intercultural communication communication

The social being of a person necessarily presupposes the relationship of a person with nature, the cultural environment and other people, with whom each individual enters into direct or indirect contacts. Communication acts as the interaction of subjects generated by the needs of their joint existence. In the process of communication, there is a mutual exchange of types and results of activities, ideas, feelings, attitudes, etc. It is communication that organizes society and allows a person to live and develop in it, coordinating their behavior with the actions and behavior of other people.

Due to its practical significance, the communication process attracts the attention of specialists in various fields of humanitarian knowledge: philosophy, psychology, sociology, cultural studies, ethnology, linguistics, etc. Moreover, each science or scientific direction who study certain aspects of communication, distinguishes their subject of study in this process.

The problems of communication, its essence and forms of manifestation have relatively recently begun to be widely studied in domestic science. At the same time, the process of communication was considered as the exchange of thoughts and ideas using linguistic signs.

In domestic science, the term "communication" appeared and became widespread, which has firmly entered the conceptual apparatus of social and humanitarian knowledge. The emergence of a new term naturally led to the emergence of the problem of correlation between the concepts of "communication" and "communication", attracted the attention of specialists from various fields of science. As a result of lengthy disputes, discussions and discussions of various points of view, the following approaches to its resolution have developed.

The essence of the first approach is the identification of both concepts. The etymological and semantic identity of the concepts of "communication" and "communication" is put forward as the main argument for this point of view. Based on the original meaning of the Latin term "communicatio", meaning "to make common", "to connect", "communicate", supporters of this point of view understand it as the exchange of thoughts and information using various signals. In turn Russian word“Communication” also refers to the process of exchanging thoughts, information and emotional experiences between people. In both cases, there is no fundamental difference in the content of the concepts of "communication" and "communication", therefore they are equal.

The second approach is based on the separation of the concepts of "communication" and "communication". According to this point of view, "communication" and "communication" are overlapping but non-synonymous concepts. The difference between communication and communication lies in at least two respects. First, “communication has a practical, material, and spiritual, informational, and practical-spiritual nature, while Communication is a purely informational process - the transmission of certain messages. Secondly, they differ in the nature of the very connection of the interacting systems. Communication is a subject-object connection, where the subject transmits some information (knowledge, ideas, business messages, etc.), and the object acts as a passive recipient of information, who must accept, understand, assimilate and act accordingly. Thus, communication is a unidirectional process: information is transmitted in one direction only. Communication, on the contrary, is a subject-subject relationship, in which "there is no sender and recipient of messages - there are interlocutors, accomplices in a common cause." In communication, information circulates between partners, since they are equally active, therefore, the communication process, unlike communication, is bi-directional. Communication is monologic, communication is dialogical.

The well-known social psychologist G.M. Andreeva. In her opinion, communication is a broader category than communication; she suggests distinguishing three interrelated aspects in the structure of communication:

• · Communicative, i.e. communication itself, which consists in the exchange of information between communicating individuals;
• · Interactive, which consists in organizing interaction between communicating individuals, i.e. in the exchange of not only knowledge, ideas, but also actions;
• · Perceptual, which is a process of perception and cognition of each other by communication partners and establishment on this basis of mutual understanding.

Within the framework of the second approach, a special point of view was formulated by A.V. Sokolov. His position is that communication is one of the forms of communication activity. The basis for identifying these forms is formed by the target settings of the communication partners, in accordance with which there are three options for the relationship of the communication participants:

• · Subject-subject relationship in the form of a dialogue of equal partners. This form of communication is actually communication;
• · Subject-object relationship, inherent in communication activities in the form of control, when the communicator considers the recipient as an object of communicative influence, as a means of achieving his goals;
• · Object-subject relation, inherent in communicative activity in the form of imitation, when the recipient purposefully chooses the communicator as a role model, and the latter may not even be aware of his participation in the communication act.

A typical way of implementing communicative communication is a dialogue between two interlocutors, and a way of control and imitation is a monologue in oral, written and behavioral form. It is quite obvious that in this case, communication is considered as a concept broader than communication.

Finally, the third approach to the problem of the relationship between communication and communication is based on the concept of information exchange. This point of view is shared by those scientists who believe that communication does not exhaust everything. information processes in society. These processes cover the entire social organism, permeate all social subsystems, are present in any fragment public life... Moreover, verbal (verbal) means make up only a small part of information exchange in society, and most of the exchange of information is carried out in non-verbal forms - with the help of non-verbal signals, things, objects and material carriers of culture. The latter make it possible to transmit information both in space and in time. That is why "communication" refers only to those processes of information exchange that are specific human activities aimed at establishing and maintaining the relationship and interaction between people. Thus, the concept of communication "is more general in relation to the concept of" communication ".

The analysis of the presented points of view allows us to make a generalizing conclusion, according to which the communication process is complex system human interaction, which includes elements such as content, function, manner and style.

Communication can be defined as a process of interaction between partners, during which they form and develop different kinds relations between them, each partner to himself and to joint activities.

If we compare the concepts of "communication" and "communication", then you should pay attention to the fact that the communication process also necessarily includes the transfer of various kinds of messages and information and the exchange of them, but is not limited to just such an understanding. Understanding communication as a process of information exchange does not explain the specifics of the phenomenon of communicative activity in the field of human interaction. In this case, the element of mutual understanding is lost in communication, which is its main feature. As the German sociologist H. Reimann rightly notes, "... communication should be understood not the message itself or the transmission of the message, but primarily mutual understanding." The unsuccessful transmission of any meaning is only an attempt at communication, but not the communication itself. Therefore, following Reimann, we will interpret communication primarily as mutual understanding. The process during which the striving for mutual understanding is realized will be called the communicative process. In this context, “to communicate” accordingly means “to make understandable for the communication partner what you want to convey”, to understand each other, and not just to communicate or be in a relationship.

Based on the approaches and points of view presented, communication is a socially conditioned process of exchanging information of various nature and content, transmitted by various means and with the goal of achieving mutual understanding.

Thus, "communication" and "communication" are partially overlapping, but not identical, concepts that have both common and distinctive features. Common to them are the correlation with the processes of exchange and transmission of information and the connection with language as a means of transferring information. Features expressed in different volumes and the content of these concepts (narrow and wide). We will proceed from the understanding of communication as a process of exchange of thoughts, ideas, ideas, emotional experiences and information, aimed at achieving mutual understanding and the influence of communication partners on each other. Communication is the process of exchanging cognitive and evaluative information, with the goal of satisfying a person's need for contact with other people.

Communication is a concept that has long and firmly established itself in the scientific disciplines of the social and humanitarian cycle - philosophy, psychology, sociology, pedagogy, etc. Naturally, the problem arises whether the term "communication" does not mean the same range of phenomena as the concept of "communication". This problem has attracted the attention of many specialists. As a result, the following approaches to its resolution were identified.
The first approach consists essentially in the identification of two concepts. It is adhered to by many Russian psychologists and philosophers - JI.C. Vygotsky, V.N. Kurbatov, A.A. Leontiev and others. In a number encyclopedic dictionaries the term "communication" is interpreted as "a way of communication, communication". A well-known Ukrainian author, specialist in the field of communication theory Yu.D. Prilyuk on the basis of historical and linguistic studies of primordial and modern meanings of these terms comes to the conclusion that etymologically and semantically the terms "communication" and "communication" are identical. Therefore, as applicants for the nomination of the initial concept denoting "information exchange in society", they are equal.
Such reputable foreign scientists as T. Parsons and K. Cherry adhere to similar views. According to the first, communication can be viewed as communication, interaction between people. Cherry notes that communication is "in essence a social phenomenon", "social communication" using numerous communication systems developed by people, among which the main ones, "undoubtedly, are human speech and language" (Cherry K. Human information. P. 23 -24).
The second approach is related to the separation of the concepts of "communication" and "communication". This is the point of view expressed by the famous Russian philosopher M.S. Kagan. He believes that communication and communication differ in at least two main ways. First, “communication has a practical, material, and spiritual, informational, and practical-spiritual character, while communication ... is purely
information process - the transmission of certain messages ”. Secondly, they differ in the nature of the very connection of the interacting systems. Communication is a subject - an object connection, where the subject transmits some information, and the object acts as a passive recipient (receiver) of information, which must only accept it, understand it (decode it correctly), assimilate it well and act accordingly. Communication, thus, according to Kagan, is a one-way process.
Communication, on the contrary, is a subject - a subjective connection, in which "there is no sender and recipient of messages - there are interlocutors, accomplices in a common cause." In communication, information circulates between partners, therefore, the communication process, unlike communication, is bi-directional (see: Kagan M.S. World of communication. M., 1988. S. 143-146).
In his own way, the famous social psychologist G.M. Andreeva. Believing that communication is a broader category than communication, she suggests distinguishing three interrelated aspects in the structure of communication: communicative, or communication itself, which consists in the exchange of information between communicating individuals; interactive, which consists in organizing interaction between communicating individuals, i.e. in the exchange of not only knowledge, ideas, but also actions; and perceptual, which is the process of perception and cognition of each other by partners in
communication and establishment on this basis of mutual understanding.
The opposite point of view is expressed by A.V. Sokolov. His position is that communication is one of the forms of communication activity. The selection of these forms is based on the targets of the communication partners. Thus, there are three options for the relationship of communication participants:
subject - a subjective relationship in the form of a dialogue of equal partners. This form of communication is communication;
subject - an object relation inherent in communication activities in the form of control, when the communicator considers the recipient as an object of communicative influence, a means of achieving his goals;
object - a subjective attitude inherent in communication activities in the form of imitation, when the recipient purposefully chooses the communicator as a role model, and the latter may not even be aware of his participation in the communication act.
The third approach to the problem of correlation of these concepts is based on the concept of information exchange. Those who believe that communication does not exhaust all information processes in society are inclined towards him. These processes cover the entire social organism, permeate all social subsystems, are present in any, even the smallest, fragment of social life, and
far from always being clothed in the form of a word, language or text. On the contrary, messages in the verbal (verbal) form constitute only a small part of the information exchange in society, in other cases the exchange of information
is carried out in non-linguistic forms, and its carriers are not only non-verbal signals(facial expressions, gestures, intonation, etc.), but also things, objects, material carriers of culture. The latter allow information to be transmitted both in space and in time. That is why "communication" refers only to those processes of information exchange that are specifically human activities aimed at establishing and maintaining interconnection and interaction between people and are carried out primarily verbally, using language (speech or text). All information processes in society can be designated by the term "social
communication".
Thus, the most general concept becomes "communication" (information exchange), less wide - "social communication" (information exchange in society) and, finally, the narrowest, denoting a special kind
"Social communication", carried out at the verbal level of exchange of information in society - "communication".

Communication as a concept is perceived differently by psychologists, philosophers, creative individuals and just people who do not really think about the content of this concept when they talk to each other on the phone or discuss family problems with loved ones. In determining the meaning of a terminologically strict word communication the divergence of opinion is not so pronounced. Many people generally believe that communication and communication- same. Is it so?

Definition

Communication- a multifaceted process of speech, intellectual and mental activity a person aimed at establishing and developing contacts with other people.

Communication- a set of verbal and non-verbal operations, as a result of which there is an exchange of information at the level interpersonal interaction.

Comparison

The most important property of communication is universality, the ability to unite all types of human relationships that satisfy the need for joint activities and enable everyone, through mutual understanding with others, to realize themselves as a unique person.

These types include, first of all, communication, interaction between participants in communication and their direct perception of each other as partners conducting a dialogue.

Communication as a form of communication has essential functions, including, in addition to human speech activity, visual and tactile ways of perceiving information in the form of gestures, facial expressions, posture, intonation.

In the process of communicative communication, a person not only speaks and listens, but also expresses his attitude to the content of speech and the interlocutor. He may smile or frown, pronounce phrases in an ironic tone or emphasize the importance of what was said with a light touch of his partner's hand, nod in response to what he heard in agreement, or, conversely, lean back a little, demonstrating distrust of someone's words. Verbal contact is supplemented with non-verbal information, and only in this form becomes the basis of communication.

Communication and all its processes are closely related to sign systems. They include the alphabet, numbers and other symbols, road signs, legend, color and sound signals. Their use allows you to establish remote communication if direct contact of the participants is not possible.

Communication as a form interpersonal relationships combines communicative functions with interactive and perceptual. If the communicative side of communication is associated with the exchange of information between people, then the perceptual one regulates their perception of each other, and the interactive one contributes to the organization of interaction between them by the type of personal, business or official communication.

Conclusions site

1. Communication is one of the types of interpersonal interaction. Communication unites all types of human relationships.
2. Communication functions are associated with verbal and non-verbal ways of receiving information. The function of communication is to establish and develop contacts between people.
3. Communication processes are associated with sign systems and speech activity. Communication combines communicative functions with interactive and perceptual functions.
4. In communication important point is the receipt and evaluation of information, including the way it is presented. In communication, both the content and the emotional background are important.

Sports slang in the field of fitness. The process of forming slang in Russian and English

1.1 The difference between the concepts of "communication" and "communication"

First of all, let's consider the concept of "Communication". Communication is the transmission of a message, a conscious, structured, targeted and purposeful influence on the views and values ​​of the interlocutor, built primarily on a rational basis. The concept of communication includes: business correspondence, negotiations, interpersonal, intergroup, public, mass and political communication. V interpersonal communication always distinguish between verbal and non-verbal communication where the latter is more important.

The concepts of "communication" and "communication" in Everyday life are often used synonymously, which is not entirely accurate, since there is a significant difference between them. Communication should include everyday communication, and communication - professional. Unlike communication, communication assumes that at least one of the participants has a goal.

Communication seems to be something easy and more like the exchange of emotionally meaningful messages and feelings. With communication, everything is different, where emotions and feelings are not just a little characteristic, but are a service moment. A participant in the communication process will express any feelings if they are necessary for solving a situational task, and will not express any feelings if it is inappropriate in the situation. Communication is the interaction of interlocutors, each of whom has the task of influencing the other and knows that the communication partner has the same task.

During a conversation, two people, one of them can communicate, and the other can communicate. For example: when a client and a psychologist communicate during a consultation, the client usually communicates. But what is the psychologist doing at this time? The psychologist conducts professional communication in which there are conscious goals and rules, but in which, unlike communication, feelings and emotions are of particular importance. The situation is similar in the field of sports services, where communication is carried out between the client and the fitness instructor. In this case, the instructor conducts "template" communication, namely, asks a series of ready-made questions about the client's goals. http://www.psychologos.ru/articles/view/kommunikaciya

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Communication, or communication.

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Extralinguistics (methodical manual p. 238-240)

The need for new experiences is one of the most important human needs. We usually satisfy information hunger, spiritual thirst with the help of other people, through the process of communication. But do we always understand each other in the course of this communication? “Happiness is when you are understood,” one of the heroes of the film “We'll Live Until Monday” wrote in the essay. How to be understood by each other? What is communication? We will talk about this today.

Let's play the Association game. What associations do you have with the word "communication"?

(reference words are written on the board, which students will use during the lesson).

Communication - difficult process establishing and developing contacts between people, which is generated by the need for joint activities and includes the exchange of information, perception and understanding of another person.

Communication involves the use of sign means (both verbal and non-verbal).

Scientists use 2 terms communication and communication. We have to analyze the essence of these concepts. Draw a two-column table.

Communication is a targeted and appropriate influence on the views and values ​​of the interlocutor.

Communication is not the same as communication. Communication is the exchange of messages, feelings and light, shallow interaction between people. Unlike communication, communication assumes that at least one of the participants has a goal. . Communicator- a person with a tendency (task) to influence others (partner) in a targeted and expedient manner, choosing actions, words, intonations and formulations in order to get the desired reaction or answer. Recipient- the one who receives the info. The presence and implementation of goals in everyday communication is often called manipulation. Manipulation - psychological impact that evokes in a person the necessary feelings, intentions bypassing or against his conscious control.

The question of the similarities and differences between the two widely used concepts "communication" and "communication" is far from idle. V English language, "Communication" has several meanings. They are based on different meanings the verb communicate. In accordance with the first meaning of the verb (to communicate, transmit): 1) transmission, communication (thoughts, information, news); 2) distribution, transmission; 3) communication, communication; communication; in accordance with the second (to communicate, keep in touch, communicate): - message, news. There is also translation: 1) communication, message, communication; 2) a means of communication; 3) message, connection. Many people use the terms interchangeably without thinking about their meaning.

We believe that communication is significantly different from communication, although there is some common field meanings associated with the message, the transmission of some information. But there is also a fundamental difference: communication is the transfer of a message from a subject to an object, even if the sender is interested in it, but rather, as a recipient, a recipient. You can transfer information at all, without focusing on any specific person, without address. You can transfer information using different media: a book or a telephone.

Communication is often asymmetrical, dialogue is almost impossible in it. Communication is always a dialogue. In a dialogue, the communicating parties are equal, equal subjects... The main thing in the process of a communicative act is to accurately convey information, and in dialogical communication- establishing community, contact, general meaning conversation. Communication does not necessarily imply a spiritual connection, communication is always an introduction to the values ​​that we experience together, it is also a spiritual contact. In the process of communication, both parties are enriched (because they understood me, that I listened to the other, because I understood the other, even if he denies me). It should be noted that communication is always individually directed (in communication, a person is aimed at another: at one person or an aggregate subject; he is aimed at the requests, interests of the interlocutor, his needs, level of knowledge).

Communication can take place not only in the process of direct communication through words, but also with the help of road signs, teletext, books, films, etc. In fact, there can be several communication goals. For example, a movie can inform, entertain, warn, explain, etc. The main reason for communication is corresponding needs an individual or a group of individuals. And then - the goals of communication serve the various needs of individuals.