A tactile mnemonic diagram is a special typhlotechnical means of spatial orientation for people with visual impairments, developed by specialists from the Vertical Typhlocentre. This device must meet many requirements in the field of typhlography standards, and the map of space displayed on it must be made taking into account the peculiarities of the perception of the world by a blind person. The development and production of a tactile plan is a difficult and lengthy process carried out by typhology specialists, in which it is necessary, first of all, to take into account the peculiarities of people’s sensory perception and the necessary tactile effect, because only a blind person can really assess its quality.

What does a tactile mnemonic diagram consist of?

Any tactile mnemonic diagram, regardless of its functional purpose, consists of a tactile surface, a stand and a call button.

To ensure real accessibility of buildings and premises, each tactile mimic diagram must be equipped with an integrated system for calling for help. The call button must be equipped with a voice confirmation of activation and a voice notification function when the batteries are low.
Download technical specifications.

How to order a “real” tactile mnemonic diagram for a blind person

If you want to make not just a “decoration for the front door” or a “beautiful diagram”, but a truly fully functional device for a blind person, welcome to the Vertical Typhlocenter, our specialists are ready to perform any task in the field of orientation for people with visual impairments.

In the last 10 years, which is exactly how many years the Typhlocenter has been developing them, the process of producing tactile mnemonic diagrams has evolved greatly. Hundreds of tests have been carried out jointly with the blind various technologies tactile pointers and, as a result, the general solution was recognized as the best - a tactile layer-by-layer polymer pointer. Where the tactile surface consists of several UV polymerized layers. These products are protected by a patent for an invention (utility model), the rights to which belong to Vertical LLC.

Requirements for tactile surfaces

The tactile surface, depending on the operating conditions, can be manufactured in several versions, having different anti-vandal and visual characteristics, limited only by the conditions universal design. It is important that the functional characteristics of the tactile panel have quality indicators accessible to any blind person, such as optimal height tactile elevation, Braille font size, unified logic for the development of tactile mnemonic diagrams and maps, adapted textual information information, as well as many other characteristics whose quality can only be determined by “special” people.

The stand to which the tactile surface is attached is also an important factor, since it is designed taking into account the accessibility zones of blind people.

How to place an order for the development and production of a mnemonic diagram

In order to place an order for the development of a tactile mnemonic diagram, you must first:

• prepare a floor plan for which it is planned to make a tactile mnemonic diagram
• it is very important to accurately and correctly indicate on the plan the location of the tactile mnemonic diagram
• mark all accessible rooms on the plan where access to a blind person is planned
• indicate on the plan the numbers of available rooms and send them in a separate list with a transcript for each separately
• indicate on the plan the entrance, toilets, emergency exits, information receiving area, as well as all other information that you consider necessary to convey to a blind person

Based on this information, our typhology specialists will develop a tactile mnemonic diagram field in accordance with all the criteria for Braille literacy and regulatory documents.

Then you need to decide on the type of tactile surface to use in the “Tactile surfaces” section.

To ensure that information is placed at a convenient angle and in an accessible area for a blind person, it is necessary to select the method of installing the mnemonic diagram in the section “Types of fastenings”.

How to write a technical specification for the production of a mnemonic diagram

In order to write technical task for the auction, you need to download it by clicking on the icon, or request writing an individual technical specification from the Tiflocenter specialists. Correctly drawn up technical specifications are the key to supplying high-quality tactile indicators. After downloading the specification, you need to select the type and insert the dimensions of the tactile field. A separate technical specification must be downloaded for racks.

For more than 10 years, we have been developing and manufacturing various spatial orientation systems for people with limited vision. All products are created using a guide system that provides a continuous guide from the starting point - a mnemonic diagram, with tactile cues along the route and at key points along the route, and especially at branching points of the route to the final destination.

To solve the problems of orientation and develop a truly effective navigation system for the blind, an integrated (multi-faceted) approach to the issues of adaptation of social infrastructure objects, as well as equipping them with auxiliary means of spatial orientation, is necessary.

The use of a complex, clear system of guides allows a blind person, after receiving preliminary information from a tactile mnemonic diagram, to independently move in space.

Sometimes it happens that the owners of objects, turning to various organizations that do not have the knowledge and technology in the field of adapting objects for the blind, receive a result that not only misleads the blind, but sometimes completely disorients him and, as a result, can even lead to to a traumatic situation. There are often situations where signs are made incorrectly (lack of appropriate tactile effect, misuse Braille system, falsification or visual imitation of typhlo-medicines), as a result of which they either become wasted funds, or also lead to complications in orientation in space.

Similar errors also occur when the client does not follow the recommendations of specialists in the field of orientation for the blind and independently decides where to place certain tactile signs specially designed for his organization.

The Vertical typhology center is constantly conducting research and new developments in the field of improving tactile indicators. We currently own a unique patent for the technology of applying Braille characters and tactile graphics, developed by our employees. This technique provides a good effect, excellent appearance and product quality. Each product undergoes tactile testing and has a branded licensed hologram. Products that do not have the appropriate holograms are counterfeit (its production is illegal).

How to quickly order and make tactile pictograms:

Dear partners! In order to place a quick order for the production of tactile products, you need to fill out an online application in 4 steps on our website. An electronic application can significantly reduce development time.

Our company has been the largest manufacturer of tactile mnemonic diagrams and pictograms in Russia and the CIS for more than 15 years; we produce hundreds of tactile pictograms per day. Therefore, to optimize orders for tactile products, it is recommended to use electronic application forms on our website. After filling out this form, you will receive a letter with the parameters of the products you ordered, and our managers will immediately be able to see your order.

LLC "TRAI GmbH", Penza

The article discusses an automated dispatch control system for the processes of electricity distribution in the electrical network at JSC "UK TMK" using mnemonic diagrams. The structure of the system and the main technical solutions.

Energy is one of the strategically important sectors of our industry, the basis of the country’s economic independence and security. Today, the energy industry is on the verge of transformation. Due to this effective management energy capacity and energy distribution has a very great importance. Increasing the operating efficiency of generating capacities, as well as establishing optimal distribution modes, are of great importance and make it possible to reduce the cost of energy, as well as to obtain maximum sales of products. In such a situation, one of the priority areas for improving control modes for energy facilities is the construction of modern automated production process control systems (APCS). Many enterprises are implementing systems that allow them to quickly manage energy capacity.

The automated dispatch control system for power supply of UK TMK JSC, currently being developed in Kazakhstan (Ust-Kamenogorsk), using a mnemonic diagram (abbreviated name ASDUE) is similar system effective management.

The power supply dispatch control system being developed is created in order to increase the efficiency of managing the processes of power distribution in the electrical network, reduce the time to restore power supply to the plant's consumers after emergency outages, increase the productivity of operating personnel in scheduled work and provides:

Reflection of the actual position of the oil and vacuum switches of the plant's power supply system on the mnemonic diagram and the dispatcher's workstation;

Virtual control of symbols of disconnectors, load switches, separators, short-circuiters on the mnemonic diagram and dispatcher's workstation with recording of the time and basis of their switching;

Control of grounding symbols for lines and electrical equipment on the mnemonic diagram and dispatcher's workstation with recording of the time and basis for their switching;

Monitoring current consumption on input cells and outgoing lines at the dispatcher's workstation;

Remote control of oil and vacuum switches at plant facilities from the dispatcher's workstation;

Warning and emergency signaling from objects: generalized, triggering of automatic transfer switches, automatic reclosure, display of triggering of electrical protections;

Displaying information about emergency shutdown of the circuit breaker on the dispatcher's workstation;

Preservation for a month of all events on the mnemonic diagram and recording time with the possibility of printing;

Recording and storing operational telephone conversations of the dispatcher on each line for a month with time recording and the ability to print;

Visualization of the plant's electrical network diagram and the main controlled parameters on a collective use mnemonic diagram.

Rice. 1. Three-level ASDUE system

System structure

The plant's electrical network is a geographically distributed structure consisting of stations and substations with electrical equipment installed indoors, as well as on open switchgears. The construction of the ASDUE is based on the principle of constructing a logical part based on programmable logic, that is, to implement the control, measurement and monitoring algorithm, a programmable controller TREI-5B-02 is used. The programmed logic of the algorithm is implemented by polling the actual state of the input signals, comparing the values ​​of these parameters with those specified in the program, and when the dispatcher confirms the actions being performed by issuing control output signals.

By its architecture, ASDUE is a three-level distributed computing system divided by functions (Fig. 1).

The first level of the hierarchy is the means of control and measuring instruments installed directly at the local facilities of the plant’s electrical network, which are included in the structure of this project.

The second level of the hierarchy is formed by controllers. This level is characterized by geographical and functional distribution of hardware.

The third level is the ODS level (operational dispatch service, automated workstations for dispatchers, operational and management personnel). It is based on client-server technologies.

Rice. 2. Complex technical means

System composition

In accordance with its purpose, ASDUE contains:

Information and control system of the plant's electrical network;

Mnemonic diagram for collective use of the plant dispatcher for power supply.

The main tasks set for the ASDUE system are monitoring the actual position of oil and vacuum switches VM (426 points), monitoring the operation of protection devices, monitoring current consumption, and managing the symbols of electrical devices on the mnemonic diagram. Ensuring the required reliability of system operation (redundancy of master modules, possibility of transition from remote control to local). Possibility of replacing controller modules without stopping the system. Hardware and software diagnostics of the controller and input signals. Building up functionality systems with at the lowest cost through the use of a single series of controllers. Display of actual operational and archival information on a general mnemonic diagram, mnemonic diagrams of local objects, real-time trends and historical trends, printed reports. The proposed technical solutions ensure the integration of ASDUE as an integral part into the overall network of the plant.

ASDUE is a set of control cabinets and auxiliary equipment, namely:

Cabinets with microprocessor controllers are designed to collect and process information from the structural elements of the plant's electrical network and remote control of electrical switching devices (VM) from the dispatcher's automated workstation (AWS);

Cabinets with communication devices with objects (OCD) are a physical and logical continuation of cabinets of microprocessor controllers with the implementation of similar functions of management, measurement and monitoring;

Cabinets with power relays and current converters are designed for connection to high-voltage cells in order to provide control of the oil switches of the cells from microprocessor controllers and ICDs, as well as output measured current signals to the controllers;

The local LAN server cabinet is designed to collect information from system microprocessor controllers and subsequently provide information about the status, execution of control actions and malfunctions of the technological equipment of the plant's electrical network on the mimic diagram and the dispatcher's workstation. The local server connects to the plant’s general computer network to view technological information on remote computers and save an archival database with a depth of 1 year on the plant’s general server.

The local server cabinet includes the following systems:

Automatic digital recording of audio information “SPRUT-7A-7”, which allows you to record audio information from analog-digital communication channels and register incoming (Caller ID function) and outgoing numbers, date, time and duration of the communication session;

The PLI 8-16 video information display system controller generates a multi-screen image for it and controls the operation of the entire complex of display system equipment.

The video information display system based on four SYNELEC C50X-BB-SL video cubes with a diagonal of 50’’ is designed to visualize (display) the actual configuration of the plant’s electrical network, operational information in real time, namely:

Current consumption by the plant's main consumers;

Condition of switching devices of the electrical network;

Displaying the process of performing operational switching by operational personnel (dispatcher, duty officer);

Display of emergency situations occurring in the electrical network;

Monitoring the removal of equipment for repair and preparing equipment for repair;

Monitoring of stationary and portable groundings.

Top-level software is implemented: iFIX Plus SCADA Pack Server Version 3.0 (number of points is not limited), iFIX Standard HMI Pack Runtime Version 3.0 (number of points is not limited), iFIX iClient Runtime Version 3.0, OPC server Nautsilus (USB). Windows 2000, SP3 is installed on the video cube controller; Windows SERVER 2000 is installed on the server; Windows XP Pro, Sp2 is installed on automated workstations.

Main technical solutions

Enlarged diagram of a complex of technical means

As already mentioned, ASDUE is a three-level distributed system. The second level of ASDUE provides the following functions: automated control actuators oil switches VM; primary processing and normalization of signals from instrument transformers current, it is built on the basis of Trei-5B-02 controllers from Trei GMBH LLC, Penza, License No. 19-02. The top level implements the functions of the human-machine interface and is based on software products from General Electric. In Fig. Figure 2 shows an enlarged diagram of the complex of technical means of ASDU. As can be seen from the diagram, the control system has a distributed structure and consists of:

Mnemonic diagrams for collective use of the plant dispatcher for power supply;

Local server;

Dispatcher and engineering stations (AWS 1 and 2);

System controllers ШК1-ШКn.., including remote control units and cabinets with power relays and current converters. Communication between controllers is carried out via Ethernet 100 Mb/s, which provides high exchange speed for obtaining the necessary information.

The main controller and SCADA iFIX Plus Pack Server communicate via a 100 Mb Ethernet technological network. Stable operation of the collective use mnemonic diagram, local server and operator stations is ensured by uninterruptible power supplies installed in the operator room.

The main controller ШК0 is responsible for communication with the local server and monitoring the state of the equipment of the plant's electrical network through the polled system controllers ШК and the remote control devices included in them. The main controller transmits the received data for display on SCADA, and also through it supervisory control of system controllers is carried out (changing settings, operating modes, priorities). To increase the reliability of the ASDUE operation and prevent the loss of communication between local network objects and the main controller, redundancy of the processor part and power supplies is used on it. This configuration will increase the survivability of the system. Structural scheme, shown in Fig. 2 gives an idea of ​​the distribution of technical equipment at the plant’s electrical network facilities. In this case, the use of the RS-485 (STBUS) and Ethernet protocol makes it possible to expand the system and save on cable products when connecting remote objects. The server performs the functions of collecting, storing, archiving and issuing operational data. The operator station provides remote (supervisory) control of VM switching electrical devices. Choosing SCADA iFIX facilitates the integration of the automated process control system under construction with existing automation tools. If necessary, it is possible to transfer technological data to the plant’s common server. Process settings are stored in the controller’s non-volatile memory, which allows the system to remain operational in the event of a failure or lack of communication with the local server.

This system configuration allows you to: reduce the recovery time of the system due to modularity (mezzanine modules) and quick replaceability of its elements. Replacing an individual failed module or instrument can be carried out without stopping the system; ensure good reliability indicators through redundancy and duplication of the most significant system components. In particular, if one of the master modules fails or if communication with one of them is lost, a transition to the backup one will be made.

Short description

technical components

Microprocessor

controller

The TREI-5B-02 device is intended for local and distributed systems of automatic monitoring and control of technological processes at industrial enterprises with normal and explosive production.

The product has a certificate of approval of the type of measuring instruments No. 2641 (Kazakhstan No. 1503), TUV certificate, permission for production and use No. 507-EV-1Ya1, the manufacturer has a certificate of compliance with the quality management system ISO 9001 No. ROSS RU. IS50.K00019. A serial interface based on RS-485 and a wide range of input/output modules allow you to create distributed, multi-level and multifunctional systems. The unified ST-BUS communication protocol simplifies programming and collection of information from input/output channels. All input and output data structures are unified. The processor part of the controller is a PC compatible computer with the necessary set external devices. QNX real-time operating system and IsaGraf development environment. The design of the TREI-5B-02 controller is based on the “3 U Euromechanics” format. The housing has an open or closed design, optionally with DIN rail mounting. Modules with a printed circuit board size of 100x160 mm have a light indication on the front panel and a 48-pin connector on the rear for connecting power, serial interface and I/O channels. The basic interface of the controller is the ST-BUS serial interface based on RS485, which allows you to create distributed systems with a physical line length without repeaters of up to 1200 m. The maximum interface speed is up to 1.25 Mbod. I/O modules have their own Pic processor and can operate autonomously. Information collection via the ST-BUS communication protocol from input/output modules is carried out by the M701E master module or an industrial computer with a serial RS485 interface. The range of input/output modules allows you to create multi-channel and multifunctional systems. The universal module, equipped with mezzanine modules of the TREI-5 series, has a full range of connected devices. Multichannel modules of the same type for discrete and analog input/output, pulse input provide up to 4000 channels per master module.

The master module performs the main computing functions of the controller.

It contains:

Master module base board;

Processor module with Pentium processor;

Ethernet 10/100 communication adapter card;

Galvanically isolated RS485 ports;

ST BUS bus controller;

Non-volatile static RAM;

Flash disk;

IR port;

Watchdog timer.

The following I/O modules are installed in the chassis (all I/O modules are of general industrial design):

The ION M732U module is a universal 8-channel I/O module.

The specific type of channel is determined by the installed mezzanine. The mezzanine is a module-mounted primary signal conversion unit. IDIG-24VDC type mezzanines are used, used to connect 24VDC discrete signals, and IANS 0-20 mA mezzanines are used to connect 0-20 mA analogue input signals;

M754D modules - 32 discrete input channels 24VDC;

M754O modules - 32 output discrete channels 24VDC;

M743D modules - 16 discrete input channels 24VDC;

M743O modules - 16 output discrete channels 24VDC.

All channels are isolated. In addition to the input/output modules and the master module, a power supply module P701 A is installed in the chassis, with a power of 40 W and providing power to the controller elements. For analog input mezzanines, the main reduced error does not exceed 0.025%. For analog output mezzanines, the main reduced error does not exceed 0.1%. The conversion is carried out by a 16-bit DAC. A detailed description of the modules is presented on the TREI-GmbH website.

Video information display system

The proposed solution uses projectors built using DLP™ technology from Texas Instruments. DLP™ technology is the de facto standard in the field of video walls due to the absence of the pixel burn-in effect characteristic of plasma panels. The manufacturer's declared MTBF of a DLP projector is at least 100,000 hours (more than 10 years of continuous operation). The proposed solution is based on XGA (1024x768) Clarity-Synelec video cubes. Video cubes have a built-in processor that allows you to process a stream of digital information at speeds of up to 16,000 Mb/s, which is tens of times faster than similar systems. Unlike built-in splitters - simple dividers of the incoming signal, Clarity-Synelec video cubes are a full-fledged multi-channel digital processor. Two DVI inputs allow two scalable and movable information windows to be displayed simultaneously and independently. The presence of independent two inputs to the video cube ensures high reliability of the equipment: if one channel for processing video information fails, the second channel remains operational. To obtain the highest image quality, Synelec video cubes use ultra-black anti-glare translucent screens. Today they are the highest quality and high-tech translucent screens on the world market. These screens are offered by Clarity-Synelec with the highest requirements for image quality (graphic resolution, clarity, contrast). They are characterized by a wide viewing sector and the absence of glare even when strongly illuminated by extraneous light sources (the ultra-black screen absorbs 99.5% of light from external sources). Due to their properties, the screens provide a virtual absence of screen gaps, and, consequently, the most comfortable viewing conditions. Microscopic optical elements ensure high uniformity of brightness over the entire surface of the screen. Wide viewing angle: 180 degrees horizontally, 180 degrees vertically. Providing the best clarity and contrast when displaying a signal with high graphic resolution allows for effective cleaning of contaminants (most lenticular-raster optical transmissive screens have a microlens outer surface and allow cleaning of contaminants only using compressed air. The screens have a smooth, protective outer surface that allows for effective cleaning) . The video wall controller, PLI 8-16 Network Controller, is a powerful control system for real-time display of rich computer graphics and video images. It combines a modern hardware platform and software that guarantees high performance, reliability and ease of use.

The video wall can combine up to 80 video cubes. The PLI 8-16 controller generates a multi-screen image for it and controls the operation of the entire complex of display system equipment. Thanks to the specific architecture of the controller, digitization and display of video sources occurs in real time without loading the central processor and without loss of information.

The controller uses the most advanced technologies and protocols. The DVI digital protocol was selected as the interface for transmitting displayed information. This solution made it possible to get rid of noise, interference, frequency and phase signal distortions characteristic of analog data transmission channels. Due to the absence of analogue information transmission channels in the system, the image is of excellent quality and stability.

The PLI 8-16 controller allows you to launch any application from the network, displaying it in a window or on the entire split screen, that is, as required by the display scenario. Applications from a UNIX-based network can also be launched and displayed on a split screen in a similar manner. The number of windows with applications is practically unlimited. Each window can be scaled, moved across the video wall screen, or enlarged to fit the entire screen. The controller is easy to operate and does not require any special skills from an operator familiar with the operation of Windows OS. Distinctive Features PLI 8-16 controllers are:

An upgraded hardware platform that allows you to build split screens up to 80 video cubes using one PLI controller. When using more complex configurations, the size of the video wall is not limited;

High-performance graphics processors with digital outputs that provide signal display without noise, distortion and interference;

Ability to work under Windows and Linux OS. Cross-platform software allows the controller to be used both in Windows and Unix networks, as well as in mixed networks;

Versatility and multitasking. The controller can simultaneously execute user applications, digitize video signals, import information from the local area network and display the results of the work on the video wall in the form of freely movable and scalable windows;

Flexibility and scalability. The controller can be easily reconfigured to solve various problems and can be expanded if necessary to expand the functionality of the system or the size of the split screen. The industrial design of the controller allows it to be installed in a standard 19’’ rack cabinet, which provides increased noise immunity and improved ventilation of computer components.

The Clarity-Synelec PLI 8-16 network controller allows you to:

Summarize the resolutions of individual video cubes, providing extremely high graphic resolution of the split screen (for example, for a video wall in a 2x2 video cubes configuration, the split screen resolution is 1536x2048 pixels);

Work under Windows and Linux OS;

Execute local programs (for example, SCADA applications used by the customer);

Work with network databases;

Display copies of network application windows or copies of network workstation monitors on the video wall;

Work with any image as with a regular Windows window: move, scale, minimize or expand up to the size of the entire split screen;

Manage display scripts (including from remote workstations);

Generate, save and recall scenarios required for display in a given period of time (for example, in different operational situations, normal/emergency);

Perform automatic equipment monitoring with display of device status (including on remote workstations);

Generate messages about errors, failures and malfunctions, perform predetermined actions corresponding to each described problem (change the script, turn off and on the lamps, etc.);

Monitor specified messages on a computer network and in serial ports, perform predetermined actions corresponding to each described message (part of the searched message can be used as a variable for the action to be performed);

Perform specified actions according to a schedule (for each action you can set: time of day, days of the week, dates);

Save an instant “snapshot” of an image on the entire split screen as a file.

Rice. Interaction of logical subsystems at the time of drawing generation

Brief description of software components

As mentioned above, the TREI-5B-02 controller is a PC compatible programmable logic controller. This controller runs the QNX operating system. The architecture of this operating system is designed specifically for use in real-time systems, which makes it optimal for use as a controller operating system. The operating system image and the files necessary for the controller are located on a flash disk or disk-on-chip. The ISaGRAF target task is launched on the controller, which polls input/output modules and executes algorithms. The target task uses a configuration file containing a description of the algorithms and a description of the hardware configuration of the controller. The configuration file is prepared using the ISaGRAF software package. ISaGRAF is an instrumental CASE system for technological programming of controllers. Developed by CJ International. ISaGRAF is full support for all languages ​​of the IEC 1131 3 standard. The development environment provides a complete set of tools for interactive program creation, effective debugging, documentation and archiving of projects.

The upper level of the process control system is built on the basis of the SCADA package iFIX from General Electric. This software package includes both tools for processing, storing and displaying information, and configuration tools that allow you to configure system components in accordance with the requirements of a specific object. Communication between the controller and the SCADA system is provided using an OPC server from Nautsilus; twisted pair cable is used as the medium, and Ethernet is the transport protocol.

Specialized software

The PLI 8-16 controller comes with a specialized software package, Com.Base, which is an integrated multi-user system for controlling video wall equipment and the information display process. Com.Base was developed by Synelec Telecom Multimedia as a universal software package that provides a single, convenient and intuitive user interface for automated management of all the variety of equipment and processes inherent in professional display systems. The controller architecture and software provide seamless integration into an existing computer network. The use of TCP/IP as the main communication protocol by all devices and modules of the system allows for remote diagnostics and system administration, including via the Internet. Additional software can be installed to remotely manage the network or host computers and share network resources. Synelec's full-featured Com.Base software product provides the dispatcher with a comprehensive set of video wall management tools. Thanks to its simplicity and user-friendly interface, Com.Base provides effective control behind the system at three main stages of system operation: a) system setup, b) system operation, c) system maintenance.

Let's consider the interaction of the main subsystems in the process of automatically creating a mnemonic diagram in the iFix environment, which is in configuration mode: a start is given with the task of constructing a drawing, and the “SOLOMON” block begins its work. Its goal is one of the primary ones: preparation, control and maintenance of the basis of the object model of the invisible frame of the future circuit. The necessary data streams are requested through the “HERMES” communication intermediary, which, in turn, contacts the external information repository through the “DARIUS” subsystem, which supports the multiplicity and diversity of sources and converts the data to a single internal standard. Now, to master a new type of storage, it is enough to only inherit a template from a specialized class and fill it with an implementation of access and processing. If necessary, information channels are encrypted and decrypted with the “ARES” block. An important role here is played by the abstract entity “ProClass”, which is the main building material of the logic of object constructions. Its structure is not hard-coded, but is dynamically formed using the abstract factory pattern and initialization files, implementing specific descendants. Thus, it becomes possible to make changes to classes in non-fields of the program code. The emphasis is on two components - the logic (the semantic content of the object) is highlighted and a set of scripts associated with it is delegated. Objects are created and initialized. Connections and groupings are added to objects according to the created scheme. An optional mechanism for automatically generating tag names has been developed, which is based on the logical position of the object and its environment. As a result, a collection of all task objects is prepared in a single storage.

In fact, the “LEONARDO” block operates in three modes:

1_Preparation for the use of minimally indivisible graphic objects from the point of view of the system with the end result - a library of primitives (“Atoms”). The need for this stage is primarily due to the idea of ​​weakening the close relationship with the SCADA environment used.

2_Based on the resulting library of graphic “atoms”, more complex entities of the “Symbol” class are constructed - logically complete images of the appearance of instances of proobjects. If necessary, their animation is activated. Each type of symbol is represented in the singular.

3_Using the temporary storage of symbol instances and the object field prepared by the “SOLOMON” block, the final creation of mnemonic diagram elements is carried out and their placement in the figure. The transfer of information between blocks here also passes through a single center. When finished, the newly created drawing is saved and placed into a logical visual form store to be later used by the MEMPHIS user interface subsystem.

A mnemonic diagram is a visual graphic representation of the functional diagram of a controlled or controlled object. This could be a technological process, an energy system, a numerically controlled machine shop, etc. In other words, a mnemonic diagram is a conditional information model of a production process or system, made as a set of symbols depicting the elements of the system (or process) with their mutual connections.

Visually displaying the structure of the system, the mnemonic diagram makes it easier for the operator to memorize object diagrams, the relationship between parameters, and the purpose of instruments and controls. In the control process, the mnemonic diagram is the most important source of information for the operator about the current state of the system, the nature and structure of the processes occurring in it, including those related to violations of technological regimes, accidents, etc.

Mnemonic diagrams are used effectively in cases where:

The managed object has a complex technological scheme and a large number of controlled parameters;

The technological scheme of the facility can be quickly changed during operation.

Mnemonic diagrams can reflect both the general picture of the state of the system, technological process, and the state of individual units, devices, parameter values, etc. Mnemonic diagrams help the operator, working in conditions of a large amount of incoming information, to facilitate the process of information retrieval, subordinating it to a certain logic dictated by the real connections of the parameters of the controlled object. They make it easier for the operator to logically systematize and process incoming information, help carry out technical diagnostics in case of process deviations from the norm, and provide external support for developing optimal solutions and forming control actions.

The construction of mnemonic diagrams is based on a number of principles developed during many years of practice in their application. One of the main ones is the principle brevity, according to which the mnemonic diagram should be simple, should not contain unnecessary, obscuring elements, and the displayed information should be clear, specific and concise, convenient for perception and further processing.

Principle generalizations and unifications provides a requirement according to which it is necessary to highlight and use the most significant features of managed objects, i.e. on the mnemonic diagram, you should not use elements indicating unimportant design features of the system, and symbols of similar objects and processes should be combined and unified whenever possible.

According to the principle emphasis on control and management elements on mnemonic diagrams, first of all, it is necessary to highlight in size, shape or color the elements that are most significant for assessing the state, making decisions and influencing the controlled object.

Principle autonomy provides for the need to isolate sections of the mnemonic diagram corresponding to autonomously controlled and controlled objects and units from each other. These isolated areas must be clearly demarcated from others and, according to the principle of structure, must have a complete, easy to remember and distinct structure. The structure should reflect the nature of the object and its basic properties.

According to the principle spatial correlation of control and management elements the location of control, measuring and indicator devices must be clearly consistent with the location of their corresponding control elements, i.e. the law of compatibility of stimulus and response must be observed.

Principle using habitual associations and stereotypes involves the use of such on mnemonic diagrams symbols parameters that are associated with the generally accepted letter designations for these parameters. It is advisable to use, if possible, instead of abstract signs, symbols associated with objects

and processes. In Fig. 7.12, A options A and B are shown for symbols of parameters such as flow G, oxygen content ABOUT 2, pressure R, chemical reagent additive +, chemical composition X and power W. Alphabet B of mnemonic symbols has a smaller number of different features compared to alphabet A, but alphabet B is built on the principle of associations between the configuration of the contours of the characters and the outline of the letters used to indicate the corresponding parameters (Fig. 7.12, b).

Rice. 7.12 - Options for mnemonic symbols for power unit parameters:

A- letter designation of parameters and their symbols (A) and associative mnemonic symbols (B); b- explanations of the connections between the outlines of mnemonic symbols and letter symbols

Tests of trained operators who know the letter designations of parameters have shown that when using the alphabet of mnemonic symbols B, compared to the alphabet of conventional symbols A, the time spent on symbol identification is reduced by 30-40% and the number of errors is reduced.

The mnemonic diagram does not have to copy technical diagram. It should display the logic of controlled and managed processes, facilitate search and identification necessary information and promptly making the right decisions.

According to the functions of the operators working with mnemonic diagrams, the latter are divided into operator and control rooms. The former include mnemonic diagrams, which, as a rule, display a single spatially concentrated technological complex, while the latter display a dispersed system that includes a variety of technological complexes, objects, and units. Operator and dispatcher mnemonic diagrams differ significantly in the degree of detail and detail of the display of individual monitoring and control objects.

Depending on whether the operator performs any switching directly on the mnemonic diagram or whether it is a purely informative information device, operator mnemonic diagrams are divided into operative and non-operative, and control rooms - on light and facial expressions. Operational mnemonic diagrams, along with various display devices, instruments, visual and signal elements, have individual or call-type controls, and mimic ones have manual switches for removing signals and bringing the display of the state of an object on the mnemonic diagram into correspondence with its real state.

Mnemonic diagrams, in which each information element is associated with only one sensor, i.e. sections of the circuit are constantly connected to the same managed objects, called individual or single-object. Mnemonic diagrams, in which sections can periodically or as needed be connected to several objects that have the same structure are called calling or selective (multi-object). In calling mnemonic diagrams, either one or another object, or one or another sensor of one object can be connected. With the help of a calling mnemonic diagram, you can significantly reduce the size of the panel, save on instruments and sensors, and facilitate the operator’s working conditions by reducing the field of view and simplifying the circuit.

Mnemonic diagram, which constantly displays the same diagram of an object, is called constant. IN replaceable mimic diagrams the image during operation can vary significantly depending on the operating modes of the object (starting circuit, normal operation circuit, emergency circuit, etc.).

Mnemonic diagrams can be located on separate panels, on an add-on to the instrument panel, on an attachment to the console, or on the operating panel of the console. Information on the circuit can be provided in analog, analog-discrete and discrete form. According to the implementation of the symbols of an object, unit, production line and other equipment, mnemonic diagrams are divided into flat, embossed and voluminous, according to the coding method - on conditional and symbolic. Conventional signs do not have any external similarity and do not create visual associations with the displayed objects and phenomena. Examples of conventional signs and symbols are, respectively, graphic designations of parameters (option A) and mnemonic symbols (option B), presented in Fig. 7.12, A.

Images on mnemonic diagrams can be in direct or reverse contrast. Elements of the image are drawn, photographed, or applied; indication is realized using electroluminescent elements, gas-discharge devices, incandescent lamps, cathode ray tubes, etc.

In recent years, CRT displays have been used to reproduce mnemonic circuits. The use of such devices is especially advisable when the object has a complex, branched structure, when the technological process changes frequently and a set of mnemonic diagrams is needed. The CRT screen can display an enlarged mnemonic diagram of the entire system, mnemonic diagrams of individual complexes, objects and processes, mnemonic diagrams of individual nodes, etc. The necessary mnemonic diagrams are displayed when the operator calls or based on computer signals.

When developing mnemonic diagrams it is important optimal choice forms of symbols used. The shape of the symbols should be a closed contour. Ancillary elements and lines must not intersect the outline of the character or otherwise obstruct readability.

Increased requirements must be placed on symbols indicating the functional (special emergency) state of individual units or objects.

As a rule, a green color should serve as a signal that a given object is turned on (working); if it is not working (disabled), it should be red. The change in state should be accompanied by an intermittent light signal of the color that indicates the new state of the unit. For example, if a running unit stops, the green color should change to intermittent red. The blinking frequency should be 38 Hz with a glow duration of at least 0.05 s. Signals about changes in the state of units must be turned off by the dispatcher himself.

The connecting lines on the mimic diagram must be straight and continuous. When laying out a mnemonic diagram, it is necessary to strive to ensure that the connecting lines are as short as possible and have the smallest number of intersections.

When working with mnemonic diagrams that are large in size and have many objects of different colors and brightnesses, the operator’s visual system is subjected to heavy load. Therefore, it is not allowed to use a large number of colors that quickly tire the eye - red, violet, purple. It is recommended to use low-saturated colors of the middle frequency of the spectrum as the background of mnemonic diagrams.

To evaluate mnemonic diagrams, the following are used:

1. Information content coefficient - the ratio of the number of passive elements and active ones.

2. Field filling factor - the ratio of the number of passive elements of mnemonic circuits to the total number of elements of the mnemonic circuit.

When designing mnemonic circuits, several options are usually offered. The best option selected through a laboratory experiment (the operator’s activity is simulated on a computer with various options mnemonic diagrams). The evaluation criteria are the time required to solve problems and the number of errors made.

Now I will tell you about the control panel or as it is also called - mini-shield for telemechanics.

I consider myself very lucky - in my work I communicate very closely with a wonderful energy professional, an intelligent and competent electronics engineer who invented and developed a modern digital mini-shield and assembles it with your own hands!

Development has been going on for more than one year, the design of the switchboard is constantly being improved and prototypes of dispatch panels are already being used at substation 110/10 and greatly facilitate the work of dispatchers.

For those who don’t know what a control panel is and what telemechanics are in general, I’ll try to explain “on the fingers”...

I'll start with telemechanics.

Telemechanics

This includes telecontrol, telesignaling and telemetering. As you can see, all words begin with “tele”. Translated from Greek “tele” means into the distance, far away or- action on distance.

That is, telecontrol is remote control and is very widely used in the energy sector. For example, a dispatcher sitting at a computer can control high-voltage switches (turn them on and off) while being tens or even hundreds of kilometers from the substation itself.

And the telealarm system helps him see whether the switch is turned off or not - it displays on the computer monitor what position the switching device is in.

Telemetry helps the dispatcher to monitor the ongoing processes at the substation (what voltage, current and load power, etc.), the data of the measured values ​​are also displayed on the monitor either in the form of numbers or in the form of various graphs.

If you don’t know who a dispatcher is, I’ll explain. The main function of the dispatcher is regulation ALL energy processes.

This includes ensuring stable (failure-free) operation of electrical installations for which he is responsible, making prompt switchings, eliminating emergency situations, coordinating and interacting with the work of electrical equipment repair teams, etc.

For example, not a single team, not a single person will start work until the dispatcher gives permission; he (the dispatcher) must always be aware of the condition of the electrical equipment. And the telemechanics help him with this.

Now about the control panel.

Dispatcher board.

The dispatcher's workplace is specially equipped control center . The control panel is located on it.

It is visually shown with special symbols real condition and position of electrical equipment at the substation - the entire substation diagram.

In his work, the dispatcher actively uses the dispatch panel: when some equipment is installed at the substation, the dispatcher displays this on the panel.

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Company SEARCH- Russian control panel manufacturer since 1995. Over the years, we have developed a whole technology for the design and production of mnemonic shields, which we call SEARCH-SHIELD TECHNOLOGY. Constant, continuous development of technology, development of new solutions and components, application of the best world achievements allow the company to successfully compete with any manufacturers of control panels and video walls. Currently several hundred shields POISK products are used in control rooms of power systems, network companies, city networks, in the networks of large industrial and oil and gas production enterprises, as well as at hydroelectric power plants.

In concept SEARCH-SHIELD TECHNOLOGY, which is ISO 9001:2011 certified, we invest not only the technical component:

• technology for designing and constructing panel frames (floor-mounted, wall-mounted, modular - with front or rear service access...),
• production technology of typesetting fields (applicative POISK-SHIT-A, mosaic POISK-SHIT-M, film POISK-SHIT-P, macromosaic POISK-SHIT-MM, LCD panels, DLP video cubes, LED screens),
• technology for the production of mnemonic symbols (applicative, mosaic, film, passive, active, indicators...),
• control systems and nutrition,
• control servers, graphic servers,
• software (including top-level dispatch software),
• selection of materials and components (plastics, films, aluminum profiles, electronic components, finishing materials...),
• general design of the shield and mnemonic diagram,
• professional control room furniture,

but also the whole complex of regulated relationships with the customer at all stages of the shield’s life cycle:

• detailed technical consultations, development of solutions and multiple options Commercial offer,
• multi-stage design and coordination of the mnemonic diagram,
• development of a full-fledged detailed set of design/working and operational documentation,
• mandatory complete control assembly and debugging before shipment, which may be attended by the customer,
• consumer surveys,
• warranty and post-warranty service,
• technical support throughout the entire life cycle.

Using POISK-SHIELD technology, they are produced as traditional control panels(two types: applicative And mosaic) with a plastic typesetting field, and video boards (video walls):

APPLICATION SHIELD

MOSAIC SHIELD

VIDEO SHIELD (VIDEO WALL)

All main components and components of the POISK-SHIELD technology, including:

• frames and elements decorative cladding,
• tiles and cells of the typesetting field,
• mnemonic symbols and digital indicators,
• controllers and control system components,
• software (top-level dispatch software - ZNZ software, controller drivers, programs in microcontrollers),
• all types of control room furniture...

are the POISK company’s own original developments and are mass-produced by it.

When producing shields using POISK-SHIT technology, we use high quality materials, in particular, plastics the best foreign manufacturers. Thanks to this, increased strength and durability of the elements of the mnemonic circuits are ensured, a clear geometry of the parts, richness and stability of the color of the mnemonic symbols, no tendency to fade, compliance with hygienic requirements and increased fire resistance of the mnemonic circuit are achieved.

Technology POISK-SHIELD covers the entire range of types of control panels(including non-standard ones). It is equally well suited for creating mnemonic diagrams:

• city ​​electrical networks,
• areas of electric networks (RES),
• enterprises of electric networks (branches of "oblenergo" from the Rosseti structure),
• independent network companies,
• hydroelectric power plants (HPP), nuclear power plants (NPP), thermal power plants, state district power plants,
• internal power supply networks of large industrial enterprises,
• substation mnemonic diagrams (SS) – small wall panels with a mnemonic diagram of one substation,
• power supply networks of oil and gas producing enterprises,
• HF power supply networks,
• heating and water supply networks,
• as well as other networks, such as:
• mnemonic diagram of ventilation, heat supply, water supply and sewerage complex of buildings,
• mnemonic diagram of the technological process in chemical (or any other) production,
• mnemonic diagrams of railway networks,
• mnemonic diagrams of networks drawn on an area map, etc.

For mnemonic diagrams of electrical networks using POISK-SHIELD technology there are no restrictions according to the voltage ratings of the displayed mimic diagrams, but in general it is quite suitable to create any control panels with any mnemonic diagrams.

A special place in production program POISK companies occupy control panels for such facilities as hydroelectric power plants, nuclear power plants, thermal power plants, state district power plants..., called Main control panels (MSC) or Central control panels (CPU). Such shields, in addition to a fairly developed mnemonic diagram, also contain various controls, as well as a large number of measuring/recording instruments and digital indicators. Most often, main control room/central control boards are emergency (critical) means of monitoring the object, therefore many indication and control elements on them have direct connections with the equipment they control. Such shields are subject to special requirements for design, information content, complexity and reliability.

A variety of control panels are those produced by the company POISK built-in mosaic consoles and control and display panels. Such panels are usually small in size (no more than 2 sq.m.) and are designed to be built into consoles or operator/dispatcher desks.

POISK-SHIELD technology allows you to create control panels ranging from very simple passive (without LED indication and control system) wall panels less than 1 sq.m in size, to big complex ones active boards (mnemonic visualization complexes) with an area of ​​100 square meters or more, with a large list of options, equipped with video panels or built-in video walls, extremely rich in electronic mnemonic symbols and indicators, and also allows you to create video boards (video walls).

The POISK company is always focused on fulfillment full cycle of work, covering all stages - from technical consultations and design, to installation and commissioning with training. At the same time, to reduce the cost, it is possible to order any set of components for self-assembly board or video wall, as well as any amount of work from the full cycle.

In production video board(video walls) the POISK company, unlike its competitors, offers the customer the full range of services necessary for the full operation of the product (this is enough a rare combination that allows you to get started right away with video board):

• professional selection, production and supply of a set of video board equipment (hardware), its assembly and commissioning (including personnel training),
• supply of specialized ZNZ dispatch software of its own design (software part),
• the information content of the software part is the creation of an electronic mnemonic diagram (or a complex multilayer project) of the customer’s network in the ZNZ dispatch software, as well as its configuration and implementation of the necessary initial settings.

The POISK company has been operating in the electricity market since 1993 and has unique experience in designing more than 400 mnemonic circuits various types for all types of electrical networks, as well as other mnemonic diagrams. The cycle of work offered by the company includes multi-stage sequential coordination of the electronic mnemonic diagram with the customer during the execution of work, which eliminates the possibility of obtaining a negative result at the stage of acceptance.

All along life cycle of control panels and video boards (video walls) produced by SEARCH them accompanies ZNZ dispatch software– developed by the company POISK.

The SEARCH company has the necessary fleet of modern technological equipment, and own production capacity , providing POISK-SHIELD technologies with flexibility, adaptability and versatility, as well as allowing the development and production of original structural elements, incl. corresponding to the individual wishes of the customer.

Just look at the photos of our billboards/video walls to see how diverse they are. Using various techniques of the POISK-SHIELD technology, we give an individual look to each product, but at the same time, the features of corporate style. When you see our billboard or video board, you will always recognize it as a product of the POISK company - a clear, expressive, bright, contrasting mnemonic diagram, high information richness, a lightweight elegant frame, a thoughtful, fully finished design adapted to a specific room, modern finishing materials...

POISK-SHIELD technology provides the highest combination of price, quality and functionality control panels and video walls produced by SEARCH, which is confirmed by the number of orders we have completed.