Fundamentals of techniques and methods of training service dogs The technique of training service dogs includes: methodological methods of influencing the dog with certain stimuli (sound - commands, whistle, sound, etc.; visual - gestures, postures, clothing, etc.; food -

Service dog exhibitions At service dog exhibitions, breeding stock is selected and evaluated. Materials from exhibitions, descriptions of dogs made by judges are often used in breeding work. In this case, the objectivity of the dog’s assessment, accuracy and completeness are very important.

Zootechnical characteristics of the TsKS nursery of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the Irkutsk Region

OWN RESEARCH

According to the specifics of its tasks, the canine center is divided into two profiles: general search and special. The task of the "searchers" is to work at the crime scene. As part of an investigative and operational team, they go to the scenes of thefts, robberies, robberies and murders, search for a suspect along the trail, participate in search operations, select things or a person by smell, and detain criminals. The task of a special profile is the detection of narcotic substances, explosive devices, ammunition, etc.

Currently, the nursery has 21 heads of service dogs, with 15 dog handlers assigned to them.

Average annual number of service dogs and canine specialists for 2013-2015. presented in table 1.

Table 1 – Number of service dogs and canine specialists over the years

Analyzing Table 1, we can conclude that the number of dog handlers has not decreased over the years. And the number of employees has not decreased either.

Today, in the kennel of the Central Committee of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the Irkutsk Region, dogs of the Golden Retriever, German Shepherd, Giant Schnauzer, English Cocker Spaniel, Russian Hunting Spaniel, and Central Asian Shepherd dogs are serving. Breed and numerical composition of the TsKS nursery of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the Irkutsk region for 2013-2015. presented in Table 2.

Table 2 – Breed and numerical composition of dogs in the nursery for 2013-2015.

Analyzing the data in Table 1, we can conclude: the number of female dogs of the German Shepherd breed in the reporting year compared to the base year remained unchanged. The number of males of this breed decreased by 33.4%. The number of males of the Russian Hunting Spaniel breed has remained unchanged over the years. The number of female golden retrievers for 2013-2015. increased by 200%, males of the Giant Schnauzer breed increased by 100%, the number of females of the Labrador breed increased by 100% over the years. The number of males of the Central Asian Shepherd breed has increased by 100%. As a result, the number of females in the kennel over the years increased by 9%, and the number of males decreased by 16.7%.

a brief description of Dog breeds in the kennel are presented below.

Golden retriever. This breed was bred in Great Britain. Its strong sense of smell and outstanding trainability are the reason why the Golden Retriever is employed in many police and military services around the world (Figure 1). In the post-war years, this breed began to be taken to customs to search for drugs, weapons and explosives.

Head: skull proportionate and beautifully formed; wide but not coarse forehead; a head that sits well on the neck; wide and deep mouth, approx. equal length with a skull; pronounced forehead; nose is black. Eyes: dark brown, wide-set, dark eyelids. Bite: Strong jaws with an excellent, regular and complete claw bite, with the row of upper incisors tightly engaging the lower incisors without space, and the teeth set perpendicular to the jaw. Neck: Good length, dry and muscular, without dewlap.

The forelimbs are straight, strong boned, the shoulders are well sloping, the shoulder blade is elongated with equal forearm length, which allows the limbs to stand well under the body.

Hindquarters: The thigh and hind leg are strong and muscular. The shin is of good length, the knee joint is well arched. Low hock joint, which when viewed from behind is straight, turning neither in nor out. Tail: base at the height of the back line, length reaching the hock joint, not curled at the tip. Height at the withers of this breed: male - 56-61 cm, female - 51-57 cm; Weight: male - 27-36kg, female - 25-30kg. In the nursery, this breed is used to search for explosive devices.

Fig 1 - Female golden retriever named “Nora”

German Shepherd. Courageous dogs are easy to train. Country of origin: Germany.

The head is wedge-shaped, the size of the head is appropriate (length is approximately 40% of the height at the withers), cannot be coarse or too light, the general impression is dry, moderately wide between the ears.

The bite should be powerful, the teeth should be healthy and in complete set(42 teeth according to the dental formula). The German Shepherd has a scissor bite.

The eyes are medium in size, almond-shaped, slightly oblique and not protruding. Eye color should be as dark as possible. Light, piercing eyes are undesirable as they disrupt the dog's expression.

The ears of the German Shepherd are erect ears of medium size, they are held vertically and in the same direction (not hung to the sides), have sharp ends and are set with the shell forward.

The neck should be strong, well muscled and free of throat dewlap. The angle to the body (horizontal) is approximately 45 degrees.

Frame. The top line runs from the base of the neck through the well-defined withers and over the slightly sloping back in relation to the horizontal to the slightly sloping croup almost continuously. The back is strong, strong, with good muscles. The croup should be long and slightly sloping (approximately 23 degrees to the horizontal) and blend smoothly into the base of the tail.

Fig 2 - Female German Shepherd named “Zena”

Forelegs: straight when viewed from any side, absolutely parallel when viewed from the front. The shoulder blades and shoulders are of equal length and, thanks to powerful muscles, fit tightly to the body. The angles of the shoulder-scapular joints are ideally 90°, 110° is allowed.

The stance of the hind legs is slightly set back, while when viewed from behind they are parallel to each other. The thighs and shins are approximately the same length and form an angle of approximately 120°, the thighs are powerful and well muscled.

Height at the withers: male - 61-66 cm, female - 56-61 cm; weight: male – 24-31 kg, female – 22-27 kg (Figure 2). Since this breed is considered universal, these dogs can handle virtually any type of service. In the nursery, this breed is used for general search, for searching for narcotic substances and for searching for explosive devices.

The Giant Schnauzer (Figure 3) is a brave, hardy dog. Externally, the modern Giant Schnauzer is a strong, hardy dog ​​of a square format. The skull is strong, oblong, the occipital protuberance is not very pronounced. Head size matches overall size dogs.

The eyes are oval, dark, set high. Tight, dry eyelids. A wary, attentive gaze.

The ears are set high and symmetrically cropped. The inner edges of the ears are parallel when viewed from the front. The length of the ears is proportional to the size of the head.

Frame. The withers are well developed, strong, and clearly protrude above the line of the back. The back is straight, strong, muscular, short, wide. The loin is muscular, wide, short, convex, the croup blends smoothly into the line. The croup is wide, well developed, rounded, muscular, smoothly descending to the base of the tail.

The tail is set high and docked. Keeps the tail moving vigorously, above the line of the back.

Forelegs. The shoulder blades are set obliquely and covered with dense dry muscles. The elbows are positioned strictly back. Straight forearms, medium length, set parallel. Strong, short pasterns, set almost vertically. The length of the forelimbs from the elbow is approximately equal to half the height at the withers.

Hind limbs. Parallel and straight when viewed from behind. The muscles on the thighs are well developed and stand at an angle of about 100 degrees to the pelvis. Unnoticeable, round knee joints. Long shins, steep, strong metatarsals. The hock joints are well defined.

Height at the withers: male - 65-71 cm, female - 60-65 cm; Weight: male - 27-36 kg, female - 25-34 kg. Dogs of this breed are used in the kennel to detect explosives.

Fig 3- Male Giant Schnauzer named “Tristan”

English Cocker Spaniel (Figure 4). The head is massive, but not rough, with smooth lines, not at all angular. The shape of the head is generally characteristic of this breed. The expression of the eyes is soft and kind and at the same time independent, attentive and intelligent. Eyes: the look largely depends on them. They are medium in size, slightly oval, with dry, close-fitting eyelids, widely spaced. The third eyelid is invisible. Scissor bite. Direct bite is undesirable.

Neck, back line and body. The neck is graceful, muscular, convex at the head and flows smoothly, without dewlap, into obliquely set shoulder blades. Middle length, is in harmony with the length of the body and the height of the dog at the withers. The topline is a smooth line from the neck to the withers into the line of the back, slightly sloping towards the rounded croup, without sagging and without high hindquarters. The body is compact, strong, but not massive.

Fig 4 - Male English Cocker Spaniel named “Boss”

Belt of forelimbs. The articulation angles are moderately pronounced. The shoulder blades are set obliquely, flat, the withers are pronounced. The shoulder blades and shoulders are approximately equal in length. The shoulder is pressed to the body, set obliquely, so that the elbow is directly under the withers

Hind limb belt. The articulation angles are moderate and balanced with the articulation angles of the forelimbs. The croup is wide, rounded and muscular, providing powerful push-off from the hindquarters. The breed originated in England. Color – any. Solid is most often red, black, liver (reddish brown), red of various shades or golden chestnut. Height at the withers: male - 38-43 cm, female - 36-40 cm; Weight: male - 13-15 kg, female - 12-14 kg. The English Cocker is primarily a hunting dog. Having good hunting instincts can show good results when searching. This breed is used to search for narcotic substances.

Russian hunting spaniel (Figure 5). This breed is well suited for searching: good instincts, endurance, a great desire to work and small size. Such wonderful bloodhounds as the German Shepherd or Doberman are not easy to throw into the attic along a ladder or lower into the hold of a cargo ship.

The head is dry, moderately long, with an oval, moderately wide skull. The ears are hanging, long, wide, close to the cheekbones, rounded below, set slightly higher or on the line of the eyes, mobile. The end of the slightly elongated ear should reach the nose. The eyes are oval, moderately large, with a straight eyelid. The color is dark brown or light brown, depending on the tone of the coat. Scissor bite.

The croup is wide, moderately long, slightly sloping, muscular. Forelegs. Dry, bony, straight and parallel when viewed from the front. The angles of the glenohumeral joint are about 100". The elbows are directed strictly back. The forearms are straight. The pasterns are voluminous, slightly inclined. The length of the front legs is approximately half the height of the dog at the withers.

Hind limbs. When viewed from behind - straight, parallel, wider apart than the front. From the side - with well-defined angles of articulation. The lower legs are moderately short, set obliquely. The hocks are voluminous and set straight.

Origin: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The color of this breed is: Brown and white, Tricolor, Red and white, Black and white. Height: female - 38 - 45 cm, male - 38 - 45 cm. Weight: female - 9.1 - 16 kg, male: 9.1 - 16 kg. The Russian hunting spaniel is used to search for narcotic substances.

Fig 5 - Male Russian hunting spaniel named “Coke”

Central Asian Shepherd Dog (Figure 6). Origin: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. This is a fairly large animal, which is distinguished by high endurance and courage. The height of males is 65-90 cm, females are 62-80 cm, the shepherd’s build is strong, the body is crowned with a massive proportional head. The forehead is flat, the skull is wide. If you look at the dog's profile, its shape will be similar to a rectangle. The nose can be black or light, the jaws are massive, with a straight bite. The animal's eyes are dark, oval, and its ears are triangular and drooping. Weight: female: 40–65 kg, male: 55–79 kg. Color: Black, White, Straw, Rusty, Grey, Brindle, Peebold. Dogs of the Central Asian Shepherd breed are used in the kennel to protect the territory.

Fig 6 - Male Central Asian Shepherd named “Funtik”

Data on the age composition of dogs from the kennel of the Central Clinical Hospital of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the Irkutsk Region are presented in Table 3.

Table 3 - Age composition of kennel dogs

Analyzing the data in Table 3, we can conclude that the majority of dogs are at an active age for use in service dog breeding from 2 to 8 years. In 2017, a female German Shepherd named “Nora” will be culled based on age.

The food received by the dog must replenish all the energy and material costs of its body associated with maintaining life and working. If a dog is not fed enough, then the material losses of its body are not fully replenished. Such a dog loses weight, becomes weaker and is more susceptible to diseases. Overfeeding your dog is also not good. Excessive feed overloads the digestive organs, causes obesity in the animal, decreased fertility and performance, and is not economically justified. The dog should be given as much food as necessary to cover all its costs.

Feeding dogs can be divided into 2 types: natural feeding, which contains food of animal origin (meat, fish, milk, eggs, etc.) and plant origin (buckwheat, rice, pearl barley porridge, vegetables) and dry type of feeding - dry canned, wet food (dry food of different classes, ready-made wet canned food, etc.). Dry food can be stored for a long time. The food can be stored in a separate container or in its original sealed packaging in a dry, dark and cool place.

In any case, food rations must meet the dog’s needs not only in terms of total calories, but also in the content of essential nutrients: proteins, especially complete proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins. The daily diet should contain at least 4 g of digestible protein per kilogram of the dog’s weight, and the dog should receive at least a third of the protein from animal feed, as the most complete. A dog should receive at least 1 g of animal fat per day per kilogram of its weight.

Feeding service dogs in the kennel is carried out in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation dated April 19, 2010. No. 292 “On some issues of food supply and provision of feed (products) for regular animal units in the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation.”

Feeds must fully satisfy the body's needs for energy, vitamins, microelements and minerals and not require the use of vitamin-mineral supplements or other functional additives. The calorie content of the feed should be no less than 340 and no more than 430 calories per 100 grams of feed.

In the central control center of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs there is a feed kitchen, where the feed is directly laid out.

The dogs in the kennel are fed Royal Canin PROFESSIONAL TRAIL 4300 food (Figure 7) 2 times a day: at 9:00 am and at 5:00 pm. Feeding standards correspond to those approved in the CKS nursery and correspond to the standards proposed by the food developers. In the morning after a walk and in the evening, respectively, the same.

This food contains: cereals, dehydrated animal proteins (poultry), animal fats, rice, vegetable protein isolate, hydrolyzed animal proteins, minerals, beet pulp, fish oil, vegetable fiber, soybean oil, psyllium husk and seed, Marigold erecta extract (source of lutein), yeast hydrolysate (source of mannan oligosaccharides), crustacean shell hydrolysate (source of glucosamine), cartilage hydrolysate (source of chondroitin).

Nutrient content: proteins 28%, fats 21%, minerals 8.1%, dietary fiber 2.3%. Per 1 kg: Beta-carotene 2 mg, Carbohydrates 283 g, Copper 15 mg. Energy value: not less than 4000 kcal per 1 kg.

Fig 7 - Royal Canin PROFESSIONAL TRAIL 4300 food

Preparing food and feeding service dogs

Procedure for preparing food for service dogs:

• 1. The meat is washed, chopped on a wooden block into small pieces, thrown into a large pot of water and cooked until the meat begins to peel off the bone. After which it is removed, crushed and added to the feed in accordance with the standards.
• 2. To the remaining meat broth The cereal is poured in and cooked until a liquid porridge forms. The cereals are cleaned and washed before cooking.
• 3. Vegetables are washed, peeled and chopped before being placed in the cauldron.
• 4. Salt is added.
• 5. The finished food is placed in cups and placed to cool. 6. 6. Once the food reaches normal eating temperature, it is distributed to the dogs. The food should not be very hot or cold.
• 7. Dogs should have free access to clean water.
• 8. To diversify the diet, alternate cereals are used, and fresh raw meat on the bone is given once a week.

Basic zoohygienic requirements and sanitary measures

An important task in the prevention of infectious diseases in dogs is compliance with zoohygienic conditions that meet the biological needs of animals. So, for keeping dogs you should choose dry, quiet places protected from the wind. Enclosures and cages should be light and spacious. The floors in the cages are made of wood. The general walking area is covered with sand, the top layer of which is renewed annually. Changing the sand coating is one of the effective preventive measures aimed at reducing the content of microorganisms in environment without application chemicals.

In conditions of concentration of animals in a limited area, measures should be taken to prevent the introduction and spread of infection. To do this you need:

• - limit the number of persons having access to the territory of the enclosures;
• - stock only healthy dogs taken from areas free from infectious diseases;
• - newly imported dogs should be kept in quarantine in a cage specially designated for this purpose (to prevent contact with other animals), where they are monitored for three weeks;
• - carry out sanitary and anti-epizootic measures: disinfection (disinfection), disinsection (destruction of harmful insects and ticks), deratization (destruction of rodents).

Disinfection

Before disinfecting places where dogs are kept (enclosures, cages), they must be mechanically cleaned. For more effective removal pollution simultaneously with mechanical cleaning apply and detergents(especially when disinfection is carried out in puppy houses).

Disinfectants can be physical or chemical.

The sun's rays are a strong natural physical disinfectant. Purple and ultra-violet rays The sun has a bactericidal effect on microbes. Therefore, it is not recommended to plant trees and shrubs on the territory of the enclosures, which would greatly shade the cages; the grass around the enclosures is mowed. Quartz and bactericidal lamps are used indoors.

Enough effective means for disinfection of panel boards, wooden floors, metal gratings and various equipment is a fire. The source of fire can be blowtorch, gas flamethrowers. When working with them, special precautions must be taken.

We must not forget about such simple physical means of disinfection as boiling water and hot steam.

Of the chemical disinfectants, the most suitable and affordable: 2-3% sodium hydroxide solution, 2-3% formalin solution, 20% bleach solution, 2% chloramine solution, 3% Lysol and creolin solution . Disinfectant solutions are sprayed using special installations or hand sprayers.

Approximately 1 liter of solution is consumed per 1 m2 of surface. Before use, solutions (except formaldehyde and bleach) are recommended to be heated to 70-80°C. The treated surfaces are kept for 2.5-3 hours and then washed with water.

To disinfect shoes at the entrance to the enclosure, disinfection mats made of sawdust or other porous material impregnated with one of the indicated disinfectant solutions are installed.

Disinfection of brooms, rakes, shovels and other equipment is carried out by soaking in the above solutions.

BASICS OF COMPLETE FEEDING FOR SERVICE DOGS

Complex chemical and biological processes constantly occur in a dog’s body, during which some of the body’s substances are consumed. These costs go towards maintaining a certain body temperature, building new cells to replace dead ones, producing saliva, gastric juice and performing various muscular work. Therefore, the body must daily replenish these costs, receive sufficient quantity and in the correct ratio of proteins, carbohydrates, mineral salts, vitamins and water necessary to ensure normal life and high performance.

Violations of the feeding regime (untimely, intermittently) and inadequate feeding (in terms of the amount of nutrients and their range) weaken the body, reduce its performance and resistance to diseases. Excessive feeding, coupled with insufficient work, also negatively affects the health of dogs. They become fat, lethargic, inactive, and prone to various diseases.

The completeness of feeding dogs is judged by their appearance and behavior. If the dog remains in good condition, if it is cheerful and willing to do the work, then we can assume that the feeding is correct. However, we should not forget that not in all cases, disturbances in feeding will immediately manifest themselves as a deterioration in the fatness and performance of dogs. If the violations are not severe, then this will affect the dog only after some time, but such violations, naturally, bring harm to the dog.

Approximate feeding standards for service dogs according to the main nutrients(energy, protein, fat, easily digestible carbohydrates - starch and sugar, indigestible carbohydrate - fiber) are given in table. 70.

Table 70

Approximate feeding standards for service dogs, per head per day

Table 71

Requirement of service dogs for amino acids, %

Table 72

Daily requirement of working dogs for minerals and vitamins per 1 kg of live weight, mg

Table 73

Approximate structure of diets for service dog puppies, % daily energy requirement (MJ)

Table 74

Approximate norms for feeding basic food to service dogs, g/head. per day

In addition to taking into account the amount of protein in diets, it is important to take into account its quality - this is the content of amino acids, either from dry matter (DM) or from the protein of the diet (see Table 71).

The importance of minerals and vitamins for the animal body is well known; when compiling feeding rations for service dogs, one should use the approximate norms of minerals and vitamins presented in Table. 72.

When compiling diets for adult service dogs, the following structure is used: meat and offal - 40%, cereals and bread - 50%, potatoes, vegetables - 10% of the daily energy requirement (MJ), and the structure of diets for puppies is presented in table. 73.