People who come across ads for rent or sale of real estate for the first time are often perplexed when they see a huge number of a wide variety of abbreviations. And to understand the essence of the ads is very difficult. Newspapers with real estate ads and websites and bulletin boards for renting and buying and selling housing and commercial real estate usually do not provide any transcripts of such abbreviations and abbreviations. For beginners, figuring out what exactly is written in the ads is worth a lot of effort. And the realtors who make up the texts of ads often do not hesitate to use their usual abbreviations of professional terms in order to describe the object of rent or sale in as much detail as possible and meet the number of characters allotted for this.
The task of understanding professional real estate abbreviations is further complicated by the fact that there is no standard for such abbreviations. Moreover, in different regions there may be different well-established abbreviations for real estate. The same term can have several different abbreviations. And the same abbreviation can be deciphered in different ways. Abbreviations can be indicated both in uppercase (large) letters and in lowercase.
Below is a table of abbreviations used in advertisements for the rental and sale of residential and commercial real estate.
3/2/4 - an example of recording "total rooms / tenants / neighbors"
% - commission as a percentage of the rent per month
1B - high first floor
2Blk - number of balconies - 2
2B3 - 2 rooms The apartment has been converted into 3 rooms.
2st - double-sided - windows open on two sides
2-sided - double-sided - windows open on two sides
A.N. - real estate agency
AUT.OT. - heating system
AN - real estate agency
AOGV - independent heating and hot water supply
b - balcony
b/b - no balcony
b/c - without bath
b/c/n - no bad habits
b/d - without children
b/child - without children
b/w - without animals
b/alive - without animals
B/C - glazed balcony
b/furniture - unfurnished
b/o - without finishing
b / otd - without finishing
bzhn - Brezhnev
good - well-organized
blk - balcony
BR - Brezhnev
brv - log
but - rubble
life of those - household appliances
life/tech - household appliances
B/C - bath in the kitchen
in/furniture - built-in furniture
v/observation - video surveillance
v / n - bad habits
a/c - all amenities
in / ud - all amenities
VP - counter purchase
WFP - counter purchase picked up
built-in kitchen - fitted kitchen
entrance ok-st. - entrance and windows to the street
vh-dv - entrance from the yard
vh-st - entrance from the street
g.p. - year of construction
H/W - hot water supply
G/K - geyser
G/O - gas heating
g/t - hotel type
GAR - garage
gbb - aerated concrete blocks
HW - hot water supply
GOST - hotel
D - wooden house
d/1 - rented for one person
d/1/dev - for rent for one girl
d/y - documents are ready
d / ready - documents are ready
D/K - shower in the kitchen
for couples - for rent for a married couple
d/sem - for rent for a family
D/F - intercom
dv.m / dv. - double metal door
DG - documents are ready
divided into 2 - divided into 2 parts
der - wooden
dl - long
for 1/2/... h - for the specified number of people
dmf - intercom
DPKP - contract of preliminary purchase and sale
euro - renovation
EGRP - unified state register of rights to real estate
Railway - iron door
w/dv - iron door
yellow - desirable
zhel - large-panel reinforced concrete
Housing and communal services - housing and communal services
ZhSK - housing construction cooperative
Z/B - glazed balcony
s/v/pr - winter plumbing
B/L - glazed loggia
ZB - glazed balcony
green dv - green yard
ZL - glazed loggia
I - mortgage, purchase in a mortgage is possible
IZHS - individual housing construction
FROM - rooms isolated
wear - wear
isol - isolated rooms
imp.s/t - imported plumbing
IND - individual construction
ind - individual project
ind - individual planning
K - brick
k - credit
K / M - brick-monolithic
K/U - utilities
kam - stone
kan - sewerage
KAF - tile
KGA - Committee for Urban Planning and Architecture
KGIOP - Committee for the Protection of Monuments
kz - frame-backfill
kzb - expanded clay concrete
cl - pantry
treasure - pantry
klb - calibrated log
kld - well
kln - column
com / y - utilities
comm - communications
cons - concierge
CAT - cottage
KP - utility payments
kp - who will fit
kp - large-panel
KR - ship (type of house)
krb - ship (type of house)
ktzh - cottage
KU - utilities
L - loggia
l / w / pr - summer water supply
L / s - the loggia is glazed
L-6m - loggia area 6 m
HDL - easy counter purchase
HDL - easy counter purchase
Lj/zast - glazed loggia
LPH - personal subsidiary plot
M - monolithic house
m, f - man, woman
M/D - metal door
m/dv - metal door
m/us. - sparsely populated apartment
mal - sparsely populated apartment
mans - attic
MD - metal door
MDV - metal door
furniture - furniture
mzhb - reinforced concrete monolith
min. - minimum
min. - minutes
mk - monolith-brick
mon - monolith
mp - monolith-panel
MS - small family communal apartment, small family
N.D. - new house
n/ - new
N/A - new home
n/house - new house
n / mans - unfinished attic
n/not prop. - no one registered
N/S - normal condition
n/sant - new plumbing
N/U - non-corner apartment
n/south - not south
H1 - not the first floor
nd - no data
ND - new home
nez / s - construction in progress
nkt - german cottage
NNZh - no one lives
NNP - no one is registered
new - new home
NP - not the last floor
NPP - not the first, not the last floor
NS - normal state
O/P - exchange matched
O/S - excellent condition
common - hostel
OK-DV - windows to the courtyard
OK-UL - windows to the street
OS - excellent condition
FROM STR - from builders
otd - finishing
OTD/VH - separate entrance
ex. pass. - excellent cross-country ability
OS - windows to the street
ocher - protection, guarded
okr.dv - guarded yard
ochr/park - guarded parking
P - panel house
P.P. - direct sale
p/c - turnkey
p/kr - after overhaul
P/O - steam heating
P/O - furnace heating
p / from - stove heating
p / pl - redevelopment
p / repair - after repair
n / assignment - assignment
pan - panel
park - parking
pb - foam concrete
PG - full-sized apartment
PL/OK - plastic windows
plan. - layout
PN - panel
pnl - panel
Software - steam heating
Software - furnace heating
POGR - cellar
under whom - for commercial purposes
sub - suspended ceilings
pos - landing
PP - direct sale
PRIV - privatized
PRIVAT - privatized
PU - assignment
installment plan
reg - registration
register - registration
rivers - reconstruction
REM - after repair
resh - bars on the windows
DCS - separate bathroom
rub - chopped
Russian Federation - for rent to citizens of the Russian Federation
S / P B / D V / P, M / O - a married couple without children, bad habits, financially secure
s / n, b / d, v / n, m / o - a married couple without children, bad habits, financial security
c/u - bathroom
C/R - separate bathroom
С/С - bathroom combined
sar - barn
sb / sh - prefabricated panel
sv.rem. - fresh renovation
sv / pl - free layout
FREE - free
SD - renting a house
SZHF - old housing stock
signal - alarm
skr - old fund with a major overhaul
CM - adjoining rooms
see - watch
SMA - automatic washing machine
adjoining - adjoining rooms
SNIP - building codes and regulations
sob. - property
wed - urgently
SS - average condition
ST - glazed
ST - Stalinist
Art. pack - double-glazed windows
st.mash/avt - automatic washing machine
st.pack - double-glazed windows
st/pak - double-glazed windows
stl - stalin
stf - old fund
SUR - separate bathroom
SUS - combined bathroom
SF - old fund
SFC - an old fund with a major overhaul
sfm - old fund with metal ceilings
T - phone
T/ET - technical floor
tamb. - vestibule
TV - TV
tel - phone
tr/rem - needs repair
HOA - homeowners association
tx - town house
beats / s - satisfactory condition
st - improved layout
st. - the street
UP - apartment with improved layout
FZ 214 - Federal Law FZ-214 dated 12/30/2004
fin - finnish house
fnd - foundation
cotton - hozblok
H/W - cold water
x/p - outbuildings
X/S - good condition
HV - cold water supply
hg/v - cold and hot water supply
HL - refrigerator
XP - Khrushchev
hr.mest - a good place
Khrsch - Khrushchev
XS - good condition
C - basement, ground floor (windows above the asphalt)
C - cession, cession agreement
c / w / pr - central water supply
c/kan - central sewerage
c/h - central heating
tsok. - basement, ground floor (windows above the asphalt)
b/d - private house
N/A - net sale (not exchange)
b/r - partial repair
b/u - partial amenities
H/UD - partial amenities
black finish - black finish
czech - czech project
clean otd. - fine finishing
PE - net sale
shkb - cinder block, cinder concrete
shield - shield
shield. - panel
e / from - electric heating
electric / water / from - electric / water heating
el/p/from - electric/furnace heating
el-in - electricity
In examples of ads for renting apartments in Moscow, you can see some of the above abbreviations.
Our message boards accept over 700 characters in the "Text" field, including spaces and newlines. Therefore, there is no need to use abbreviations for the description.
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2.1 PURPOSE OF THE PNEUMATIC WEDGE
CAPTURE RCC-560
Purpose of the complex
The complex of equipment for working with pipes is designed for making up, unscrewing, holding on weight, storing, feeding and ejecting pipes. This complex includes the following mechanisms and equipment: a rotor with a roller insert and with a pneumatic wedge grip PKR 560 M, an auxiliary winch L V, an automatic stationary drilling key AKB-ZM2, a pneumatic suspension key PBK-4, machine keys with pneumatic candle breakers, PRS and a receiving bridge with racks. Drilling rigs BU 2900/175 DEP and BU 2900/200 EPK-BM use two types of rotors: R-560 (Figure 1) and R-360.
Purpose and design of the R-560 rotor
The rotor is designed to transmit rotation to the drill pipe string during drilling, fishing operations, to absorb the reactive moment when drilling with downhole motors and to support the pipe weight on the table during tripping and running the casing string.
1, 13 - body; 2, 18 - ball bearing; 3 - table; 4 - wheel;
5 - roller insert; 6 - roller; 7 - flooring; 8 - gear;
9 - filler neck; 10 - roller bearing; 11, 24, 25 - gasket;
12 - drive shaft; 14 - sealing ring; 15 - cork;
16 - shut-off ball valve; 17, 19, 26, 30 - bolt; 20 - bar;
21 - insert; 22- covers; 23 - nut; 27 - handle; 28, 29 - arrow;
Figure 1. R-560 rotor
The rotor housing (picture 1) is the main part on which all other parts are mounted. It perceives and transfers to the base of the drilling rig all the loads that occur during drilling and tripping operations.
Capture wedge pneumatic PKR-560
The gripping arm of the wedge pneumatic PKR-560 (Figure 2) is bolted to the rotor housing.
Specifications
Pneumatic wedges are installed in the rotor, serve to capture the pipes and keep them from turning. Pneumatic wedges can be in two versions: with manual retraction of the drive or with mechanized retraction. The body is installed in the hole of the rotor table. On the outer side, the body has four vertical grooves that serve as a guide for the guide bars associated with the ring.
Inserts with a centralizer are installed in the inner opening of the body, which are sockets for wedges. The wedges, hinged to the holders, are attached last to the upper ends of the guide bars. On the inner surface of the liners there are inclined planes that serve as guides when the wedges move and as a support when gripping the pipe string. The wedges are equipped with serrated dies, which provide a secure grip on the pipes. Three dies are installed in each wedge, and the middle die has a longitudinal and transverse notch, and the upper and lower ones have only a transverse one.
The control cylinder is mounted on a rotary bracket attached to the rotor. On the bracket, the pneumatic cylinder is fixed with an axle. A lever is mounted on the control cylinder bracket, the long end of which is connected to the ring by means of rollers, and the short end to the pneumatic cylinder. With the help of a cylinder and a lever, the ring with a bar and wedges is raised or lowered. The pneumatic cylinder is controlled by a control valve.
I - under the floor of the drilling rig; II - to the drilling rig receiver
5 - control cylinder bracket; 6 - control cylinder;
7 - sub-rotary bracket; 8 - lever; 9 - axis; 10 - ring;
11 - stabilizer; 12 - wedge; 13 - holder
Figure 2. Grab wedge pneumatic RCC 560 M-OR
Installation of a pneumatic gripper on the rotor can be carried out if the level of the surface of the rotor table does not rise above the floor of the drilling rig by more than 500 mm, and the rotor beams are moved apart to a size of more than 780 mm. The installation of the wedge grip must be done with the installation of a bracket with a pneumatic cylinder and a lever. Check the free movement of the pneumatic cylinder on the bracket. The bracket with the pneumatic cylinder is retracted to the extreme left position and fixed with the axle. After that, a housing with guide bars and a ring is installed in the rotor hole. The cylinder bracket is brought to the front position, ensuring that the lever rollers fall into the groove of the ring. Connect air hoses. The guide bars are raised to the upper position and wedges are installed on them. After installing all four wedges, test lifting and lowering are performed. By turning the stem of the control cylinder, the wedges in the raised position are set vertically so that the serrated surface is parallel to the pipe to be gripped.
Development of production and investment programs for organizations of the communal complex - manufacturers of goods and services in the field of heat supply
Development of production and investment programs for organizations of the communal complex - manufacturers of goods and services in the field of heat supply
L.D. Solovieva, Deputy Director - Head of the Department for Regulatory and Legal Regulation of the Public Utilities Department of the Housing and Utilities Department of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation (report at the International Forum "Russian Heat Supply: Problems and Development Trends")
General issues of development of organizations of the communal complex
Quite a lot has been said and written about the existing problems of the housing and communal complex. And if literally two years ago the situation could be characterized by the phrase: “We have many projects, but we have no money,” now everyone says: “We have a lot of money, but we have no projects, nowhere to invest.” At the same time, investors still face high risks of investing in utility infrastructure systems (Fig. 1). Risk reduction is possible through the transition to secured public-private financing (Fig. 2).
As a rule, when an investor comes, he comes with his interest in a certain utility complex organization (UCC) and this is enough for him to start making money. His interest is not linked to the interests of the city, not linked to the interests of the development of other utilities. There is some imbalance - "pulling over" financial resources. Therefore, effective interaction of authorities with resource-supplying organizations is very important.
State control in accordance with the Federal Law of December 30, 2004 No. 210-FZ "On the basics of regulating the tariffs of organizations of the communal complex" should be carried out through integrated development programs (CDP). The presence of an RCC is a prerequisite in many federal laws for the provision of federal assistance. This is also recorded in the regulations on the provision of subsidies for interbudgetary transfers, developed by the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation. The first PKR of municipalities have already begun to arrive at the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation, but you won’t look at them “without tears”, for example, some of them consist of only a few pages.
It must be clearly understood that the PKR is an integral part of the Master Plan for the development of the municipality, and the norms prescribed in the Urban Planning Code indicate that by 2010 all municipalities should have Master plans for their development.
From January 1, 2009, the maximum index of payment of citizens will be set by the constituent entity of the Russian Federation. Only the aggregate utility payment index will be regulated. The Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation in the near future should submit to the Government of the Russian Federation for consideration a draft resolution on the calculation of marginal indices. A necessary condition for establishing limit indices in the draft resolution is the presence of the RCC and the law of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation on the criteria for the availability of tariffs for the consumer. These two main factors will influence regulation.
Comprehensive Development Program
In accordance with Federal Law No. 210-FZ, the program for the integrated development of communal infrastructure systems (CIS) of the municipality is a program for the construction and modernization of the CCI, which ensures the development of these systems in accordance with the needs of housing and industrial construction, improving the quality of the supplied goods (rendered services) and improvement of the ecological situation on the territory of the municipality.
RCC solves the following tasks:
■ determination of target indicators for the development of information and communication systems;
■ determining the priorities and sequence of development of the SRS;
■ balanced SCI development;
■ Ensuring the environmental safety of SCI development.
For the municipality, the PKR is a tool for the integrated management and optimization of the development of SKI, which allows you to link the goals and pace of development of the SKI of the city (electricity, heat supply, water supply), identify problem points and, in conditions of limited resources, optimize them to solve the most pressing problems.
No other level of power has such a function as the organization of electricity, heat, water, gas supply. It should be noted that this function is not a “planning meeting” in the morning with the deputy head of the municipality responsible for providing housing and communal services, and this is not a daily redistribution of funds to pay for or repair something. There is no development of one resource without the development of another, interconnected with it. It is impossible to build elements of a water supply or heating system without sources of generation. It is impossible to talk about thermal energy, for example, without having gas. This is a whole complex, and the authorities of the municipality must understand this.
As mentioned above, RCC is a prerequisite for receiving financial support at the federal level. For example, in accordance with the Federal Law of July 21, 2007 No. 185-FZ "On the Fund for Assistance to the Reform of the Housing and Communal Services", the approval of tariffs and allowances based on the CRP is a necessary condition for receiving funds from the said Fund, and in accordance with the Federal Law dated July 24, 2008 No. 161-FZ "On the promotion of housing construction" - a condition for the allocation of land for housing construction.
PKR is a management tool (including through further monitoring) by private enterprises. The RCC allows you to influence the development plans and motivation of private companies that own infrastructure facilities in the interests of the city, which is practically impossible by other methods; allows (through monitoring) to evaluate and control the activities of these companies.
From the position of the authorities of the municipality, enterprise management is possible only if it is municipal (MUP), and if infrastructure elements are transferred to a private enterprise, then management becomes impossible. But this position is wrong. If RCC is built correctly, the illusion of a lack of control goes away. It is through the PKR that the municipality manages any enterprise of any form of ownership. It would be even better for the municipality if it were a private enterprise, because. for the mistakes made, the private enterprise pays at its own expense, and the mistakes of MUPs are compensated at the expense of the budget of the municipality.
The PKR is a tool and a necessary basis for effective tariff setting. The PKR and the investment and production programs of the OCC drawn up on its basis are the rationale for setting tariffs.
For investors, the RCC is also a tool within which he can decide "where to enter, how to enter and how much it costs." Investors receive a “signal” from the authorities about where infrastructure investments will be needed, as well as an infrastructure development plan approved by the authorities with priorities for several years ahead. The RCC approved by the representative body of the municipality and approved on its basis, the investment programs of the RCC and tariffs (including long-term ones) are a legitimate mechanism for guaranteeing the required level of tariffs for the investor for the period laid down in the RCC.
There is a position of the heads of administrations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities, which can be expressed by the phrase: "Give us money, and we will figure it out ourselves." At the same time, many cannot even name the reasonable amount of the necessary funds and the timing of their development. In this case, the PKR is also a tool for the investor that provides the ability to control the results of their investments.
Monitoring
In accordance with the order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation dated April 14, 2008 No. 48 “On Approval of the Methodology for Monitoring the Implementation of Production and Investment Programs of Public Utilities Organizations”, monitoring of these programs of municipalities will be carried out directly, without the participation of the subject of the Russian Federation. There is nothing surprising in this, as a result - the enterprise looks like “in the palm of your hand”. So far, only investment programs will be monitored for heat supply organizations, but over time, an agreement may be reached with the Federal Tariff Service (FTS) to extend this monitoring to production programs.
The tariff regulators of utility organizations now have a tool that allows them to revise tariffs based on the results of monitoring, and not only “in plus”, but also “in minus”, which will not be very pleasant for resource supplying enterprises. Moreover, the revision is possible for the period of regulation. Tariffs "in the red" will be reviewed, because in all our orders, resolutions and laws it is written that any investment or production program is, first of all, the achievement of specific goals. If in the production program the goal is energy saving, expressed by a certain percentage, then the regulatory authorities after a certain time must compare the results obtained with the declared ones. In the event that the values specified in the investment program are not reached, no explanation of the reasons (accident, cold winter, etc.) will help, and tariffs will be reduced. The regulatory authorities will not immediately, not this year, but will definitely master this regulatory tool.
It is also necessary to reconsider the idea of the investment program. In accordance with Federal Law No. 210-FZ, this is to a greater extent a program not of an enterprise, but of a municipal entity. The company does not need an investment program. The municipality issues the terms of reference, and the enterprise realizes its desire for something, using only the production program.
The example of Moscow is surprising, in connection with the establishment of the amount of payment for connection to heating networks, despite the fact that the city's investment program was not approved. At the same time, the connection fee is set only when there is an approved investment program and the amount of the fee is calculated only in accordance with the volume of this program.
RCC development methods
In order to develop a full-fledged RCC, a significant amount of time, money and high qualifications of developers are required. Therefore, during the transition period, an opportunity will be given to develop a simplified program, with the condition that in the future the transition to full RCC will be carried out (Fig. 3). The only difference will be that the so-called simplified PKR will not contain promising schemes for the development of the SQI, but at the same time it will have a fairly detailed analysis of the SQI.
Perspective schemes for the development of communal infrastructure are a detailed study of the development of engineering systems of urban infrastructure:
■ detailing the territory of the settlement and compiling electronic models;
■ with calculations to ensure the regulatory reliability of the provision of public services (resources);
■ with specific technical solutions (specific configurations and diameters of pipelines, type of equipment at sources, their placement on the territory);
■ with land allotment approval;
■ obtaining preliminary technical conditions for connection to electric, heat and gas networks;
■ with environmental impact assessment and development of impact mitigation measures.
as a result of the development of a complete CRP, specific packages of investment projects are obtained. A municipality can quite easily put up objects of a specific attraction of investments for a competition, because. the land has already been registered, preliminary technical conditions have been drawn up, etc., i.e. everything that is often missing in today's projects. A full PKR will allow simply announcing investment competitions to attract any investor and for a sufficiently long period of investment.
It does not matter which of the two options will be used to create the RPC - in any case, the Russian legislation has already formed the legal field for the implementation of these measures.
According to estimates of time costs for a city with a population of 150 thousand people. the development of a simplified RCC scheme will require about 2-3 months, and a complete scheme - about 8 months.
Components of anti-ship missiles
As mentioned above, the PKR is the main part of the Master Plan for the development of the municipality, therefore, it must necessarily include a forecast of territorially distributed demand. Both in the simplified and in the complex (complete) scheme, RCC is the basis of the foundations.
The forecast of territorially distributed demand for communal resources (heat, electricity, drinking water, etc.) is formed on the basis of the use of GIS technologies associated with the urban geographic information system.
The forecasting of territorially distributed demand is based on the principle of forming a calculated element of territorial division (planning quarter, cadastral quarter, BTI quarter, industrial or industrial zone, etc.). In each element of the territorial division, the demand for resources is modeled, based on the analysis of urban plans for the development of the housing sector, the social sphere, and industry.
In the future, there will be a widespread transition to the representation of utility infrastructure (CI) systems in the form of electronic models. There are regions and municipalities that are already carrying out such work. Electronic models are structured databases of engineering infrastructure elements, linked to the territory, which allow you to carry out all the necessary engineering calculations for the design of heat supply systems. They contain a complete description of heating networks and their objects (diameters of pipelines, lengths, years of laying, years of major repairs, sectional fittings, etc.). An electronic model is a tool for developing projects for the development and reconstruction of engineering facilities, taking into account all the systemic constraints of urban planning. Accordingly, if electronic models are developed, then it is possible to experiment: to combine circuit elements, to separate them, to do analyzes and make forecasts.
Combining models of territorially distributed demand for resources and electronic circuits of engineering communications and head facilities allows us to solve the problems of optimal supply of the urban environment with energy resources. In this case, demand forecasts are combined and then the most rational approaches to the development and reconstruction of engineering systems are developed. Based on the combined models, the problems of redistributing the thermal (electrical) load between sources of different types are solved, with the main target function being to reduce costs and losses in their production and transport.
For each option for the development of the system of electricity, heat and water, a set of certified models is used, which makes it possible to establish all the effects from the implementation of the most rational scheme that ensures that the permissible limits of environmental impact are not exceeded.
Due to the hype that has arisen around the sale of greenhouse gas emission allowances, a situation may arise when in 5 years you will have to buy these allowances back, but at a much higher price. To prevent this from happening, an analysis of the development of electricity, heat and water supply systems for the municipality is urgently needed now.
When discussing the problem of energy supply, as a rule, issues of excess or lack of capacity are considered, and very rarely - issues of reliability, especially in heat supply. So, for example, at one of the conference calls on preparations for the heating season, when solving a complex issue related to energy supply, the answer was received that the reliability of energy supply is not really a problem, because. in which case you can always use a mobile power generator. Such a perception of reliability now exists in many municipalities, so the CRP must necessarily include an assessment of the reliability of the provision of services and resources of the IRS. It is necessary to consider possible emergency scenarios and develop projects for the construction of emergency heat and water supply schemes.
As a result of using electronic models in the form of tables and graphs, we can see the stages of project implementation: the receipt of money, the amount of work, the timing of implementation, etc. Everything can be planned and managed. And if it becomes clear that the requests of the municipality are so great that they cannot be realized in 3-5 years, then it is possible to create a program for both 7 and 9 years. But all this can be understood only by analyzing an already existing electronic model.
A very important issue for the municipality is the abolition of economic management. It will require the formation of a municipal treasury, consisting of networks and infrastructure, which will be transferred to the management of private companies. The formation of the treasury of the municipality, the formation of the revenue side of its budget - this is also connected with the PKR.
Another important component of the PKR is the development of long-term tariff projects and the evaluation of the effectiveness of investments. There are already such precedents. Last year, the FTS set three-year tariffs for SUE "Vodokanal of St. Petersburg" in connection with the implementation of the company's program, and this year in the Kirov region. for heat supply organizations, a separate order of the FTS sets three-year tariffs. But it is quite difficult to talk about the long-term establishment of tariffs taking into account our inflation, taking into account our fluctuating economy. At the same time, if the preparation of the PKR is carried out in full, then this will make it possible to avoid the risks that are inherent in the concept of long-term tariffs, and therefore, we will get a tariff process that can really work reliably.
The PKR necessarily includes an assessment of the affordability of housing and communal services and the purchasing power of the population (Fig. 4). The entire project is selected by iterative procedures and logistics changes so as not to exceed the minimum purchasing power of the population of housing and communal services.
RCC also includes:
■ logistics and an integrated assessment of the size of investments;
■ assessment and optimization of the use of own and borrowed funds for the implementation of projects;
■ evaluation of operating costs reduction in the process of project implementation;
■ assessment of existing and prospective indicators and performance indicators of the QCD.
Interaction regulation
Regulatory bodies created in municipalities are obliged, first of all, to draw up regulations for their work, i.e. rigidly prescribe all the features of their interaction with the OCC. And if, for example, in the production program, the OKC did not include activities related to the current operation in order to ensure a high-quality continuous supply of services, and an accident occurred in the winter, then only the OKK is to blame. But if the organization has included all the necessary activities in the program, and the regulatory authorities considered the activities insignificant and “cut out” some of them in order to reduce costs (for example, motivating this by the need for significant expenses in connection with the upcoming elections), then in this case the regulator is to blame. regulation. But all changes must be recorded in writing, and all these issues must be taken into account in the rules of interaction.
PKR-560 (PKR-560 M, PKR-560 MU, PKR-560 MOR) pneumatic wedge grip (wedge grip) with manual retraction of the drive is designed for mechanized gripping in the rotor of tubing, drilling, weighted and casing pipes, as well as to transfer rotation from the rotor to the drill string and clean the outer surface of the pipes.
Wedge grip PKR-560 is used as a part of drilling rigs of classes BU2000, BU2500, BU3000, BU4000, BU5000, BU6500, equipped with a rotor with a through hole of 560mm.
Wedge grip PKR-560 consists of a bushing, two conical inserts, wedges with rams. The sleeve and liners are stationary relative to the table, and wedges with dies can move along the inclined grooves of the insert. When moving down, the wedges slide along the inclined grooves of the liner and approach each other in the radial direction. Under the action of the radial force arising in the wedges from the column's own weight, the rams clamp the pipe, and the column is held in the rotor; to release the clamped pipe, the wedges move upwards simultaneously with the pipe string being lifted by the hook.
The PKR-560 wedge grip is driven by a pneumatic cylinder mounted on the rotor frame bracket. The rod of the pneumatic cylinder is connected to the short arm of the lever, the long arm of the lever at the end has a fork shape and is put on the rollers of the annular frame, to which the racks are connected, moving in the vertical guide grooves of the bushing.
The upper ends of the racks in the PKR-560 wedge grip are reinforced in the traverse, which is connected to the wedges by levers; under the action of compressed air supplied to the piston cavity of the pneumatic cylinder, the piston rod turns the lever counterclockwise, while the annular frame, together with the uprights, traverse and levers, moves up and raises the wedges. The reverse movement of the wedges in PKR-560 is carried out when compressed air is supplied to the rod end of the pneumatic cylinder and the lever is turned clockwise. The levers ensure the movement of the wedges in the radial direction when they are raised and lowered.
The weight of the drill string held by the slip grip PKR-560 is limited by the allowable contact pressure between the slips and the pipe body. To reduce contact pressures, elongated wedges and special dies are used, covering the pipe with a minimum gap between their longitudinal ends. In some designs, 6 wedges are used instead of 3, which contributes to a more even distribution of contact pressure.
At the request of the customer, the wedge grip PKR-560 is equipped with a wedge 140-146 mm with dies 60, 73, 89, 102, 114, 127, 140, 146 mm, 12 of each size, or a wedge 168-178 mm with dies 168, 178 mm 12 pcs. each size.
Scheme of the wedge grip PKR-560 (PKR-560 M):
