Optimal scheme heating system for a 2-story private house is selected taking into account many factors: efficiency, cost and complexity of installation, availability of reliable power supply and frequency of use. In addition, projects of water heating systems must take into account a number of personal requirements of the customer for the interior design of rooms, which not every type of pipe layout and heating devices can satisfy.
Possible options
To choose the right wiring method, it makes sense to take existing schemes heating systems suitable for houses with two floors, and analyze the pros and cons of each of them. The following options are most often considered and implemented:
- single-pipe horizontal circuit (“Leningradka”);
- single pipe heating system storey building with vertical risers and natural movement of coolant;
- a two-pipe dead-end circuit with branches of equal length or a ring associated system with a circulation pump;
- collector heating circuit for a two-story house with forced circulation water;
- water heated floors;
- baseboard heating, also two-pipe.
Wiring options that include the installation of radiators can be as follows: open type(communicating with the atmosphere), and closed type(working with excess pressure). Homeowners who want to provide water heating for economic needs, you should know that the heating circuit of a two-story house with a double-circuit heat generator does not differ from the wiring connected to a conventional boiler with 1 circuit. The difference lies in operation: any heating system for a two-story house with double-circuit boiler heats water for radiators and hot water supply alternately. When the hot water tap is opened, heating of the coolant stops and the unit completely switches to DHW.
One highway: pros and cons
A single-pipe heating system for a two-story house - the Leningradka scheme - consists of one main line laid horizontally along the perimeter of the building, above the floor of each floor. Heating devices are connected to the main line at 2 ends, alternately. This type of heating network is well suited for houses where two floors occupy small area(up to 80 m² each). There are reasons for this:
- The coolant entering each subsequent radiator has an increasingly lower temperature due to the mixing of cooled water from previous radiators. Therefore, the length of the ring is limited to 4-5 heating devices.
- In order to properly heat the second floor and the rooms where the last radiators are located, their heat output should be increased by adding sections.
- The horizontal network of a two-story house with natural circulation should be made with a large slope (up to 1 cm per 1 m running pipe). The boiler is placed in a recess and located in the attic expansion tank communicating with the atmosphere.
Leningradskaya heating distribution for a two-story house with forced submission The coolant works much more stable and efficiently than by gravity. For natural circulation in a private house, it is better to make vertical risers that penetrate the ceilings and distribute heat to radiators near the windows. Water is supplied to the risers from a horizontal collector laid in the attic, and returned to the boiler through the same line running above the floor of the 1st floor.
As in the first case, an open expansion tank is placed in the attic of a 2-story cottage, and the mains are laid with a slope. If the heating system is closed, then minimal slopes are required (3 mm per linear meter of pipe), and the membrane tank is placed in the boiler room.
Single-pipe heating distribution for a two-story house, although inexpensive to install, is complex in calculation and execution.
And not every owner will like it when large-diameter pipelines run through some of the premises; they have to be hidden under boxes.
The optimal solution is 2 highways
Two-pipe system heating a two-story house is good in that the coolant is sent to the heating devices through one pipe and returns through another. In private housing construction, 3 types of such systems are used:
- dead-end, in which the coolant reaches the last battery and flows back, the flows move towards each other;
- passing, where is the server and reverse flow flows in 1 direction, and the circuit is a closed ring;
- collector, characterized by an individual supply of heated water to each radiator from the distribution manifold.
It is not difficult to do all two-pipe water heating schemes for a 2-story private house with your own hands, this is their advantage. If the architecture of the building is not too complex and the area does not exceed 300 m², then a pipeline network can be assembled without preliminary calculations. The supply from the boiler is made with a pipe of 25-32 mm, branches - 20-25 mm, and connections - 16 mm. It is understood that the coolant is stimulated to move by the pump. No one will like gravity-fed heating of a two-story house, when two large pipes run through all the rooms.
The dead-end and associated schemes are similar in installation, and when installing a collector system, the pipelines will have to be laid directly to the batteries in the floor. This is an option for developers who have high requirements for the interiors of premises, since pipes will not be visible on the walls of the rooms. It can also be implemented in a private house with your own hands, although the equipment and materials will cost more than with a dead-end scheme.
When installing a dead-end system, it is important that all radiators installed in two storey building, divide equally into groups so that branches of the same length extend to them. It is customary to do this: 2 branches on the 1st floor, two more on the second, supplying the coolant upward - directly from the boiler through the riser. The associated scheme is implemented differently: the supply pipeline is laid horizontally from the first to the last device, and the return pipeline starts from the first and is directed to the boiler, collecting cooled water from all batteries. Thus, a ring is formed around the perimeter of the house, serving all radiators.
Two-pipe systems share common advantages:
- supplying coolant with the same temperature to all heating devices;
- reliability in operation;
- ease of balancing, especially in the associated direction;
- the ability to effectively control heating operation using various automation;
- ease of installation, done by yourself.
Heating floor and baseboard
Pipes with hot water, laid in the floor with a calculated pitch, allow you to uniformly heat the premises over the entire surface of the floor covering. From each heating circuit, whose length does not exceed 100 m, the connections converge to a manifold with a mixing unit, which provides the required coolant flow and its temperature within +35°...+45°C (maximum +55°C). The collector is powered directly from the boiler by one branch and controls heating on 2 floors simultaneously. Positive aspects heated floor:
- uniform heating of the room space;
- heating is comfortable for people, since heating comes from below;
- low temperature water allows you to save up to 15% on energy;
- Any level of system automation is possible - operation from thermostats, weather sensors, or according to the program embedded in the controller;
- the system with a controller can be controlled remotely - via GSM communication or the Internet.
Similar systems automatic regulation are also being introduced into the collector circuit of a two-story cottage. The disadvantage of heated floors is the high cost of materials and installation work that are difficult to do on your own.
Heating baseboards are a suitable option for any private home, not just a two-story one. These heating devices in the form of large baseboards are copper or aluminum convectors connected using a two-pipe circuit. They surround the premises along the perimeter, heating the air from all sides. Baseboard heating is easy to install and satisfies any interior design requirements.
For comfortable living in the private sector, it is necessary to have communications, among which the heating system is one of important places. The optimal temperature regime, the safety of housing construction and comfort depend on it. When designing construction plans, specialists include precisely a scheme with forced circulation of heating for a two-story house. This is due to the need to raise the coolant in the system to an additional height.
- impossibility of producing a “warm floor” with a horizontal contour;
- requires welding and necessary checking of connections;
- uneven heat transfer from batteries located in different rooms.
- 1. Its operation does not require high coolant temperature.
- 2. The presence of a pressure pump in the system equipment has an effective effect on the difficult circulation of the coolant (small diameter and large length) of “warm floors”.
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Varieties of heating schemes
A detailed heating diagram for a 2-story private house with forced circulation is a complex of elements consisting of pipelines, a boiler, fittings, temperature sensors and other nodes. With proper selection and installation, the cost of heating a home will be significantly reduced, and residents will be satisfied with a cozy microclimate. Currently The heating system of a two-story house can be performed in different ways:
The owner of the cottage chooses the most acceptable and effective system, which would ensure maintaining the desired temperature in the house for a certain period of time, be equipped with simple, functional and convenient controls, and make it possible to perform heating using the “warm floor” type. The optimal heating option is when all system devices operate using automation.
Forced heating circuit. Forced circulation heating circuit
The simplest is the diagram of a single-pipe heating system for a two-story house. It is also called “Leningradka”. You can do this heating scheme for a two-story private house with your own hands without much difficulty. It is economical, operating on a gas or electric boiler, using a brick oven, heated with wood, coal. By choosing Leningradka, you can save money, since the pipes required to install space heating will require 2 times less when compared with a two-pipe system. It is also characterized by the following positive aspects:
A single-pipe circuit can be “hidden” under the floor or placed above it. When installing, pipes can be placed in a horizontal or vertical position.
However, this can only be used in a one-story building. In a two-story house, a single-pipe heating system can only function if there is a circulation pump.
There are also disadvantages:
The diagram of a single-pipe system consists of a pipe with all heating radiators connected to it. The water heated by the boiler is distributed through all the batteries in turn, giving off a certain amount of heat in each. Therefore, the one closest to the boiler will be hot, and the last one will be slightly warm.
2. Main elements of a forced circulation heating system
Circuit with two pipelines
For real comfortable conditions can create a two-pipe heating system. Manufacturing will require a larger number of pipes and other additional materials, but efficient and high-quality heating of a private home is much more important.
Externally, the circuit looks like two pipes - for supply and return, located in parallel. The batteries communicate through pipes with both one and the other. Heated water enters each radiator, then cooled water exits directly into the return line. Hot coolant and cold coolant go through different pipelines. With this heating scheme, the heating temperature of the radiators is approximately the same.
Passing through pipes and radiators, the water flow follows an “easier” path. If you come across a branch where one section has greater hydrodynamic resistance than the other, then the coolant liquid will flow into the second, which has less resistance. Consequently, it will be difficult to immediately predict which area will be heated more strongly and which less.
To regulate the passage of water through heating installations It is necessary that a balancing throttle be installed on each of them. Using this device, homeowners can control the flow of heat and adjust the heating in a double-circuit system. All radiators must be equipped with special Mayevsky valves to eliminate air. The universal scheme can be supplemented with any heat exchange devices: radiators, heated floors, convectors. They will allow you to properly heat a two-story house.
The efficiency of a two-pipe system can be increased by collector or radial wiring. This scheme is called combined. There is a dead-end type of two-pipe system when the supply and return lines of the circuit end at the last heat exchanger. In fact, the water flow changes direction, returning to the boiler. The use of a separate associated heating circuit for each floor will make it easier to configure the circuit and ensure optimal heating of the entire house. But to increase the effect, it is necessary to make an insert for each floor.
Heating scheme for a two-story house: warm floor + collector heating
Forced method
The use of forced circulation heating schemes in two-story houses is used due to the length of the system lines (more than 30 m). This method is carried out using a circulation pump that pumps the liquid from the circuit. It is mounted at the inlet of the heating device, where the coolant temperature is lowest.
In a closed circuit, the degree of pressure that the pump develops does not depend on the number of floors and area of the building. The speed of the water flow becomes greater, so when passing through the pipeline lines the coolant does not cool down much. This contributes to a more uniform distribution of heat throughout the system and the use of the heat generator in a gentle mode.
The heating system with a circulation pump is practical: in spring and autumn periods, when there is no frost, it can be used with low temperature regime, which cannot be done with the natural circulation of coolant. Due to the increase in pressure in the circuit against the background of pump operation, the design of the expansion tank becomes more complicated. Here it is closed and divided into two cavities by an elastic membrane. One is for excess fluid in the system, the other is for compressed air, which regulates the pressure in the system.
The expansion tank can be located not only at the highest point of the system, but also near the boiler. To perfect the circuit, the designers introduced an accelerating collector into it. Now, if the power goes out and the pump stops, the system will continue to operate in convection mode.
Positive and negative characteristics
Forced circulation allows elements to be positioned freely heating system relative to each other. Still, the basic rules for installing boiler piping, connecting radiators, and installing difficult lines should not be ignored. Using forced circulation, You can notice the following advantages:
Another advantage of the forced heating method is the choice of location for installing the heat generator at your discretion. Usually this is the first floor or basement.
With all the advantages of this heating method, there are also disadvantages. For example, when the coolant passes through the system, noise is heard, which intensifies at turns in the thermal line and at narrowing points. This can often be the cause of excessive pump performance that is inappropriate for the specific heating system. The second disadvantage is dependence on electricity. When it is turned off, the movement of coolant in the system will stop, since the circulation pump is powered from the electrical network. A heat generator for a system with a forced heating method can operate using any available type of fuel. The main thing is to choose a boiler with a power at which it could heat the heated area of the house.
Fundamental to such a system should be the presence of . When heated, the coolant increases in volume in a confined space. To prevent emergency situations in which pipes and radiators burst, an expansion tank is used. He handles excess pressure well.
Thanks to the forced circulation heating circuit provided by the pressure pump, heat exchangers can be different types and materials. A good option is underfloor heating:
Metal pipes for heating systems are used very rarely due to their heavy weight and high cost. In addition, they are highly susceptible to corrosion processes, which leads to poor flow circulation.
What is the difference between natural and forced circulation?
Therefore it is better to use modern materials: reinforced polypropylene and metal-plastic, which do not have such disadvantages. When purchasing them, you should remember that compression fittings used for connections may fail after a few years due to exposure high temperature coolant. It is better not to use these devices for heating, although there is no categorical prohibition.
Two-story houses and houses with an attic are popular. Heating schemes for such houses were developed by specialists a long time ago, tested many times, their main points migrate from project to project.
Based on the project, it is not difficult to create heating in a two-story house. But what to do if there is no project?
Heating a two-story house is so simple that “craftsmen” do it, designing it literally “on the fly.” Using standard schemes, techniques, methods that allow you to create proper heating.
There are no special obstacles to heating a two-story house with your own hands. Or manage the work of “other people’s hands” yourself. All the heating installation work performed is not complicated.
First of all, it is important to prevent cardinal “blunders and lapses”. Then the system in a two-story house will work correctly and stably. What is the first thing you need to consider...
What should not be done when installing heating in a two-story house
First of all, you should be guided by modern ideas.
- Heating circuits should be conventional two-pipe.
Sequential, Single-pipe, Samotechnaya, “all kinds of Leningradka” - they fly into the trash bin. All this archaism has very significant shortcomings, first of all, it will require more money to create, and it will not work normally. - You should not trust the “radiator dealers” who try to complicate things, talk about problems and draw intricate diagrams and patterns. Everything about heating is very simple. As a rule, a hydraulic gun is not needed.
The wiring will be simplest if you have the usual set for a two-story house - one boiler (including one backup), and 3 consumers - a boiler indirect heating, heated floor, radiator system.
Boiler placement and boiler room equipment
The gas boiler is installed in accordance with the gasification project. Solid fuel - to conveniently remove a high chimney. In any case, the equipment is noisy. It is placed in a separate room - the furnace room.
The gas boiler is automated and can also control an indirect heating boiler.
The usual diagram of connections to an automated gas boiler for 4 outlets (there can be 3 outlets or 2 outlets - you must use the manufacturer’s diagrams).
Connection diagram to a floor-standing gas boiler with an external pump
A solid fuel boiler requires the installation of a pump, a safety group, and a mixing unit. All this forms the piping of a solid fuel boiler -
What pump and pipe diameters are needed?
A common question when self-creation heating in a house (including a two-story one), which one will need a circulation pump for the radiator system. The choice is simple - either a 25-40 (0.4 atm.) pump or a 25-60 (0.6 atm.) pump.
For an area heated by radiators up to 170 sq. m. 25-40 is good. If the area is between 170 - 260 sq. m. - 25-60. If more than 260 m - 25-80. You should not take a pump with a reserve, this only leads to unjustified overspending and can lead to noise in the heating system.
Automated boilers are equipped with a built-in pump
Pipeline diameters (internal) for a private house are indicated in the diagram.
From the boiler to the first branch - 25 mm. In branches on the floor - 20 mm, separate connections, radiators (up to 2 pcs.) - 16 mm.
Foamed propylene is characterized by its outer diameter, taking into account the wall thickness, - 32, 25, 20 (mm).
Generalized heating diagram for a two-story house
Within one floor, the heating pipeline layout can be chosen in any way:
- dead-end, two arms with up to 5 radiators in each,
- associated, usually when the number of radiators is more than 10 pcs.,
- radial, at the whim of the creator (customer), if it is impossible to lay pipes along the walls, but it is possible to lay them under the floor...
The example diagram shows 3 floors and two-pipe heating schemes:
- 1st floor - dead end,
— 2nd floor — passing;
- 3rd floor - radial.
Balancing the system
It is important to install balancing valves:
- on the return of the second floor to adjust it relative to the first (the second floor, as a rule, requires less energy);
- on each arm of the dead-end circuit;
- on each branch of the beam (collector) circuit;
- on each radiator on the return (on the supply - a thermal head with an automated boiler or a shut-off valve).
Also, all equipment is connected via Ball Valves(or balancing), for the possibility of dismantling.
Air removal, drainage, slopes
When creating heating in a two-story house, it is important to make the required pipe slopes.
An air vent is installed at the highest point of each riser (the riser is also an excellent separator - a collector of air bubbles).
Also, all radiators that are installed horizontally or with a slight elevation to the Mayevsky valve are equipped with air vents (Mayevsky taps) (a reverse slope is not allowed).
At the lowest point of the entire pipe system, on the return line of the boiler, there is a drain valve and the possibility of releasing water into the sewer or a container in the basement...
The slopes of all pipes are made towards the riser and can be minimal.
The last radiator in the dead-end circuit is higher than the others. At the roundabout passing scheme the highest point in the ring is chosen arbitrarily - a decrease (drain) to the riser.
Reverse slopes and U-shaped bypasses, for example, for a door, etc., are unacceptable. If problems arise with ensuring one slope due to obstacles or room configurations, then, as a rule, a different radiator connection scheme is chosen.
Type of piping and radiators
It is known that the pressure in the individual heating of a house or apartment does not exceed 4 atm. (safety valve operates at 3.5 atm.).
Liquid, mainly water, in a volume of 50-150 liters is poured into the heating system once, which minimizes the presence of debris and salts. As a rule, for a two-story private house the best choice in terms of price and quality are aluminum sectional radiators.
The photo shows the connection of an aluminum radiator with a polypropylene pipeline with the installation of throttle valves in a dead-end wiring diagram.
Their characteristics are sufficient for long-term trouble-free operation in these conditions. But it is also possible to install steel panels.
The so-called programs for calculating heat loss at home, calculators, cannot be more accurate than approximate calculations of heat loss by area of the house.
The fact is that the consumer cannot accurately specify the data - how much energy goes out with ventilation (the main heat loss) and how much comes with sunlight through the windows (a very significant influx), etc. He cannot accurately indicate the characteristics of the layers in the structures. Therefore, all “heat calculators” are unsuitable for accurate objective calculations.
But special precision is not required when selecting the power of radiators. So for low-temperature heating (recommended), you need to take the number of sections with a large plus margin.
Heating pipes
Many craftsmen recommend polypropylene pipes for heating, including for a two-story house. But installation companies that value their reputation will not take on polypropylene. The reason is the lack of ability to control the quality of the joints, as well as to make this joint according to the standard. What will be the cross-section at the end of the pipe, how many saggings will there be inside, when the welding site begins to leak... - it’s all up to the will of the installer’s trembling hand...
A pipeline made of metal-plastic, for example, is supplied with a guarantee. The pipes themselves are thinner, the connections and configurations are smooth and aesthetic.
Whether it is worth taking on metal-plastic, putting aside cheap polypropylene, customers decide, in accordance with their vision of the future and measuring the thickness of the bag of money.
DIY installation
If you really don’t know how to “hold a hammer in your hands,” then you shouldn’t take on the task of creating heating for a two-story house with your own hands. You will have to perform the following processes:
- set the level of location of radiators, pipelines, find attachment points;
- drill many holes, incl. and large diameter pipes;
- connect threaded connections with winding flax tow with lubricant,
- mark the position of fittings, cut pipes to length, join (weld) pipelines
- carry out concrete and plastering work.
- design, draw wiring diagrams, calculate...
To ensure warmth and comfort in a two-story house, you need to correctly determine the heating scheme for a two-story house. The heating system is essential engineering system life support of any home. Its purpose is to compensate for heat loss and create a certain temperature regime, which is needed primarily for the people living in the house, but one should not underestimate the fact that an effective heating system is designed to ensure, among other things, the durability and longevity of building structures.
It is better to entrust the calculation and design to heating engineers who will assess heat loss, give recommendations for insulating the house, and also make a detailed calculation, which will avoid unnecessary expenses on expensive equipment. But the choice of heating scheme for a two-story house can be made by the customer himself, based on many years of operating experience.
Heating classification
Types of thermal energy sources - heat generators
Before choosing one or another heating scheme, it is useful to find out what types already exist and which one is suitable for the specific task at hand. It is known that the main source of heat is various types of heat generators, which can be:
- Stoves and fireplaces. This type of heating was once the main one, but is now used less and less due to the high cost of fuel (wood and coal) and the inability to effectively control the temperature in the house. In some regions where there is no gas supply, this type of heating is the only choice.
- Various types of heating boilers, which can be: gas, solid fuel, liquid fuel, electric, depending on the availability of access to various energy sources and their cost.
- Alternative energy sources. This category includes: geothermal energy, received, as well as solar, which is converted into thermal solar collectors. This type of heating is in a stage of rapid development and is still used quite rarely in our country due to high prices for equipment.
Future perspective - energy-independent houses - Infrared heating. The heat sources are special infrared emitters, which in most cases use electrical energy. Thermal energy with such heating is delivered directly to the “addressee” by radiation. For heating large rooms or rooms with low frequency of people visiting them, infrared heating will be an excellent choice.
In some situations, it will be wise to combine different types of heat generators for heating. For example, if there is a country house where the family comes only on weekends. In this case, it would be reasonable to have a gas boiler for the main heating and an electric one to prevent the water in the system from freezing in winter and maintain the minimum permissible temperature in the house.
Types of coolants
Any heating system must transfer the heat concentrated in the heat generator to the heating device that heats a specific room. This is done using a coolant, which can be:
- Air that is used for heating by stoves, fireplaces, and various electric heaters. Due to the fact that air has a low density, heat capacity and heat transfer coefficient, it is much inferior to liquid coolants.
- Water is an almost ideal coolant due to the fact that it has high heat capacity, density, heat transfer coefficient, and chemical inertness. Water heated by the heating boiler is transported to heating appliances using a pipeline system.
In most modern heating systems, water or various antifreezes, which are aqueous solutions of ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, or their combinations, are used as a coolant. Such a property as resistance to non-freezing at low temperatures can be useful in heating systems of such houses where people are not planned to live permanently. winter time. In those houses where heating will work all winter, the use of antifreeze is not economically feasible.
Various antifreezes do not “get along” well with aluminum radiators, some seals and pipes. In addition, coolants containing ethylene glycol are poisonous. Therefore, such compositions should be used only in cases where you simply cannot do without them.
Types of heating devices
Heating appliances can be divided into two main classes:
- Radiators - translated from Latin they are translated as “emitter”, that is, a device that transmits heat in the form of infrared thermal radiation. However modern radiators They are not purely radiators, but also transfer some of the heat in the form of convection, but they have retained their name.
- Convectors - the transfer of thermal energy into the room occurs by heating the air, and it already transfers it to all surrounding objects. Such heating devices have copper (less often steel) tubes surrounded by finned heat exchangers. The air entering the heat exchanger is heated by its plates and rises, giving way to cooler air. In order for air exchange to be effective, the entire convector structure is placed in a special casing.
In modern systems, such heating methods as “warm floors” or “warm walls” are also widely used, which are essentially a large radiator that transfers the “lion’s share” of heat in the form of radiation, and this increases comfort and reduces the air temperature in the room by about 2 degrees, leading to fuel savings of about 12%.
Types of heating radiators
In the heating system of a two-story house, completely different heating systems can be used, depending on the tasks being solved, the area of the room, design data, and preferences. Radiators can be divided into several types:
- Cast iron sectional radiators are the ones we are used to seeing in apartments and old houses. They have a large mass and high thermal inertia, but are undemanding to the quality of the coolant, are not subject to corrosion, and have high heat transfer. Such radiators fit perfectly into any interior, especially classic ones.
Cast iron sectional radiators - timeless classics - Aluminum sectional radiators are an excellent choice for autonomous heating systems, but they are more sensitive to the quality of the coolant and do not tolerate direct contact with copper pipes. Such radiators fit perfectly into any interior.
- Bimetallic sectional radiators are a combination of steel or copper tubes through which coolant circulates and an aluminum surface that transfers heat into the room. Such radiators are undemanding to the coolant, can withstand high operating pressure, and are practically indistinguishable from aluminum in appearance.
- Steel is a one-piece structure made of stamped and welded sheet steel. Such radiators have only two threaded connections to the heating system, which increases their reliability. High heat transfer, low weight, low inertia, aesthetic appearance - all this has made them the most popular in autonomous closed heating systems for houses.
In addition to the listed models, manufacturers also produce various designer models, which include solid cast iron, tubular steel and even ceramic. The high price of these devices is explained by the fact that design ambitions in them prevail over engineering rationality.
Prices for popular models of heating radiators
Heating radiators
Heating schemes for a two-story house
The number of implementations of a heating system for a two-story house is endless, as it depends on many factors: the size of the house, the availability of uninterrupted power supply, the permanent residence of people in the house, etc. Therefore, it would be reasonable to consider several standard schemes that have proven their effectiveness.
Heating scheme for a house with natural circulation
The name of such a system speaks for itself - the circulation of coolant in the heating system occurs due to natural processes. The operation of such a system can be seen in the figure.
Water heated in the boiler heat exchanger decreases in density and is displaced by colder and denser water from the return line. It is this difference in the weights of hot and chilled water that ensures circulation in the heating system. In the most top point The hot water riser is equipped with an expansion tank, which allows the water to expand when heated, allows you to control the water level in the system and, if necessary, replenish it. In addition, all the air that will inevitably be present in the system will exit into the expansion tank.
Distributing pipelines and return lines, also called beds, are always made on slopes to facilitate water circulation: the upper bed is to the radiators, and the bottom is to the boiler. In such a system, the boiler should be at the lowest point. Coolant is supplied to the radiators through hot water risers, and cooled water is discharged through return risers.
One of the options for implementing a two-pipe heating system for a two-story house with natural circulation is presented in the following diagram.
In this diagram, attention should be paid to a large number of pipelines and their high nominal bore - dу. This is explained by the fact that in gravity systems, in order to ensure circulation of the coolant, it is necessary to minimize resistance, and this is only possible in pipes of large diameters.
Natural circulation systems naturally have advantages:
- Independence from power supply - the heating system will work both in the complete absence of electricity and in the event of interruptions in its supply.
- Reliability and simplicity proven over many years of operation.
- The absence of pumps and the low circulation speed of the coolant make such a system silent.
Despite all the advantages, such systems are gradually becoming a thing of the past, as they no longer meet modern requirements for heating systems.
- Gravity systems are extremely material-intensive - large-diameter steel pipes are used for their installation.
- Installation of heating systems with steel pipes technologically complex and time consuming.
- Systems with natural circulation have limitations on the area of heated premises. According to experts, the total length of horizontal sections (beds) should not exceed 40 meters, and the total area 150 m2.
- High inertia - from the moment the system is started until all radiators warm up to the design temperature, it can take several hours.
- A large difference in supply and return temperatures can have a bad effect on the boiler heat exchanger.
- The coolant of gravity systems contains a large amount of dissolved oxygen, which affects the corrosion of pipes and radiators, so in such systems only cast iron or bimetallic radiators can be used.
Forced circulation heating systems
Almost everything modern systems heating systems use only forced (artificial) coolant circulation, which provides significant advantages:
- The use of circulation pumps helps to heat any area with any number of floors in a building.
- The diameter of the pipes can be much smaller, since the pump allows the coolant to be pumped at a higher speed.
- The use of circulation pumps makes it possible to reduce the temperature in heating systems with the same heat transfer parameters of radiators, and this, in turn, allows the use of cheaper polymer and metal-plastic pipes.
- Possibility of both general and zonal adjustment in heating systems.
The disadvantages of forced circulation systems are:
- Dependence on electricity, which is easily solved by the presence of uninterruptible power supplies or generators.
- The operating noise of the heating system is higher, but if calculated correctly, it is not audible to the human ear in heated rooms.
The circulation pump is usually installed into the heating system on the return line in front of the boiler, since this place has the lowest coolant temperature.
For forced circulation to work correctly, the selected pump model must meet the system parameters. There is a special method for calculating key characteristics - productivity and generated pressure. In order not to bore the reader with formulas, we suggest using the built-in calculators.
Pump performance calculator
Installing heating in a two-story house will require preliminary calculations, preliminary selection of equipment and wiring diagram.
The use of one scheme or another depends on the size of the house.
The project takes into account living space and layout interior spaces.
Autonomous heating with natural water movement is a common scheme for a summer house or private house. The routing of pipes and installation of appliances in a house with two floors is practically no different from the diagram one-story house.
Natural circulation system
As the temperature increases, liquids expand, but cannot contract under pressure like gases.
The heating system has a device that stores excess expanding liquid - an expansion tank.
It will allow you to control the coolant pressure, preventing a critical level at which equipment destruction will occur.
Differences between open and closed systems in expansion tanks. The natural circulation scheme involves the installation of an open expander.
A special feature is the installation location. The height of the second floor will create the necessary pressure of the liquid column. Therefore, there is no need to take the expander into the attic.
Natural circulation indicates the absence of a circulation pump for heating systems in the design.
Heating devices are connected via overhead wiring, which will ensure uniform distribution of the coolant over the radiators (read how to properly install heating radiators under the windowsill here).
The direction of water movement is ensured by the slope of the pipes, which are installed at an angle of 5 degrees. Straight pipes are located under the ceiling or window sills.
The advantages of this scheme for a two-story house are:
- does not depend on electricity;
- reliable;
- easy operation;
- no noise.
Do you know what the slope of a sewer pipe should be at 1 meter? Calculation methods for external and internal systems are described in a useful article.
Precautions when handling propylene glycol-based antifreeze for heating systems are described on this page.
This system has disadvantages that negate the advantages:
- complex installation (multi-level arrangement of pipes with a mandatory slope);
- maximum heating area – 100 m2;
- low efficiency;
- the temperature difference between the forward and return pipes harms the boiler;
- corrosion (the constant flow of oxygen from the air oxidizes metals);
- maintaining a constant water level in the expander;
- other types of coolant cannot be used;
- Heating installation requires a lot of pipe products.
Some of the shortcomings can be solved by installing a circulation pump with a bypass and check valve(read here).
But it is more correct, when installing heating for a two-story house, to choose a closed connection scheme.
Most often, a single-pipe, two-pipe or manifold wiring option is used. They can be installed independently.
Single pipe connection
According to this connection diagram, a separate direct branch goes to each floor.
Installed on each floor shut-off valves, which allows you to heat the floors separately.
Having passed through the radiators, both branches are connected into one, which supplies the cooled coolant to the boiler.
Each radiator is mounted with a bypass on the battery (written here) and shut-off valves.
This will allow you not to stop heating in cases that require replacing individual radiators (read the rules for installing heating radiators in an apartment on this page).
The devices are equipped with Mayevsky taps or valves for removing air jams. Installation without outlet areas will lead to uneven heating of the premises.
In such cases, radiators of different capacities are installed. But installing a bypass is the most rational way.
A heating design with fewer shut-off valves will not allow the floors to be heated separately.
The ability to shut off a branch or a separate device will allow you to effectively respond to malfunctions of heating devices.
IMPORTANT! Manufacturers indicate in the passports of devices the parameters obtained by calculation. This applies to internal volume and power. Water flow in a radiator with a power of 10 kW is 10 l/min.
Do you know how to drill a water well yourself - a video taken during work is posted on the page hidden under the link. Look and read this useful article.
Which hydraulic accumulator is better for water supply systems is written here.
On the page: https://ru-canalizator.com/vodosnabzhenie/avtonomnoe/zhelonka-chertezhi.html watch a video on how to make a bailer with your own hands.
Wiring with one pipe will save on materials and provide good heat transfer. Using this scheme, you can install the heating yourself (watch a video on how to glue polypropylene pipes here).
Disadvantages include:
- uneven distribution of coolant,
- need for balancing.
Two-pipe circuit
Connecting using a two-pipe option will allow you to avoid the disadvantages of a cut-off system.
Heating, built according to a two-pipe scheme with forced circulation of coolant, evenly distributes heat over the entire area of the room.
Radiators are connected in parallel to each other. Each device is connected to the forward and reverse branches of the system.
An air vent and a shut-off valve (installation on a heating radiator) for the coolant supply are mounted on the radiators, which will allow you to regulate the degree of heating of the device.
Shut-off valves are not installed on the return branch. The main disadvantage of the scheme is the consumption of materials. For installation, a double number of pipes is required.
Collector wiring
Heating with a collector is suitable for both a one-story house and a two-story house.
Installation of the collector circuit takes place under the condition that correct installation circulation pump into the heating system.
Natural circulation will not be able to move the coolant.
Water is first supplied to the collector, which distributes it to the heating devices.
Shut-off valves are installed at each outlet of the collector.
ATTENTION! The consumption of materials and complex work pays off with precise adjustment of heat transfer and ease of use.
Such a heating system has a number of undeniable advantages:
- installation and dismantling of radiators during heating operation;
- the contours are independent of each other. This makes it possible to heat each room differently;
- Additional devices are connected to the heating, for example, heated floors;
- the pipes are hidden under the floor or in the walls, the collector is placed in a separate cabinet;
- Despite the complexity of installation, wiring can be done independently.
Horizontal two-pipe heating is based on a collector.
The comb is located in a special cabinet; system elements are included.
During installation, pipes, fittings and fittings made of polypropylene are used.
Heating devices (polypropylene coils) are placed on the floor.
All links are connected independently. After installation in a private house, it is necessary to balance each circuit.
IMPORTANT! The machine must maintain a coolant temperature of up to 55 degrees.
The considered heating schemes and connection options (how to calculate the volume of a hydraulic accumulator is written here) for a two-story house have been tested by many years of practice.
Each has advantages and disadvantages. In practice, installing a collector connection with your own hands is easier than others.
High-quality microclimate and uninterrupted operation heating system will be installed by specialists.
Look at the proposed video for a manifold diagram of the heating distribution in a two-story private house.
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Ru-canalizator.com
Heating in a two-story house: upper and lower wiring, one-pipe and two-pipe systems, installation features
Arranging a heating system for a two-story private house requires a competent approach, since the main thing that any cottage resident requires—comfort—depends on this indicator. Today, air and electric heating systems are becoming more and more popular. But by electric we do not mean standard heaters or heated floors, but those that operate on alternative sources energy type solar panels.
Standard wiring diagram
Typically, such a scheme involves the use of metal plastic pipes - this is what the design and engineering bureau can tell you. However, these pipes can be easily replaced with polypropylene or even copper. Interestingly, today copper pipes have again become in demand.
The fact is that despite all their disadvantages, including high cost, they have a very significant advantage: the coolant circulating through copper pipes and radiators does not need to be replaced for many, many years. In fact, you can fill it once - and that’s it, it’ll last for a lifetime!
Standard wiring diagram for a heating system in a two-story house Fittings, various shaped systems, connectors and other components are connected only depending on their angle of inclination and relative position from each other. This wiring diagram usually requires the use of various taps: from ball taps to radiator taps (all of them are straight).
After the calculation has taken place according to the diagram, the required number of radiators and their sections is calculated. The latter are mounted on special brackets. Accordingly, the more sections there are, the more brackets (or other fittings that can replace them) will be needed.
You should not install more radiator sections than necessary: this will increase energy consumption, and the effect will be minimal.
Upper and lower wiring
In a house where there is both a basement and an attic, you can use one of two types of wiring: upper or lower. Of course, almost any 2-story house will have both an attic and a basement.
Features of wiring, depending on their type:
- With the top supply, the coolant will be supplied from the attic, entering the distributor, and then going down through the pipes;
- At the bottom, the coolant, accordingly, will be supplied from the basement, flowing downwards.
Of course, it seems logical that the easiest way is to use the upper wiring, because in this case the pump will have the lowest power and the coolant itself will circulate much faster. 
Scheme of a two-pipe heating system with bottom wiring
However, it depends on which side you look at: the upper wiring will be irrelevant, for example, if the house has an attic (living in the “embraces” of a heating boiler is another pleasure, it should be noted), and if a leak occurs, the entire house will be completely flooded. Is it worth the risk?
It’s worth saying right away that the coolant does not always mean water: now many owners of private houses also use antifreeze (this will not affect the choice of lower or upper wiring).
But in any case, there are 2 rules that apply regardless of the selected type:
Two-pipe and one-pipe heating system
The choice between a single-pipe and a two-pipe heating system when building houses was the most difficult decision for the owner. The systems differ significantly from each other, and each has one significant advantage and one of the same disadvantages.
For not big houses It is better to prefer a two-pipe heating system.
Diagram of a single-pipe heating system Brief characteristics of two types of heating systems:
Plastic pipes are the best option for a modern heating system
- Single-pipe, as you might guess, requires the use of only one centralized line (pipe), regardless of what type of heating is used: water boiler, stove, gas, steam, using or without an electric boiler, and so on. But there is one problem: the already cooled coolant enters the same pipe from which it was supplied, to the main riser. It turns out that the lowest radiators will be much colder than the first ones. Consequently, their heating area will also increase, which is good (what is meant here is that such a heating system will require a much larger number of radiators and batteries);
- The two-pipe system requires complex technical conditions for its installation, but is more efficient. Cooled and hot water circulates through different lines, without touching in any way and without interfering with each other at all. It turns out that all the batteries warm up evenly, and the heat does not just go away;
- In general, single-pipe is cheap, but far from the most effective; two-pipe - expensive and complex, but very effective. The dilemma will have to be resolved directly by the owner of the building himself; nothing can be done about it.
Installation of the system when planning a heated floor
The main nuances that must be taken into account when planning the installation of heated floors:
When installing a heated floor, it is necessary to take into account the type of subsequent finishing.
- It is very important to choose the right flooring. Very! For example, if a screed is placed on top of a heated floor (and it is required and will be in any case), and a 10-centimeter parquet floor is placed on top of the screed, then why is this heated floor needed at all if the efficiency of such a system is zero? All such points must be taken into account;
- The underfloor heating pipeline is always and under any circumstances installed exclusively in the screed of the floor itself. Then people usually ask the question: what should its thickness be? But experts will be able to answer this question only if they have information about all the initial parameters of the house itself and those required for heating circuit power;
- Even if it is planned to install heated floors on the ground floor only in some parts, thermal insulation will have to be carried out over the entire surface of the floor, otherwise the heat will go into the basement, thereby wasting energy virtually nowhere and reducing the efficiency of the entire system. Of course, this is provided that in basement No living rooms or not keep any animals. For the second floor, this condition is not necessary;
By the way, any water supply scheme will work more efficiently if it has natural rather than forced circulation, which is extremely important. Do heating systems differ much?
For example, what will be the difference between the heating system of a one-story brick private house with polypropylene pipes (polypropylene pipes are now popular) from a two-story wooden one, which is heated by an electric boiler?
The difference will be significant, because here it will be necessary to determine how to properly connect the heating system (for each type of house - differently), is it possible to do this with your own hands, is it possible to connect devices with very high power in a private house?
General scheme underfloor heating devices in the house In any case, the heating system in a one-story house will a priori be simpler from a technical point of view than in houses with two or more floors. And if you take huge houses, the area of which starts from 500 m², then everything is so complicated and completely confusing that it seems that even a nuclear physicist will not immediately figure out where to insert this or that fitting and with the help of which pumps circulates water or some kind of another coolant.
Video
You can watch a video where experts talk about how to install a heating system in a two-story house and organize collector heating.
fastbuildings.ru
Heating scheme for a two-story house - let's look at the features using an example
The design of a heating system in modern houses must be done at the design stage of the house itself. This way you can understand what materials and in what quantities you need. In addition, this will help you quickly find shortcomings and correct them. It is important to choose the best option for a heating system, assessing your material capabilities, as well as the availability of resources to maintain the heating system (quantity and quality of fuel, climatic conditions, etc.). The most popular option now is water heating; it is suitable for multi-storey buildings the best way. Also read about the heating system - “Leningradka”.
Heating diagram for a two-story house
Standard wiring of heating elements in a 2-story house
Sample wiring of heating elements
Let's consider a water heating scheme for a standard building with two floors. It provides manual temperature control in each individual room of the house. The system is installed in a standard way: using a horizontal placement of two pipes, in which the heating radiators are connected to the sides.
It is better to use metal-plastic pipes for the heating system due to their strength and durability. But you can also use polypropylene pipes, which will also be a very effective solution. Metal-plastic pipes do not require special installation skills, and there are almost no blockages or dirt sticking inside them. Polypropylene pipes You can assemble it yourself, they are light and reliable.
At the system design stage, the required number of corner, adjustable and connecting nodes of the system is calculated, the number and installation locations of taps and plugs are marked. An analysis is carried out of the required number of heating radiators and the number of sections in each of them; the amount of heat given off by the radiator will depend on this in the future. For each heating radiator, mounting brackets are installed, in an amount determined by the dimensions of the radiator.
The diagram contains a designation where in the system it is necessary to install a heating boiler, an expansion tank, and a pump. The heating boiler can operate at various types fuels, but the most popular are gas, solid fuel or electricity. In new houses and cottages, solid fuel is almost never used due to its low environmental friendliness.
If the heating boiler is small, then you can install it directly in one of the rooms of the house, a storage room, for example, or in the owner’s workshop. In this case, the boiler is hung on the wall so as not to waste space. It is not recommended to install the boiler in bedrooms or rooms such as a library or office. This is due to the fact that the boiler can emit noise during operation, although not loud. Large boilers must be placed in a separate room or even in a separate building.
An example of placing a tank in a house
Tank placement: bottom or top.
If your house has a basement and an attic, then you can make a heating system with bottom pipes or bottom pipes at your discretion.
- If the wiring is from the top, then the boiler is placed in the attic and from there hot water is supplied through the riser to all heating radiators.
- If you choose bottom wiring, then the tank is installed in the basement and from there, using a pump, the heated water is distributed through the pipes.
Whatever option you choose, the expansion tank is always installed in the highest place of the house, that is, in the attic. A riser connects it to the heating boiler with bottom wiring.
Heating system with one or two pipes
A heating system with one pipe is a ring. Water from the boiler first goes to one floor, then returns back to the tank through another. As a result, the temperature is higher on one floor and lower on the other. To compensate for this phenomenon, larger radiators are installed on the lower floors (where the water is usually not so hot) than on the upper floors. In addition, in a single-pipe system, there is no way to turn off one specific heater. It is necessary to turn off the entire system.
Heating system sample
A system with two pipes is more difficult to install, but it has almost no disadvantages. This system has two pipes: hot and cold. Entering the radiator, hot water cools and pours into the cold pipe. In this case, you can shut off one of the radiators, this will not affect the operation of the others.
Video - heating a house using a boiler
Video - house heating diagram
Video - how to make a warm floor in a house
stroyvopros.net
Heating project for a two-story house: calculation and selection of materials
What kind of heating can there be in a 2-story house? How to dilute the coolant, what heating devices to use? How to calculate the thermal power of a boiler, and which boiler should be preferred? The article does not pretend to be the ultimate truth: it will only present the author’s point of view on these problems.
Construction does not end with the construction of walls. We have to think through the heating scheme.
Calculations
How is the water heating scheme for a private 2-story house calculated?
- The base value for thermal power is 60 watts of heat per cubic meter of volume.
- Each window in an exterior wall adds 100 watts of heat, and each door adds 200.
- Depending on the climate zone regional coefficient is selected:
Thus, the heating of a 2-story house with a floor area of 70 meters, a ceiling height of 3 meters, 8 windows and 3 doors, located in Sevastopol, can be calculated as follows:
- The volume of the room is (70*3)*2=420 m3.
- The basic thermal power is 420*60=25200 watts.
- Windows and doors will make their own adjustments: 25200+(8*100)+(3*200)=26600 watts.
- The warm climate of Crimea will reduce power requirements: 26600*0.7=18620 watts.
Winter in Sevastopol is not particularly severe.
The power of radiators for individual rooms is calculated in the same way.
A nuance: do not forget about the area of the premises without heating devices. If the hallway is heated by radiators in the adjacent room, this radiator should be selected according to the total volume of both rooms.
How to convert kilowatts into the number of battery sections? It is enough to divide the calculated power of the device by the power of one section, which is always indicated in the accompanying documentation. In its absence, you can rely on the following values:
Wiring
What should be the heating scheme for a 2-storey house - the distribution of coolant and the connection of heating devices? Here are the two simplest and most affordable solutions.
Stand-up with top filling
The coolant rises from the boiler to the supply outlet located in the attic and returns to the return pipeline through the risers with heating devices. The scheme is attractive, among other things, because it allows you to organize heating of a 2-story house with natural circulation: with a floor area of up to 50 m2, it will work stably without a circulation pump.
Stand-up (vertical) scheme.
Double Leningradka
Even simpler and more fault-tolerant is the Leningradka, or barracks-type system. In the general case, it is a ring between the supply and return pipes of the boiler, in parallel to which the radiators of the heating system are connected.
In relation to our situation, the heating scheme of a 2-story house will include two rings. Three extra meters of bottling length on the second floor will not change the temperature of the radiators to any significant extent; However, if you wish, you can take the trouble of balancing the rings by installing a throttle that opens the lower ring.
Modification of Leningradka for two floors.
Connecting radiators
Radiators of short length (up to 6-7 sections) are connected quite traditionally - both connections are located on one side.
But for longer lengths, one of two alternative schemes is used:
- Diagonal - when the supply and return are connected to the right and left, to the lower and upper threads.
- From bottom to bottom - when two bottom threads are used for connection.
In both cases, it is more convenient to use American plugs rather than straight-through plugs - quick-release connections with a union nut.
Diagonal connection made by American women.
Materials
What is the best material to use to build your own heating system? Let's go through its main elements.
Boiler
If your house is gasified, the best option in terms of heating costs is a gas boiler. Preferably - condensation: the use of the full heat of combustion of gas (including the energy that is taken from combustion products during their condensation) increases its efficiency by 9-11%.
Safety
IN closed system the so-called safety group is responsible for it - an automatic air vent, a safety valve and a pressure gauge. In addition to them, the circuit is equipped with an expansion tank that compensates for the increase in coolant volume during expansion. Its volume is taken approximately equal to 1/10 of the total amount of coolant.
Useful: the volume of coolant in a balanced system is usually taken to be 15 liters per 1 kW-hour of boiler power.
In an open system (most often the gravity heating system of a 2-story building is open), the functions of all the above devices are assigned to an open expansion tank. It is mounted under the ceiling of the second floor or in the attic. The bottling lines are laid with a constant slope, so that the air from them is displaced by the coolant into the tank.
Open expansion tank.
Heating devices
If you are using a heating scheme for a 2-story house with a solid fuel boiler, cast iron sectional radiators or registers are preferable. Their significant mass and large internal volume mean that after the fuel burns out, the circuit will cool quite slowly.
In all other cases, the optimal choice is aluminum sectional radiators.
What is the instruction related to?
- They have excellent heat dissipation.
- Their appearance will fit into the most sophisticated living room design.
- Finally, the price - from 280 rubles per section - will not seem ruinous to the most economical homeowner.
Pipes
The typical temperature range for autonomous heating is 50-75C at a pressure of no more than 2.5 atmospheres.
- Reinforced polypropylene. Reinforcement will significantly reduce the thermal expansion of the material.
The wiring in the photo is made of polypropylene.
- Cross-linked polyethylene.
- Metal-plastic. Better - with press fittings: compression ones are very sensitive to the quality of calibration and at the slightest violation of the technology, after a few months they begin to flow through the connections.
Conclusion
Page 2
A significant part of residential and utility rooms Heated centrally, despite the variety of other options. First of all, heating schemes for multi-storey buildings are relevant for the construction of entire microdistricts and small settlements. One boiler room can provide heat to a large number of objects.
The photo shows an apartment building with centralized heating.
Benefits of Centralized Networks
A distinctive feature of such systems is the location of the boiler equipment in a separate building. The coolant is delivered through pipelines that are laid directly along the street to each facility.
Such networks cannot be set up with your own hands, since the volume of work carried out is very large.
- Any heating scheme for a multi-storey building is well thought out by specialists, so serious failures rarely occur.
- The operation of such systems is usually carried out on fuel, the price of which is low.
- A centralized heating network, as a rule, is maintained by special services, which means there is no need to monitor performance.
- With this option, there is no need to place the boiler within the home, which saves space.
An example of the location of the main elements.
Note! As for the disadvantages, these include the functioning of the system according to a certain schedule and the inability to implement customization temperature conditions.
Approximate system structure
Central heating in terms of design is practically no different from autonomous systems. However, the cross-section of the pipelines in this case is much larger, and the equipment installed in the boiler room is much more complex.
The equipment in the boiler room is demonstrated.
- Large and small boiler houses, as well as special thermal power plants, act as a heating source. In the first case, the coolant acquires a given temperature directly during fuel combustion. In another option, heat is provided by steam. In addition, thermal power plants are capable of generating electricity.
- Using a network of pipelines, coolant is transported to objects. The diameter of the input and output elements usually reaches 1000 mm. As for laying, it can be done either on the ground or underground method.
- heating equipment provides the opportunity to transfer heat to rooms. The main devices are radiators and heating convectors. They are installed in heated rooms.
The heat path is above ground.
Reference! One thermal power plant (CHP) allows you to replace several small boiler houses, and therefore construction costs are reduced.
In addition, a considerable area is freed up.
Basic classification methods
Any diagram of the heating system of a multi-storey building may belong to one category or another. Classification of centralized systems can be carried out according to several criteria. You can learn more about them by reading the information below.
Depending on the type of coolant
- Liquid networks received greatest distribution when heating multi-storey buildings. They make it possible to deliver coolant over considerable distances without a sharp deterioration in quality characteristics.
- Steam systems used much less frequently, but still found. They allow the installation of heating pipes with a smaller diameter. This option is mainly used where water vapor is required.
An example of a steam boiler for heating houses.
Based on the connection method
- Independent networks involve heating the coolant in a special heat exchanger.
- Dependent systems involve providing heat directly through pipeline branches.
More about the device
To heat an apartment building centrally, it must be connected to a heating main that runs from the thermal power plant or boiler house. For this purpose, inlet valves for thermal units are made in the main pipeline.
A simple diagram of an elevator point.
Immediately after the shut-off elements, mud collectors are installed, which are necessary for the precipitation of salts and metal oxides. Thanks to these devices, you can extend the operating period.
Hot water connections are made directly into the house circuit. After them, the main unit should be located - the heating elevator.
System layout
Typically, the heating scheme in an apartment building assumes the presence of one supply pipe with bottom or top filling. It can diverge into a certain number of branches, which are directed into the building from the basement or attic.
With lower wiring, pairs of risers are combined using special jumpers located in the attic or top floor. An air vent must be installed at the top point.
A single-pipe wiring plan is shown.
A top-fill heating system involves installing an expansion tank with an air vent on the technical floor. The valves serve to cut off each riser from the general network.
The correct slope when installing pipelines makes it possible to ensure the drainage of coolant when opening air vents.
The top-filling branch has some features.
- The temperature of heating devices decreases as the coolant moves downwards, so it will be lower on the lower floors. Compensate heat losses possible by installing additional radiator sections.
- Starting the system is quite simple, because for normal operation you only need to open special valves, as well as air vents for a certain time.
- Draining the coolant from the risers is somewhat complicated, since you first have to cover it on the technical floor. Only after this does the reset open.
Important! The heating system of multi-storey buildings is adjusted by changing the diameter of the elevator nozzle.
That is, when its size changes, the heating level increases or decreases.
Optimization process
When delivering the coolant from the source to the heating devices, quite large heat losses occur, so certain measures must be taken to maintain the temperature regime.
In fact, there are only two ways out of this situation.
This is how the thermal insulation of heating pipelines works.
- Installing equipment with higher efficiency can improve the functioning of the system.
- Additional thermal insulation of pipelines can significantly reduce heat loss.
About the main disadvantages
- Any centralized system operates according to a certain schedule, so during operation it is necessary to adapt to it. In addition, it is impossible to adjust the temperature yourself.
- The cost of boiler equipment and pipelines is quite high, which means that if the work is carried out poorly, you can spend huge amounts of money.
- Work on installing centralized heating is very labor-intensive, so in case emergency situation It will take quite a bit of time to fully or partially restore the system.
- Periodic pressure drops in the centralized network can reduce the heating efficiency to some extent.
As a conclusion
Above, instructions were presented regarding the design of heating systems in multi-storey buildings, so that apartment owners could assess the scale of the centralized network and its effectiveness. If necessary, an autonomous branch can always be created that will support desired temperature in a residential area. Additional information on this topic can be found by watching a special video.
Page 3
Heating of any private home must be done not only correctly, but also in full accordance with the technical conditions of the facility. In this article we will look at how a heating system can be organized country house, and in what case it is best to use one or another scheme.
Let's start with the key point.
Photo of heating circuit
Which boiler to choose
Let's look at the features of each solution in the comparison table below.
| Boiler type: | Features of the option: |
| Gas | If a main line with this energy carrier is connected to the house, then there is nothing to think about - you need to buy and install a gas heater. If the house is small (up to 150 sq. meters), then a wall-mounted device is suitable, and if it is a three-story cottage, then it is better to buy a floor-standing version. |
| Electric | In principle, this is not a very profitable option financially. However, if there is no gas, then there is nowhere to go. Boilers of this type are heating element and induction. The price of the first products is attractive, however, they do not last very long. Although induction ones are more expensive, they last not 5-7 years, but about 20. |
| Diesel and solid fuel appliances | They are distinguished by their autonomy and the ability to work on fuel such as firewood, pine cones, sawdust, straw, etc. Liquid fuel units operate either from diesel fuel or from waste oil. The option is quite good if there is no gas and there are power outages. |
Note! The heating scheme in the house may provide for the joint operation of two boilers at the same time - electric and, for example, solid fuel.
A solid fuel device can be used as a backup option - that is, it turns on at the moment when the electricity goes out.
Example of a system with simultaneous operation of two different boilers
We've sorted out the boilers, now let's decide on the equally important elements of the system.
Which pipes and radiators to choose
Heating schemes for a country house usually provide two pipe options:
- Steel lines. They are good because they transfer heat around the entire perimeter of the house, but bad because they are difficult to assemble with your own hands, since you need to use welding machine. In addition, the products are afraid of corrosion.
Steel pipes
- Plastic pipes. They are easy to install and have no problematic connections. When welding metal, the seams can rust, but the welded plastic becomes, in a sense, monolithic, without any risk of leakage.
Plastic line
Note! Plastic heating country house - it’s quite possible to do it yourself, since you don’t need any special skills.
In addition, the installation of a plastic line is quite inexpensive, despite the fact that the result is really durable.
So it turns out that plastic pipes and a gas boiler are the best options. In addition, you can purchase not a regular gas heater, but a dual-circuit one for hot water supply.
As for radiators, for a private home it is better to use the following products:
Modern cast iron heaters
Tip: with natural circulation, a home heating scheme involves the use of steel or plastic pipes large diameter. When implementing the first option, the heat is distributed evenly along the perimeter of the premises, and in the second case, the coolant enters the radiators as hot as possible.
- Steel panel radiators. This is the optimal solution for forced heating. The batteries have a good level of heat transfer and contain a small amount of water, so the boiler has to heat very little coolant.
Steel appliances
As for bimetallic batteries, it is not advisable to use them for private houses, since bimetallic is designed to work in high-pressure lines or where there are strong pressure drops.
However, of course, if this is a heating scheme for a 3-story building, and even with an underground level, then perhaps bimetal is worth using. If you plan to have more pressure.
So, now let's look at specific home heating schemes - let's look at the options for organizing heating.
Overview of system assembly options
First of all, the heating scheme for a three-story house and any other is divided into two types:
- With natural circulation. This is when the movement of water occurs naturally, without the use of electric pumps - due to a change in the density of the coolant.
The principle of the natural circulation system
- With forced circulation. Here, electric pumps are used to move the liquid. As you understand, complete autonomy of work is impossible in this case.
Forced circulation
Now regarding the differences depending on the method of pipe routing.
Single pipe system
In such a line, the coolant bypasses all radiators sequentially, that is, one by one, and then returns back to the boiler. It turns out that each subsequent battery receives colder liquid than each previous radiator.
This is what a single-pipe heating line looks like
In principle, it is believed that such a DIY home heating scheme is the most feasible, since you have to install a minimum of pipes and connections.
However, the disadvantages are obvious - each subsequent heater in the overall chain will be less and less hot. The option is suitable for situations with a small initial budget.
Two-pipe main
The point here is that two parallel pipes are connected to each battery - supply and return. That is, two lines are laid along the perimeter of the room - and from each of them lines go to different sides of the radiator.
Double-pipe circulation principle
The advantage of this approach is the ability to regulate the flow power into each individual battery. It is also possible to completely shut off each heater. In the previous case, this would have been impossible to do, because the supply of coolant to each subsequent device would have stopped.
This type of system is very good, but it will require more pipes and fittings (due to the installation of taps and the creation of additional “turns”).
Collector line
The manifold circuit of the heating system of a country house - done with your own hands is more complicated than all previous options.
The idea is that at the boiler outlet a special “comb” adapter is installed, from which a separate pair of supply and return pipes is led to each radiator.
There is, of course, a very large consumption of pipes, but a system of this type is quite convenient to use, since all adjustments are carried out in one place. The best option- is to install it in large houses, where there are many rooms and heated floors.
Collector
Important! To ensure uniform fluid flow relative to each heater, such a system must be balanced before starting by adjusting the taps on the adapter.
In principle, this concludes our review, and now we can summarize.
Conclusion
We have figured out what the heating and hot water supply circuit of a country house consists of, and also examined on what principle this or that type of heating functions.
We hope that now you can design truly efficient and profitable heating for your home. If there is not enough information, then watch the video at the end of this article.
Page 4
Water heating is the most efficient and economical home heating system. Various water heating schemes have been developed, and we want to consider their characteristics, advantages and operating features in a private home.
Heating the house with natural circulation of coolant.
Heating with liquid coolant
General information
Pipes and radiator batteries are a sure sign of water heating.
The main indicator of the comfort of any home is the air temperature in it, since a person can only live in a narrowly defined temperature range. However, in the continental latitudes of the northern hemisphere of our planet, the climate is far from this range, and people are forced to use artificial heat sources.
Previously, such a source was an open fire in a cave or hut, then the fire moved to the firebox of the stove located in the house. However, with the growth of the population, the issue of shortage of firewood and other types of fuel became more acute, and people faced the problem of increasing the efficiency of heating.
The first types of heating were imperfect.
Important! This is how the idea of using a coolant appeared - a substance that plays the role of an intermediary in the transfer of heat from the flame to the air in the house.
The problem is that gases do not conduct heat well, and if you have a large house, then to warm up distant rooms you will have to fire the stove for a very long time, while it will be too hot near the firebox, and cold in distant rooms. Therefore, the main task was to supply heat with minimal losses to each room.
A hot stove is not only dangerous, but also ineffective.
At this stage, we can formulate the basic requirements for the coolant:
- High thermal conductivity. Necessary for heating the coolant as quickly as possible;
- High heat capacity. This parameter determines the ability of a substance to store thermal energy. Obviously, the more heat the intermediary stores and transfers, the more efficiently the system operates;
- High mobility. The substance must have such properties that it can be transported indoors without the use of complex technologies;
- Availability. The coolant must be inexpensive and available in different regions, since in the event of an accident it will be necessary to urgently replace it to avoid freezing of the house;
- Safety. The agent substance must not pose a danger to humans and the environment, and must not contain flammable, toxic, explosive or chemically aggressive compounds and substances.
The solution to the problem was in our hands.
Important! The substance most suitable for all of the above parameters turned out to be ordinary water, which has the highest heat capacity among liquids, is able to move through pipes and channels under the influence of gravity or pressure, is safe and incredibly widespread.
Thus, the task was concretized: it is necessary to create a scheme in which water will move along a strictly defined route from the furnace firebox to the heating devices.
The operating principle of a liquid coolant system.
Important! To put it simply, we need two heat exchangers and a pipe through which water will circulate between them. We install one heat exchanger in the firebox, where the liquid will heat up, and the second in the room, where the coolant will release the stored energy to the air.
Heating boilers
A boiler is a device for producing heat from burned fuel.
If the source of thermal energy is fuel, then the means of obtaining it is a boiler. This is the heart of any fluid heating system. The efficiency of all heating depends on the reliability of the operation of this device, and in Russian winters this is one of the conditions for survival, so the first task is choosing a boiler.
Firewood is one of the most widely used types of fuel in Russia.
The most important criterion here is the availability and cost of the fuel on which the unit will operate.
There are these types of boilers depending on the fuel used:
- Solid fuel or wood boilers. They use firewood, coal, coke, peat, pellets, briquettes and other types of combustible biomass;
- Gas. Use mainline, compressed or liquefied natural gas;
- Diesel heating boilers. They use liquid petroleum products: diesel fuel, diesel fuel, various oils, gasoline, kerosene, etc.;
- Electrical. Water is heated using a heating element or electrode method.
Setting up a modern gas boiler.
If we talk about efficiency in terms of the cost of one kilowatt-hour of heat, as well as the availability and prevalence of fuel, then the undoubted favorites are gas and wood-burning units, with the former being the most preferable.
The photo shows a diesel unit.
Important! If your house is connected to a gas transportation system, then you should buy a gas boiler; if the mains are not connected, then you should choose a wood-burning option. Electricity and diesel are too expensive for the average consumer.
Types of systems
With natural circulation
The presence of an open expansion tank at the top point indicates natural circulation.
A heating scheme with natural water circulation is the simplest and cheapest, but also the most inefficient system. Given the small size of the house and the heating area, this is a completely workable option, the construction of which does not require serious calculations and complex installation work.
The principle of operation of such a system is simple: the boiler is installed at the lowest point of the room, preferably in the basement. Water fills a pipeline consisting of a supply pipe running up from the boiler, then the pipe gradually descends and passes through all the rooms, and finally returns to the firebox heat exchanger.
Natural circulation system.
When the burner is turned on, the water begins to heat up, expands and rises up the pipe due to the difference in density between the hot and cold liquid. Since the circuit is closed, the cold coolant mass is forced into the heat exchanger, and the liquid begins to circulate in the system in a circle, transferring heat from the flame to the radiators.
Open type expansion tank.
To compensate for the expansion and increase in the total volume of water in the pipes, an expansion tank is installed at the top point. It can be open, since the pressure in the pipes does not matter.
Important! It is necessary to know and take into account the rules for selecting pipe diameters and angles from inclination. It is believed that a slope of 5 mm per linear meter of pipe is sufficient; the clone is made in the direction of water movement.
Angles of inclination of pipes and their diameters.
For servicing small village houses, this scheme is quite acceptable. It does not require calculations and is performed according to standard scheme“like everyone else,” since the size and architecture of the houses do not differ much. Moreover, the design is relatively easy to assemble with your own hands and requires a minimum of materials.
With forced circulation
The presence of a pump tells us about forced circulation.
A more advanced and efficient heating system is a scheme with forced circulation of coolant. This solution allows you to speed up the movement of water through the pipes and deliver still hot liquid to remote areas. The forced movement of water is carried out by a pump built into the pipeline.
Heating device with forced circulation.
Thanks to precisely calculated driving speeds, operating efficiency is increased, fuel consumption is reduced and indoor comfort is increased. To create complex, branched and multi-circuit systems, forced circulation is necessary.
The construction of such a structure will require more serious hydraulic calculations, selection and installation of a circulation pump, installation of protection, a closed hydraulic accumulator, pressure gauges and safety valves. In this case, there are no special requirements for the slope of the pipes.
Pump piping.
Important! During operation, the circulation pump does not create all the pressure that is present in the system. The fact is that the circuit is closed, and the water in it rotates like a wheel, and the pump overcomes only hydraulic resistance and friction, so the energy it consumes does not affect the cost of heating.
Instructions for connecting the pump.
From calculations it became known that the use of a circulation pump increases operating efficiency by 25 - 30%. In addition, for normal maintenance of multi-storey buildings, multi-circuit and collector circuits, the use of forced circulation is necessary. Almost all modern systems use this principle.
Radiator wiring
The type of pipe routing is important.
Another important difference between water heating systems is the type of pipe routing from the boiler to the radiators.
There are three main types of such wiring:
- Single-pipe scheme. This is the simplest and cheapest model when heating batteries connected to one pipe in series. Water enters the first radiator through the supply pipe, passes through it and enters the same pipe from which it enters the next device, cooling as it moves;
- Two-pipe model. A more complex, but also more effective design, in which the batteries are connected with the input to the supply pipe, and the output to the return pipe, and there is no other communication between these pipes. Parallel connection allows all devices to be heated evenly, which increases operating efficiency and comfort;
- The collector-beam connection involves the supply of coolant to the supply distribution manifold, from where pipes diverge to the inlet of each radiator. From the outlets, the pipes return to the return collector, and from there the water flows into the boiler. This approach allows you to organize multi-circuit systems of heated floors and large houses with many rooms.
Single-pipe water supply.
Single-pipe supply organization is suitable for small houses with natural circulation, or for individual rooms - summer kitchens, workshops, saunas, etc.
The two-pipe scheme is considered more efficient due to uniform heating of devices, the ability to adjust the temperature in individual rooms, and more precise control of automation equipment. It is suitable for any type of building and is used most often.
Two-pipe supply model.
Manifold wiring is the most effective and advanced, but its price is significantly higher due to the larger number of pipes, the need for additional equipment, fittings, and also due to complex installation and calculation.
Collector-beam wiring.
Important! Today, the most common are two-pipe and mixed wiring, which can be combined with underfloor heating collectors.
Conclusion
Water heating is the only heat supply system that is truly effective in terms of price and quality ratio. At the same time, one must understand that equipment and organizational schemes are constantly being improved, and comparison of fashionable alternative systems with old types of water heating is absurd and unconvincing. The video will help you better understand this issue.
