Concrete is the main material used in the construction of residential and industrial buildings, laying transport highways, erecting bridges, platins, strengthening dams and tunnels. Safety and security depend on the strength of concrete. long term services, erected structures.

Structural concrete consists of cement, water and solid aggregates. Increased requirements for the strength and reliability of foundations, monolithic structures, dams, dams, tunnels are successfully performed with concrete based on sand and gravel mixture (SGM).

Main types of ASG

Sand-gravel mixture is an inorganic bulk building material.

Based on the percentage of gravel grains in the mixture, they are distinguished:

• Natural (natural) sand-gravel mixture (SGM) with a gravel content of 10–20%;
• Enriched (sorted) sand and gravel mixture (OPGS) with a gravel content of 15–75%.

Based on origin and location, the natural type of mixture is divided into three types:

• Gorno-ravine, in which there are rock inclusions, and gravel grains have an acute angular shape.
• Lake-river with gravel of smoother shapes and a small content of clay and shell rock.
• Marine type characterized by a homogeneous composition, solid inclusions round shape and minimal impurity content.

Mountain-gully ASG is not used for concrete production due to its heterogeneous structure. This mixture is used to fill pits, foundations for transport highways, trenches when laying pipelines, and is used as a drainage layer in sewer systems.

Concrete for building structures, requiring special strength, are prepared from a river or sea enriched mixture of sand and gravel.

Acceptable grain sizes of solid fractions in ASG according to GOST 23735–2014 “Sand-gravel mixtures for construction work"(came into effect on July 1, 15) are:

Name	Grain size, mm
sand	<0,16	0,16–0,315	0,315–0,63	0,63–1,25	1,25–2,5	2,5–5,0
gravel	5–10	10–20	20–40	40–70	70–100	100–150

Which sand and gravel mixture is suitable for concrete?

In the construction industry, concrete is used, which is produced from a natural mixture by enriching it with a certain amount of gravel. Enrichment of ASG occurs on screens, in drums or on vibrating planes, where fractions are sorted by size and excess sand is removed.

Permissible standards for gravel content in OPGS are defined in GOST 23735–2014 “Sand-gravel mixtures for construction work.”

There are five groups of enriched sand and gravel mixtures, which differ in the percentage of gravel grains in their composition. They are shown in the table.

OPGS Group	Gravel content, %
1st	15–25
2nd	>25–35
3rd	>35–50
4th	>50–65
5th	>65–75

According to GOST 23735–2014, the sizes of gravel grains in OPGS should not exceed: 10 mm; 20 mm; 40 mm or 70 mm. In special cases, a maximum gravel size of up to 150 mm is allowed.

The characteristics of gravel included in the OPGS, such as strength, frost resistance, impurity content, are checked according to GOST 8267–93 “Crushed stone and gravel from dense rocks for construction work.”

The quality of sand (composition, grain size, content of dust and clay impurities) in the enriched sand-gravel mixture used for preparing concrete must comply with GOST 8736–93 “Sand for construction work”.

How to prepare concrete from ASG?

Depending on the compressive strength, concrete is divided into classes in accordance with SNiP 2.03.01–84 “Concrete and reinforced concrete structures" The class of concrete is indicated by the letter “B” and a number corresponding to the load in MPa that a concrete cube measuring 15*15*15 cm can withstand.

More familiar to construction market Concrete grades are designated by the letter “M” and the tensile strength values ​​in kg/cm 2 . The cement included in the concrete is also marked.

In construction, concrete grades from M100 to M450 are used. The grade and, accordingly, the strength of concrete depends on the amount of cement included in its composition.

To produce popular grades of concrete, M400 and M500 cement is used in certain proportions with an enriched sand-gravel mixture and water.

OPGS for a concrete mixture must contain gravel grains of various sizes. The fine gravel will fill the voids between the coarse grains and provide the design strength of the concrete.

The enriched mixture should be purchased from large manufacturers that guarantee compliance of the characteristics of the OPGS with norms and standards.

Mixing the concrete mixture is done manually or mechanically.

Mechanisms and tools for mixing concrete directly on the construction site:

• concrete mixer;
• shovel;
• bucket;
• container for manual kneading.

Higher quality concrete is obtained by mechanical production from ready-made enriched sand and gravel mixtures.

ASG concrete for foundation

Concrete grades are prepared from an enriched mixture of gravel and sand:

• M150– for foundations for small one-story buildings;
• M200– for strip and slab foundations;
• M250– for monolithic and slab foundations;
• M300– for monolithic foundations;
• M400– with accelerated setting for particularly strong foundations.

To improve the adhesion of the mixed components, Portland cement with a calcium silicate content of up to 80% is used to prepare concrete. This allows concrete to be mixed at low temperatures, but not lower than +16 0 C.

Proportions of ASG and cement for concrete

Proportions for preparing concrete from cement grades M400, M500 and OPGS of the 4th group with a gravel content of 60–65% (cement/OPGS):

Concrete grade	Proportions, (kg)		Proportions, (l)		Amount of concrete per 10l (l)
	cement M400	cement M500	cement M400	cement M500	cement M400	cement M500
100	1/11,6	1/13,9	10/102	10/124	78	90
150	1/9,2	1/11,1	10/82	10/98	64	73
200	1/7,6	1/9,1	10/67	10/81	54	62
250	1/6	1/7,1	10/53	10/63	43	50
300	1/5,6	1/6,7	10/49	10/59	41	47
400	1/3,9	1/4,8	10/35	10/42	31	36
500	1/3,6	1/4,3	10/32	10/37	29	32

Depending on humidity source material, the amount of water per fraction of the dry mass of the solution may vary, so water is added in parts. At the beginning of the batch, take 2/3 of the water, gradually adding water during the preparation of concrete until a homogeneous plastic mass is obtained.

Experienced builders advise preparing concrete for the foundation from an enriched sand-gravel mixture in a volume ratio of 1/8 or 1/6.

In this case, concrete grades are obtained accordingly:

• M150 and M200 from cement M400 and M500;
• M200 and M300 from cement M400 and M500.

Instructions for mixing concrete M300 from OPGS, mechanically, in a 125 liter concrete mixer:

• Concrete mixer included without filling with ingredients.
• Tilt the concrete mixer to the first position and pour 5 liters of water.
• Fill 6 buckets of OPGS 4th group with grain size 5–20 mm.
• Tilt the concrete mixer move to the second position and fill in 1 bucket of M500 cement.
• Add 3 liters of water, depending on the humidity of the OPGS.
• After 2–3 minutes The readiness of concrete is determined by color and consistency.

When kneading manually concrete:

• dry ingredients are poured into a container (trough, tray) mixtures and mix them thoroughly with a shovel;
• form a slide from cement mixture and make a hole in it;
• Water is gradually poured into the hole, constantly stirring the solution with a shovel;
• water is added until the desired concrete consistency is obtained.

You can determine the proportions for mixing concrete without weighing or complex calculations. The method is based on meeting the conditions under which durable concrete is obtained. The cementitious emulsion should fill everything free space between the solid fractions of the mixture.

To do this, take a measuring container and a 10 liter bucket. The enriched sand and gravel mixture is poured into a bucket and filled with water, measuring the volume with a measuring cup. When the water rises to the surface of the mixture, record the measured volume of water. This will be the volume of cement that needs to be added to the OPGS.

If it was possible to pour 2 liters of water into a bucket with filler, then to obtain concrete, mix a bucket of OPGS and 2-liter measures of cement. The cement-mixture proportion will be 1/5. Water is added to the dry mixture in portions until a plastic mass is formed.

Concrete gains brand strength 28 days after pouring the foundation.

But to continue construction, you don’t have to wait that long. In warm weather, after three days the concrete gains 70% strength, which is enough to build walls.

In cold weather, you should wait a week, after which you can continue construction.

Mechanical or manually prepare small volumes of concrete for strip foundations garages, outbuildings, dachas, one-story buildings. The average mixing volume of a concrete mixer is 125–300 liters, and for the foundation of a house with a basement, up to 20 m 3 of concrete may be needed.

It is technologically unacceptable to pour concrete in layers over several days, so it is better to order ready-made concrete, which will be transported in a mixer directly to the construction site.

We will build a turnkey house from aerated concrete in Moscow and the Moscow region from 14,000 rubles per meter. This price includes gas silicate block, foundation, walls, roof, screed. Turnkey construction of aerated concrete house - perfect option for people who dream of their own home, who do not want to find a hole in their wallet after construction. Construction technology from this material allows you to build reliable structure over a relatively short period of time. The SVS construction company has been building turnkey houses from aerated concrete in Moscow and the region for over a decade. We have successfully implemented hundreds of projects, as evidenced by positive customer reviews.

• Advantages of building a house from gas silicate

  • Durability and structural strength
  • Light weight, reduced load on the foundation
  • High degree of fire protection
  • Environmental safety of the material
  • Wide architectural possibilities
  • Immunity to rotting and microorganisms
  • Good thermal insulation properties

• Disadvantages of building a house from gas silicate

  • A large number of poor quality material, risk of getting defective
  • The need for exterior decoration facade
  • Tendency to saturate with moisture (hygroscopicity), the need to constantly heat the house

If you decide to build a house from aerated concrete with us, you can be sure of 100% quality. SVS specialists pay especially close attention to compliance with technology, SNPs and GOSTs. We:

• We thoroughly study the soils in order to correctly calculate the foundation for a house made of aerated concrete;
• We accurately calculate the load on the foundation of the house, which allows you to choose optimal technology foundation pouring and construction;
• We use our own professional formwork for the foundation;
• be sure to fill the armored belt in a house made of aerated concrete;
• we place the blocks on special glue, which increases the heat capacity and makes it more aesthetically pleasing appearance, regarding use ordinary solution;
• We use autoclaved aerated concrete. Soundproofing properties materials made using this technology are ten times superior to brick.

It is worth noting that during the construction of housing the cost of work does not change. Risks associated.

The cost of building houses from aerated concrete is from 15,000 rubles m²

The cost of a house made of aerated concrete - price in Moscow and the region

The cost of building a house from aerated concrete in Moscow and the region varies greatly among different construction companies. It depends not only on the quality of the work performed, but also on the image of the construction team, the availability of appropriate licenses, permits, and their own machinery and equipment. The SVS company offers to build a turnkey aerated concrete house inexpensively. We achieved a reduction in cost relative to our competitors due to the complete rejection of subcontracting and rent.

Price individual design- 250 rubles per 1 sq. meter.
When building a house with our company, the design is free of charge

At the SVS company, the price of building a turnkey aerated concrete house varies. It starts from 14 thousand rubles and reaches 23 thousand. This indicator is influenced by the complexity of the work and the materials used. Having decided to entrust the construction of a turnkey aerated concrete house in Moscow and the region to the construction company SVS, you will receive unsurpassed quality, an officially concluded contract, total control over the construction site up to online monitoring.

It is almost impossible to build a stable and durable base without the use of concrete, since this material serves as the basis for any structure. The durability and reliability of the finished building depends on the quality of concrete, so you should take a responsible approach to the production of the solution. Very often for construction on private suburban areas developers prepare concrete from sand and gravel mixture with their own hands. Before choosing this option, it is worth learning about all the intricacies of its manufacture.

Selection of materials

Having decided to develop the site, you should purchase all the building materials that may be needed for the work. You need to purchase sand-crushed stone mixture exclusively from time-tested manufacturers.

It is worth knowing that when making concrete from PGS, the proportions of gravel and sand in the mixture may differ. For example, the classic PGS (unenriched) contains only 20 percent gravel, while the enriched one contains 75 percent of the material.

Typically, experts advise using an enriched composition, in which crushed stone predominates. Components for the manufacture of PGS, which are mined from the bottom of a river or sea, have high quality characteristics, therefore it is recommended to add them to prepare the mixture. River and sea components (gravel and sand) contain virtually no impurities, which increases the adhesion of the mixture to other elements of concrete. As a result, the master is guaranteed to receive high-quality PGS concrete for the foundation, the proportions of which will fully comply with the standards.

Subtleties of preparing the solution

Make it yourself concrete mortar for a base using gravel and sand it’s quite simple. For this purpose, certain tools and necessary raw materials are pre-prepared:

• Shovel;
• Dry cement;
• Pure water;
• Sand and gravel;
• Standard size bucket;
• A concrete mixer or trough in which the components will be mixed.

In order for the solution to be of high quality, it is necessary to adhere to a certain ratio when preparing it. If an enriched composition is used for work, then the ideal proportions of PGS and cement for concrete are 8 to 1, respectively.

Next, of course, water is added, the volume of which is determined practically based on the state of the gas mixture. Often the composition is moistened, and therefore when using the mixture you will need several times less liquid than when using a dry composition of gravel and sand. Be that as it may, water is not poured in immediately, but gradually, otherwise there is a risk of getting a solution that is too liquid. The ideal density of concrete is similar to the thickness of sour cream. Having achieved this consistency, you should stop adding liquid.

If you plan to use a classic mixture, then you need to approach its selection with particular care. Maximum size gravel grains should be 8 cm, but if the fraction of the material exceeds this figure, then such a pg is not suitable for concrete. Regarding the proportion for an unenriched mixture:

• Sand and gravel - 6 parts;
• Cement – ​​1 part.

As for cement, professionals advise paying attention to Portland cement, which has excellent astringent characteristics. It is best to purchase material M300, M500 or M600. Cement grade 400 has a certain disadvantage - instant setting, so it should not be used. Not everyone knows that the rapid hardening of cement when pouring the base is fraught with the formation of cold joints, which deteriorate the quality of the finished base.

What else is worth remembering when making concrete from PGS? The proportions in buckets are slightly different. One vessel holds:

• Cement – ​​15.6 kg;
• Mixture of sand and crushed stone - 18 kg.

In this case, the proportion of elements for the classic mixture is 2 to 14, respectively. For an enriched composition, 1 part of cement to 9 parts of pgs is used. Don't forget about water. By strictly following these ratios, you can obtain concrete of the highest quality.

Many craftsmen wonder how much pgs is needed per cubic meter of concrete. To calculate the volume of the mixture, you should focus on the mass of all elements. In addition, the brand of cement used also plays an important role. For example, for the production of M300 concrete the following is used:

• Cement grade 400 – 0.382 t;
• Gravel – 1.08 t;
• Sand – 0.705 t;
• Water – 220 l.

For M100 concrete the following is used:

• Cement grade 400 – 0.214 t;
• Gravel – 1.08 t;
• Sand – 0.87 t;
• Water – 210 l.

Almost always, manufacturers of sand and gravel compositions indicate on the bags the consumption of pg per 1 m3 of concrete.

Sometimes a different payment system is used. For example, to build a basic structure you need concrete mixture M300. To make 1 cubic meter of solution you will need:

• Cement – ​​0.38 t;
• Gravel – 0.8 m3;
• Sand – 0.5 m3.

If these calculation methods seem too complicated, you can follow the simplest path that professionals use - turn to a special table. It is enough to find the name of the material itself (“concrete from PGS”) and the proportions. The table will tell you the appropriate quantities of all components to create a high-quality solution.

Table

Calculation and proportions of ASG in the video:

A little more about concrete:

IN Lately foam-gas-silicate blocks as a material for construction have become very common. They allow construction to be completed much faster than with brick. Foam blocks are reliable and, due to their structure, have heat-retaining properties equal to, or even greater than, brick. The dimensions of the ASG block can be selected for any type of construction.

Foam-gas-silicate blocks are made from sand, cement, lime and aluminum powder.

Foam-gas-silicate block is a mixture of cellular or lightweight concrete. It is made from sand, lime, cement and some aluminum powder or other pore-forming substance, sometimes a gravel base is added. This depends on the required density of the product. Thanks to the powder, bubbles are created in the concrete, which give it its quality. The walls are warm and create a microclimate in the room, like a wooden house.

Gas silicates, foam silicates, aerated concrete and foam concrete belong to cellular concrete. It's about about the first two types. The presence of the word “silicate” in the name means autoclave processing. Where it is absent, this means that the block hardens in street, ordinary, artisanal conditions.

PGS blocks are used:

• light blocks with a density of up to 360 kg/m³ - for insulation (as they are the most heat-retaining);
• density 400 kg/m³ for the construction of load-bearing and non-load-bearing structures in low-rise buildings;
• 500 kg/m³ for houses up to 3 floors;
• 700 kg/m³ for high-rise buildings with lightweight concrete floors, using reinforcement.

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Dimensions, parameters of blocks, their features and differences

Manufacture wall blocks, the dimensions of which are 600x300x200 mm, partition ones - with dimensions of 600x300x100 mm. They have very decent levels of thermal conductivity (up to 0.15) and frost resistance (> F 35). Density - from 350 to 700 kg/m³.

Residential buildings, utility rooms and warehouses, that is, almost all types of structures can be erected from them.

Differences between PGS blocks and others:

1. Compound. In addition to the usual ingredients, AGS also contains a foaming agent.
2. Production, they are poured, formed, hardened under the influence of compression and temperatures. They are produced industrially (and simply foam concrete is produced by handicraft). It’s just possible to make foam aerated concrete manually (there is no guarantee of quality), silicate blocks are made only by industrial production.
3. Characteristics: they have greater frost resistance, strength, less water absorption, and better thermal conductivity.

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Differences between foam and gas silicate blocks

The eternal dispute among builders, which is better - the first or the second, must be resolved based on the needs during construction.

Here is a comparison of silicates:

1. Gas silicates consist of cement, lime, gypsum, quartz sand, water, aluminum powder, emulsol. Foam silicates: cement, lime elements, quartz sand, liquid, foam former. The presence of gypsum for the former makes them more moisture-absorbing, but they are stronger.
2. In gas silicates, pores are formed by the release of gas from chemical reaction. In foam silicate - by introducing technical foam. It is persistent, it is created from foaming agents (they are also found in detergents).
3. Gas silicates have open pores, foam silicates have closed pores. It depends on how they are made. In the latter, moisture absorption and thermal conductivity are less, frost resistance is greater, they are better in this regard. Gas silicates are more durable. Their difference is only in the method of pore formation.
4. Gas silicates are dark white (lime-colored), foam silicates are gray (cement-colored). You need to know that the first thing is sometimes necessary additional processing, since lime absorbs moisture, they are less moisture resistant.

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Main characterizing parameters

You need to pay attention not only to the size of the block, but also to its geometry, that is, curvature. The size may be suitable, but due to poor geometry the result will be a shortage of blocks and poor masonry.

The dimensions of the block and its parameters are indicated in GOSTs, there is their description and classification. Before construction, it is recommended to further familiarize yourself with them.

The blocks look like bricks various shapes: square, rectangular, trapezoidal. They are much larger than bricks, as there is no need to make them small, they are light in weight and low in density.

The standard sizes that are included in the required range of the block production plant are 20x30x60 cm (wall), 10x30x60 mm (partition), since they are most in demand in construction. The block replaces up to 15 classic bricks.

Fewer joints when laying blocks saves mortar.

The material has its own marking, the standard marking is the letter D, followed by digital designation density in kilograms per cubic meter. If you need blocks non-standard sizes, they can be found, they are made by small manufacturers with their own dimensional grid. When purchasing, the documents indicate the number of them on one pallet.

Wall blocks and partitions have various sizes. For the former, the standard is 200x300x600 mm, for the latter - 10x30x60 mm.

There are thermal insulation, structural and thermal insulation, structural blocks. The grade of concrete is designated, as mentioned above, by the letter D, there are such grades: from D400 to D1200, the former are more heat-resistant, but less durable, the latter - vice versa. Weight increases from D300 to D1200 within the range of 11.7-47.5 kg per cubic meter for standard wall and 5.8-23.8 kg for partition. Weight can vary greatly depending on the production technology and the humidity of the environment in which the material is used.

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