"BM Engineering" provides a full range of services for the design, construction, commissioning and subsequent maintenance of: biomass processing plants (production of pellets and briquettes), feed mills. We propose to initially carry out a comprehensive analysis and technical consultation of the feasibility of constructing the proposed facility and its profitability, namely:
- analysis of raw materials and working capital for production
- calculation of main equipment
- calculation additional equipment and mechanisms
- cost of installation, commissioning, personnel training
- calculation of the cost of preparation of the production site
- calculation of the cost of production or waste disposal complex
- calculation of profitability of production or waste disposal complex
- return on investment calculation The cost of settlements is determined after receiving an official request and generating a list and completeness of our services.
- EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION: pellet/briquette lines, drying complexes, disintegrators, biomass presses
- INSTALLATION OF PRODUCTION COMPLEXES: design, site search, construction, commissioning
- COMMISSIONING OF EQUIPMENT: launching and setting up equipment
- TRAINING: organizing the work of the technical department, creating sales, logistics, and marketing departments from "0"
- SERVICE MAINTENANCE: full service and warranty
- PRODUCTION AUTOMATION: implementation of control and accounting systems in production
- CERTIFICATION: preparation for certification according to EN+, ISO
SPECIALIZATION OF BM Engineering COMPANY:
An engineering company in the field of biomass processing, BM Engineering, for the first time on the Ukrainian market, provides full complex turnkey creation services modern factories for processing biomass, producing pellets, briquettes, and mixed feed. At the project preparation stage, the company’s specialists give a qualified opinion on the feasibility of constructing the facility, its expected profitability and payback period.
We analyze future production from A to Z! We begin the study by calculating the volume of the raw material base, its quality, and supply logistics. Amounts of biomass per initial stage and its supply should be sufficient for uninterrupted operation equipment for a long time. Based on objective information collected about future production, we calculate the characteristics of the main equipment, and, at the request of the customer, additional equipment and mechanisms.
The total cost of the project necessarily includes the costs of preparing the production site, installation and commissioning works, training. And the forecast of production costs takes into account in advance energy efficiency and the specific cost of producing a unit of finished products, its technical and quality characteristics, correspondence international standards, profitability and payback period. The use of equipment for the production of extruded feed significantly increases the profitability of livestock farming by improving their quality and reducing costs.
Certification and audit of pellet production in accordance with the norms of European standards of the EN 17461 series stipulates that at all stages of work from receipt and quality control of bio-raw materials to the manufacture of pellets, their packaging, labeling, storage, delivery and use, it is necessary to strictly adhere to uniform standards, technical specifications and rules.
In accordance with the ENplus system, a certificate must be obtained for a specific batch of biofuel after carrying out appropriate tests on all parameters in a certified laboratory. Remember! Certified products cost several times more!
The full range of engineering services provided by BM Engineering includes: drawing up a business plan for production with calculations of energy efficiency, profitability and cost of production, design, construction, commissioning, commissioning and service maintenance. In addition, the company supplies equipment own production, carries out work on automation and certification of constructed enterprises.
The unique module for processing biomass (chips and sawdust) MB-3 is designed according to latest technology, in which bio-raw materials are not dried before pressing with high energy consumption, but are washed in a hydro washer. Contaminants (metal, soil particles, debris) are removed by a stream of water, and clean and wet particles of raw materials are conveyed through a conveyor and then through a sieve into the input hopper of the processing module.
A rotating auger grinds the wet biomass and forces it through a sieve. During a biochemical reaction in wood cells (biopolymers), heat is released. Optimal temperature The moistened mass is supported by a thermal stabilization module. The heat pump circulates heated water throughout the entire processing circuit. All technological process controlled by an automation system.
Module contents:
- hydro washer;
- biomass processing module;
- Heat pump;
- thermal stabilization module;
- process automation system.
- productivity - 1000 kg/h;
- electric motor power - up to 100 kW;
- input raw materials: particle size - up to 4 cm, humidity - up to 50%;
- transportation dimensions - 2000x2200x12000 mm;
- weight - 16700 kg.
In the first half of 2015 alone, 6 specialized seminars “Basics of Pellet Production” were held, at which about 200 students were trained. Since the second half of 2015, seminars have been held monthly and are becoming increasingly popular among students. Those specialists who listened to all the lectures and looked at the operating equipment completely changed their attitude towards pellet production technology. The wet pressing method is completely new innovative approach to biomass processing, which is the future.
Construction work requires solving many different issues, among which the most important task is the selection and purchase of lumber. It is not difficult to calculate how many linear meters of boards and timber will be needed during the construction process. But the price of industrial wood is indicated per 1 cubic meter, and this often causes difficulties for novice home craftsmen. Ability to correctly select and calculate the amount of edged or unedged lumber in a cube will allow you to save money and avoid a situation where, after completion construction work There is a pile of unused boards left on the site.
Classification and characteristics of lumber
The very name “lumber” suggests that this type of construction raw material is obtained by longitudinal sawing of tree trunks on circular or band saws. Several cutting methods are used to produce boards and timber:
- tangential (in a circle),
- radial.
Tangential cutting involves moving the saw tangentially to the annual rings of the tree, which reduces the amount of waste and, therefore, reduces the cost of building materials. The boards obtained in this way have a beautiful, pronounced pattern, therefore they are often used for finishing purposes. Disadvantages of circular sawing include the tendency of the wood to shrink and swell, as well as a significant difference in texture as it approaches cutting tool to the center of the log.
In the sawmill industry, several methods are used for sawing a trunk.
With radial sawing, the cutting line passes through the core of the tree, so the yield of boards will be smaller, and their price will be higher. However, if necessary, obtain wood High Quality use exactly this method. This is due to the fact that, compared to the tangential method, radial sawing boards have halved swelling and shrinkage rates. In addition to the cutting methods discussed above, a mixed method is also used, which combines the advantages of the first two.
The concept of lumber actually includes not only traditional moldings, which can most often be seen on construction markets. Full list products obtained by sawing logs include:
- board;
- beam;
- bar;
- lagging;
- croaker
The last two types of lumber are classified as waste, which absolutely does not prevent them from being used for certain types of construction work, as well as for finishing purposes.
Boards
Boards include lumber rectangular section with a thickness of no more than 100 mm and a width to thickness ratio of no less than 2:1. Depending on the degree of processing, the board can be edged or unedged. The first is ready product without bark and with smoothly sawn edges, while the second is a “semi-finished product”, removed directly from the saw frame.
The edged board has smooth edges and a constant width along the entire length of the lumber
The most commonly used boards in construction are: standard sizes:
- thickness - 25 mm, 40 mm, 50 mm, 60 mm;
- width - from 75 to 275 mm with gradation every 25 mm;
- length - from 1 m to 6.5 mm in increments of 250 mm.
Boards of other sizes can be obtained by trimming or planing standard lumber, or by making individual order for sawing round timber.
Unedged boards have a lower cost, but without finishing its scope of application is limited
The parameters of lumber used in construction are standardized and determined according to current GOST 8486–86 for coniferous wood and GOST 2695–83 - for hardwood.
timber
Timber is lumber whose cross-section is a square with sides of at least 100 mm. The diameter of the timber is unified and can vary from 100 to 250 mm in increments of 25 mm. The standard defines the length of products of this type from 2 to 9 m, but most often square-section lumber with a length of no more than 6 m is used. In some cases, products with a section of 150x100 mm, 200x100 mm or 200x150 mm, which existing classification are much closer to the sleepers.
Timber is an ideal material for the construction of frames and other wooden structures
The bar differs from the beam discussed above only in that its cross-section does not exceed 100x100 mm. The typical length of the bar is also 6 m, and the diameter ranges from 40 mm to 90 mm in increments of 10 mm. To simplify the classification, bars are often classified as slats whose cross-section has rectangular shape, and the ratio of thickness to width is at least 1:2. The standard range of edges for softwood slats looks like this: 16, 19, 22, 25, 32, 40, 44, 50, 60, 75 mm. For hardwood lumber, products of increased width are additionally provided, and the product line itself looks like this: 19, 22, 25, 32, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 mm.
A variety of bars and slats allow you to strengthen and make any wooden structure as stable as possible.
Obapole and croaker
Obapol represents the very first cut of a round timber, in which outer surface remains unprocessed. Unlike obapol, croaker can have a cut on half of the second side or alternating treated and untreated areas on the bark side. The importance of obapole and slab in construction is secondary, since it is unaesthetic appearance and reduced performance characteristics allow the use of lumber of this type only for auxiliary purposes. Most often, slab and obapol are used as fastening materials, as well as for the manufacture of formwork, sheathing or flooring. scaffolding. This material is also interesting in quality decorative material for decorating walls, fences and other vertical structures.
Despite their external ugliness, croaker and obapole are widely used for minor construction tasks
Technology for calculating the number of boards in a cube
The wood market offers both edged lumber and unedged boards, with wane remaining on the edges. Depending on the type of wood products, several methods are used to determine cubic capacity.
How to find out the number of edged lumber in a cube
The algorithm for determining the cubic capacity of lumber is based on the formula known to every schoolchild for finding the volume of a rectangular parallelepiped. In order to find out the cubic capacity of one board (V) per cubic meter. m, you need to find the product of its length (a) by its width (b) and thickness (h) in meters V=a×b×h.
The desired figure will make it easy to calculate how many boards of this type will fit into one cubic meter of lumber. For this, 1 cu. m of lumber is divided by the volume of one product. For example, if you need to find out the cubic capacity of one board with parameters 6000x200x25 mm, then by substituting these numbers into the formula, we get V = 6x0.2x0.025 = 0.03 cubic meters. m. Consequently, in one cubic meter there will be 1/0.03 = 33.3 such products.
A tongue and groove board has a groove on one side and a tongue on the other. Since both of these elements are approximately equal to each other, their parameters can be neglected. That is why the cross-sectional size of tongue-and-groove lumber is measured without taking into account the locking part.
In the case of boards that have the same dimensions, the calculation can be simplified by substituting the dimensions of the stack of lumber into the formula. Of course, its installation should be as tight as possible, otherwise the gaps between the individual elements will affect the accuracy of the calculations. Considering that the cost of individual types of wood reaches tens of thousands of rubles, such an error can cost a pretty penny.
To simplify calculations, you can use special tables that allow you to quickly determine the cubic capacity or the amount of wood in 1 cubic meter. m of lumber.
Table: number of edged boards in 1 cubic meter. m of standard length lumber
| Board size, mm | Number of boards 6 m long in 1 cubic. m | Volume of one board, cubic meters. m |
| 25x100 | 66,6 | 0.015 |
| 25x150 | 44,4 | 0.022 |
| 25x200 | 33,3 | 0.03 |
| 40x100 | 62,5 | 0.024 |
| 40x150 | 41,6 | 0.036 |
| 40x200 | 31,2 | 0.048 |
| 50x100 | 33,3 | 0.03 |
| 50x150 | 22,2 | 0.045 |
| 50x200 | 16,6 | 0.06 |
| 50x250 | 13,3 | 0.075 |
The cubic capacity of timber of standard sizes can also be determined using the table below.
Table: amount of timber in 1 cubic meter. m of lumber
| Beam size, mm | Number of products 6 m long in 1 cubic. m | Volume of 1 beam, cubic. m |
| 100x100 | 16.6 | 0.06 |
| 100x150 | 11.1 | 0.09 |
| 100x200 | 8.3 | 0.12 |
| 150x150 | 7.4 | 0.135 |
| 150x200 | 5.5 | 0.18 |
| 150x300 | 3.7 | 0.27 |
| 200x200 | 4.1 | 0.24 |
Very often it is necessary to determine the surface area (floor or wall) that can be covered with a board of one thickness or another with a volume of 1 cubic meter. m. To do this, you can use the formula S = 1/h, where h is the thickness of the lumber. So, one cubic meter of 40 mm board will be enough to arrange S = 1/0.04 = 25 square meters. m of floor. To facilitate the process of calculating the area, a table called a cubeturner allows you to simplify the process of calculating the area. It contains data on the cross-section of the boards, their number in 1 cubic meter. m and the required area that they can cover.
Method for calculating the cubic capacity of an unedged board
Unedged lumber is not trimmed at the edges, so not only the cross-sectional size of individual products varies, but also the width different parts one board. In this regard, it is possible to calculate the volume of a stack of unprocessed lumber only approximately. The same applies to calculating the cubic capacity of individual unedged lumber, although the error in this case will be much smaller.
So, to calculate the cubic capacity not edged boards There are two constant quantities - thickness and length, and one variable - width. To avoid complex calculations using differential algebra methods, the last parameter is simply averaged. To do this, the board is measured in several places and the arithmetic average is found. For example, for a board with a diameter of 400 mm at the base, 350 mm in the middle and 280 in the top, the calculated value will be (430+340+260)/3=343 mm. Further calculations are carried out in exactly the same way as for edged lumber.
Most often the width unedged boards determined only on the basis of measurements along the edges of the lumber. It should be noted that the accuracy of calculations directly depends on the number of measurements, so in critical cases their number is increased.
If you need to find out the cubic capacity of a package of unedged wood, then the products are stacked on top of each other in such a way that the following conditions are met:
- the stacks must be aligned along the front end;
- boards in a stack should not be stacked overlapping;
- It is not allowed to change the width of the package along the entire length of the lumber;
- the protrusion of the outermost products beyond the stack should not exceed 100 mm.
By measuring the height, length and width of a package of unedged wood with a tape measure, the approximate cubic capacity is determined using the formula V=a×b×h. To find out a more accurate value, the result obtained is multiplied by the stacking coefficient, which can be found in special tables.
This question is the most pressing when it comes to building a house from a log. How to calculate the cubic capacity of a house yourself? How to check the declared forest cubes in the estimate from the developer?
Here is a table showing the cubic capacity round timber depending on the diameter of the log. These calculations are given in accordance with GOST 2708-75, which is valid in the territory Russian Federation since 1975. The table allows you to calculate how many cubes of round timber will be needed to build a house from logs from the manufacturer.
Standard length of logs used for the construction of log houses is 6 meters. Blanks of this length are most often used. Logs longer than 6 meters are used to make houses manual cutting very rarely.
Most often, the architect optimizes the log house according to the cutting map in such a way as to avoid (or minimize) the use of long lengths. It is technically impossible to produce a rounded log over 6 meters.Below in the table you can see a block of round timber, and for your convenience, we have highlighted a column of 6-meter blanks.
Table for calculating the cubic capacity of round timber with a diameter of 10 to 100 cm and a length of 3 to 8 meters |
|||||||||||
|
|
3.5 m | 4 m | 4.5 m | 5 m | 5.5 m | 6 m | 6.5 m | 7 m | 7.5 m | 8 m | |
| 0,026 | 0,031 | 0,037 | 0,044 | 0,051 | 0,058 | 0,065 | 0,075 | 0,082 | 0,09 | 0,1 | |
| D 11 cm | 0,032 | 0,037 | 0,045 | 0,053 | 0,062 | 0,07 | 0,08 | 0,09 | 0,098 | 0,108 | 0,12 |
| D 12 cm | 0,038 | 0,046 | 0,053 | 0,063 | 0,073 | 0,083 | 0,093 | 0,103 | 0,114 | 0,125 | 0,138 |
| D 13 cm | 0,045 | 0,053 | 0,062 | 0,075 | 0,085 | 0,097 | 0,108 | 0,12 | 0,132 | 0,144 | 0,158 |
| D 14 cm | 0,052 | 0,061 | 0,073 | 0,084 | 0,097 | 0,11 | 0,123 | 0,135 | 0,15 | 0,164 | 0,179 |
| D 15 cm | 0,06 | 0,071 | 0,084 | 0,097 | 0,11 | 0,125 | 0,139 | 0,153 | 0,169 | 0,182 | 0,199 |
| D 16 cm | 0,069 | 0,082 | 0,095 | 0,11 | 0,124 | 0,14 | 0,155 | 0,172 | 0,189 | 0,2 | 0,22 |
| D 17 cm | 0,077 | 0,092 | 0,107 | 0,124 | 0,14 | 0,157 | 0,174 | 0,191 | 0,209 | 0,225 | 0,25 |
| D 18 cm | 0,086 | 0,103 | 0,12 | 0,138 | 0,156 | 0,175 | 0,194 | 0,21 | 0,23 | 0,25 | 0,28 |
| D 19 cm | 0,097 | 0,115 | 0,134 | 0,154 | 0,173 | 0,193 | 0,212 | 0,235 | 0,255 | 0,275 | 0,305 |
| 3.0 m | 3.5 m | 4.0 m | 4.5 m | 5.0 m | 5.5 m | 6.0 m | 6.5 m | 7.0 m | 7.5 m | 8.0 m | |
| D 20 cm | 0,107 | 0,126 | 0,147 | 0,17 | 0,19 | 0,21 | 0,23 | 0,26 | 0,28 | 0,3 | 0,33 |
| D 21 cm | 0,119 | 0,14 | 0,163 | 0,185 | 0,21 | 0,23 | 0,255 | 0,285 | 0,31 | 0,335 | 0,365 |
| D 22 cm | 0,134 | 0,154 | 0,178 | 0,2 | 0,23 | 0,25 | 0,28 | 0,31 | 0,34 | 0,37 | 0,4 |
| D 23 cm | 0,114 | 0,169 | 0,194 | 0,22 | 0,25 | 0,275 | 0,305 | 0,335 | 0,37 | 0,4 | 0,435 |
| D 24 cm | 0,157 | 0,184 | 0,21 | 0,24 | 0,27 | 0,3 | 0,33 | 0,36 | 0,4 | 0,43 | 0,47 |
| D 25 cm | 0,171 | 0,197 | 0,23 | 0,26 | 0,295 | 0,325 | 0,36 | 0,395 | 0,43 | 0,465 | 0,505 |
| D 26 cm | 0,185 | 0,21 | 0,25 | 0,28 | 0,32 | 0,35 | 0,39 | 0,43 | 0,46 | 0,5 | 0,54 |
| D 27 cm | 0,203 | 0,23 | 0,27 | 0,305 | 0,345 | 0,38 | 0,42 | 0,46 | 0,495 | 0,54 | 0,585 |
| D 28 cm | 0,22 | 0,25 | 0,29 | 0,33 | 0,37 | 0,41 | 0,45 | 0,49 | 0,53 | 0,58 | 0,63 |
| D 29 cm | 0,235 | 0,27 | 0,31 | 0,355 | 0,395 | 0,44 | 0,485 | 0,525 | 0,57 | 0,62 | 0,675 |
| 3m | 3.5 m | 4 m | 4.5 m | 5 m | 5.5 m | 6 m | 6.5 m | 7 m | 7.5 m | 8 m | |
| D 30 cm | 0,25 | 0,29 | 0,33 | 0,38 | 0,42 | 0,47 | 0,52 | 0,56 | 0,61 | 0,66 | 0,72 |
| D 31 mm |
0,265 | 0,31 | 0,355 | 0,405 | 0,45 | 0,5 | 0,555 | 0,6 | 0,655 | 0,72 | 0,77 |
| D 32 cm | 0,28 | 0,33 | 0,38 | 0,43 | 0,48 | 0,53 | 0,59 | 0,64 | 0,7 | 0,76 | 0,82 |
| D 33 cm | 0,3 | 0,35 | 0,405 | 0,46 | 0,51 | 0,565 | 0,625 | 0,68 | 0,74 | 0,805 | 0,87 |
| D 34 cm | 0,32 | 0,37 | 0,43 | 0,49 | 0,54 | 0,6 | 0,66 | 0,72 | 0,78 | 0,85 | 0,92 |
| D 35 cm |
0,34 |
0,395 | 0,455 | 0,515 | 0,57 | 0,635 | 0,7 | 0,76 | 0,83 |
0,9 |
0,97 |
| D 36 cm | 0,36 | 0,42 | 0,48 | 0,54 | 0,6 | 0,67 |
0,74 |
0,8 | 0,88 | 0,95 | 1,02 |
|
0,375 |
0,44 | 0,505 | 0,57 | 0,635 | 0,705 | 0,78 | 0,85 | 0,925 | 1,0 | 1,075 | |
| D 38 cm |
0,39 |
0,46 | 0,53 | 0,6 | 0,67 | 0,74 | 0,82 | 0,9 |
0,97 |
1,05 | 1,13 |
| D 39 cm |
0,41 |
0,48 | 0,555 | 0,63 | 0,705 | 0,78 | 0,86 | 0,945 | 1,02 | 1,105 | 1,19 |
| 3m | 3.5 m | 4 m | 4.5 m | 5 m | 5.5 m | 6 m | 6.5 m | 7 m | 7.5 m | 8 m | |
|
0,43 |
0,5 | 0,58 | 0,66 | 0,74 | 0,82 | 0,9 | 0,99 | 1,07 | 1,16 | 1,25 | |
| D 41 cm | 0,45 | 0,53 | 0,61 | 0,695 | 0,775 | 0,86 | 0,95 | 1,035 | 1,125 | 1,22 | 1,315 |
| D 42 cm |
0,47 |
0,56 | 0,64 | 0,73 | 0,81 | 0,9 | 1,0 | 1,08 | 1,18 | 1,28 | 1,38 |
| D 43 cm |
0,495 |
0,585 | 0,67 | 0,765 | 0,85 | 0,945 | 1,045 | 1,14 | 1,24 | 1,34 | 1,34 |
| D 44 cm |
0,515 |
0,61 | 0,7 | 0,8 | 0,89 | 0,89 | 1,09 |
1,2 |
1,3 |
1,4 | 1,51 |
| D 45 cm |
0,543 |
0,64 | 0,735 | 0,835 | 0,935 | 1,035 | 1,14 | 1,25 | 1,355 | 1,465 | 1,48 |
| D 46 cm |
0,57 |
0,67 | 0,77 | 0,87 | 0,98 | 1,08 | 1,19 | 1,3 | 1,41 | 1,53 | 1,65 |
| D 47 cm |
0,595 |
0,7 | 0,805 | 0,91 | 1,02 | 1,13 | 1,245 | 1,355 | 1,475 | 1,6 | 1,725 |
| D 48 cm |
0,62 |
0,73 | 0,84 | 0,95 | 1,06 | 1,18 | 1,3 | 1,41 | 1,54 | 1,167 | 1,8 |
| D 49 cm |
0,645 |
0,76 |
0,875 | 0,99 | 1,105 | 1,23 | 1,355 | 1,475 | 1,605 | 1,74 | 1,875 |
| 3m | 3.5 m | 4 m | 4.5 m | 5 m | 5.5 m | 6 m | 6.5 m | 7 m | 7.5 m | 8 m | |
| D 50 cm |
0,67 |
0,79 | 0,91 | 1,03 | 1,15 | 1,28 | 1,41 | 1,54 | 1,67 | 1,81 | 1,95 |
| D 51 cm |
0,7 |
0,825 | 0,95 | 1,075 | 1,2 |
1,335 |
1,47 | 1,605 | 1,74 | 1,89 | 2,035 |
| D 52 cm |
0,73 |
0,86 | 0,99 | 1,12 | 1,25 | 1,39 | 1,53 | 1,67 | 1,81 | 1,97 | 2,12 |
| D 53 cm |
0,765 |
0,895 | 1,03 |
1,165 |
1,3 | 1,445 | 1,59 | 1,735 | 1,885 | 2,045 | 2,205 |
| D 54 cm |
0,8 |
0,93 | 1,07 | 1,21 | 1,35 | 1,5 | 1,65 | 1,8 | 1,96 | 2,12 | 2,29 |
| D 55 cm |
0,83 |
0,97 | 1,115 | 1,26 | 1,405 | 1,56 | 1,715 | 1,875 | 2,035 | 2,2 | 2,375 |
| D 56 cm |
0,86 |
1,01 | 1,16 | 1,31 | 1,46 | 1,62 | 1,78 | 1,95 | 2,11 | 2,28 | 2,46 |
| D 57 cm |
0,89 |
1,045 | 1,205 | 1,36 | 1,515 | 1,68 | 1,875 | 2,015 | 2,19 | 2,365 | 2,545 |
| D 58 cm |
0,92 |
1,08 | 1,25 | 1,41 | 1,57 | 1,74 | 1,91 | 2,08 | 2,27 | 2,45 | 2,63 |
| D 59 cm |
0,955 |
1,12 | 1,29 | 1,46 | 1,625 | 1,8 | 1,98 | 2,155 | 2,345 | 2,535 | 2,72 |
| 3m | 3.5 m | 4 m | 4.5 m | 5 m | 5.5 m | 6 m | 6.5 m | 7 m | 7.5 m | 8 m | |
| D 60 cm |
0,99 |
1,16 | 1,33 | 1,151 | 1,151 | 1,86 | 2,05 | 2,23 | 2,42 | 2,62 | 2,81 |
| D 61 cm |
1,025 |
1,2 | 1,38 | 1,565 | 1,74 | 1,925 | 2,115 | 2,3 | 2,495 | 2,7 | 2,9 |
| D 62 cm | 1,06 | 1,24 | 1,43 | 1,62 | 1,8 | 1,99 | 2,18 | 2,37 | 2,57 | 2,78 | 2,99 |
| D 63 cm |
1,095 |
1,285 | 1,475 | 1,67 | 1,855 | 2,05 | 2,25 | 2,445 | 2,65 | 2,865 | 3,08 |
| D 64 cm |
1,13 |
1,33 | 1,52 | 1,72 | 1,61 | 2,11 | 2,32 | 2,52 | 2,73 | 2,95 | 3,17 |
| D 65 cm |
1,165 |
1,365 | 1,565 | 1,77 | 1,965 | 2,17 | 2,38 | 2,59 | 2,805 | 3,03 | 3,275 |
| D 66 cm |
1,2 |
1,4 | 1,61 | 1,82 | 2,02 | 2,23 | 2,44 | 2,66 | 2,88 | 3,11 | 3,38 |
| D 67 cm |
1,235 |
1,445 | 1,655 | 1,87 | 2,075 | 2,29 | 2,505 | 2,735 | 2,965 | 3,21 | 3,485 |
| D 68 cm |
1,27 |
1,49 | 1,7 | 1,92 | 2,13 | 2,35 | 2,57 | 2,81 | 3,05 | 3,31 | 3,59 |
| D 69 cm |
1,305 |
1,53 | 1,75 | 1,97 | 2,19 | 2,415 | 2,645 | 2,89 | 3,14 | 3,41 | 3,695 |
| 3m | 3.5 m | 4 m | 4.5 m | 5 m | 5.5 m | 6 m | 6.5 m | 7 m | 7.5 m | 8 m | |
| D 70 cm |
1,34 |
1,57 | 1,8 | 2,02 | 2,25 | 2,48 | 2,72 | 2,97 | 3,23 | 3,51 | 3,8 |
| D 71 cm |
1,375 |
1,615 | 1,85 | 2,08 | 2,315 | 2,55 | 2,795 | 3,055 | 3,325 | 3,615 | 3,91 |
| D 72 cm |
1,41 |
1,66 | 1,9 | 2,14 | 2,38 | 2,62 | 2,87 | 3,14 | 3,42 | 3,72 | 4,02 |
| D 73 cm |
1,45 |
1,705 | 1,955 | 2,2 | 2,45 | 2,695 |
2,95 |
3,23 | 3,52 | 3,82 | 4,135 |
| D 74 cm |
1,49 |
1,75 | 2,01 | 2,26 | 2,52 | 2,77 | 3,03 | 3,32 | 3,62 | 3,92 | 4,25 |
| D 75 cm |
1,53 |
1,8 | 2,065 | 2,325 | 2,595 | 2,845 | 3,115 | 3,415 |
3,715 |
4,03 | 4,365 |
| D 76 cm |
1,57 |
1,85 | 2,12 | 2,39 | 2,67 | 2,92 | 3,2 | 3,51 | 3,81 | 4,14 | 4,48 |
| D 77 cm |
1,615 |
1,9 | 2,18 | 2,455 | 2,745 | 3,0 | 3,29 | 3,605 | 3,925 | 4,255 | 4,6 |
| D 78 cm |
1,66 |
1,95 | 2,24 | 2,52 | 2,82 | 3,08 | 3,38 | 3,7 | 4,04 | 4,37 | 4,72 |
| D 79 cm |
1,7 |
2,0 | 2,295 | 2,59 | 2,895 | 3,16 | 3,475 | 3,8 | 4,15 | 4,485 | 4,835 |
| 3m | 3.5 m | 4 m | 4.5 m | 5 m | 5.5 m | 6 m | 6.5 m | 7 m | 7.5 m | 8 m | |
| D 80 cm |
1,74 |
2,05 | 2,35 | 2,66 | 2,97 | 3,24 | 3,57 | 3,9 | 4,26 | 4,6 | 4,95 |
| D 81 cm |
1,785 |
2,1 | 2,41 | 2,73 | 3,05 | 3,325 | 3,66 | 4,005 | 4,365 | 4,51 | 5,085 |
| D 82 cm |
1,83 |
2,15 | 2,47 | 2,8 | 3,13 | 3,41 | 3,75 | 4,11 | 4,47 | 4,82 | 5,22 |
| D 83 cm |
1,875 |
2,205 | 2,53 | 2,87 | 3,205 | 3,495 | 3,845 | 4,215 | 4,585 | 4,495 | 5,345 |
| D 84 cm | 1,92 | 2,26 | 2,59 | 2,94 | 3,28 | 3,58 | 3,94 | 4,32 | 4,7 | 5,07 | 5,47 |
| D 85 cm |
1,965 |
2,315 | 2,65 | 2,985 | 3,34 | 3,675 | 4,035 | 4,43 | 4,82 | 5,195 | 5,595 |
| D 86 cm |
2,01 |
2,37 | 2,71 | 3,03 | 3,4 | 3,77 | 4,13 | 4,54 | 4,94 | 5,32 | 5,72 |
| D 87 cm |
2,06 |
2,425 | 2,78 | 3,13 | 3,5 | 3,86 | 4,235 | 4,655 | 5,06 | 5,445 | 5,86 |
| D 88 cm |
2,11 |
2,48 | 2,85 | 3,23 | 3,6 | 3,95 | 4,34 | 4,77 | 5,18 | 5,57 | 6,0 |
| D 89 cm |
2,16 |
2,535 | 2,915 | 3,3 | 3,685 | 4,045 | 4,45 | 4,88 | 5,3 | 5,7 | 6,135 |
| 3m | 3.5 m | 4 m | 4.5 m | 5 m | 5.5 m | 6 m | 6.5 m | 7 m | 7.5 m | 8 m | |
| D 90 cm |
2,21 |
2,59 | 2,98 | 3,37 | 3,77 | 4,145 | 4,56 | 4,99 | 5,42 | 5,83 | 6,27 |
| D 91 cm |
2,255 |
2,65 | 3,045 | 3,45 | 3,45 | 4,24 | 4,67 | 5,105 | 5,545 | 5,96 | 6,41 |
| D 92 cm |
2,3 |
2,71 | 3,11 | 3,53 | 3,94 | 4,34 |
4,78 |
5,22 | 5,67 | 6,09 | 6,55 |
| D 93 cm |
2,355 |
2,77 | 3,18 | 3,605 | 4,025 | 4,43 | 4,89 | 5,345 | 5,795 | 6,225 | 6,69 |
| D 94 cm |
2,41 |
2,83 |
3,25 | 3,68 | 4,11 | 4,52 | 5,0 | 5,47 | 5,92 | 6,36 | 6,83 |
| D 95 cm | 2,46 | 2,89 | 3,32 | 3,76 | 4,2 | 4,625 | 5,11 | 5,58 | 6,045 | 6,495 | 6,975 |
| D 96 cm |
2,51 |
2,95 | 3,39 | 3,84 | 4,29 | 4,73 | 5,22 | 5,69 | 6,17 | 6,63 | 7,12 |
| D 97 cm |
2,565 |
3,01 | 3,46 | 3,92 | 4,38 | 4,83 | 5,335 | 5,81 | 6,3 | 6,77 | 7,28 |
| D 98 cm |
2,62 |
3,07 | 3,53 | 4,0 | 4,47 | 4,93 | 5,45 | 5,93 | 6,43 | 6,91 | 7,44 |
| D 99 cm |
2,67 |
3,135 | 3,6 | 4,085 | 4,56 | 5,035 | 5,565 | 6,06 | 6,565 | 7,055 | 7,585 |
| D 100 cm |
2,72 |
3,2 | 3,67 | 4,17 | 4,65 | 5,14 | 5,68 | 6,19 | 6,7 | 7,2 | 7,73 |
How is the cubic capacity of a wooden house calculated during preliminary calculations?
First you need to calculate how many blanks are needed to build a house from a log. IN finished projects from "THE ABC OF THE FOREST" this information contained in the “Cutting Cards” section. The photo below shows summary information for construction by.
This data is for a rounded log with a diameter of 240 mm and a length of 6 meters. We see from the cutting map that for construction we will need 547 blanks, when converted to Cubic Meters according to the table presented above, it turns out to be 146.71 m3. These data are automatically calculated by the AT - WENTS program.
The program in which our architects design wooden houses gives the exact cubic capacity without window and door openings, taking into account all design features wooden house. It is almost impossible to achieve such accuracy with manual calculations.
547*0.33= 180.51 m3.
Thus, we got the result taking into account the lunar groove - the log, relatively speaking, is calculated as a cylinder, and the program calculates minus the lunar groove.
This calculation once again proves the importance professional project and the availability of cutting maps, which allow you to very accurately calculate the amount of logs and lumber and rationally use construction budget. But for approximate calculations To understand the order of prices, this method is very informative.
Mathematical method for calculating the cubic capacity of a wooden house (with a practical example)
What to do if you like the house in the picture, and you don’t have any complete project, and even more so cutting cards? In this case, you need to be patient and manually calculate the length of all the logs according to the plan. It must be understood that in this case the error with the real result can be significant, and in both directions.
The task is to calculate how many blanks are needed to build a house from a log. The standard length of a log, as we have previously informed you, often does not exceed 6 meters. It is very important at this stage to determine the height of the floors! And according to this, calculate the number of crowns.
To do this, we need a table of the height of the log profile depending on the diameter. It is presented below. We count the length of all crowns (logs), including pediments, and divide the resulting number by 6.
| Log diameter, mm | Crown height, m | Crown height, mm |
| 220 | 0,1905 | 190,5 |
| 240 | 0,2078 | 207,8 |
| 260 | 0,2252 | 225,2 |
| 280 | 0,2425 | 242,5 |
| 300 | 0,2598 | 259,8 |
| 320 | 0,2771 | 277,1 |
| 340 | 0,2944 | 294,4 |
| 360 | 0,3225 | 322,5 |
| 380 | 0,3399 | 339,9 |
| 400 | 0,3572 | 357,2 |
EXAMPLE:
Let's assume that we want to build a house from chopped logs with a diameter of 320 mm. One full floor, the second floor is an attic. The desired height of the first floor after shrinkage is 3100 mm, the desired height of the attic against the wall is 1500 mm. The height of one crown with a diameter of 320 mm is 0.2771 mm.
Important! The average height of the first floor of any log house before shrinkage is 3.2 m, the height of the attic wall in the attic is on average 1.5-1.7 m. After shrinkage, the height of the walls will decrease by approximately 7-10%, so this must be taken into account in the initial calculations . It is also necessary to take into account the composition of the floor of the first and second floors. A competent architect will always tell you how to do this correctly.
So, in our example:
- First floor before shrinkage: 12 crowns, which will be equal to 3.33 m.
- Attic wall in the attic before shrinkage: 6 crowns, which is equal to 1.66 m.
Now we need the length of the walls of each floor. To do this, it is necessary to calculate the perimeter of all walls (load-bearing and internal) according to the plan.
Let's assume that the length of the first floor is 100 linear meters, and the length attic floor amounted to 85 m.p.This is the result without subtracting window and door openings. If you need a more accurate number, then you need to calculate all openings in length and height and subtract them from the total number.We will consider a more simplified version of calculating the cubic capacity of a log house from the manufacturer.
So,
- First floor 100 m*12 crowns = 1200 m.p.
- Attic floor 85 m * 6 crowns = 510 m.p.
Thus, we received the total length of the walls only, excluding gables, balconies, terraces, vertical support pillars, chopped trusses and other elements that may be included in the house project.
Important! To the resulting cubic capacity result, you need to add 5%, which will be for figured log releases and ridge logs. The exact number depends on the diameter of the log and the cutting method. For approximate calculations, we will limit ourselves to 5%.So, we divide the resulting length by 6 meters and get 1718 /6 = 286.33 pcs. Thus, to erect walls in our log house, 287 blanks will be required. We multiply this number by 0.59 (data from the “Table for calculating the cubic capacity of round timber”) and get169.33 m3.
We need to add pediments to the resulting cubic capacity. In the simplest case there are 2 of them, they are triangular. The area of 2 triangles will be approximately equal to the area of the rectangle. Therefore, we calculate the length of one wall, where the pediment is. We multiply by the number of crowns and get the length of the log in both gables. Divide the result by 6.
Important! The sum of the attic crowns and gables is equal to the height of the first floor. Therefore, if we have 12 crowns on the first floor, and 6 crowns in the attic, then there will be 6 crowns in the gables (12–6=6).Let's assume that the length of the pediment is 11 meters, we have 6 crowns. This means that 11 * 6 = 66 m. Divide by 6, we get 11 pieces. 11 *0.59 = 6.49 m3
Thus, the cubic capacity of our house made of logs with a diameter of 320 mm is 169.33 + 6.49 = 175.82 m3. When rounded we got 176 m3.
It was possible to go the other way around, first count the number of all blanks, and then convert them into cubic meters. Let's check our result in this way:
287 (blanks for walls) + 11 (blanks for gables) = 298 * 0.59 = 175.82 m3, rounded, 176 m3.
That is, everything was calculated correctly.
Important! Don't forget that this is not the final result yet. You need to study the sketch and if there are terraces, balconies and vertical pillars, they need to be added to the total number. We count this manually, because... The calculation you and I have is mathematical. For example, if there are pillars, then each pillar is considered one 6-meter blank of the required diameter. We also consider terrace fencing, cut-overs, chopped trusses and other elements.
Now you know how to calculate the cubic capacity of a log house or a house made of rounded logs. If you DO NOT want to deal with complex calculations yourself, contact our specialists! We will make a detailed estimate for you. This is a free service and does not oblige you to anything.
When ordering a house project made from rounded logs, all lumber will be automatically calculated as accurately as possible.
Ready-made projects of houses and baths from "AZBUKA LESA" are presented in our.
To receive an estimate, send a plan of your future home to
In the letter, indicate the desired diameter of the log, the expected height of each floor, construction technology and other data that the manager needs to know to draw up an accurate estimate.
When industrially harvesting roundwood, it is quite difficult to determine its cubic capacity. To accurately calculate the volume of each log, you can use the formula for the volume of a truncated cone, which takes into account the main diameters of both cuts and the length of the log itself.
Round timber is very convenient and practical for building houses, bathhouses and other residential and non-residential premises.
In fact, the cubic size of round timber is not calculated in such a complex way. It is accepted all over the world to be considered more in a fast way. Special tables are used for this.
How to calculate the cubic capacity of a single tree without additional measurements?
Just a few years ago, to calculate the volume single tree We used the product of the arithmetic mean of the areas of the cuts and the length of the tree. Using a meter (reminiscent of an ordinary caliper), the diameter of the tree in its middle part was determined. Then it was multiplied by 3 to obtain the cross-sectional area.
Next, the resulting number was multiplied by the length of the workpiece, and a volumetric result was obtained. This method of calculation is inaccurate, since the thickness of the bark is not taken into account. The number Pi was taken with a large deviation from the real one, and the formula in its distorted form gave large errors.
The formula itself looks like this: the diameter of a rounded log is divided by 2 and squared, then multiplied by Pi and the length of the log.
Even if you measure the thickness of the bark and take this into account to determine the diameter of the tree, deviations from real indicators will be inaccurate, although with a smaller error. More precise calculations showed that actual deviations in calculations of the cubic capacity of a round log during primitive measurements have a certain dependence on the parameters of the tree, which was taken into account when compiling the corresponding tables to determine the volumetric parameter. Let's try to figure out how to calculate the cubic capacity of the forest. For this you will need:
- roulette;
- corresponding calculation tables, where there is a finite cubic capacity.
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Peculiarities .
How much does a cube of board weigh?Technology for calculating the volume of a single log
First, you need to use a tape measure to measure the length of the tree and its diameter at the top of the cut (excluding the bark). After this, let’s look at the tabular parameters: at the intersection of the line indicating the length of the tree and the column indicating the corresponding diameter, we find the volume of the measured body. Everything is simple and reliable.
Such calculations also cannot be called absolutely accurate, since the features in which the forest was grown and the shape of the trunk are not taken into account. But with large volumes of workpieces, it is customary not to pay attention to such trifles.
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Calculation of cubic capacity of stored timber
For industrial volumes of round logs, other techniques and tabular data are used. In essence, a round forest in a stored state has the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped. Calculations of its volume are familiar to everyone from school. But this method cannot be used, since the size of the voids between the logs will not be taken into account. By the way, they also directly depend on the diameter of the logs, which can be calculated mathematically.
Through numerous calculations, a coefficient was determined, with the help of which a special table was compiled. It works similarly to the previously described table, with the only difference being that the volume of the mentioned parallelepiped and the average thickness of the upper cut are taken into account. The cubic capacity of the forest can be calculated with great accuracy.
But one cannot hope for good accuracy of calculations when stacking forest products inaccurately. This procedure is not used when warehouse storage timber, since in this case the volume occupied by round timber directly in the warehouse is estimated.
It is very easy to calculate the cubic capacity after preliminary weighing of the forest.
Next, you need to calculate the volume by dividing the mass of the forest by the density, which corresponds to the type of wood. This calculation also cannot be considered ideal, since the forest has a deviation in density at different degrees of maturity. The moisture content of the wood can also play a special role here.
The cubic capacity of a log is a certain volume of lumber, the unit of measurement of which is a cubic meter. m. This parameter is used when constructing wooden houses to calculate the required volume of round timber. The determined indicator is very important when calculating payment for sold lumber for building a house, since it is necessary to know the cost of each cubic meter. m of wood.
Round timber is very convenient and practical for building houses, bathhouses and other residential and non-residential premises.
Method for correctly counting lumber
Exist various options, allowing you to calculate the cubic capacity of a log, which is a round cylindrical lumber. This estimate is indicative. The methods used include initial geometric parameters, on the basis of which calculations are made.
Industrial harvesting of lumber involves quite complex calculations that are carried out to determine the cubic capacity of the forest. For accurate calculations, use a special truncated cone formula. It is built on the basis of determining the main diameters of each of the two cuts of wood and the length of the logs.
In practice, this complex method is rarely used, since world standards that determine the cubic capacity of roundwood require the use of special tables. Calculating the cubic capacity of the forest when building a house in this way is not particularly difficult. The result is quite accurate, and the calculations are based on the volume of material in the shape of a parallelepiped and the average value of the cut thickness of the log in its upper part.
How to calculate the cubic capacity of a log in a single version correctly?
Until now, the calculation of the cubic capacity of a single tree was determined by multiplying its length by the arithmetic mean of the total area of all cuts. This method involved the use of special measuring instrument, resembling a caliper.
- Roulettes.
- Calculation tables indicating the final cubic capacity.
Before calculating the cubic capacity of the log, the size of its diameter in the middle part was increased three times, obtaining a certain value for the cross-sectional area. It had to be multiplied by the length of the workpiece to obtain the resulting volume of material. This method was not accurate because the thickness of the tree bark was not taken into account.
The value of Pi in the circle formula was used with a very large deviation, so the distorted form of the formula did not allow accurate calculations to be made without errors. In practice they use the following formula: diameter divided by 2 round tree squared, then the result is multiplied by Pi and the length of the tree.
It cannot be argued that it is correct to calculate the cubic capacity of forest for building a house only on the basis of tables, special measurements and corresponding formulas. The simplest method is to determine the density of wood species.
If we calculate the cubic capacity of round timber by measuring the thickness of the bark of lumber for building houses, then it is impossible to determine the diameter of the logs without possible errors. The calculated parameters will be inaccurate. To correctly calculate the volume of a unit wooden material, measure its length with a tape measure, then measure the diameter of the cut at the top, not taking into account the thickness of the bark.
Next, you should look at a special table in which, at the intersection of rows and columns with the given values of the length of the tree, as well as its diameter, the volume of the material is determined. This method is reliable. Before calculating the cubic capacity of a forest in this way, you should know that it is not perfectly accurate, since the shape of the trunk and the conditions associated with growing forest for building houses are not taken into account. However, these little things are usually ignored.
How to calculate the cubic capacity of stockpiled round timber?
Image 1. Calculation of cubic capacity of round stockpiled timber.
If we consider the industrial volumes of round logs, then other tables and parameters of round logs are used here, allowing us to calculate the cubic capacity. As shown in the figure (IMAGE 1), round timber in storage conditions has the shape of a parallelepiped in the form of a rectangle.
The method for calculating this volume is simple and known from school knowledge. In practice, the use of this method does not give an accurate result, since the size of the voids between individual logs is not taken into account. The dimensions of the voids depend on the diameter of the logs and can be calculated mathematical method. It will not be possible to calculate exact values in case of inaccurate stacking of log blanks. This procedure is not carried out during the assessment of timber stored in warehouses, since the volume occupied by round forest in the warehouse itself.
If you carry out a preliminary weighing of the forest, then calculating the cubic capacity will not be difficult, since it is not completely filled with wood material. The required value should be reduced using the void ratio. When carrying out construction calculations, the value of the void ratio is 0.8, which is 20% of the area of the space that is occupied by air voids, and 80% is the volume of wood.
The sequence of actions when determining the cubic size comes down to the following main steps:
- Measuring the width, length, height of a space that is rectangular.
- Multiplying certain quantities together to calculate the volume result.
- Multiplying the result by a factor of 0.8, which takes into account the number of voids between the logs, which is approximate.
- Taking the resulting value as the result.
Using this method, the cubic capacity of roundwood, which is heterogeneous in size, is calculated.
Carrying out calculations depending on the type of material
To calculate the volume of lumber by dividing the mass of the forest by its density, it is necessary to take into account the type of wood.
Image 2. Table for calculating the cubic capacity of unedged and edged boards, bars, linings, slats, etc.
The result obtained will be far from ideal, since the forest may have different degrees of maturity, hence different deviations in density. the main role belongs to wood moisture content.
The woodworking industry is characterized by concepts associated with dense cubic meters and folding. The price list for such lumber will contain information about the volume in its dense mass; it will be necessary to convert the folded cubic meter into a dense mass. For this purpose, conversion factors are used.
The volume of coniferous or deciduous forest is calculated using two methods:
- By measuring all units of the tree.
- Through the use of a standard, that is, a cube-turner developed in accordance with GOST.
The cubeturner is designed to calculate the volume of trimmed wood material based on standard tables. In one you can find the volume of a meter of wood, and in the second - units, which allows you to calculate the cost of the forest.
The proposed table (IMAGE 2) contains calculations of the cubic capacity of unedged and edged boards, bars, linings, slats, etc. The measurement has its own specifics, that is, the size of the width of any board is equal to half the size of the width of the narrow and wide layers, measured in the middle part of the board. Volume calculation round material is done correctly if every log is measured.
