A financial plan in a business plan is responsible for planning the cash flow of the business. The success of the business largely depends on how competently and realistic the financial part is. Read about this in our article.

What is the financial part of a business plan

The financial plan in the business plan is the part of the business plan that is responsible for the financial underpinning of the remaining sections. The financial plan determines with what funds each of the points of the business plan will be implemented.

The purpose of a financial plan in business planning is to calculate such a positive balance between income and expenses, in which to maintain this business will be appropriate.

The structure of the financial section of the business plan

Each component of the structure serves an ultimate purpose. If at least one is not worked out, proportionality will be violated, and the entire financial plan will be impracticable. It is appropriate to calculate the financial part of the new business for 2-3 years in advance.

Sales forecast

When drawing up a business plan, it is imperative to think over what niche the new enterprise will occupy. Better yet, prepare the ground in advance: verbally agree with potential partners, conclude an agreement with clients, or start leading a group on VKontakte / Instagram, interview consumers in thematic groups.

Profit and loss assessment

This item consists of the following indicators:

• income from sales;
• production costs;
• total profit;
• general production costs;
• net profit (minus costs).

In this part of the financial plan, the main thing is to reflect how the profit will change and for how long.

Cash flow analysis

Profit - the main objective business. But often an entrepreneur is faced with a problem when, with a good profit, there is not enough cash. ... A common mistake: a businessman invests in the development of a business most of the money earned, which increases the share of low-liquid capital in common assets(there is a building, land, outbuildings, cars on the balance sheet, but they cannot pay bills).

Annual balance sheet

The balance sheet is compiled at the end of the year. The balance between assets and liabilities is important not only for banks when applying for a loan, but also for an entrepreneur. It is important for business to invest in the development of the enterprise (production, marketing), while the bank is interested in fixed assets, against the security of which it will issue a loan.

Important! In your calculations, take into account estimated prices, taxation system, planning timeframes, risk factors, as well as inflation and possible currency fluctuations.

How to determine " the golden mean"In planning? How much money from income to send production capacity? Or maybe buy another car or invest in advertising?

Experts talk about the optimal distribution of income: 40% - 40% - 20%.

40% of income is paid by current bills, i.e .:

• permanent (rent, gasoline, utility bills);
• variables (depreciation of machine tools, repair and replacement of equipment);
• targeted needs (taxes, salaries and other deductions).

40% of income is spent on assets:

• for business development (offline or Internet expansion, other startups, promotion);
• investment (buying real estate, land plots, buildings, shares).

20% of income is a "safety cushion" in case of unforeseen expenses in the form of bank deposits or cash.

It is obvious that in the first year of work in the distribution Money there will be an imbalance, but for a comfortable business, you need to strive for this model.

Financial performance of the business plan

Financial indicators - a quantitative expression of production and marketing indicators, objectively reflecting the state of affairs in business.

Financial indicators are needed both for banks and for entrepreneurs, since they allow them to calculate their own liquidity and help in managing the company and employees.

Key financial indicators
Investment costs (rub.)	The sum of all funds invested in the project = own + borrowed funds
Operating costs (RUB)	Sum of daily expenses, fixed and variable
Gross revenue (RUB)	Total profit minus production costs
Own funds (rub.)	Personal funds invested in business
Taxes (rub.)	Tax burden taking into account the tax system
Net profit (RUB)	Gross profit, other operating and financial transactions minus taxes
Profitability of products, in%	Крп = profit before tax / cost price products sold * 100%
Return on assets	Kra = net profit / total assets
Profitability of own funds invested in business	КрСС = net profit / average equity * 100%

These are simple financial indicators. The more complex the enterprise, the deeper the financial analysis necessary for an objective picture. Of course, drawing up a high-quality financial plan takes time and effort - sometimes to the detriment of others important matters... The transfer of a part of routine matters to outsourcing will help to find an opportunity for a full-fledged analysis.

Sample financial plan in a business plan

On the Internet there are templates and schemes for drawing up the financial section of a business plan to help an entrepreneur.

An example of calculating a financial plan in a business plan. Project "Catocafe"

Condition: there are no establishments of this type in the city. For implementation, cats are selected from the city animal shelter. An agreement is drawn up with the shelter. Cafe area of ​​50 sq.m. - a room with 2-3 tables (drinks and snacks), a room for playing with cats and board games, a resting room for cats where they can hide, eat and rest.

Tax system - STS, UTII

1. Approximate sales volume.

"Catocafe" is a kind of anti-cafe, the time spent in the establishment is paid for: the first hour - 200 rubles, the second - 150, the third and further - 100 rubles per hour per person. For edible drinks, you can order drinks in cups with a lid, at the bar only a mixer, a coffee machine, a water cooler and snacks. In order not to have problems with the SES and work without a kitchen, an agreement was concluded with a catering company for the delivery of sandwiches and burgers. The institution is designed for small companies or a family: an average check from a company of 4 people for three hours - from 2,000 rubles. The approximate number of checks is 10-15, depending on the day of the week. The planned minimum revenue per day is 30,000 rubles, per month - 900,000 rubles.

2. Profit and loss assessment and cash flow analysis

Receipt and expense transactions		Amount, 1 month, before opening	Amount, 2 months, after opening	Amount, 3 months, after opening
	Own funds
	Borrowed funds	1,000,000, for 3 years at 12%
	Profit from sales, 1 month
	Opening costs: registration of individual entrepreneurs - 8,000; designer services - 15,000; contracts with veterinary service, cat shelter, selection of friendly cats, vaccinations, preparation of animals "for work" - 50,000; renovation of the premises - 400,000; purchase of equipment (carpets, pillows, low sofas, interior items, installation of wooden rungs for cats, toys, board games) - 200,000; coffee machine, cooler, mixer - 100,000; marketing campaign - 150,000; installation of a video surveillance system, an agreement with a security organization - 100,000; online checkout and software - 30,000; other - 25,000.
	Fixed costs: hiring employees: 2 administrators, training, salary 20,000; gasoline - 5,000; rent - 150,000 (regions); utility bills - 50,000; an agreement with a company for the disposal of animal waste - 10,000; catering contract - 100,000; replacement of toys, board games - 5,000;
	Target expenses: taxes, UTII payment of interest on a loan
TOTAL:		Parish - 1 500 000	Parish - 900,000	Parish - 900,000
		Consumption - 1 293 000	Consumption - 522,000	Consumption - 595,000

"Safety cushion" a month before opening at 207,000 - in case of unforeseen expenses. For the second month, the projected profit will be 378 thousand, for the third (including tax payments) - 305,000.

3. Calculation of profitability

Note that the return on assets is low: the ratio of net proceeds to the value of own assets (all purchased equipment is made up), because the property is leased. However, the forecast net profit not bad - 30% of the proceeds. In terms of financial performance and under current conditions, the Catocafe project will pay off in about 7-8 months.

Checking the financial plan

You can check the consistency of numbers on paper only by implementing a project.
At the end of the quarter, experts will provide you with competent accounting assistance in preparing reports for regulatory authorities

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The financial plan of a business plan: how to carry out calculations to analyze the financial situation of an enterprise + formulas for calculating efficiency + 3 stages of calculating risks.

Business must make money. This is an unwritten rule for all entrepreneurs.

But we don't always get what we want. Due to some circumstances, the level of income can plummet.

The financial plan of the business plan is aimed not only at identifying holes in the project, it makes it possible to adjust the activity for 1 - 5 years in advance.

What is a business plan financial plan?

To understand what the structure of this business component should be, let's figure out what a financial plan is. What goals and objectives should you pursue to improve your own project.

The financial plan is a priority section for both a new venture and market veterans.
Displays all activities in numbers, helping to increase profitability and adjust, if necessary, development priorities.

A highly unstable market forces experts when analyzing a business to pay attention not only to mathematical calculations of the potential income of companies.

The calculation takes into account the level of demand and the social component of the sphere of activity in which it develops.

High competition in the market, constant growth of prices for raw materials, depletion of energy sources - all this affects the economic component in business development. under the influence of all these factors it can be very difficult.

Purpose of the financial plan- to keep under control the level between the profit and the expenses of the organization, so that the owner always remains in the black.

For achievement positive results it is imperative to find out:

• the amount of funds for supplying the production process with raw materials without loss in quality;
• what investment options do you have and how profitable they are;
• a list of all expenses on materials, salaries for the company's employees, an advertising campaign for a product, utilities and other nuances to ensure;
• how to achieve high rates of profitability of your business project;
• the best strategies and methods for increasing investment;
• preliminary results on the company's activities for a period of more than 2 years.

The result of your efforts will be an effective investment management tool, which will make it clear to investors how stable and profitable your business is.

Mandatory reporting in the sections of the financial plan for the business plan

In order to correctly predict the financial development of an organization, it is necessary to build on the current indicators - this issue is dealt with by the accounting department.

3 reporting forms will help to demonstrate all the nuances of the economic situation of the enterprise. Let's take a closer look at each of them.

Form No. 1. Movement of funds

Following order No. 11 of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, each organization conducting financial activities is obliged to submit an annual report on the movement of funds through the accounting department.

The exceptions are small businesses and non-profit organizations- their analysis of activities can be carried out without it.

It is almost impossible to draw up a financial plan of a business plan correctly without such reporting.

The document displays the movement of cash flows within the organization over a certain period of time - which is very important to know for analyzing the state of the company.

The report allows you to:

• find funding holes and close them without stopping production;

identify items of expenditure that are unnecessary.

Thus, there will be extra money that can be directed in the right direction;

• when forecasting in the future, use reliable information on the financial condition of the enterprise;
• anticipate additional items of expenditure and allocate some of the funding for them in advance in order to avoid problems in the future;

find out how much the business pays off.

You will be able to decide which direction will be a priority for the next 1-2 years. Where additional investment is required, and what should be covered at all.

Form No. 2. Income and expenses of the organization

Provides an opportunity to see the potential profitability of the enterprise when financing various activities.

The document records all the costs of doing business. There are simplified and complete forms of information submission.

The simplified form contains:

• profit excluding value added tax and excise taxes;
• expenses for the technical support of the enterprise and the cost of goods;
• interest rate payable to tax authorities and other expenses / income of the organization;
• net income / loss for the calendar year.

The purpose of using this document when you are drawing up a financial plan for a business plan is to identify potentially profitable areas that are worth developing in the future.

When making a forecast, consider:

• possible sales of goods;
• additional expenses for production, due to the volatility of the financial market for raw materials and services;
• the sum fixed costs for the production component.

The statement will allow you to identify products that are in high demand and remove production where demand is minimal, in order to increase the cash flow of the enterprise.

Form No. 3. Overall balance

Any business plan must contain information about the assets and liabilities of the company.

On its basis, the owner can evaluate the general course of affairs, starting from the indicators of net income and cash expenditure.

It is compiled at intervals from 1 month to 1 year.

Practice has shown: the more often the general balance sheet is analyzed, the easier it is to identify problems in the business plan and eliminate them at the initial stage.

Components of the financial report:

Assets - all available funds that the organization can dispose of at its discretion.

For greater clarity, they are distributed, depending on the type or location.

Liabilities - displays the resources that allow you to get the same assets.

It is possible to use the purpose of the allocated funds for the future financing of the business.

Roughly speaking, assets and liabilities are the same indicators, but in different interpretations.

It is impossible to make adjustments to the financial plan without this report. It helps to proactively track and close business gaps.

An integrated approach to the study of these 3 sources of the financial condition of the project will help to impartially assess the progress of affairs. The numbers never lie.

Estimated component of the financial plan

After studying the financial condition of the enterprise, you need to analyze the possible risks and calculate the optimal ways to make a profit in business.

Here the process should be divided into 3 stages, each of which will be considered in more detail below.

Stage 1. Accounting for risks in the financial plan of the business plan

Risk is a noble cause, but not in business. Drawing up a financial plan is aimed at preventing unpleasant situations.

Your goal is to consider all possible outcomes and choose the path with minimal loss of money.

Risks are divided according to the sphere of influence into 3 types:

1. Commercial- the cause of the occurrence is the relationship with and business partners, as well as the influence of environmental factors.

   External factors of commercial risks:

   • decrease in demand for manufactured products;
   • the emergence of unforeseen competition in the market;
   • deception on the part of business partners (low-quality raw materials, delayed delivery of equipment and goods, etc.);
   • volatility of prices for services and technical support of the business.

   This is not the whole list of external reasons that can affect the project.

   You should start from the scope of the organization and adapt to each case on an individual basis.

2. Financial- unforeseen items of expenses in business or obtaining unforeseen profits.

   Reasons for financial risks:

   • delay in payment for products by buyers and other types of receivables;
   • increase in interest rates by lenders;
   • innovations in the legislative system, which entail an increase in prices for maintaining a business;
   • instability of the currency in the world market.

   Financial risks allow you to anticipate unexpected losses in your business and protect yourself in advance from complete collapse.

3. Manufacturing- change in the operating mode of the enterprise due to unforeseen circumstances.

   Reasons for production risks:

   • incompetence of employees, protests and strikes that interrupt the work schedule of the enterprise;
   • production of low-quality products, leading to a decrease in the number of sales;
   • the manufacturing process misses the point of product quality control.

   If you ignore these issues when drawing up your financial plan, your business can suffer huge losses.

To prevent such outcomes, the owner must take preventive measures. These include risk insurance, analysis of the activity of competitors in the market and the accumulation of a reserve for unforeseen financial expenses.

Stage 2. Effectiveness of the financial plan

An important stage in creating a financial plan. The profitability of a business and its payback are the main indicators of effective activity in the market.

Analysis of these aspects will make it possible to predict for the year ahead further development enterprises.

Let's look at what indicators are the most significant when drawing up a financial plan:

Net discounted profit(Net Present Value - NPV) - the size of the expected profit from the calculation of the cost of the product at the moment.

Why is it necessary to calculate this indicator?

Discounted income shows the potential return on investment in a business, calculated for 1-2 quarters in advance.

Reasons for changing NPV:

• investments bring predicted profit;
• inflation;
• risks of losing investments.

If the calculations showed the value - "0", you have reached the point of no loss.

Business profitability- complex indicator financial efficiency work.
The concept shows the owner how successful his business is and whether it is consistently generating income.

At negative value your business only incurs losses.

Profitability indicators are divided into 2 groups:

1. Sales ratio- the percentage of income from each unit of currency.

   The indicator gives an idea of ​​the correctness of the pricing policy of the business and the ability to keep costs under control.

2. Asset profitability- the relative importance of performance.

   Allows you to see the possibility of making a profit from the enterprise.

The financial plan should provide for measures to increase the profitability indicator through organizational and financial procedures.

Payback period- the time indicator of the period of full payback of the money invested in the business.

On the basis of this value, investors choose business projects, which make it possible to recoup the money invested in the shortest possible time and proceed to direct profit.

Allocate simple and dynamic indicators of project payback.

In the first case, this is the period of time for which the investor will receive back the invested money.

With a dynamic indicator, data on the value of funds are taken into account, depending on the inflation threshold throughout the entire time.

The dynamic indicator is always higher simple term payback.

The table below shows the formulas for calculating the 3 main performance indicators that will be required when drawing up a financial plan for a business plan:

Performance indicator	Formula	Description of the components
Net present value	NPV = - NK + (D1-R1) / (1 + SD1) + (D2-P2) / (1 + SD2) + (D3-R3) / (1 + SD3)	NK - capital of initial investments and costs. D - income for the first, second, third year, in accordance with the numbers next to it. P - expenses for the first, second, third year, in accordance with the numbers next to it. SD - discount rate (accounting for inflation for the calculated year).
Enterprise profitability	RHOD = POR / PZ	ROAD - profitability from core business. POR - profit from sales. PP - costs incurred.
Payback period	CO = NK / NPD	CO - payback period. NK - initial investments, it is necessary to add additional investments to them, if any (loans, etc. during the existence of the organization). NPV - net discount income of the enterprise.

Conduct necessary calculations the easiest way is through a specialized software at your facility.

If you are a private trader and only, then use demos of accounting software products. They will significantly reduce the time for calculations when drawing up a financial plan.

Stage 3. Final analysis

The more nuances you notice when drawing up a financial plan of a business plan, the less problems will be waiting for you in the future.

It will take a lot of time to create a plan from scratch, it is much easier to correct weaknesses and bring the business to a constant profit.

When a financial plan can be called successful:

• high rates of income with minimal cost of money;
• forecasting and eliminating risks at the initial stages;
• comparison of the competitiveness of your idea with others;
• availability of investments and material and technical base;
• documentary evidence of the profitability of the enterprise.

Details about the formation of a financial plan

the finance section is responsible for providing summary monetary information. In general, all business plans can be written according to different methods and according to different requirements... Their format will largely depend on the goals of the project, its scale and main characteristics. The same differences can be present in the financial sections of such plans, however, as a rule, the process of writing this chapter can be divided into several main stages, namely:

1. Calculation standards;
2. General production costs;
3. Cost estimate and calculation of the cost of goods or services;
4. Report on the main financial flows;
5. Profits and Losses Report;
6. Estimated financial balance of the project;
7. Analysis of key financial indicators;
8. Description of the method (methods) of financing.

Business plan financial plan structure

1. Design standards

V this paragraph the following points must be identified and described:

• Prices that will be indicated in the business plan (constant, current, with or without taxes);
• The taxation system, the amount of tax, the timing of its payment;
• The time frame that the business plan covers (planning horizon). As a rule, this period is about three years: the first year is described in more detail, divided into monthly periods, while next years divided into quarters.
• An indication of the current inflation rate, inflation data for the last few years. Consideration of this factor regarding prices for expendable materials, raw materials, etc. - everything that will need to be purchased for the implementation of the described project.

2. General production costs.

The salary data correlates with the information previously stated in the organizational and production plans.

Variable, ad hoc costs depend on the characteristics of production, goods, services. Various factors can be taken into account here, for example, seasonality. To produce correct calculations variable costs is possible only by analyzing the volume of goods or services provided and the approximate levels of sales.

Fixed, recurring costs depend on the only variable - time. These expenses include expenses for business management, marketing, maintenance of premises, maintenance of equipment, etc.

3. Cost estimate and calculation of the cost of goods or services

The cost estimate (investment cost) is, in fact, a list of costs that will need to be incurred in order to implement the project outlined in the business plan. This point should be described in as much detail as possible, since it allows you to determine the financial viability and efficiency of investments.

If a business project involves the production of certain products, the costs of organizing and implementing it should be covered by the initial working capital, which is also part of the investment costs.

Sources of such funds can be investments and, for example, credit funds.

The cost of production is calculated based on information about costs, wages, overheads, etc. In doing so, you also need to take into account the total production volumes and sales levels for a specific period of time (for example, a month or a year).

4. Report on the main financial flows

This paragraph includes a description of all cash flows. Undoubtedly, this report is one of the main parts of the financial plan, as it is intended to show that the project will be financially secure at any stage of its activity and that there will be no cash shortages during the project.

5. Profit and loss statement

In this paragraph, a financial assessment of the company's activities is carried out, its income, expenses, profits and losses are described.

6. Financial balance of the project

To write this section, it is necessary to draw up a balance forecast based on all previous calculations or reports already available (if the company is already operating). This forecast is also divided into months, first year, quarters of subsequent years and third year of operation.

7. Analysis of the financial indicators of the project

After you draw up a balance sheet, you can analyze the main financial indicators. Such an analysis is done for the entire period of implementation of the plan, after which the results are summarized regarding financial characteristics project: its sustainability, solvency, profitability, payback periods, present value of the project.

9. Descriptions of financing methods

In this paragraph, it is necessary to describe the funds for the project. There are several types of financing, namely equity, leasing and debt. The sponsor can be the state in the form of subsidies or loans, or private investors, and this must be indicated in the financial section of the business plan.

In the same paragraph, you need to describe the process of borrowing and repaying borrowed money, indicating the sources, amounts, interest rates and a debt repayment schedule.

It should be emphasized that the financial plan is the most important and difficult part of the business plan. Any mistake made can result in a refusal to finance, which means it is better to entrust its preparation to a competent person. However, if your project is simple and does not imply, for example, the production of large quantities of goods and their further implementation, you can draw up it yourself.

The most important financial result that characterizes the absolute efficiency of the organization's management is profit. In a market economy, profit acts as the basis for the economic development of an organization: it is a financial basis for self-financing, expanded reproduction, and solving problems of social and material needs of the workforce. At the expense of profit, part of the organization's obligations to the budget, banks and other organizations is also fulfilled.

The profit of the organization includes:

1. Profit from the sale of products, performance of work and provision of services of the main production;

2. Profit from operating activities - financial result from the sale of fixed assets; materials, raw materials, securities and other property of the organization.

3. Non-operating profit (losses) is the profit from renting and leasing property, from financial investments, received fines, penalties, penalties; shortage, fines paid, etc.

The main type of profit is profit from sales... The calculation of profit is carried out for each type of product with the subsequent summing up of the results as a whole for the enterprise. Drawn up in accordance with the table. 2 applications.

The purpose of this document is to summarize the results of the organization's activities in terms of profitability. The plan of income and expenses provides the management of the organization with information on the results of its work in different directions, showing how effectively it works.

It is important not only to get the largest possible profit, but also to use correctly that part of it that remains at the disposal of the organization, first of all, to ensure the optimal ratio of the growth rates of scientific and technological progress in the organization and expanded reproduction.

An unconventional way of planning profit is planning it based on the break-even point and coverage ratio. In the first case, profit planning is based on the effect of production leverage. In the second case, the profit is planned based on the coverage ratio - the share margin profit in sales proceeds. Knowing the coverage ratio, you can determine the expected profit of the organization with an increase (decrease) in sales or costs.

On the basis of the absolute indicator of profit, indicators of profitability of products and profitability of sales are calculated.

31 Profit Margin is the difference between the proceeds from the sale of products manufactured by the enterprise (VAT and excise taxes are not taken into account) and the variable costs of production. The profit margin is sometimes called the coverage amount - that is, the portion of the revenue remaining to generate profits and cover fixed costs. The higher the profit margin, the faster the fixed costs are recovered, and the higher the profit that the company ultimately receives. As for the terms, in Russia the analogue of the marginal profit can be called with some stretch gross profit... The marginal profit can be calculated per unit of manufactured and sold products (specific marginal profit, marginal income). The meaning of this calculation is to obtain information about the increase in profits due to the release of each additional unit of goods. The total amount of marginal profits for the entire range of products is called the marginal profit of the enterprise. The formula for calculating the marginal profit is as follows: TRm = TR - TVC, where TRm - marginal profit, TR - total income, TVC - variable costs break even), the profit margin will be equal to the fixed costs. If the proceeds from the sale of products exceed all variable costs, we can talk about the amount of marginal profit. If the company produces a wide range of products, then the analysis of this range by margin profit (margin analysis) helps to determine the most profitable types of products from the point of view of possible profitability, and, accordingly, to identify types of products that are not profitable for the company (or even unprofitable). The profit margin is dependent on market variables such as price and variable costs. In practice, to increase the margin profit, you need to either increase the markup on goods, or sell more goods, ideally, do both at the same time.

Margin profit- an increase in the total amount of profit received by the company. It should be noted that the word “profit in the Russian-speaking economy means proceeds minus expenses". V English language the word Revenue is used, which can indeed be mistakenly translated as profit. Do not confuse these concepts and the correct one here is additional revenue (MR).

Total revenue (TR) is the unit price (P) multiplied by the quantity sold (Q). TR = P * Q

General costs(total cost, TC) is the cost of the firm for the production of all products.

The profit of the company (profit) is the difference between the total revenue and total costs... P = TR - TC.

Additional revenue (marginal revenue, MR) is the revenue from the production of one additional unit of product. That is, if the firm now produces 10 units of product, that is, Q = 10, then the additional revenue is considered as an increase in the total revenue (TR) from the production of the 11th unit of production. MR = TR (11) - TR (10).

Additional costs (marginal cost, MC): in this example, it should be added that in the production of the 11th unit of production total costs(costs) TC rise. The amount by which the total costs change when producing an additional unit of production is called marginal cost, or additional (additional) costs.

Based on the ratio of MC and MR, the firm, which aims to increase profits, adjusts the amount of output.

As long as MR (additional revenue) is greater than MC (additional cost), the firm increases production, because its profit grows from the release of an additional unit of output.

With MR = MC, the firm should stop increasing its output.

At MR< MC фирме стоит пересмотреть свою политику по количеству выпуска продукции, но это не всегда значит, что ей стоит немедленно уменьшать количество производимой продукции.

The indicator of marginal income (result from sales after reimbursement of variable costs) is used to calculate production (operating) leverage, which is understood as the impact of changes in sales proceeds on profit.

The effect of production (operating) leverage is expressed in the fact that any change in sales proceeds generates an even greater change in profit.

The strength of the impact of production (operating) leverage = marginal income / profit.

The production (operating) leverage shows how many times the result from the sale after reimbursement of variable costs (marginal income) exceeds the profit. The strength of the impact of production (operating) leverage can be defined as the percentage change in the result after compensation variable costs(marginal income) at a given percentage change in the physical volume of sales. In other words, the strength of the impact of production (operating) leverage reflects the sensitivity of the result after reimbursing variable costs (marginal income) and, accordingly, the amount of profit to a change in the physical volume of products sold.

The strength of the impact of production (operating) leverage = Δ marginal income / marginal income / Δ physical volume of sales / physical volume of sales.

Operational analysis allows you to determine the volume of production (in physical terms) that provides profit when costs and selling prices change.

1. With a change in fixed costs, the volume of production that provides basic conditions is determined by the formula:

Production volume = (marginal income in the reporting period / ratio of marginal income in the base period) / unit price in the base period.

2. When variable costs change, the volume of production that provides basic conditions is determined by the formula:

Production volume = (profit margin in the reference period / margin ratio in the reference period) / unit price in the reference period.

3. When the selling price changes, the volume of production that provides the basic conditions is determined by the formula:

Production volume = (marginal income in the base period / ratio of marginal income in the reporting period) / unit price in the reporting period.

The indicator of the strength of the impact of production (operational) leverage is used as a measure of entrepreneurial risk:

1) the higher the value of the indicator of the strength of the impact of production (operational) leverage, the higher the level of entrepreneurial risk.

2) the lower the value of the indicator of the strength of the impact of the production (operational) leverage, the lower the level of entrepreneurial risk.

The indicator of the strength of the impact of production (operating) leverage is used as a means of forecasting profit.

Forecast profit for the next reporting period = the strength of the impact of operating leverage in the previous period x forecast of changes in sales revenue (in%).

The economic calculation of a business plan considers the following issues:

• Financial support for the subsequent activities of the organization, enterprise, company, depending on the specifics of the work performed, activities in the market.
• Consideration of organizational issues, as well as maximum effective connection to the activities of the organization available material means and resources.

The calculation of the business plan is carried out on the basis of the received preliminary assessment of the existing financial information that is relevant at the current time. In a similar way, the forecast of the subsequent sale of services and goods is carried out in the expected periods of the company's development.

How a business plan is prepared and executed

The calculation of a business plan within the framework of analytical activities is carried out in the form of valid documents:

• Forecast of already compiled and existing financial results
• Phased design of the movement of material resources
• Enterprise balance sheet based on existing forecasts

As practice shows, the calculation of the business plan and, in particular, the forecast period is drawn up within at least three, but not more than five years. In order to most clearly demonstrate how this document can be calculated, to determine the ultimate goal, it is proposed to consider the procedure for drawing up such a document for an enterprise working in the field of production and subsequent sale of food products. In the future, the enterprise plans to master new issue products, therefore topical issue is the calculation of a business plan, taking into account the activities and effectiveness of the organized production program.

The specifics of making a forecast of the financial results achieved

The ultimate goal of the compiled forecast of financial performance is to directly assess the prospects for the development of the organization, in particular, to obtain correct data on the expected profitability and profitability of the investment made. It is noteworthy that the investors themselves are primarily interested in the question of the profitability of the organization, the investment of material resources and time in the development of the project. The interest of investors is explained by the fact that they will be able to clearly see how much profit can be expected from specific project, on this basis, there is a need to draw up and calculate a business plan.

Within the framework of the document being prepared, the years (1st, 2nd and so on) are indicated, which determine the forecast period, starting immediately from the next in relation to the current compilation date project documentation... Such data are called, in particular, the base year, the time indicator is distributed depending on the scale and other indicators of the project.

Working with sales volumes

According to the established rules for performing business plan calculations, the starting position for the subsequent forecast is planning the expected sales volumes, compiled both in volume and value terms. A similar calculation is carried out directly for all the names of the proposed products, after which the final result will be summed up, entered as data in the final table.

An important stage in making a forecast is to obtain an indicator of gross profitability, profit. In order to determine the final gross indicator, when calculating a business plan, it is necessary to subtract the cost realized within the framework of the previously obtained net volume of sales data. this process products. Cost indicators are analyzed separately, as part of the development of the production part of the calculation of the business plan.

Gross profit formula:

PRval = Vyr - C,

• Exp - positioned as sales revenue
• С - indicates the parameter of the cost of goods and services

Subsequent calculation of operating costs, interest payments

According to the results of the calculations made, the business plan provides for an analysis of operating costs. In particular, the final costs of the organization are determined for the following:

• Development of a fundamentally new product name for the market.
• Mandatory conduct marketing research, analysis of the market situation in order to determine as accurately as possible such parameters as the relevance of a particular product in the market conditions, competitiveness.
• Administrative costs are established, as well as the necessary costs associated with the sale of the final product.

For the subsequent calculation of the amount spent on the payment of established interest, information will be required on the level of current interest rates, both in relation to short-term and long-term debt obligations. Analytical information is also accepted that determines the sequence and schedule of repayment of the existing debt obligation.

Balance sheet and negative profit

Such an indicator of the plan as the carrying profit is obtained analytically, by subtracting the existing operating costs from the previously found gross profit of the enterprise, as well as the amounts of interest paid by the enterprise. As statistics show, taxes from such profits are, in practice, a significant amount, about 50% of the profit on the balance sheet, from which the amount of past losses transferred by the organization is subtracted.

The formula for determining the balance sheet profit:

Pb = ± Pr ± Pi ± Pv.o,

Where is the profit data:

• Pr - from the sale of final products, performance of works, services
• Pi - from the sale of the established property of the enterprise
• Pv.o. - from various performed non-sales operations

In other words, the calculation takes into account the value of negative profit, the indicator of which, in turn, is established by adding the negative retained earnings of the previous year to the net profit received in the current year. It is the difference in such indicators as the balance sheet profit and the amount of previously paid income tax that makes it possible to obtain an indicator of net profit, which the administration will have to focus on when further drawing up the plan.

This indicator determines the purpose of such calculations, carried out taking into account the need to draw up the most rational sales program, within the framework of the organization. What is noteworthy is that the resulting indicator can later be used without problems in the calculation to obtain information on the level of change in the dynamics of current changes in the company's financial situation over the past five years. For these purposes, in parallel, the plan provides for the use of an indicator of net sales and the ratio of the cost of goods sold by the enterprise.

Determining the cash flow

As part of the plan for organizing the financial activities of the enterprise regarding the release of new products, it is imperative to design the expected flow of material resources, funds, and their possible transfer. The ultimate goal is to determine how effective will be the implementation of certain costs, depositing required amounts... The final figure indicated for the design of the process of movement of material resources necessarily reflects the balance of turnover of cash assets. The forecast of indicators in the future can be easily transformed into a similar design of the process of movement of material resources, for which it is necessary to perform a certain number of adjustments and changes in the plan for organizing the analysis of the enterprise's activities.

Amount of income from net profit

In this part of the plan, the goal is to show the amount of income from net profit, as well as the organization of sales made. In fact, cash flow provides for the display of the receipt of current proceeds from previously made sales. To achieve the transition from the indicators of the actual plan to the calculated data, it is worth considering the expected time intervals and the timing of the required receipt of the sales payments made.

The formula looks like this:

PE = FP + VP + OP - SN

• NP - an indicator of net profit
• FP - indicator of financial profit
• VP - an indicator of gross profit
• OP is an indicator of operating profit
• СН - the total amount of taxes