Society and nature are phenomena that cannot exist in isolation from each other. Under nature all the diversity of the surrounding world is understood both on Earth and in the Universe. Nature is a set of natural conditions for the existence of all living things. It arose long before the appearance of man. The history of nature can be considered to have begun with the formation of the Earth and the birth of the first forms of life on it. The "living" shell of the Earth, the whole animal and vegetable world got the name biosphere.

Man is also part of the biosphere. He stood out from the animal world about two million years ago, and only about 40 thousand years ago man appeared. modern type - homo sapiens . At the same time, human society was born. Throughout the entire existence of mankind, society and nature have closely interacted with each other. Man was a part of nature and had to reckon with its laws. However, unlike other living beings, man has adapted to the difficult conditions of the struggle for survival and began to use nature for his own purposes. He took food from nature, used natural shelters, such as caves, as dwellings, and then learned how to make fire. Fire allowed ancient people to warm up in cold weather, ward off predators, and change the quality of food due to thermal cooking. With the beginning of the use of fire and the advent of tools, man increasingly influenced nature. The cause of large-scale fires in ancient times was, apparently, not only natural phenomena (lightning, volcanic eruptions, etc.), but also careless use of fire by humans. With the increase in the number of people, more and more animals that made up the human diet were exterminated.

For centuries life primitive people practically did not change. Survival was the main goal. In difficult climatic conditions, one person could not survive. With the existence of primitive tools, provide yourself with food, protect yourself from predators, etc. could only be a collective of people. Therefore, the basis of the organization and the source of power in primitive society was genus (tribal community), all members of which were related to each other.

The family was originally polygamous . Kinship was established along the maternal line, since the mother of the child was known, but the father was not. The woman in these conditions occupied the main position. (matriarchy) . Over time, in connection with the improvement of the tools of labor and the complication of methods of production, male physical strength played an increasing role. And with the streamlining of relations between the sexes and the appearance of a paired family, kinship began to be passed on through the father. Matriarchy has been replaced by patriarchy.

Economy primitive society carried appropriating character , was based on public ownership and equal distribution of products. Labor productivity was low, so whatever was produced was consumed.

The disappearance of large animals caused by climatic changes (climate warming, retreat of the glacier) and their mass extermination by people forced humans to look for new sources of food. He began to tame wild animals and raise edible plants... This is how it happened transition from an appropriating to a producing economy . As a result, the position of a person in the field of obtaining food products has become more stable. He became less dependent on the vagaries of nature.

The increase in the population led to an expansion of cultivated areas and an increase in the number of livestock. Man began to struggle with those natural phenomena that interfered with his life. He cut down forests, destroyed weeds, exterminated predatory animals dangerous to livestock.

The killing of some species of animals was sometimes caused not by an objective necessity, but by the desire of people, primarily leaders, kings, etc., to show their strength and dexterity in a one-on-one fight with a terrible beast. So the tours were destroyed - huge bulls that lived on the territory of modern Lithuania, Belarus, Poland. Their fate was almost shared by bison. During the heyday Ancient Rome gladiatorial battles with the participation of wild predatory animals were not uncommon.

With the advent of capitalist relations and industrial production, the impact of man on nature began to intensify. 200-300 years ago, no one cared about the environment. The uncontrolled use of natural resources - forests, waters, bowels of the earth - was a common occurrence. Industrial waste poured into rivers and lakes, dumped outside the gates of industrial enterprises, which turned blooming fields into a lifeless desert, and reservoirs into fetid pits. The extermination of elephants, rhinos, walruses for the sake of the popular fangs became widespread. In pursuit of profit, numerous entrepreneurs destroyed entire rookeries of fur seals for their valuable fur. The extinction of many species of animals and plants was caused by a change in the conditions of their existence. They simply could not adapt to the human-changed environment in a short time.

With the development of scientific and technological progress, the impact of society on nature is increasing more and more. The 20th century is especially indicative in this regard. It was at this time that mass production appeared, man learned to use atomic energy and began the conquest of space. And it was at this time that new, more powerful sources of pollution of nature appeared, and each of us, without knowing it, participates in this process. Now almost every family has a car. We have well understood the well-known idea that a car is not a luxury, but a means of transportation. But millions of cars on the planet emit so much harmful exhaust gases that the air, especially in large cities, becomes highly polluted. This, in turn, is the cause of many diseases.

In the course of his life, a person "produces" a huge amount of household waste, which in most cases accumulates in landfills and is often burned there, releasing harmful substances into the atmosphere. Nuclear waste, which has a half-life of thousands of years, poses a particular danger to all living things.

Nature does not accept such human actions. She responds to him with droughts, floods, earthquakes, which humanity is not yet able to cope with. In past centuries, frequent epidemics led to massive loss of life. Cancer, AIDS, SARS are now considered practically incurable.

XX century. became not only the time of the apogee of human impact on nature. Humanity began to think about how to prevent the harmful effects of scientific and technological development. The construction and improvement of treatment facilities at plants and factories, the creation of waste-free and energy-saving technologies, and the construction of enterprises for the processing of household waste became especially important.

Constructors different countries Pilot models of environmentally friendly vehicles powered by electricity and solar energy have already been created. But their mass production has not yet begun due to the expected high price for them.

In many countries, nature reserves and national parks have been created, on the territory of which active human activities are prohibited, and animals and plants exist in natural conditions. Endangered species are listed in the Red Book. Activities are being carried out to breed endangered animal species in captivity. States enact laws establishing liability for harm to nature.

But it is impossible to solve all environmental problems with the help of one state, since they are global, i.e. planetary, character. Cooperation between states in the environmental sphere is manifested in the conclusion of treaties on environmental protection. Some of them deal with disarmament issues. In 1963, in Moscow, the USSR, the USA and England signed an agreement banning nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, in space and under water. In subsequent years, more than a hundred states joined this treaty. Environmental issues are the subject of such international legal instruments as the 1959 Antarctic Treaty, which declares Antarctica a neutral territory intended only for scientific research, and the 1979 Convention on Transboundary Air Pollution.

International environmental organizations are also doing a lot of work on nature protection. In 1948, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature was created, and in 1963 - World Fund wildlife, and in 1971 - "Greenpeace" ("Green World"). Greenpeace activists are fighting against the extermination of animals, including whales. They block the path of whaling ships, preventing them from approaching these marine life. Greenpeace organizes pickets at nuclear power plants and military bases where there are warehouses with nuclear weapons, organizes other non-violent protests in order to draw the attention of the public and governments to the need to solve environmental problems.

Our country has extensive environmental legislation. Constitution Russian Federation declares land and natural resources as the basis of life and activities of the peoples of Russia (Article 9) and proclaims the right of everyone to a favorable environment, reliable information about its condition and to compensation for damage caused to health by an environmental offense (Article 42). The most important source of environmental law is the 1991 Law on Environmental Protection, which formulates general provisions nature protection. It is supplemented by such documents of Russian environmental legislation as the law on the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population, the law on the protection of wildlife, the law on the protection atmospheric air, subsoil law, land code, water code, etc. The norms of environmental law are contained in the Criminal Code and the Code of Administrative Offenses. They establish measures of responsibility for causing harm to nature. Such acts as destruction of forests, poaching, pollution of water bodies and air, damage to natural monuments entail criminal liability with imprisonment for different periods.

But no matter how many prohibitions are established, measures to protect nature will not be effective without awareness of environmental problems by each of us. Resting outside the city, we should not leave garbage in the forest, make fires, especially in summer, when there is a great danger of fire, collect plants listed in the Red Book. It is necessary to instill in the younger generation the foundations of ecological culture through ecological education and upbringing. The main role in this should belong to the parents, educational institutions, to the media.

Thus, the protection of nature is the business of all mankind as a whole and each person individually. Destroying nature, humanity will perish. Nature has existed for millions of years. She can live without a person, but a person without nature cannot. In science fiction novels and films, the consequences of environmental disasters are already being drawn: natural resources are depleted, water and air are polluted, humanity is dying out of incurable diseases, the survivors descend underground and lead a miserable existence. In centuries, nature will restore the ecological balance, but there will no longer be a place for man on Earth. It will be replaced by other forms of life. Humanity will repeat the fate of the dinosaurs.

But humans, unlike dinosaurs, are intelligent creatures. We see and understand the consequences of our impact on nature, we know ways to solve environmental problems. All this allows us to hope for the restoration of harmony between society and nature.

Questions and tasks

1. What is gender by the word “nature”?

2. What is the relationship between man and nature?

3. How did the relationship between society and nature develop throughout the entire existence of mankind?

4. Give a description of the primitive society. What was the main purpose of bringing people together?

5. Why with becoming industrial society has the impact of man on nature increased?

6. How has man's attitude to nature changed in the 20th century? Why did this happen?

7. As in modern world are resolved ecological problems?

8. What is environmental legislation? What documents is it presented in Russia?

9. Protection of nature is not only a matter of the state, but also of every person. How can each of us contribute to nature conservation?

10. Lead a discussion on the topic "Man and nature in the XXI century."

Scientists used the concept of "nature" in two meanings. The first (broader) is nature as the world in all the variety of manifestations. The second is nature as the biosphere of our planet, i.e. a shell engulfed in life. Life on Earth is everywhere: in forests, steppes and deserts, in the ocean and fresh water bodies, in mountains and soil. Where neither plants nor animals can live, bacteria live, many of which do not need oxygen. Scientific knowledge emphasizes the unity of the world. All life on Earth is connected by the strongest ties of natural kinship, interacts with each other, this is expressed in the concept of "ecosystem".

Ecosystem - a community of living things and their habitat, united into a single whole on the basis of interdependence and cause-and-effect relationships between individual ecological components. An ecosystem includes a forest, pond, ocean, etc. The global ecosystem is the biosphere.

Nature is the natural habitat of man, our common Home... The science that studies the relationship between society and nature is called ecology. The relationship between society and nature has always existed, at all stages of human history. It is difficult to conceive of human life outside of nature. It's good that these are just plots of fantastic stories.

It is impossible to break the connections that exist in nature, as irreversible consequences may occur. A person who actively invades nature should always remember this. Violation of ecological balance - a change in an ecosystem for a long or infinite period. For example, deforestation in an arid zone can lead to the formation of a desert, a sustainable formation that replaces a forest ecosystem that was in equilibrium with the environment before it was disrupted.

Nature is a huge (until recently, it seemed, inexhaustible) storehouse of those resources that a person needs in production. Navigable rivers, timber, ore, oil, coal - all this is actively used by people. It must be remembered that there are non-renewable natural resources - a part of fossil natural resources that does not have the ability to heal itself in a period commensurate with the pace of human economic activity. These resources include, in particular, the wealth of the subsoil. Imbalance in ecological environment called an environmental crisis. The main reason ecological crisis are the huge scale of economic activity in the era of industrial civilization.

Manifestations of the ecological crisis: environmental pollution, expressed primarily by the emissions of modern waste into the atmosphere. industrial enterprises and transport; a sharp depletion of natural resources.

Environmental problems appear today as global. Global in the sense that their solution requires the efforts of all mankind, since planet Earth is our common home. Humanity must realize itself as a whole in its relation to nature. One of the main conditions for maintaining balance and harmony with nature is the peaceful and reasonable coexistence of people with each other; it is necessary to seriously think about the exhaustion of natural resources; about the possibility of the restorative processes of nature.

How to make sure that the transformations of one sphere of society's life, for example, in the means of production, do not negatively affect the natural environment, so that the flourishing of science and technology does not devalue the emotional and moral sphere? A combination of changes in the scientific, technical, social and spiritual spheres is needed; to place the person at the center of all types of social change; overcome the far-reaching alienation from him all public structures; return to the most important truth: the Earth is our common home.

New approaches of man to the system “nature - society” are associated with the concept of “noosphere” (Chardin, Le-Pya, Vernadsky), which was understood as the area of the planet covered by intelligent human activity. According to Vernadsky, with the emergence and development of human society, the biosphere naturally passes into the noosphere, since mankind, mastering the laws of nature and developing the psyche, more and more transforms nature in accordance with its needs. The noosphere has a tendency to continuous expansion due to man's entry into space and penetration into the bowels of the planet. The concept of "noosphere" emphasizes the special role of consciousness, reason in regulating the relationship between the biosphere and society. First of all, one should understand that nature requires a person to be treated as if she were “another person”. She needs love, trust, kindness, compassion, help. Man is physically and spiritually connected with nature, he must give to nature all his spiritual wealth, for it is “invested” in him in the course of the evolutionary development of nature, in other words, modern man must let the problems of nature “through himself,” through human nature.

With any form of sociality, a person remains a part of nature and space, a specific manifestation of the phenomenon of life. All reconstruction projects must proceed from this fact, based primarily on the need to maintain the life of the entire biosphere and the possibility of the existence and development of every human being. This is a harsh reality.

Difficulties in providing food for the growing population of the planet, an increasing shortage of easily accessible energy resources, depletion of many types of mineral raw materials, a shortage of resources fresh water, the growing pollution of the habitat, the extinction of many species of animals and plants - this is the problem of human survival, its preservation as a species. Modern researchers of the prospects for the development of mankind are more and more inclined to believe that mankind will not survive the 21st century if the pollution of nature, the barbaric use of its riches continue to proceed at the same scale and pace as in the second half of the 20th century. Society will have to rethink and rebuild its worldview in many ways. First of all, it is necessary to form ideas about the integrity of the world, the unity and interrelation of its components. There should be state and interstate environmental protection programs and rational use natural resources. The main mechanisms for the implementation of these problems have been developed: economic (payments for the use of natural resources, for environmental pollution, etc.), regulatory and legal (establishment of clear standards for the state of the environment, monitoring systems for compliance with these standards, development of laws on the protection of nature and etc.), socio-political (full publicity about the state of the environment).

Much depends on the place nature occupies in the structure of society's value orientations. The preservation of nature, the recognition of its intrinsic value must necessarily be elevated to an ethical principle. Adherence to the principle of preserving the living is the return to man of himself, human in man. This means that we should not just talk about the preservation of the “habitat for the well-being of mankind” - an egoistic goal that can be temporarily compromised for the sake of other selfish goals (this explains the half-hearted nature of environmental activities), but about the fulfillment of the main purpose of man on Earth. Awareness of this mission will not only help to shift priorities and approve an ecophilic strategy for economic and social transformation, but will also make human existence more meaningful.

Society and nature are in constant interaction. The influence of man on the surrounding world has acquired such proportions that the issue of nature conservation has become one of the most urgent. We will find out what is the relationship between society and nature, what ecology is and what options for protecting the Earth exist.

Nature

There are two definitions of this concept:

v broad sense: the world in all its forms and manifestations;
in a narrow sense: the natural conditions of human life, or the biosphere.

Considering the stages of human development, one can trace what the relations between society and nature were like.

primitiveness: a person respected nature, deifying it, and could not cause serious harm to it;
with the development of science and technology, man increasingly invaded the nature around him, using its resources;
a new social order has developed, in which natural resources have become profitable to extract - for sale and receipt of funds.

Now we can talk about a real ecological crisis. There was a disharmony in the relationship between man and nature. Contamination of land and soil, the emergence of ozone holes - these and many other problems reflect the new environment.

Ecology

Environmental pollution affects all areas of life and forces society to develop ways to protect it. There is a whole science - ecology, which studies the interaction of society and nature.

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Environmental problems of our time:

climate change
depletion of minerals;
pollution of fresh water;
pollution of land and air;
reduction of the ozone layer;
radiation pollution;
the disappearance of many species of plants and animals and many others;
spread of dangerous viruses.

The "plague" of the 20th century was AIDS, a cure for which has not yet been invented. Modern medicine, despite the available technologies that can extend human life. is not able to reduce the number of patients, whose number is constantly growing.

Causes of environmental problems:

violent economic activity of a person;
man-made accidents (accidents at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986, the Japanese nuclear power plant "Fukushima-1" in 2011);
extermination of plants and animals for profit (sea cow, blue antelope and others).

Scientific and technological progress contributes to the extinction of 50 thousand species of plants and animals per year. Fuel burned by factories pollutes soil and air harmful substances: gray, ash and dust.

Problems of development and even survival of mankind make people think seriously about environmental problems, develop general theories nature and society, create and implement new types of attitudes towards environment , its protection and protection:

development of waste-free technologies, treatment facilities;
compilation of the Red Books;
reducing the use of pesticides;
development of environmental programs.

The world is creating special organizations for the protection of the environment:

1948 International Union for Conservation of Nature;
1971 international organization Greenpeace;
World Wildlife Fund.

These organizations are engaged in the creation of national parks, protect against the extermination of rare animals, carry out propaganda for the protection of wildlife from the waste of factories and plants.

What have we learned?

Having considered the topic of social science "Society and nature", we learned that society is inextricably linked with nature and its existence directly depends on it. But man, developing economic activity By developing natural resources, polluting the land, air and water, he puts his life in great danger, thereby creating global environmental problems. Solving these problems is one of the main tasks of modern states.

Nature (from the Greek physis and lat. natura - to arise, to be born) - one of the most general categories of science and philosophy, originating in the ancient worldview.

The concept of "nature" is used to designate not only natural, but also man-created material conditions of his existence - "second nature", to one degree or another, transformed and formed by man.

Society as a part of nature isolated in the process of human life is inextricably linked with it.

The separation of man from the natural world marked the birth of a qualitatively new material unity, since man is inherent not only natural properties but also social.

Society came into conflict with nature in two respects: 1) as a social reality, it is nothing but nature itself; 2) it purposefully, with the help of labor tools, affects nature, changing it.

At first, the contradiction between society and nature acted as their difference, since man still had primitive tools of labor, with the help of which he earned his means of livelihood. However, in those distant times, there was no longer a complete dependence of man on nature. As the tools of labor improved, society exerted an increasing impact on nature. Man cannot do without nature also because the technical means that make his life easier are created by analogy with natural processes.

As soon as it was born, society began to have a very significant impact on nature, somewhere improving it, and somewhere worsening it. But nature, in turn, began to "worsen" the characteristics of society, for example, by reducing the quality of health of large masses of people, etc. Society as a separate part of nature and nature itself have a significant impact on each other. At the same time, they retain specific features that allow them to coexist as a dual phenomenon of earthly reality. This close relationship between nature and society is the basis of the unity of the world.

Sample assignment

C6. Expand the relationship between nature and society using two examples.

Answer: As examples that reveal the relationship between nature and society, the following can be cited: Man is not only a social, but also a biological being, and therefore is a part of living nature. From natural environment society draws the necessary material and energy resources for its development. Degradation of the natural environment (air pollution, water pollution, deforestation, etc.) leads to a deterioration in people's health, to a decrease in their quality of life, etc.

Topic 3. Society and culture

The whole life of society is based on the purposeful and diverse activities of people, the product of which is material wealth and cultural values, that is, culture. Therefore, certain types of societies are often called cultures. However, the concepts of "society" and "culture" are not synonymous.

The system of relationships is largely formed objectively, under the influence of the laws of social development. Therefore, they are not a direct product of culture, despite the fact that the conscious activity of people affects the nature and form of these relations in the most essential way.

Sample assignment

B5. Read the text below, each position is numbered.

(1) In the history of social thought, there have been various, often opposite points of view on culture. (2) Some philosophers called culture a means of enslaving people. (3) A different point of view was held by those scientists who considered culture a means of ennobling a person, turning him into a civilized member of society. (4) This speaks of the breadth, multidimensionality of the content of the concept of "culture".

Determine which positions of the text are:

A) factual nature

B) the nature of value judgments

Write a letter under the position number indicating its nature. Transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer form.

Answer: ABBA.

Filimonov Oleg

The topic of this research is “Society and Nature”. The relationship between nature and society is an eternal and always urgent problem of philosophy and all humanitarian knowledge. The most acute problem of our time is considered the ratio of humanity and the living and inanimate spheres of our planet. We will talk with you about how humans and society affect nature, and how it, in turn, affects them.

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STATE BUDGETARY PROFESSIONAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

"SAKHALIN POLYTECHNICAL CENTER №2"

ESSAY

"SOCIETY AND NATURE"

Completed:

Student gr. TM-21

Filimonov Oleg

2017

Introduction.

1. The concepts of society and nature

Let's first define what we call nature. Just as in the case of society, there are two definitions of nature - broadly and narrowly.

In a broad sense, nature is the universe, the whole material world... In the narrow, nature is called that part of the objective world with which a person enters into direct interaction and which is natural condition human life. In the narrow sense of the word, nature is called biosphere ... This term was introduced in 1875 by the Austrian geologist Eduard Suess.

Just like society, nature is a self-developing system. Its parts are the lithosphere, hydrosphere and troposphere (Fig. 1). Nature is constantly evolving.

Rice. 1. The structure of the biosphere

2. The problem of the relationship between man and nature in philosophy

The attitude to nature in the history of social thought has changed several times. Ancient philosophy is characterized by the idea of harmony between man and nature as a living, animated and ordered Cosmos.

V medieval Europe dominates the concept of inferiority of nature as a result of the fall of man. God and nature are opposed. Nature is the last, lowest link of the ladder.

Renaissance thinkers again identified God and nature. This concept is called pantheism.

In early modern times, the slogan "Back to nature" was put forward, which was popular for political and ethical reasons. The French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau (Fig. 2) believed that the most natural person is natural. In the 20th century, this idea was adopted by the "green" movement.

Rice. 2. J.-J. Russo

At the same time, the so-called transformative understanding of nature appeared, expressed in the phrase “Nature is not a temple, but a workshop. Man is a worker in it. " But not everyone agreed with this.

In the 18th century, the Swedish biologist Karl Linnaeus (Fig. 3) in his work "The System of Nature" introduces man as special kind homo sapiens. American physicist and sociologist Benjamin Franklin (Fig. 4) defines man as a "toolmaking animal", and Charles Darwin creates the theory of evolution, according to which man is an integral part of nature. (fig. 5)

Rice. 3. Karl Linnaeus

Rice. 4. Benjamin Franklin

Rice. 5 Charles Darwin

In the XX century, the concept of "noosphere" - "kingdom of mind" appeared. The term was introduced in 1927 by the French scientist Eugene Leroy, and V.I.Vernadsky became its popularizer and the most famous proponent of the theory of the noosphere.

By the way, the theory of the noosphere was often supported by philosophers whose views can hardly be called materialistic. In the middle of the 20th century, one of the active supporters of this theory was the Theosophist (Jesuit priest)Pierre Teilhard de Chardin.

3. The relationship between society and nature

No matter how we perceive a person - as part of nature or as its antithesis - we still recognize that nature and society influence each other. There is a special scientific discipline called ecology. This is the name of a complex combination of scientific disciplines that study the interaction of living organisms, humans, human communities with the environment.

This term was introduced in 1866 by one of Charles Darwin's followers, the German zoologist Ernst Haeckel (Fig. 5), who defined ecology as the science of the relationship of organisms to the environment. We are, of course, talking primarily not just about ecology, but about social ecology- a discipline that lies at the intersection of natural, technical, humanitarian and social sciences.

Rice. 6.E. Haeckel

How does society affect nature? It:

Explores and uses nature, constantly expanding the scope and limits of its use;

Affects the structure of the environment;

Influences the restoration of nature.

Nature, in turn:

Provides livelihood;

Affects the placement of productive forces;

Influences the development of society;

Can destroy the results of human activity.

Of course, the degree of dependence of society on nature in the process of development is reduced. The first attempts to transform nature in the form of building canals were made by the ancient Egyptians and the inhabitants of Mesopotamia as early as the 4th millennium BC.

On the other hand, society also affects the natural environment of a person. The history of mankind testifies to both the beneficial influence of human activities on the natural environment, and its harmful consequences. So, at one time, the swamps around Florence were drained, which later became flourishing lands. Gardens and vineyards on the slopes Caucasus mountains as well as the beautiful groves on the islands of the Pacific Ocean, are the work of man. At the same time, there are cases when herds of domestic animals trampled down the soil, devoured young shoots. For example, it was said about ancient Greece that its power was "eaten" by bred goats.

Thus, nature remains the most important factor in social development.

4. Interesting facts.

Darwin Prize

As you know, Charles Darwin believed that man and ape had common ancestors. Some of our contemporaries commit such idiotic acts that sometimes it seems that animals are smarter than humans.

Such people who have committed the most idiotic acts with a fatal outcome for themselves are awarded the Darwin Prize. Among the laureates is a man who tried to cut a grenade; a criminal who hid from the police by climbing over the wall of the prison. In 1982, the prize was awarded to an elderly American who decided to fly 50 meteorological balloons, although he survived.

Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky

They say that the time of the encyclopedists has passed. But in the history of our country in the twentieth century there was a scientist who is often called the last encyclopedist.

This is Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (Fig. 6). Philosopher, scientist-geochemist, he was one of the founders and leaders of the Cadet party, was a member of Kerensky's interim government as deputy minister. Organizer and first president of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, founder and rector of Tavrichesky University.

The conditions necessary for the transition of the biosphere to the noosphere: universal equality, democracy, space travel, the discovery of new sources of energy, the end of wars.

Does nature take revenge on man?

It often seems that nature is taking revenge on man. Disasters follow one another. But similar disasters have happened before.

In 1883, the Krakatoa volcano erupted (Fig. 7), which practically destroyed the island. If before the eruption it was a mountain several hundred meters high, now these are three islands separated by the sea (Fig. 8).

Rice. 7. Volcano Krakatoa

Rice. 8. Krakatoa after the eruption

But this does not mean that people have no influence on such disasters. In the 1980s, a possible catastrophe was averted in the USSR caused by the alleged turn of the Siberian rivers into Central Asia... Today, a similar project is being implemented in China.

Literature:

Textbook: Social Studies. A textbook for 10th grade students of educational institutions. A basic level of. Ed. L. N. Bogolyubova. M .: JSC "Moscow textbooks", 2008.