Classification of furnaces

People have long noticed that when strongly heated, clay from soft material turns into an impenetrable stone. No one now even remembers when the first kiln for firing clay products appeared. Over thousands of years of human activity, not only pottery, but also the kilns necessary for it, have constantly developed and improved.

This kiln will help you make handmade ceramics

There are several main categories of kilns:

• by type of fuel or energy source on which the unit operates. This section distinguishes gas, electric and solid fuel;
• according to the location of the heater. There are two main types: muffle, when the heaters are placed around the muffle, and chamber - the heater is inside the firing chamber;
• difference in the type of chamber environment. This classification is divided into three types: vacuum, when air is pumped out of the chamber, air - conventional furnaces, and with a protective gas environment, when auxiliary gas is pumped in for better processing products;
• differences depending on the type of loading. Three categories: tubular - loading from above, for uniform firing artistic products, bell-shaped - the same loading, but for large items, horizontal - when loaded from the front;
• in terms of power and maximum temperature heating The final quality and color of the product depend on the firing temperature, so this category has great importance for those who experiment in these directions.

Overview of ceramic kilns:

Construction of a summer stove

Indoor structures are most often built from adobe brick or blocks. But with the help of layers of adobe you can make, for example, a summer stove or, as it is also called, an outdoor stove with your own hands.

Construction algorithm street design from adobe the following:

• Prepare the foundation for the future furnace structure. To do this, you can use an ordinary whole brick, which must be laid out in a semicircle, and inner part– fill with broken bricks, glass or other material. For the hearth you need to use fireclay bricks.
• Knead the clay with straw (preferably chopped) and sand in a large container (you can use a used bathtub). It is best to do this with bare feet, making sure that the resulting mixture is viscous and homogeneous.
• On a finished base using wet sand, create a form under future design, on which to mark the entrance. Usually, it is built hemispherical, and wet sand is ideal for creating this shape.

Place adobe on, under, or around the form. After this, the building material is gradually placed on the previous layer and slowly moved towards the top. It must be remembered that the higher the sand dome, the thinner the masonry must be, otherwise the structure may “float”.

That's it, the structure is done, and you need to wait until it dries, after which you need to smooth it out a little with a trowel. This technique will protect the structure from dry grass, leaves and other debris sticking to it. If the structure becomes more or less dry, then you need to remove sand from its inside, which has already played its role. It is also recommended to light small fires inside the dome to help the structure dry out faster. You can build a stove from adobe with a chimney, or it is possible without it.

Thus, an adobe oven is not just building construction, and, one might say, is part of our history, one of the oldest Russian traditions, if you like. And this is really true. Therefore, let's respect our history, our customs, multiply our traditions and then everything will be fine with us. We are convinced of this! published econet.ru

If you have any questions on this topic, ask them to the experts and readers of our project here.

Clay oven

Clay ovens have been built from time immemorial, since there were no bricks in the villages before or they were too expensive. Nowadays it is almost a forgotten art. We made our own stove, relying on our own intuition and information gleaned from books; we also had no experience in this matter.

Our stove is a Russian “black” stove, that is, without a chimney. Such stoves used to be installed in so-called “smoking” huts, where the smoke came out into the room and then out through a small window near the ceiling. Over time, the window was replaced with a chimney - wooden pipe starting from the ceiling. In huts, such stoves could occupy up to 1/4 of the room area. Our oven has dimensions of 1.2×1.6 m. The names of the main parts and dimensions are shown in Fig. 1.

Rice. 1. Chicken adobe baking oven. Dimensions are given in meters.

Before building the furnace, it was necessary to make a foundation for it. To do this, on the site we removed the turf and the top soft layer of soil to a depth of 20-25 cm. The bottom of the pit was filled with liquid clay mortar, boulders were laid and they were also filled with clay mortar. Then formwork was installed around the pit and the masonry was raised 20 cm above ground level. The top of the masonry was leveled with a thick clay mortar and a layer of waterproofing material was laid (Fig. 2). Any material is suitable for it: roofing felt, polyethylene film, old packages. In the old days, birch bark was used for this purpose.

Rice. 2. Construction of the furnace foundation.

For waterproofing, we laid two layers of 25 mm thick boards crosswise and overlapping. Thanks to this, the load from the furnace is evenly distributed over the entire foundation.

After the foundation of the furnace was laid, we began to construct the hearth and hearth. To do this, stones were laid above the foundation to a height of 20 cm and bound with clay mortar, and the top 5 cm of these 20 cm were made of clay only. If the clay layer is thinner than 5 cm, then when heated it will fall off the stones and there will be holes on the hearth.

A few words about clay

For an adobe stove, a properly prepared clay solution is the most important thing. The solution must provide minimal shrinkage and at the same time be durable. It is made from clay, sand, and water. The more sand, the less shrinkage, but the lower the strength. The clay/sand ratio depends on the fat content of the clay used. There should be very little water in the solution, again to reduce shrinkage.

In our case, the situation was simplified, since we had no sand at all in the forest clearing. I had to make everything from clay “as it is.” The clay was taken out of the pit and transferred to a 1.5 x 1.5 m shield, where it was stirred with a small amount of water with feet until the consistency of stiff dough.

External and internal formwork was installed on the pole. The external formwork consists of four plank walls, knocked together in a box with overall dimensions 0.6×1.2×1.4 m. The internal formwork is shown in Fig. 3.

Rice. 3. Internal formwork.

A hole of 20x20 cm was left in the front circle. It was needed later, when burning out the formwork. The outer formwork was wedged with stakes so that it would not be deformed when filling with clay. The hole in the front circle was closed with a piece of board from the outside. Then they filled the space between the formwork with clay.

The clay was laid in layers of 10 cm and carefully compacted. To increase the strength of the structure, we reinforced the corners, roof ceiling and mouth with Ø10 mm rods. Even if the clay cracks, the rods will prevent the stove from falling apart. At the same time, we took into account that the mouth will be cut in the front wall of the furnace to a height of 32 cm and the rods should be 10 cm higher. The same was done with the overlap of the furnace. The rods were placed 10 cm above the internal formwork.

Advantages and disadvantages

In modern days, people have again begun to show interest in the original Russian adobe oven. They are built not only in rural villages, but also by people living in the city. The equipment can be erected on the street or directly in the house.

Clay stoves are used not only as a heating unit, but also as decorative element, which can be used to decorate a garden, a country house and similar buildings. The design is very simple, so it won’t be difficult to recreate it in any room. For production you only need to have great desire for construction, as well as clay.

The stove is gaining great popularity due to its obvious advantages:

1. Maximum ease of construction - there is no need to spend money on expensive materials and tools. The design is created by hand and you don’t even have to use electricity.
2. Compact sizes.
3. Completely environmentally friendly - only natural materials, do not pollute the environment.
4. Low cost. You won't have to buy anything from hardware stores. Even on the sand, there is an option to save money - go to the nearest beach and dial there required quantity.
5. Great practicality. The oven is used not only for heating, but also for cooking and drying clothes. It is also a good decorative element.

Despite a large number of advantages, any device also has disadvantages. The only downside is that you will need a lot of building material – clay. It needs to be mixed properly to get the right consistency. But if you conduct several experiments and practice mixing small quantities, then difficulties will not arise in this situation.

How to make an adobe oven

The clay should be fairly plastic, with a minimum moisture content. The solution should provide minimal shrinkage while being strong enough. The ratio of clay and sand is 1:6

In this case, it is necessary to pay attention to the fat content of the clay. The mass must be mixed thoroughly, this will take time

And when favorable conditions and following the technology, you can build a stove with my own hands for one day. With each fire, the stove becomes stronger, which ensures a solid structure. Tools needed to make an adobe oven

• beaters, which are wooden handles with knobs;
• chekmari - large wooden hammers;
• tamper - used to knead clay;
• use a knife to remove excess clay;
• pestle is used to lay the mortar;
• grater and scraper - for leveling walls.

Clay oven construction techniques

There are two technologies for clay stove construction. In the first case, formwork is used, and in the second, an adobe oven is formed with your own hands from pre-prepared blocks. The first option is complex and is more suitable for small fires intended for baking bread and preparing baked dishes, while the second can be used to build a functional Russian oven.

Preparation of clay solution

To prepare the solution you will need clay, sand and water. In many regions, all this can be found absolutely free. Oily clay of a reddish hue is best suited for construction. Red granular clay is not suitable for kilns. If independent extraction of raw materials is difficult, then you can buy it in construction stores. It’s more profitable to buy in large packaging - it’s cheaper.

There is no exact recipe for the solution - the proportions depend on the fat content of the clay. In some areas, sand is not added at all, while in others it is required twice as much as the main raw material. The output should be a very dense and thick homogeneous solution.

Baking in formwork

It was no coincidence that the adobe oven was called - the construction technology involves beating the mortar that fills the formwork with special wooden hammers. One end of the tool is flat - it is used to compact and level the surface, and the second has a wedge shape and is used for beating clay between the formwork. It will not be possible to build such a hearth alone - in the old days, neighbors were involved in the work, assembling teams of 15-16 people.

Formwork for baking

Making formwork is not an easy process; it is assembled from wood during the formation of the furnace, but all the details are prepared in advance. The most difficult thing is to correctly make the “work” for the firebox. The firebox blank has the shape of half a barrel, while the arc of the arch starts from the base and does not have straight walls - this enhances draft and provides good heat. The boards are sawn from the inside and tied to the parts with ropes so that after drying it is easy to remove the shape.

Modern adobe oven

Before placing the clay solution in a wooden “shirt,” the clay is beaten in small portions on the floor to get rid of lumps and voids. After filling out the form, close it upper layer pieces of clay measuring 30*40 cm and cover the top. After three days, the spacers are removed, the mouth is cut out with a knife, and the front boards of the mortar are knocked out. The top formwork is carefully removed and covered with the error solution. If desired, stoves are cut out on the walls to collect heat and decorate home. You can think about the first firebox no earlier than in 2 weeks.

Construction of a clay block oven

To build a clay oven with your own hands from blocks, first make homemade bricks. To do this, the solution is kneaded for a long time, achieving a uniform composition and a dense layer. In the old days, this was done with feet and with the help of horses, later they pressed the clay with a tractor, and now they use all kinds of devices.

A well-compacted clay layer is chopped into blocks with an ax the right size without waiting for it to dry. A stove is built from the blocks, but no mortar is used to bind the bricks together, but the joints are compacted with hammers. To get a firebox the desired shape, make wooden formwork, which can not be removed, but burned during operation.

Stylish clay stove in a modern interior

It is allowed to start a fire only after final drying - after two weeks. In the first few days, small portions of brushwood are burned to dry the clay and give it strength. Over time, a clay oven only becomes stronger - the raw materials are baked and transformed into a monolithic structure.

What methods exist for creating adobe ovens?

A do-it-yourself adobe oven can be built using two methods:

1. Using formwork. This option was used in cases where it was necessary to build a small fireplace with which it was possible to bake bread and prepare baked dishes.
2. Using clay brick or formed blocks. Such designs ensured the versatility of Russian stoves.

Clay making in formwork

The first option is more complex and requires more time and solution. Therefore, first we will focus on this option - very reliable and cheap, but more complex.

Let's look at how a black stove is built, which is placed in the garden, near a room or in some other place on the street. The clay oven for baking bread has the following external dimensions: 0.6x1.2x1.6 m.

To construct the hearth and hearth, a certain number of stones are laid out at a height of about 20 cm, which are filled with not very liquid clay, while its layer above the stones should be about 5 cm.

Internal formwork

After this, they install external and internal formwork (see figure). Structure external structure– simpler: a box measuring 60x120x160 cm.

The internal formwork can be clearly seen in the figure. The front circle is equipped with a hole of approximately 20x20 cm, which will be useful in the process of burning out the formwork.

To avoid unnecessary deformation, outer part wedged with pegs. After this, it is necessary to fill the space between the formwork with previously prepared clay.

To improve the quality of the structure, it is necessary to lay the clay in low layers (up to 10 cm) and compact it well.

In order for the entire structure to be strong, the corners and arches must be reinforced with 10-12 mm rods. The mouth, which will have a height of approximately 32 cm, can also be reinforced.

Oven made of adobe blocks

The second method was most often used by rich people who could purchase bricks or blocks to build a furnace.

Today you can make blocks or bricks from clay with your own hands. For this purpose, it is necessary to knead the clay solution until a homogeneous composition and a dense layer is obtained, after the formation of which it must be cut into blocks of a certain size. A stove is built from such elements.

It should be taken into account that during the creation of the structure, no mortar is used to bind the adobe bricks together. The joints between them must be compacted using hammers.

To give the firebox a specific shape, they use homemade formwork, which 2-3 weeks after construction is burned inside the structure during the first “idle” operation. This means that before full operation it is necessary to light a small fire inside several times with brushwood so that the entire structure gradually dries out completely.

Clay mortar for oven

A homemade adobe oven will require a large amount of clay mortar, which you can make yourself. The main thing here is to guess the proportions, and they, in turn, depend on the fat content of the clay and the quality of the sand.

To prepare the solution we will need:
water;
sand;
clay.

The more sand there is in our solution, the lower the degree of shrinkage, but the degree of strength will also decrease. And the solution, as a result, should have minimal shrinkage and maximum strength. Therefore, it is important to combine everything correctly. Make a little test solution and find your combination. The only note is that there should be a minimum amount of water, this will reduce shrinkage.

Once the desired combination has been discovered: the clay must be mixed with a small amount of water and sand to form a stiff dough consistency, this can be done the old fashioned way, with your feet, provided that you do not have a special tool.

Making a foundation for an adobe oven

In order to make a foundation you need:
Remove the sod and fertile layer from the soil (25 cm);

The bottom resulting from digging a pit must be filled with liquid clay mortar, then the boulders must be laid, and everything must be filled again with the same clay mortar;

We install formwork around the perimeter of the pit;

Raise the masonry 20 centimeters from the ground;

Level the top layer of masonry with a thicker mortar and cover it waterproofing material(old bags or roofing felt - whatever the budget is enough for);

The final touch: we lay boards on the material, laying them crosswise (2 layers, boards 25 cm thick).

The foundation is ready and the first stage of making an adobe oven with your own hands is completed.

After laying the foundation, you will have to master the hearth and hearth devices.

We lay stones on the foundation and bind them with clay mortar. The height should ultimately be about 20 cm, with the top 5 cm being made entirely of clay, this is important.

Assembly of the adobe oven continues. It is necessary to mount internal and external formwork on the pole. The external formwork consists of four plank walls put together into a box. Dimensions of the resulting box: 0.6x1.2x1.4 m. When making internal formwork, a hole with dimensions of 20x20 cm must be left in the front circle, it is necessary for subsequent burning of the formwork. We return to the outer one, wedge it with stakes to avoid deformation.

Assembling an adobe oven

The space between the formworks must be filled with clay, having previously protected the hole in the circle with a board.

To make the product dense, carefully compact the clay, laying it out in layers of 10 cm. Corners and ceilings can be additionally reinforced with rods with a diameter of 10 mm. The rods must be placed 10 cm higher than the internal formwork.

The oven should form, give it at least 3 days, then carefully remove the front wall of the formwork and cut out the mouth with a knife. The parameters of the mouth are: width – 38 cm, height – 32 cm. Desirable shape, arch shape. Through the mouth we made, we carefully removed the protective board. You can try to remove the remaining formwork walls, but for now this is a rather risky undertaking, because the oven can collapse under its own weight if it is not fully formed. Therefore, it is better not to rush.

Drying and finishing the oven

Most of all, setting up an adobe oven will take you more time than effort or resources. The oven should dry for at least a week, or even a week and a half or two. It all depends on quality source material and humidity. But the period can be significantly reduced if you are in such a hurry to launch bread production. In order for the stove to dry out in a week, light a weak fire in the furnace for about half an hour, no more. This procedure must be repeated 3 times a day, thereby maintaining the oven barely warm. True, stove makers say that the longer the stove dries, the longer it will last, so decide for yourself whether you need to speed up.

But, one way or another, you will have to wait and this is a good break to work on accessories, make a damper and a shovel. In order to preserve the spirit of nostalgia and antiquity, it is better to make both of them from wood. The damper should close the mouth as tightly as possible; for its manufacture it is better to use dry boards of arbitrary thickness. But the board for the shovel should be about 25 mm thick; the length and width of the product are selected individually.

To give more aesthetically pleasing, the stove can be whitewashed. There is no need to look for expensive materials; chalk whitewash mixed with skim milk is quite suitable. The advantages of such whitewashing are that it does not get dirty at all and will not stain everyone at home. The whitewash is applied in two layers, and after everything has dried, the body of the stove can be painted with watercolors at your discretion. This way you will receive not only an original and functional item, but also an item with a unique design.

Before putting the kiln into operation, after it has completely dried, the internal formwork must be burned. But be careful, during the burning process the back of the arch may be damaged and cracks will appear. If cracks appear, they must be covered with mortar, having first widened them a little. After all these simple manipulations, your homemade adobe stove is ready for use.

Clay oven

Practice has shown that a good Russian stove can be made not only from brick, but also from adobe. In this furnace, brick is used only for laying the hearth and laying the pipe.

If done well and cared for, an adobe stove can last for a long time. To lay the stove, it is necessary to prepare the required amount of clay mortar, carefully selecting the composition as described earlier. A medium-sized oven requires approximately 3.5 m 3 of solution. Mix the solution very thoroughly. The density of the mortar should be such that if you make a brick from it standard size, place it in the middle on your hand or stick, it should not bend. With slight deflection, the quality of the brick is satisfactory (Fig. 73, A). Clay and sand to prepare the solution are poured onto wooden shield such a layer that after compacting the resulting layer is 150 mm thick. On a well-compacted solution, if you stand on it, footprints are almost invisible. The 150 mm layer is convenient in that pieces or bars of the required size are cut from it for constructing a furnace. More thin layer is ineffective, and thicker ones are difficult to compact during operation. The prepared clay is thus cut into strips 200 m wide, which are then cut into rectangular bars (bricks) 300–400 mm long. The ends of the bars are cut off at a miter or half their thickness, that is, in the same way as wood is joined into half a tree (Fig. 73, b).

Rice. 73. Adaptation and procedure for constructing a Russian adobe stove:

A- checking the hardness of the solution; b - the shape of the bars and their placement in the oven; V- wooden roller and scraper with a steel blade; G- walls under the vault; d- frame for the mouth; e- laying the arch (the numbers show the order of laying the pieces, the arrows indicate the direction of the blows)

The bars are laid with overlapping seams with additional thorough compaction with a roller or tamper, which apply strong blows to the top and sides (Fig. 73, V). The stronger the compaction, the higher the strength of the oven and vice versa.

After compacting and leveling the masonry, excess clay is cut off with a scraper, and the walls are checked for verticality and horizontality.

You need to know that the thickness of the furnace walls can be from 190 to 250 mm. The thicker the walls, the longer the oven retains heat.

When laying the next row of bars, the underlying bars are not wetted with water. If you wet them, then in the places where the bars touch, the layer of solution will be weaker. When there is a break in work, the upper sides of the laid bars are covered with rags soaked in water and wrung out of excess water.

As you know, under the floor it is necessary sand backfill, which is poured onto a previously constructed flooring or vault. The flooring can also be made of wood, but at a distance of 450–500 mm from the hearth level. First on wood flooring pour 250-300 mm of earth, level it well and compact it, and on the ground - sand or a mixture of sand and gravel in a layer of 150-180 mm, but more is possible. It is very good to first lay two layers of asbestos or felt soaked in a clay solution on a wooden flooring. This protects the wood from extreme heat.

Before installing the vault, it is necessary to build two walls in the shape of a crucible or chamber and install them in place (Fig. 73, G). Subsequently, a hole-orifice is cut out in the front wall. The shape of the mouth can be semicircular or in the form of a gentle arch of the same dimensions as the previously discussed valve.

It is advisable to insert a metal frame made of strip or angle steel into the mouth, but it is possible to use round reinforcing steel with a thickness of 7 mm or more. In this case, the wire is bent to the shape of the damper. Having made three to five rods, they are put together and tied with wire. The legs of any frame can be bent. They are necessary to secure them in the laid mass (Fig. 73, d). The frame will serve as a support for the wall and a stop for the damper. It should be secured.

It is best to arrange the front wall with the mouth like this. Make a wooden circular formwork in the shape of the mouth, put a frame on it, lay cut clay strips, carefully compacting them, cut them from the sides, having previously drawn the shape of the wall, and cut off the excess according to this shape.

The vault is best constructed using formwork, which should be very strong. The formwork is covered with paper on top in one or two layers; this will make it easier to remove it from the clay. Before laying on the formwork, the clay bars are given the required shape by cutting off the excess with a knife. Laying is carried out as shown in Figure 73, e. After cutting off the excess clay, everything is cleaned up. The laid bars compact well.

A vault can be made without formwork, but it is more difficult, and you also have to clean the vault inside with a scraper, which is very inconvenient and labor-intensive.

Actually everything internal surfaces stoves should be made especially smooth to improve draft and ensure a freer, smoke-free exit of flue gases.

Having completed the forehead and covering it with clay bars in two or three layers, carefully compact them together. Above that there is brickwork.

The finished oven should be dried for at least five to seven days with the appliances open. Then they heat it with dry fuel, adding small portions first and then gradually increasing them. After fuel combustion, dampers, valves or views are left open. When the clay heats up, it releases a lot of steam, which must escape into the pipe. As the oven cools, usually after 6–8 hours, the firebox is repeated. This drying is carried out for five to six days until the oven is completely dry. After this, they take dry fuel (wood is chopped finely) and for the first time really heat the stove. During this fire, not only does the furnace finally dry out, but the clay is also fired from inside crucible or cooking chamber. Hot coals should be evenly distributed throughout the hearth. The well heated oven is closed. Every other day the fire is repeated. Proper drying and firing ensure the strength and solidity of the furnace.

It is necessary to remember that the pot can also be made from adobe brick, but, unfortunately, when water flows out of the pot during boiling, it can erode the fragile clay.

After finishing the oven, clean the outer or front sides and rubbed with clay or lime-clay mortar. After the solution has dried, the stove is whitened two or three times with lime diluted in skim milk, obtaining a durable, non-staining paint.

This text is an introductory fragment. From the book Tips for building a bathhouse author Khatskevich Yu G

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Since time immemorial, our ancestors have built adobe ovens. They were usually built in villages and, due to the lack of a chimney, the first versions of such structures were called “black-style” stoves. Accordingly, the house where there was a clay stove of this type was called a “chicken” hut. This name directly depended on the design of the stove, since at first the smoke filled the home, and only over time came out through small hole(top) under the ceiling outwards. It is clear that the entire hut was filled with smoke, and through the window, which was specially built for this purpose, not only gases and smoke escaped, but almost all the heat.

Construction materials

The first thing you need when creating a stove structure is a clay solution, of which you need a lot. In addition to the main substance, it also contains sand and water. During construction, they use oily, fine-grained clay, which has a slightly reddish tint. Before use, it is recommended to soak it in barrels or other large containers, then mix well.

Advice! To obtain an almost ideal homogeneity of the mixture, it is recommended to mix the clay with your feet, as they did in the old days.

There is no exact ratio of the ingredients of the clay solution, since in each area the material has its own fat content. In order to obtain a high-quality mixture, it is necessary to make several different compositions in small quantities and in a practical way select the desired option.

Important! The quality of the functioning of the furnace structure depends on the quality of the solution. Therefore, ultimately the solution should be dense, thick and homogeneous.

Advantages

Today, interest in adobe stoves is beginning to increase. They are built not only villager, but also the urban population. They can be erected both indoors and outdoors. Therefore, today clay ovens, which are built in the garden or on a summer cottage, are very popular.

The design itself is not particularly complicated. Every self-respecting man and true owner can build such an adobe structure with his own hands. To do this you need two things: material and great desire.

The great popularity of adobe stoves today is explained by their obvious advantages. They are characterized by:

• ease of creation;
• compactness;
• environmental friendliness;
• low cost;
• practicality.

In addition, this design can be used for:

• heating the room;
• preparing unusually tasty, aromatic and healthy food;
• baking bread, including hearth bread, which does not go stale for a long time and has a specific pleasant taste.

What methods exist for creating adobe ovens?

A do-it-yourself adobe oven can be built using two methods:

1. Using formwork. This option was used in cases where it was necessary to build a small fireplace with which it was possible to bake bread and prepare baked dishes.
2. Using clay bricks or formed blocks. Such designs ensured the versatility of Russian stoves.

Clay making in formwork

The first option is more complex and requires more time and solution. Therefore, first we will focus on this option - very reliable and cheap, but more complex.

Let's look at how a black stove is built, which is placed in the garden, near a room or in some other place on the street. The clay oven for baking bread has the following external dimensions: 0.6x1.2x1.6 m.

But first Before proceeding directly to construction, it is necessary to create a foundation. To do this, dig a small pit 25-30 cm deep, fill the bottom with liquid clay, lay stones on it, which are also covered with a clay solution. After this, raise the masonry to a height of 20-25 cm above the ground, level the area with mortar, and lay waterproofing.

The waterproofing section must then be covered with two layers of boards (25 mm) in a crosswise manner, which will help to evenly distribute the load on the base of the structure.

To construct the hearth and hearth, a certain number of stones are laid out at a height of about 20 cm, which are filled with not very liquid clay, while its layer above the stones should be about 5 cm.

Internal formwork

After this, they install external and internal formwork (see figure). The structure of the external structure is simpler: a box measuring 60x120x160 cm.

The internal formwork can be clearly seen in the figure. The front circle is equipped with a hole of approximately 20x20 cm, which will be useful in the process of burning out the formwork.

To avoid unnecessary deformations, the outer part is wedged with pegs. After this, it is necessary to fill the space between the formwork with previously prepared clay.

To improve the quality of the structure, it is necessary to lay the clay in low layers (up to 10 cm) and compact it well.

In order for the entire structure to be strong, the corners and arches must be reinforced with 10-12 mm rods. The mouth, which will have a height of approximately 32 cm, can also be reinforced.

Important! The rods should be placed at a height of 10 cm above the upper edge of the mouth and the inside of the formwork.

Read: - types and characteristics.

Oven made of adobe blocks

The second method was most often used by rich people who could purchase bricks or blocks to build a furnace.

Today you can make blocks or bricks from clay with your own hands. For this purpose, it is necessary to knead the clay solution until a homogeneous composition and a dense layer is obtained, after the formation of which it must be cut into blocks of a certain size. A stove is built from such elements.

It should be taken into account that during the creation of the structure, no mortar is used to bind the adobe bricks together. The joints between them must be compacted using hammers.

To give the firebox a specific shape, they use homemade formwork, which 2-3 weeks after construction is burned inside the structure during the first “idle” operation. This means that before full operation it is necessary to light a small fire inside several times with brushwood so that the entire structure gradually dries out completely.

Making an adobe oven

Adobe stoves - decoration modern interiors

Many people want to build their own adobe oven. For those who don’t know what it is, let’s say that adobe is environmentally friendly construction material, the main ingredient of which is clay mixed with straw, hay, wood shavings, manure or other substances that increase its strength. To reduce shrinkage during the drying process, add a little more sand to the mixture. Depending on the purpose of the furnace structure, it can be of different shapes.

Construction of a summer stove

Indoor structures are most often built from adobe bricks or blocks. But with the help of layers of adobe you can make, for example, a summer stove or, as it is also called, an outdoor stove with your own hands.

Advice: It is best to start construction at the beginning of summer, since under the influence of summer natural heat the structure will dry out well!

The algorithm for constructing a street structure from adobe is as follows:

Advice: For better adhesion of adobe to the brick base, it is necessary to wash off the sand around the mold and, at the same time, moisten the surface.

• Place adobe on, under, or around the form. After this, the building material is gradually placed on the previous layer and slowly moved towards the top. It must be remembered that the higher the sand dome, the thinner the masonry must be, otherwise the structure may “float”.

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Previously, clay stoves were found in almost all peasant houses. They were made from available materials and they had big sizes. Modern designs very different from their predecessors. They have an attractive appearance and compact size.

All furnaces according to construction technology are divided into:

• adobe;
• Komi-Permyak;
• round.

They differ not only in appearance, but also by characteristics, construction technologies and scope of operation.

Samannaya

Adobe refers to an ancient building material consisting of: sand, clay, straw. The advantages of such construction include:

• minimal costs;
• aesthetic appearance;
• high performance;
• simple construction technology.

It is a one-piece monolithic structure that can be placed in a country house or in a house.

If you are building a stove outside, make a canopy over it to protect the structure from various precipitation.

Miniature adobe structures can also be made in long hike. To build it, you need to use plastic clay with a low moisture content.

The construction of adobe structures should be carried out in dry and sunny weather.

In good weather conditions and if everyone is available necessary materials and tools, you can build such a structure on your own in just one day.

So, to build an adobe stove you will need to prepare the following tools:

• beaters;
• large wooden hammers;
• tamper;
• grater;
• scraper.

The construction technology itself is quite simple:

1. The formwork is built and the prepared mortar is placed into it.
2. The solution forms the firebox and chimneys.
3. The oven is molded as if from plasticine until the first stage.
4. Next, the overlap of the hogs is formed.
5. The clay is laid in a layer of 10 cm and compacted.
6. At this stage, the furnace and sub-furnace doors are bricked up.
7. Next, using a spatula, the firebox is cut out.

To prevent the walls of the product from starting to deform, a small formwork is made inside and spacers are inserted.

1. Next, we cut out the ash pit, combustion chamber, and chimney.
2. After this, we install the grates and cast iron plate.
3. The finished product must be smoothed with a grater and leveled with a scraper.

You can heat the stove for the first time without removing it from the formwork. When it is completely dry, carefully remove the formwork and carry out additional work: cutting through doors and whitewashing.

Komi-Permyak

The Komi-Permyak clay oven was built in houses. It was built either on a foundation or simply on the floor:

1. First, formwork from boards is laid, then it is filled with clay.
2. All this is compacted, crushed stone is poured on top and again a layer of clay.
3. When it comes to shaping the bed, you need to make a fairly thick layer of clay.
4. Next, we install the chimneys and cut out niches in the side walls.
5. After heating, it is necessary to carefully remove the formwork and cut out the mouth in the shape of a semicircular arch. That's all, the product is ready for use.

It is best for the structure to dry at natural temperature. But you can also heat it, and if cracks appear after heating, they need to be puttied and can be whitewashed for an aesthetic appearance.

Round

The round clay oven is small in size. It can be built both indoors and outdoors. It is convenient because you can bake bread, pizza, cakes, and prepare various dishes in it.

You can also build a stove from other materials: brick, metal. But it is clay structures that are considered the most practical, functional and affordable.

Step-by-step technology for building a clay oven

Modern furnaces can be built in two ways:

1. Using formwork.
2. From pre-prepared blocks.

Construction using formwork is considered more complex process. This option is used for structures intended for baking bread or pizza. But the use of pre-prepared blocks is used to recreate a real Russian stove.

Example of furnace formwork

Before building a clay product, it is recommended to draw a sketch of it on paper. Next, you need to make clay blocks in advance. To do this, the solution is kneaded for a long time until it becomes homogeneous and plastic. Previously, clay was kneaded with feet; now there are various modern devices for this. To prepare the solution, you will need to take sand, water and clay.

It is better to use clay that is oily and has a red tint.

There are no exact proportions for preparing the solution. This is done by eye. The main thing is that the solution is homogeneous and very thick, with the consistency of a dense dough. Blocks can be formed using special forms. They must be thoroughly dried before installation.

Clay bricks are not fired. They are fired gradually during use.

A furnace is built from the prepared blocks without a binder solution. To obtain the firebox of the desired shape, formwork is made. Then you don’t have to take it out, it will simply burn during the first heating.

After completing all the work, we begin finishing. Previously, such structures were whitewashed, but now they can be given absolutely any design using modern finishing materials. Although many prefer to leave monolithic structures in its original form.

To summarize, it can be noted that clay ovens are always in demand. Depending on your needs, you can make a small-sized structure for cooking, or make a large Russian stove - a stove bench, which is distinguished by functionality, or simply build a mini garden stove for a comfortable and pleasant stay in the fresh air.