The ceramic block is insulated. Insulation of walls made of ceramic blocks. Is insulation necessary for walls made of porous ceramics?

Currently, to create permanent load-bearing walls instead of the traditional solid brick Large-format ceramic blocks are increasingly being used. This provides many advantages, first of all, the speed of wall construction increases. Large format size ceramic block much superior to brick, while having relatively low weight. It is easy and convenient for builders to work with such blocks; the walls from them grow by leaps and bounds and, most importantly, they can be lined with any finishing materials.

Opportunities and prospects

Large-format ceramic blocks are produced by several companies, in particular, Porotherm blocks are presented on the market, which have proven themselves well in our climatic conditions and are deservedly popular among house builders. The blocks last a long time, the wall they make is strong and reliable, so there is essentially only one problem - the need for cladding. Like the vast majority of wall materials, ceramic block requires exterior finishing. And if some wall materials, let’s say, are “capricious” in terms of cladding - one cannot be plastered, another is undesirable to be finished with natural stone, which ultimately creates more headaches for both builders and homeowners - then there is no such problem with ceramic blocks. Of course, there is no common technology for all facing materials, and in each case both the methods and the accompanying materials will be different.

One of the most common questions is how to properly bandage/attach to a ceramic block. facing material. In practice, several methods of such fastening are used. One of them involves the use of flexible ties made of basalt plastic in the amount of five to seven pieces per square meter. Basalt-plastic flexible connections combine strength, durability and lightness. These connections connect the load-bearing and facing layers. Flexible connections can also connect load-bearing wall with a facing layer through insulation. In addition, finishing or insulating materials can be attached to a load-bearing wall made of ceramic blocks using anchors made of of stainless steel. Thus, a wall made of ceramic blocks can be faced, for example, with facade (facing) brick, which is considered the most durable finishing material. There are hundreds, if not thousands, of its varieties in color and texture on the modern market, especially if you count imported bricks. Facade brick is intended for exterior finishing walls and foundations and performs both protective and decorative functions. With the same success, you can use ceramic clinker tiles; the material is just as strong and durable.

An excellent option for cladding large-format blocks can be natural or fake diamond. It is noteworthy that there are no special technologies in this case, you will not have to use it, the process is carried out standard, which means in an inexpensive way. A wall of ceramic blocks is first prepared plaster composition with a mesh, after which the prepared cladding elements are glued with special glue. If desired, a wall made of ceramic blocks can be completely covered with plaster; it is applied according to the manufacturer's instructions for the plaster mixture. As an option, you can use today’s popular and very inexpensive siding. In this case, the wall is also pre-plastered, after which the frame is mounted and siding is hung.

Finally, ceramic blocks interact perfectly with technology such as a ventilated (or curtain) façade. IN last years it is used more and more often, allowing, on the one hand, to protect the wall from external influences, and on the other, to ensure ventilation and normal humidity balance in the wall mass. Curtain facade is a system consisting of a cladding and a so-called sub-cladding structure, the arrangement of which leaves a gap between the outer covering and the wall. This gap allows for free movement air flow and, among other things, significantly improves the sound and heat insulation of the wall structure. Modern construction market differs in the variety of panels for facades. Facade panels can be single-layer or composite (multilayer). Today we offer clinker panels, porcelain stoneware, metal (iron, aluminum or copper), natural stone panels, as well as fiber cement panels. Such panels are dyed in bulk, have a natural range of colors, do not fade when exposed to sunlight and successfully withstand any external influences. In general, it should be noted that finishing walls made of ceramic blocks is, in principle, no different from finishing walls made of other materials. The main thing here is to choose the right one necessary materials(dry mixtures, etc.) and use them according to the manufacturer's instructions supplied.

Nuances of technology

To ensure the quality of the coating in the process of facing walls from ceramic blocks, it is important to observe certain nuances of technology. Questions that arise in practice require unambiguous answers, for example, the question of the need ventilation gap between facing bricks and ceramic blocks. Is it needed at all? Experts say that if there is no insulation, there is no need to create a gap. If between load-bearing wall and the front layer has insulation, the gap is needed to dry it.

Or take such a nuance as the need to insulate a wall during the cladding process. This insulation may or may not be done if the wall, for example, is insulated from the inside. The decision in each specific case is determined thermotechnical calculation and depends on the design of the wall and the type of wall material used. At one time, large-format porous ceramic blocks were created specifically in order to exclude insulation from the so-called wall pie. Therefore, when using them, neither internal nor external additional insulation is usually required.

If the decision to insulate the walls outside is nevertheless made, subtleties may also arise here. You can take, for example, standard mineral wool insulation. However, in some cases it is preferable to install an external heat-insulating layer using facade thermal panels. Such thermal panels are a complex multilayer system consisting of a moisture-insulating layer, insulation (polyurethane foam or polystyrene foam) and a decorative and protective layer, which can be clinker tiles (ceramic bricks). Fixed to the sheathing of buildings, these durable panels provide excellent protection against all adverse weather conditions.

If we talk about comparatively new technology facing walls made of ceramic blocks - the so-called ventilated (curtain) facades - it should be taken into account that since their development and introduction into construction, methods of thermal insulation have fundamentally changed. In the recent past, thermal insulation materials were often mounted to inner surface walls, which not only reduced the usable area of the premises, but also did not provide a sufficient level of heat conservation. The main difference of this technology was the transfer of heat-insulating materials from internal space buildings outside. In conclusion, it is worth mentioning such a seemingly trifle as calculating the number of facing bricks. It is also produced in a special way. The basis for the calculation is the area of the front part of the brick, as well as the width of the vertical (10 mm) and horizontal (12 mm) seams. In this case, you should always have a five percent reserve, since during the cladding process some of the material may become unusable for one reason or another.

Text: Vladimir Mikhailov

Finishing finished wall made of ceramic blocks is designed to improve the performance properties of the wall and give the facade and interior an expressive appearance. Let's consider options for external and internal finishing of ceramic blocks.

Exterior wall decoration. The use of ceramic blocks as wall material imposes minimal restrictions on the choice of methods facade finishing.

Traditional facing brick cladding is the most tested in practice. The proportionality of ceramic blocks and bricks designed for use in a single size chart 250mm, allows you to simultaneously lay ceramic blocks and a façade brick layer. In this case, embedded elements are used to connect the wall and the façade masonry. This option allows you to reduce total costs time and money by combining masonry work by the forces of one team - there is no need to separate the laying of the load-bearing wall and the front layer in time, to arrange scaffolding for masonry twice, to arrange additional elements mechanical connection between the load-bearing wall and the facing masonry. A positive aspect is the ability to accurately coordinate the design of window, door and technological openings during the work process. It makes sense to use traditional facade finishing with facing bricks if the ceramic blocks used for the load-bearing wall are guaranteed to ensure compliance with thermal requirements. The blocks should be laid using “warm” mortars recommended by the manufacturer.

Simple plastering of a wall made of ceramic blocks is the most budget-friendly solution. It makes sense to resort to this method only if the wall thickness is sufficient to ensure standard heat engineering. Simple single-layer plaster can be applied efficiently even without specialized training. Availability on the market large selection ready-made plaster dry mixtures and paint compositions allow you to quickly, with little effort and means give the structure an acceptable appearance. However, the short service life of such finishing will require periodic (every 5-7 years) cosmetic repairs.

Insulating plasters are a popular facade solution that represents an improvement over simple plaster. To improve the thermal parameters of the walls, slabs or mats made of heat-insulating materials are placed between the load-bearing wall base and the outer protective and decorative plaster layer. The insulation is attached to the load-bearing wall using dowels and adhesive compositions, the top is covered with several reinforced layers of plaster, designed to protect the insulation and ensure the attractiveness of the structure. Mineral wool materials and polystyrene foams are used as insulation. Correct selection The thickness of walls made of ceramic blocks and their proper construction make the use of insulating plasters an ineffective solution, since ensuring the thermal parameters of the enclosing structure is entirely the responsibility of the ceramic blocks themselves. The use of insulating plasters in combination with a ceramic block should be considered justified in the only case - if you got a finished (or unfinished) house made of ceramic blocks with walls of reduced thickness (250-380 mm).

Ventilated facades are considered to be the most progressive option for exterior wall decoration. The main constructive idea is the separation of a façade “shield” and a load-bearing wall insulated with some kind of insulation by a continuous vertical air gap. Due to natural convection in air gap Air constantly moves, carrying with it excess water vapor leaking from the room and reducing moisture condensation inside the wall structure. Manufacturers of ceramic blocks recommend using ventilated facades of two main types:

Well masonry involves the construction of a separate façade wall made of brick or other piece materials. The purpose of this wall is to protect the underlying insulation from destructive influences environment and give the building a solid “brick” appearance. The facade wall is rigidly connected to the load-bearing wall using special embedded parts or anchor elements;

The curtained façade is distinguished by the fact that auxiliary guides are attached to the load-bearing wall, onto which, at some distance from the insulation, protective and decorative boards are hung.

Both options successfully solve the problem of providing excellent appearance home and standard thermal insulation indicators. At the same time, due to the use of lightweight insulation, ceramic blocks of a smaller thickness can be used to build a load-bearing wall, which makes it possible to reduce the cost of ceramic blocks and reduce the load on the foundation. However, these methods of exterior finishing have features that must be taken into account.

Availability large quantity voids in the body of ceramic blocks and the small thickness of the walls between the channels (about 10 mm) sharply limit the range of acceptable options for mechanical fasteners. In both cases, you will have to use dowels specially designed for this purpose. The high hygroscopicity of ceramic blocks makes them excellent moisture accumulators, so you will have to ensure the correctness and thoroughness of waterproofing measures in the areas where the wall adjoins the roof and drainage elements and, especially, in the zone where the wall rests on basement part building.

Interior wall decoration. At the stage of constructing walls made of ceramic blocks, it is important to decide what type of interior decoration premises: we will plaster the walls from the inside, sew them up with plasterboard with glue or install plasterboard plaster on a special profile system. The surface of masonry made of ceramic blocks does not differ from the surface of ordinary brickwork, therefore it has a high affinity with all types of known plasters: cement-sand, lime, gypsum. If the walls of the house are simply plastered from the inside, there are no restrictions that should be taken into account when constructing the wall itself. The choice of plaster will be dictated by the requirements of the finishing decorative finishing.

Practice modern construction increasingly prefers “dry plasters” - quickly installed structures using plasterboard sheets. The main advantage similar systems is the excellent quality of the finished surface, high installation speed, and the absence of “wet” processes. IN big houses You can use plasterboard plaster systems mounted on metal profiles. With significant room sizes, “losses” of 2-3 m2 may be unnoticeable. If the house is small and every square meter usable area on account, profile plasterboard construction may be inappropriate. In this case, you should agree with the mounting option plasterboard sheets onto a layer of adhesive, which will minimize area loss.

Installation of plasterboard sheets on a profile system requires special attention. The inter-hollow ceramic partitions in the blocks are thin and fragile. During installation metal profiles Be sure to use special dowels designed for such cases.

Large format ceramic blocks are gaining popularity. They are distinguished by high reliability and durability, the ability to build in a temperate climate and to the south a wall 38 - 51 cm thick in one layer. A single-layer wall is reliable, durable and economical. The wall is plastered or covered with brick, increasing its heat-saving properties. The blocks are placed across the wall (the length of the block determines the width of the wall), they are joined together by a relief tongue-and-groove surface of the sidewalls.

How to lay large-format blocks

The block is pressed against the already installed one, then lowered vertically down onto the solution, after which it is leveled by tapping with a mallet and its position is checked with a level. Vertical joints between blocks with a tongue-and-groove side surface are not filled with mortar. But for additional blocks with a smooth side surface and for bricks, filling the vertical seam is mandatory.

It's better to take advantage finished project under a house made of ceramic blocks. In it, all dimensions are set for an integer number of blocks, so the number of different small elements with filling of vertical seams between them is reduced to a minimum. This simplifies construction and makes the wall warmer.

It is recommended to use a heat-saving solution, with which the heat transfer resistance of the finished masonry made of ceramic blocks increases by 17 - 20% compared to conventional cement mortar. Its use makes it possible to build walls from ceramic blocks in temperate climates. The heat transfer resistance of 51 cm thick masonry made from modern ceramic blocks with warm mortar reaches 3.15 m2*K/W, which meets the heat saving requirements for the Moscow region.

Sanded blocks of increased manufacturing precision (1 mm error in vertical dimension) are placed on thin layer glue for blocks or special adhesive foam. At the same time, the thermal insulation of the wall increases in the same way as in the case of using a heat-saving solution.

Wall chipping

Grooves are made in the external and internal load-bearing walls for laying communications. The grooves should not reduce the strength of the wall below the permissible values. The depth of horizontal and vertical grooves crossing the wall over its entire length (height) should not be more than 3 cm. Vertical short grooves located in the lower third of the wall can be made up to 8 cm deep.

It is unacceptable to make long grooves of great depth in load-bearing walls, for example, for laying pipelines, without confirmation by strength calculations.

Grooves made of porous ceramics in external walls are sealed with heat-saving mortar.

Foundation for a wall made of blocks

Walls made of ceramic blocks must be erected on a strip reinforced concrete foundation, which is designed for the minimum movements permissible for fragile ceramics. Its design and layout are determined by the project and confirmed by calculations. For example,

Since the width of walls made of porous ceramics is significant, usually 44 - 65 cm (including brick lining), in order to save money, the base is usually made narrower. Its width can be 20% less than that of the wall, and when confirmed by strength calculations in the project - up to 30%.

For normal protection of a wall made of porous ceramics from splashes and snow, the elevation of the base above the blind area should be at least 30 cm.

The surface of the base is carefully leveled horizontally and covered with two layers of rolled waterproofing.
The first row of ceramic blocks is placed on a thick leveling layer of mortar, the position of the blocks of the first row is carefully checked horizontally and vertically.

How to build a house from large-format blocks, watch the video:

Connections, openings

Walls made of porous ceramics can be supported interfloor ceilings. Weight of floors, span sizes, maximum loads and the design of the junction points is determined by the project.

The floors must rest on a reinforced concrete solid frame, constructed at floor level as a solid structure. It evenly redistributes the load on all load-bearing walls, external and internal.

Reinforced concrete frame with outside The walls are covered with additional blocks made of porous ceramics and a layer of mineral wool insulation.
The prefabricated floor beams rest on a reinforced concrete frame on top, and its height must be at least 10 cm and its width at least 15 cm.

For wooden lungs instead of a reinforced concrete belt, you can lay the floors with solid ceramic bricks in at least 3 rows.

Above the door and window openings special reinforced concrete lintels (crossbars) are installed for wide walls . It's better to take advantage finished product, but jumpers for non-standard openings can be done in formwork. Reinforced concrete lintels above the windows are fenced from the outside with a heat-insulating layer at least 100 mm thick.

Window and door frames are installed in the middle part of the masonry along its thickness or closer to the internal warm zone, this reduces heat loss through window openings, as well as the likelihood of dew falling on the glass.

Roof

The junction of the roof to the walls made of ceramic blocks necessarily includes a reinforced concrete frame above all load-bearing walls. A Mauerlat is attached to this belt, the loads from which are evenly redistributed through the frame over all load-bearing walls. The dimensions of the reinforced concrete belt will depend on the dimensions of other elements of the house and are determined by the project.

From the street side, the reinforced concrete frame is fenced with additional blocks and a layer of insulation.

Joining load-bearing walls

Load-bearing walls are located on the foundation and absorb loads from overlying floors, floors, and roofs. All load-bearing walls, both internal and external, are tied together with masonry.
All load-bearing walls are erected simultaneously on the foundation.

To tie up the load-bearing walls, the blocks of the inner wall are inserted into the masonry of the outer wall to a depth of 10 - 20 cm. The end of the inserted blocks from the street side is covered with an additional block and a layer of insulation 10 cm thick. This insertion is done through a row of masonry. Blocks of other rows are adjacent to external wall without winding.

Partitions in a house made of ceramics and internal heat capacity

Internal partitions usually rest on concrete bases floors on the ground, or on solid floors, or on auxiliary foundations. In individual projects under heavy partitions Reinforced concrete beams are built from bricks, resting on a foundation (basement).

A gap of 2-3 cm is always left between the ceiling and the partition so that pressure is not exerted on the partition from above. This gap is filled with insulation.

Internal partitions are fixed to external and internal load-bearing walls using anchor plates made of stainless steel (galvanized). The plates are inserted into the masonry of load-bearing walls at the junction of the partitions in an amount of at least 3 pieces. distributed by height.

In houses with external walls made of porous ceramics interior walls and partitions are recommended to be made from more heavy materials to increase heat capacity and sound insulation between rooms. Internal partition half a brick thick made of solid wood ceramic bricks As a rule, it has sufficient sound insulation.

Also, to increase the internal heat capacity, it is recommended to make a heavy heated floor screed (warm floor).

The thickness of the partitions between living rooms Usually they choose half a brick, and for cold non-residential premises - 25 cm of porous ceramics. If you want to increased sound insulation, then the partition is covered with dense mineral wool and plasterboard, or double masonry is made in half a brick with a gap of 50 mm, which is filled with mineral wool.

Read about the construction of a solid brick partition

Plaster, wall decoration from ceramic blocks

From the inside of the room, masonry made of porous ceramics is leveled with gypsum or cement-sand mortar.
If in a masonry made of ceramic blocks the vertical joints between the blocks are not filled with mortar, then it must be plastered on both sides.

The outside of such a wall is plastered with waterproof cement-based mixtures. Wall decoration from ceramic blocks is popular using facade brick, while the gap between the blocks and brickwork not left. Thus, in addition to facade finishing, the wall thickness is increased and thermal insulation is increased, and the most durable materials are used.

Insulation

In areas colder than the Moscow region, masonry made of large-format ceramic blocks on a warm mortar needs additional insulation. The thickness of the insulation layer in cold areas is selected in accordance with the calculation. At the same time, in order to save money, the load-bearing wall itself is made thinner - 25 cm. The insulation layer should be more vapor-permeable than the masonry itself, therefore, to insulate ceramic blocks, high-strength rigid mineral wool slabs are often used, glued to the masonry and plastered with a layer with high vapor permeability.

IN Lately instead of mineral wool More durable low-density aerated concrete is increasingly being used - 100 -200 kg m3. Now it already meets the requirements for strength and thermal insulation.

It is also possible to use a complete vapor barrier - foam glass, which is exceptionally durable, although it poses the risk of the wall becoming wet during cold periods, since it is not always possible to completely stop the movement of steam through the wall to the outside...

The construction company "Authority" uses ceramic blocks in the construction of buildings. This is a material with many voids and pores, which helps accumulate and retain heat in rooms. However, walls made of warm ceramics sometimes need insulation.

When should ceramic block walls be insulated?

When building from ceramic blocks, the walls of a house are equipped with one, two (module + thermal insulation material) or three layers ( facing brick+ insulation + ceramic module). Single-layer walls are built from hollow blocks with parameters of 50, 44 or 38 cm. Insulating the walls in this case does not make sense, because such ceramics have a heat transfer resistance coefficient at a sufficient level. It would be more appropriate to spend financial costs intended for the purchase of insulation on finishing the outside of the house or installing energy-saving double-glazed windows.

If construction is carried out from narrower ceramic blocks, the width of which reaches 30 or 25 cm, and the thermal conductivity coefficient is below the required level, insulation will have to be done. Porous ceramic blocks of this size are intended for the construction internal partitions, but are sometimes used for the construction of external main walls.

Insulating the walls in this case will not be enough; it is necessary to simultaneously insulate the roof and install double-glazed windows in the window openings with a heat transfer resistance coefficient of at least 0.5 m °C/W. This will help maintain a comfortable microclimate in a house made of warm ceramics.

Choice of insulation

Thermal insulation of walls made of ceramic porous modules is carried out using mineral wool slabs, characterized good performance vapor permeability, which cannot be said about polystyrene foam. Layers of insulation are attached to the walls using adhesive mixtures or using dowels. This ensures a tight fit thermal insulation material to the surface. Optimal thickness mineral wool for a block whose width is 25 cm is 10 cm, and for a block whose width is 30 cm - 6 cm. Finishing work on insulated walls is carried out at the discretion of the homeowner.

Masonry mortar

When insulating a building, it is important to pay attention to what kind of masonry mortar is used. It is better if it is a warm (light) mixture rather than a sand-cement mortar. The warm mixture also contains cement, which acts as a binding component. As an alternative, use material with thermal insulation properties- expanded clay sand or perlite.

The thermal conductivity coefficient of sand-cement mortar is 0.9 W/m°C, while for a warm mixture this figure is 3 times less and equal to 0.3 W/m°C. Due to this difference, thermal performance indicators ceramic wall, it is possible to improve by 17%, since the area of all seams, the standard thickness of which is 12 mm, is 4% of the total surface area of the wall.

Exterior wall decoration

After completing the insulation process, all that remains is to carry out Finishing work using finishing decorative materials. Most experts are inclined to use clinker bricks for these purposes, wooden elements or decorative plaster mixtures. If the choice falls on clinker bricks, then according to the technology, a gap of 3-4 cm must be left between the insulation layer and the finishing material.

The ceramic block is insulated. Insulation of walls made of ceramic blocks. Is insulation necessary for walls made of porous ceramics?

Opportunities and prospects