscopic sound-absorbing material.
Test results showed that sound pressure levels after installing the screen decreased at control points to 10-12 dB.
Currently, projects have been developed to reduce noise from cooling towers and transformers at TPP-23 and from cooling towers at TPP-16 of Mosenergo OJSC using screens.
The active introduction of MPEI noise silencers for hot water boilers continued. In the last three years alone, silencers have been installed on boilers PTVM-50, PTVM-60, PTVM-100 and PTVM-120 at RTS Rublevo, Strogino, Kozhukhovo, Volkhonka-ZIL, Biryulyovo, Khimki -Khovrino”, “Red Builder”, “Chertanovo”, “Tushino-1”, “Tushino-2”, “Tushino-5”, “Novomoskovskaya”, “Babushkinskaya-1”, “Babushkinskaya-2”, “Krasnaya Presnya” ", KTS-11, KTS-18, KTS-24, Moscow, etc.
Tests of all installed silencers have shown high acoustic efficiency and reliability, which is confirmed by implementation certificates. Currently, more than 200 silencers are in use.
The introduction of MPEI silencers continues.
In 2009, a supply agreement was concluded integrated solutions to reduce noise impact from power equipment between MPEI and the Central Repair Plant (TsRMZ Moscow). This will make it possible to more widely introduce MPEI developments at the country’s energy facilities. CONCLUSION
The developed complex of MPEI mufflers to reduce noise from various power equipment has shown the necessary acoustic efficiency and takes into account the specifics of work at power facilities. The mufflers have undergone long-term operational testing.
The considered experience of their use allows us to recommend MPEI silencers for widespread use at energy facilities in the country.
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1. Architectural and planning
Functional zoning of the territory settlement;
Rational planning of the territory of a residential area - the use of the shielding effect of residential and public buildings located in close proximity to the noise source. Wherein interior layout the building should ensure that the sleeping and other premises of the residential area of the apartment are oriented towards the quiet side, and rooms in which people spend a short time - kitchens, bathrooms, etc. - should be oriented towards the highway. staircases;
Creating conditions for the continuous movement of vehicles by organizing traffic without traffic lights (transport interchanges at different levels, underground pedestrian crossings, one-way streets);
Creation of bypass roads for transit transport;
Landscaping of residential areas.
2. Technological
Modernization of vehicles (reducing noise of the engine, chassis, etc.);
The use of engineering screens - laying a highway or railway in a excavation, creating screen walls from various wall structures;
Reducing noise penetration through window openings of residential and public buildings (using soundproofing materials– sealing gaskets made of sponge rubber in the window ledges, installation of windows with triple sashes).
3. Administrative and organizational
State supervision of the technical condition of vehicles (monitoring compliance with maintenance schedules, mandatory regular technical inspections);
Monitoring the condition of the road surface.
TEST TASKS
CHOOSE ALL CORRECT ANSWERS
1. WHEN SELECTING A LAND FOR DEVELOPING A SETTLEMENT, YOU SHOULD CONSIDER
1) terrain
3) availability of water and green areas
4) the nature of the soil
5) population size
2. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR PLANNING A SETTLEMENT
1) placement functional zones on the ground, taking into account the wind rose
2) the presence of functional zoning of the territory
3) ensuring a sufficient level of insolation of the territory
4) providing convenient routes of communication between in separate parts cities
5) availability sufficient quantity high-rise buildings
3. THE FOLLOWING ZONES ARE DISTRIBUTED ON THE CITY TERRITORY
1) residential
2) industrial
3) communal and warehouse
4) central
5) suburban
4. TYPES OF PLANNING OF SETTLED AREAS
1) perimeter
2) lowercase
3) mixed
4) arachnoid
5) free
5. THE FOLLOWING REQUIREMENTS ARE FOR THE LOCATION OF AN INDUSTRIAL ZONE
1) take into account the wind rose
2) organize a sanitary protection zone
3) take into account the terrain
4) take into account the population size
5) located downstream of the city along the river
6. IN THE RESIDENTIAL ZONE THEY ARE PLACED
1) residential areas
2) commercial warehouses
3) administrative center
4) car parks
5) forest park area
7. THE MOST IMPORTANT HYGIENIC FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN PLANNING IN OUR COUNTRY ARE
1) the state of the territory for the location of the settlement
2) limiting the growth of large and super-large cities
3) the possibility of landscaping the territory
4) functional zoning cities
5) use of natural and climatic factors
8. SUBURBAN AREA IS NECESSARY FOR
1) placement of industrial enterprises
2) recreation of the population
3) placement of public utility facilities
4) organization of forest park zone
5) placement of transport hubs
9. The type of development of the settlement is determined
1) terrain
2) wind conditions of the territory
3) population size
4) the presence of green spaces
5) location of roads
10. THE DISADVANTAGE OF PERIMETERAL DEVELOPMENT IS
1) difficulty in providing good conditions insolation of dwellings
2) the difficulty of organizing ventilation of the area
3) inconvenience for the population
4) difficulty with organization internal territory microdistrict
5) impossibility of use in large cities
STANDARD ANSWERS
1. 1), 2), 3), 4)
3. 1), 2), 3), 5)
7. 1), 3), 4), 5)
9. 1), 2), 4), 5)
HOME HYGIENE
According to WHO experts, people spend more than 80% of their time in non-production premises. This suggests that the quality of the indoor environment, including the home environment, can influence human health. Hygienic requirements for housing are regulated by SanPiN 2.1.2.2645-10 Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for living conditions in residential buildings and premises; SanPiN 2.2.1./2.1.1.2585-10, amended. and additional No. 1 to SanPiN 2.2.1/2.1.1.1278-03 Hygienic requirements for natural, artificial and combined lighting of residential and public buildings.
