Comfortable living of a person in an apartment is possible if all communications necessary for his life are available - water supply, sewerage, lighting, ventilation. Modern construction multi-storey buildings are aimed at minimizing their heat loss, so the facades are lined with high-quality thermal insulation materials, windows and doors are made as airtight as possible. This necessitates the need to organize ventilation of the premises. You will learn from this article which ventilation system to choose and how to properly equip it.

General rules for ventilation of apartments

According to SNiP, air exchange must be organized in every residential building. Therefore, the apartments are equipped with a ventilation system designed to remove air from service areas, such as the bathroom, toilet, and kitchen.

Scheme of organizing ventilation in an apartment building

Each family member uses these rooms several times every day, as a result of which the air in them becomes polluted and moisture accumulates in it. When ventilation is working properly, these consequences of human activity are invisible. But if the air exchange in the apartment is disrupted, this manifests itself:

• , condensation formation;
• the appearance of dampness in the corners, mold;
• stagnation of air, the spread of unpleasant odors throughout the premises.

All this negatively affects not only the condition of the furniture and decoration, but also human health. Excess moisture and warmth are a favorable environment for the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms.

Checking the functionality of the ventilation in the apartment

How effectively is your home ventilated? You can find out for yourself. You need to open a window in one of the rooms and place a thin sheet of paper against the ventilation hole. If it starts to be sucked inside, the ventilation is working; if not, there are problems with air exchange in the home.

Note: traction is checked in the same way if a lit match is presented to the hole.

Ventilation can be measured using an anemometer. This device shows the speed of air movement through the channels. The obtained value, together with the cross-sectional indicator of the ventilation hole, is entered into a special calculation table, and as a result, they find out how much air passes through the grille in 1 hour (m 3 / h).

Ventilation operation in the house, check

How does ventilation work in a typical apartment?

All multi-storey buildings have natural supply and exhaust ventilation. On its basis, air exchange standards for city apartments are calculated. According to this system, air should enter the home through doors, window openings/leakages, open vents, and be removed through ventilation ducts.

This principle of air exchange worked until PVC windows equipped with sealed double-glazed windows and metal doors equipped with rubber seals. On the one hand, they strengthen, but on the other hand, they block the flow fresh air to the rooms. Opening windows (especially in winter) is impractical, since heat leaves the apartment and heat comes in from outside. cold air, dust.

The problem of ventilation is especially acute in top floors. In order for air to be effectively removed from the room, it must travel through a vertical channel of at least 2 m. This is possible on any floor except the last (since there is an attic above it).

Result: supply and exhaust air supply of apartments based on natural presentation air, is ineffective today. It needs to be improved by using additional devices.

Supply and exhaust ventilation of apartments

How to properly organize apartment ventilation

Determination of air exchange rates

The choice of ventilation system is based on the calculation of air exchange rates for different rooms. To determine the optimal volume of inflow, it is necessary to compare the ventilation standards of the apartment with its area and number of inhabitants. 3 m3 of air should flow per 1 m2 of housing in 1 hour. One adult needs 30 m 3 of air every 60 minutes. The air exchange rate is:

• for a kitchen with a gas stove - 90 m 3 /hour, with an electric stove - at least 60 m 3 /hour;
• for - 25 m 3 /hour,
• for a toilet or combined bathroom - 50 m 3 / hour.

Air exchange

Ways to organize ventilation in an apartment

There are two methods for arranging ventilation in apartment building:

• naturally (naturally) - based on the use of traction arising as a result of the temperature difference inside and outside the structure;
• forced - when traction is organized artificially, mechanically. It can be supply, exhaust, or combined.

To achieve the optimal microclimate in the apartment, it is necessary to analyze the parameters of each system.

How does mass circulation occur naturally?

This is the simplest, low-cost method of organizing ventilation, used in most multi-storey buildings. Air enters the premises through vents, gaps in windows and doors, and is exhausted through ventilation ducts installed in the walls of the building.

But, since modern construction technologies eliminate the formation of cracks for air supply, they need to be equipped additionally. To do this, special valves are installed in the walls or windows to let air in from the outside. These devices do not spoil the appearance of the structure, and, thanks to sound-reflecting canopies, they do not allow noise from the street to pass through.

Install supply valves into the walls, at the level of the radiators. A hole of the required diameter (50-100 mm) is first made. A valve is inserted into it, and the gaps between it and the wall are sealed. All work takes about 15 minutes.

Note: by placing the supply valves near the radiators, you will ensure partial heating of the air coming from the street.

Air circulation naturally

The main advantages of this type of ventilation are low cost, ease of installation and maintenance. But the efficiency of the valves depends on how well the ventilation ducts in the house work. The system provides high-quality air exchange in winter, when the temperature difference between inside and outside the building is large and the draft is stronger. In summer and when the temperature difference is less than 15˚C, its operation is almost imperceptible. A significant drawback of natural ventilation is the lack of control over the volume of incoming and outgoing air, and the microclimate in the apartment.

Installation of forced exhaust ventilation

When exhaust air cannot be removed from premises naturally, it is pumped out mechanically. For these purposes, fans are used that are built into the ventilation shafts of bathrooms and kitchens. They create a vacuum of air in the rooms, due to which it is drawn in from the outside (through open windows or supply valves).

The disadvantage of such a system is the uncontrolled volume of influx coming naturally. It may not be enough for the needs of people living in the apartment. To prevent some of the heat from being spent on heating fresh air, supply valves are installed near the radiators. Also, supply units can be equipped with special electric heaters.

Forced ventilation

Forced influx

If the amount of air coming from the street is not enough for the needs of the residents, it can be supplied forcibly. For this purpose, special supply units are used. They consist of:

• fan;
• filter;
• shut-off valve;
• air heater;
• silencer.

To install equipment, a hole corresponding to the diameter is made in the main wall of the building air handling unit. After installing the system, it is connected to a power source. It begins to supply fresh air into the room, and exhaust air is removed natural traction through ventilation ducts. To ensure that air is supplied to all rooms, grilles are installed at the bottom of the interior doors, or they are cut by 1.5-2 cm.

Forced supply ventilation in the apartment useful because fresh air It comes to the apartment in any weather all year round. The installation operates silently, and thanks to the heating of the inflow, condensation and mold do not form in the room. The disadvantage of the system is the uncontrolled air outlet. If the exhaust ducts cannot cope with the load, or there is no draft, the exhaust air begins to stagnate in the apartment.

Supply ventilation in the apartment

Full forced air exchange

To ensure the comfort of people living in an apartment and create a microclimate favorable to their health, a constant supply of fresh air from outside and regular removal of processed materials are necessary. Forced supply and exhaust ventilation is designed to ensure this. Using special installations, air is not only supplied/exhausted, but also undergoes multi-stage cleaning.

The most effective way The apartment is ventilated using a forced-air supply and exhaust system with heat recovery. The air coming from the street is heated by the exhaust masses, which saves 70-80% of the heat that could be used to heat it. In summer, the fresh flow is cooled, which reduces the load on the air conditioner.

Forced supply and exhaust system

Forced supply and exhaust ventilation consists of:

• air ducts - a network of pipes and connecting elements through which masses enter and exit the premises;
• fans providing forced air supply and exhaust;
• air intake grilles through which street air enters the building;
• an air valve that prevents the entry of masses from outside when the system is turned off;
• filters that ensure the quality of supplied air;
• heater - a device that heats the flows entering the premises;
• recuperator - a special cylinder with many channels where the supply air is heated by the heat of the exhaust air;
• silencer;
• air intakes and distributors (vent grilles);
• control system - mechanical (represented by a switch), or automatic (consisting of hygro- and thermostats, pressure gauges that respond to changes in weather conditions of a certain area).
• safety system that prevents equipment overheating.

The power of the units is selected to ensure optimal air exchange in all rooms of the apartment. The equipment is installed in suspended ceilings, or separate utility room(pantry, insulated balcony).

Stages of arranging apartment ventilation

To organize ventilation, you must:

• analyze the feasibility and possibility of its use in the apartment. This will require expert judgment. A specialist will be able to evaluate the operation of the existing ventilation system, give recommendations for improving its operation, or installing forced installations, and analyze the possibility of laying additional ventilation ducts;
• make calculations to determine optimal air exchange in different rooms;
• decide on the type of ventilation system that meets the conditions of a particular apartment;
• draw up a ventilation diagram, including network layout, indicating the length and cross-section of air ducts, locations and dimensions of installations;
• purchase the necessary equipment and materials;
• install and configure the system.

Advice: the type of ventilation system, its calculation, selection and installation of equipment should be carried out experienced specialists- this is a guarantee of effective air exchange in the apartment, health, and well-being of all residents.

Air exchange in the apartment

Installation of exhaust ventilation in the kitchen

The kitchen area is intended for preparing food, so it often experiences high humidity and a variety of odors accumulate. To neutralize them, an exhaust hood is provided above the stove. But does it cope with the ventilation of the room?

Using a hood

There are two ways to remove used air from the kitchen using a hood:

• by replacing the air. Fresh flow enters the room through leaks, or supply valves, and exhaust flow is removed by hood into the ventilation duct;
• by purifying the air in exhaust device and his return back to the premises. For this purpose, recirculation type hoods are used.

These methods have one drawback - the hood only removes exhaust air above and near the stove; it cannot cover the entire kitchen space. Therefore, in addition to the exhaust hood, it is necessary to additionally organize exhaust air removal in the food preparation room.

Other ways to organize kitchen ventilation

Ventilation ducts in apartments have a cross-section of 130x130 mm, so their throughput capacity is on average 130-180 m 3 /hour (maximum 300 m 3 /hour). If the exhaust power is higher, this will disrupt the functioning of the air exchange system in all apartments connected to this shaft (air stagnation will appear, odors will spread).

You can arrange kitchen ventilation in a natural way. To do this, the room must have two exhaust ducts - for removing exhaust air above the stove and for the rest of the room.

Advice: if the system does not work naturally, it is forced by installing a fan in the ventilation duct.

Ventilation of an apartment is an important factor in ensuring a healthy and comfortable life for all its inhabitants, maintaining the integrity and presentable appearance of furniture and premises. Coordinated, well-thought-out operation of air exchange, air conditioning and heating systems will create a favorable microclimate in housing with minimal energy consumption.

What happens to an apartment building without ventilation? Residents will be tormented by a constant feeling of stuffiness, the apartment will be filled with odors from the kitchen and bathroom, and dampness and mold will appear on the walls. A serviceable and efficient ventilation system eliminates such suffering. But how does ventilation work in practice?

Ventilation device in multi-storey buildings

Every apartment building (MKD) has a ventilation shaft. It can be compared with the human venous system - it is through the shaft that air masses move from different points(rooms) in one - in the attic or on the street.

Shafts take up a lot of space, so in low-rise buildings compact air ducts are often installed instead.

The ventilation shaft in a panel house consists of concrete blocks that are stacked on top of each other. The seams between them are sealed cement mortar. In new buildings, air lines are made of metal or plastic boxes. On the roof, the shaft ends with a special umbrella - it protects the pipes from precipitation, leaves and debris.

Types of air ducts:

• Built-in. They come in rectangular or square cross-section. They are laid during construction in the load-bearing walls of a high-rise building. They are made from bricks or concrete blocks.
• Overhead/hanging. They are installed after completion of construction and finishing of the premises. Most often they are made from galvanized sheet steel. The main disadvantage is their susceptibility to corrosion, so it is important to protect them from high humidity. Such air ducts must be soundproofed - otherwise the movement of air inside the metal shaft may be accompanied by a hum.
• External. Mounted on outside building. They are made from all of the above materials.

In every multi-storey residential building ventilation systems different. The creation of ventilation goes through the following stages:

1. Experts calculate ventilation in a residential building based on the area of ​​apartments and individual rooms.
2. A ventilation scheme is drawn up. It indicates the method of distribution of air flows, the cross-sectional area of ​​the channels, the noise level of the equipment, the type of ventilation and its other features.
3. According to the scheme, a drawing with a detailed description is developed, which is approved by technical services. After approval, the necessary documentation is prepared.
4. The installation of ventilation shafts in the internal walls of the building begins. After completion of work, the system is checked to ensure compliance with all requirements.

Requirements for ventilation of a residential building:

• tightness;
• high performance;
• fire safety;
• correspondence sanitary standards. For Russia, sanitary and hygienic standards for ventilation are specified in SNiP 41-01-2003.

Types of ventilation in residential buildings

Most common natural ventilation. It works like this:

1. Fresh air enters through slightly open vents, windows or.
2. The exhaust air is displaced by fresh air and removed from the rooms into the ventilation shaft.
3. Due to the difference in temperature and pressure, air from the ventilation shaft enters the attic or roof, and from there to the street.

Ventilation with natural impulse is installed in panel and brick houses, as well as in some new buildings. To operate it, you don’t need anything other than the mines themselves, which is why it’s simple and cheap for developers. But for residents there are few advantages: in hot weather, air exchange practically stops, and in winter, all the heat quickly “flies out” into the ventilation.

To increase draft in the summer, a deflector is installed on the top of the ventilation duct. This device captures the wind and dissects it into several air streams at different speeds. Due to this, the pressure drop in the pipe increases, and the exhaust air exits faster into the street.

Natural ventilation of an apartment building implies that the exhaust system does not work without inflow. Therefore, it is important to either always leave the windows open, or install a ventilator - a device that allows you to ventilate a room with closed windows. The simplest ventilators are: they are built into a double-glazed window, and fresh air enters through a special hole. More efficient system ventilation in an apartment in a multi-storey building -: it not only supplies air to the room, but also cleans it of allergens, harmful gases and fine dust. The device can heat the air to a comfortable temperature.

If the air supply does not have a heating function, then it is advisable to install it as close to the ceiling of the room as possible. This will allow the supply air to mix with the warm air in the room.

Exhaust vents are usually located in the kitchen and bathroom: these are the areas where the most unwanted odors accumulate. It is not allowed to combine the hood in the kitchen and in the toilet into one ventilation duct - otherwise odors will move from one room to another. To improve air exchange, they install in the bathroom.

Ventilation of the basement of an apartment building is usually organized using vents in the walls. They are made just above the surface of the earth. How larger area basement, the more vents.

1. fresh air intake point;
2. a block that may contain a heater, recuperator, filters, fans;
3. air ducts;
4. a diffuser through which fresh air is supplied;
5. ventilation grille for exhaust air intake;
6. pipe through which exhaust air exits.

Forced ventilation does not depend on weather conditions. In it, air is pumped in and out using electric fans. The more powerful the fans, the more air they can process. Such a system is more expensive and is installed, as a rule, in luxury homes.

Filters, noise absorbers, heaters and other devices are often built into ventilation with mechanical air supply. This installation takes up a lot of space, so it is placed in the attic or on the technical floor. Only qualified service personnel should have access to the equipment.

There is also combined ventilation, in which only exhaust or supply is carried out using a fan.

An air purification function is sometimes added to a ventilation project. For example, the Tion company produces a purifier-disinfectant that is built into general house ventilation: it cleans polluted air from dust, mold, bacteria, exhaust gases and allergens. CityAir stations can be installed at the ventilation inlet and outlet: they monitor air quality before and after cleaning.

Sometimes ventilation is equipped - it takes heat from exhaust air and gives it to the influent. This allows you to save on heating apartments.

Ventilation schemes in apartments of a multi-storey building

As a rule, in housing construction there are four schemes for constructing a ventilation shaft in a multi-storey building.

1. Exhaust device in residential buildings individually, i.e. From the kitchen, toilet and bathroom on each floor there is a separate shaft leading to the roof. Odors from neighbors do not penetrate into the apartment, the draft works more stable. But this is not always convenient for developers: firstly, it is too expensive, and secondly, additional pipes take up a lot of space.

2. Exhaust ducts from all apartments are connected to a horizontal duct - a collection duct in the attic. From there the air enters the street. If the diameter of the channel is insufficient, then the exhaust air is returned to the apartments on the upper floors. To get rid of reverse draft, either the box is artificially expanded, or the channels of the upper floors are brought directly into the shaft on top of the box.

3. This option is similar to the previous one, only the exhaust air does not enter the collection duct, but directly into the attic. Ventilation ducts in MKD must be thermally insulated - otherwise condensation and mold will appear in the attic, and building materials will begin to deteriorate.

4. Ventilation with satellite channels is similar to a tree: exhaust channel branches in each apartment are connected to a trunk - a common vertical shaft. This system saves space and money, but it has a problem: if the draft is disrupted, odors from one apartment can enter another.

Each ventilation design in an apartment building has one common drawback: the distance from the top floor to the end of the exhaust pipe is small, therefore, the draft is weak. To strengthen it, individual ventilation ducts are built from apartments on the top floor, which are brought to a height of at least a meter.

Who should clean the ventilation in an apartment building?

In an apartment building, this is done: attach a sheet of paper or a paper napkin to the exhaust grille. If the sheet or napkin does not stay on the grill, then there is a problem with ventilation.

Possible reasons for lack of traction:

• The mine simply doesn't work. If the house is old and the shaft is made of concrete blocks, then cracks may appear at their joints.
• There is a blockage in the mine. Dust, small debris, and insects get into the air ducts. On kitchen hood Fatty deposits may form.
• No influx. If fresh air does not enter the apartment, there is nothing to displace the exhaust air. In this case, the productivity of the supply and exhaust should be approximately equal: the air passing through a small window slit will not be enough for full ventilation.

You can only clean the grille on your exhaust vent yourself; The cleaning of ventilation shafts is carried out by specialists. If, diagnostics are carried out: a video camera is lowered into the shaft, which detects the cause of the blockage. All dirt is then removed using a pneumatic brushing machine.

Ventilation must undergo not only cleaning, but also disinfection. A sprayer with a flexible pipe is carried out to the middle of the shaft and cleans its walls with an antibacterial solution. For better treatment, you can contact the sanitary and epidemiological service: specialists will analyze the bacterial environment in the ventilation and select an individual disinfectant.

Inspection of the ventilation system should be carried out regularly. Who is responsible for ventilation in an apartment building? As a rule, the management organization or HOA enters into an agreement with a separate company. All costs for inspection, cleaning and repair of ventilation are included in the cost of utilities.

WHAT IS VENTILATION AND WHY IS IT NEEDED?

HOW TO CHECK THE OPERATION?

HOW TO NOT BE LEFT WITHOUT AIR?

A LITTLE ABOUT THE SUBTRACTS...

THE "FAMOUS" PROBLEM OF THE TOP FLOORS

THE MOST COMMON MISCONCEPTION

WHY “SUDDENLY” DID THE VENTILATION STOP WORKING?

WHAT IS VENTILATION AND WHY IS IT NEEDED?

According to existing standards, each residential premises (apartment) must be equipped with ventilation, which serves to remove polluted air from non-residential premises apartments (kitchen, bathroom, toilet). Ventilation is the movement of air, air exchange. Every person breathes throughout the day, uses the stove, washes or washes, goes to the toilet, many smoke. All these actions contribute to air pollution in the apartment and excessive saturation with moisture. If the ventilation works properly, then we don’t notice all this, but if its performance is impaired, then this results in a big problem for those living in such an apartment - the glass on the windows begins to fog up and condensation flows onto the windowsill and wall; corners become damp, and mold appears on the walls and ceiling; The laundry takes 2-3 days to dry in the bathroom, and when you use the toilet, the smell spreads throughout the apartment. Plus, if in an apartment without ventilation there is a chest or Small child, then, sometimes, one or two years of being in such conditions is enough for him to develop bronchial asthma or other respiratory diseases.

In order to find out whether the ventilation is working or not, you do not need to be a specialist. Take a small piece of toilet paper. Open a window in any room and hold the prepared piece of toilet paper to the ventilation grill in the bathroom, kitchen or toilet. If the leaf is attracted, the ventilation is working. If the leaf does not stay on the grill and falls, the ventilation does not work. If the leaf is not attracted, but rather deviates from the ventilation grille, it means that you have reverse draft and you are breathing foreign odors, which means that the ventilation is not working.

HOW TO CHECK THE OPERATION?

Ventilation can be checked or measured. It is measured with a special device - an anemometer. This device shows how fast air moves in the ventilation duct. Having a calculation table in hand, you can substitute the values ​​of the anemometer and the cross-section of your ventilation grill into it and you will get a figure that will tell you how much cubic meters air passes through the ventilation grille in one hour (m³/h). But that is not all. When checking, there are many conditions that cannot be ignored, otherwise the measurement data will be incorrect.

According to the “Method for testing the air exchange of residential buildings,” measurements are carried out at a temperature difference between indoor and outdoor air = 13ºС (example: outside +5ºС; in an apartment +18ºС), and at the same time, the air temperature outside should not be higher than + 5ºС.

The fact is that during the warm season, ventilation works worse and nothing can be done about it, because these are the laws of physics on this planet. If you measure ventilation at a warmer temperature than +5ºС, the resulting measurement data will be incorrect. And the warmer the outside air temperature is, the further the measurement data will be from the standard ones. In extreme heat, in some cases, even perfectly good ventilation may stop working or even work in reverse side(reverse thrust).

To understand why this happens, we need to remember what each of us heard in physics lessons at school. The lower the temperature, the greater the air density, i.e. the air is heavier. Therefore, air density is greatest in winter in frosty weather, and least in summer.

Therefore, if in the apartment, for example, the temperature is +18ºС, and outside -3ºС, then warmer (lighter) internal air will tend to flow from the apartment to the street through the ventilation duct. As the temperature outside rises, specific gravity the external and internal air will begin to equalize, which means that the draft in the channel will begin to weaken. And, if the temperature in the apartment is, for example, +24ºС, and the temperature outside is +30ºС, then the cooler (heavier) internal air will simply not be able to rise up and escape through the ventilation duct into the atmosphere. It will be much easier for him to move not up, but down, that is, to “flow out” of the apartment.

That is why in hot weather there is a high probability that the ventilation can produce reverse draft, although in this case it cannot be considered faulty, since under these conditions, according to the laws of Nature, it could not work.

So, ventilation can only be measured if it is working. But first we need to find out if it works.

As already mentioned, anyone can do this - it doesn’t require much effort. To do this you need a small piece of toilet paper. No need to take a sheet of newspaper, magazine or cardboard. Why?? According to existing standards, the kitchen (with an electric stove), bathroom and toilet are required: 60, 25 and 25 m³/h, respectively. To achieve these values, a relatively low speed of air movement through the ventilation grille is required and such movement can only be detected thin sheet paper (preferably toilet paper). In some apartments, a piece of thick, heavy paper sometimes attracts attention, but this indicates that in this apartment the ventilation works so well that it exceeds the required norm. Here it is necessary to take into account another necessary condition for checking traction. According to the same “Test Methodology for Air Exchange in Residential Buildings,” when checking ventilation, in one of the rooms the window sash is opened slightly by 5–8 cm and the doors between this room and the kitchen or bathroom are opened.

We had the opportunity to attend many commissions that met to assess the state of ventilation in different apartments and, sometimes, it was necessary to observe how a representative of the inspecting organization checked the ventilation during closed window. This is mistake!! In our country, ventilation in residential premises is supply and exhaust with natural impulse, i.e. not forced, not mechanical. And all air exchange rates were calculated specifically for natural ventilation. And for air to escape into the ventilation grille, it must come from somewhere, and, according to the standards, it must enter (enter) the apartment through cracks in windows, doors and other structures. In the early 90s, unprecedented plastic windows with sealed double-glazed windows and metal doors with seals appeared in our country. Undoubtedly, these products are no match for our old ones. wooden windows with their eternal drafts, but here one problem has arisen - new technologies have arrived, but the standards remain old and according to these standards, the flow of air into the apartment is carried out through cracks and leaks, and new double-glazed windows completely eliminate these leaks. So it turns out that sealed windows and doors create conditions in the apartment under which ventilation cannot work normally. And then, feeling the lack of fresh air in the apartment, people come up with another problem - installing fans.

HOW TO NOT BE LEFT WITHOUT AIR?

Let us outline a situation that we often encounter. So let's take the usual one two-room apartment(“Khrushchev”) with a total area of ​​53 m². This apartment has steel door with seal and plastic windows. There are also two ventilation ducts - one for the bathroom unit, and the other for the kitchen, and the “hood” above the stove is inserted into the kitchen ventilation duct (one might say a classic situation). Nowadays, “hoods” (i.e., an exhaust hood over the stove) are so powerful that at the maximum operating position, their power according to the passport is 1000 m³/h and even more. Now imagine that in such a sealed room, the housewife decided to cook something and turned on the “hood” above the stove at full power. With a ceiling height of 2 m. 60 cm, the air volume in this apartment is only 138 m³. For the hood, by definition, it will take very little time to “swallow” and pass through cubic meters of air from this apartment. As a result, the “hood” begins to pump air out of the apartment and creates a vacuum, and since the windows and door are very dense and air does not flow through them for circulation, there is only one place left through which air flow into the apartment is possible - vent s/node (!!!). In such a situation, even normally operating ventilation units (toilet and bathroom) will begin to work in the opposite direction (reverse draft). And, since the ventilation within the attic is combined into a common system, foreign odors from other floors begin to enter the apartment, sometimes obscenely foul.

In this case, the solution to the problem with reverse draft is quite simple - open the windows while using the hood. Since you have decided to connect your life with sealed double-glazed windows and an equally sealed door, then you will have to come to terms with the fact that the air flow into your apartment will be through open window- no other way. Supply units are able to compensate for the air removed through standard ventilation ducts, but providing powerful exhaust air is a difficult task for them.

A LITTLE ABOUT THE SUBTRACTS...

Not a very common problem. However, if you don’t know about it, you can search for the cause of reverse thrust for a very long time and find nothing. So, there is a reverse draft in the ventilation duct, but upon examination it turns out that the duct is absolutely clean, in the attic the horizontal connecting ducts (if any) are in perfect order, and the shaft leading to the roof is also normal and there is simply nothing to complain about. It turns out that the reason for the “return” is that the ventilation grille is installed on the “pass” channel. That is, two or more apartments are connected to one channel (vertically).

For normal ventilation operation, the apartment’s ventilation duct must begin with a “plug,” i.e., the air entering the duct through the ventilation grille must have only one path - up. In no case should there be a downward passage - either immediately at the bottom of the ventilation grille, or with a small recess, but the channel must be muted (blocked) in its lower part. Otherwise, there is a high probability that such a channel will give back draft.

For the most part, this problem faces people living in houses of the II-18 and I-209A series. These are 14, 12-story single-entrance “towers”. However, a similar ventilation system is used in 9-story panel houses and in some brick houses, if the ventilation is not lined with bricks, but is mounted intact concrete panels with channels molded inside.

This system looks like this. There is a collection channel (common shaft) with a diameter of about 220-240 mm, and on the sides of the collection channel there are satellite channels with a diameter of about 130-150 mm. Typically, apartments are connected to such a ventilation system “in a running direction” - for example, the 1st floor is in the satellite channel to the left of the shaft, the 2nd floor is in the right channel, the 3rd floor is in the left channel, etc. Ventilation blocks are cast at the reinforced concrete plant in such a way that the satellite channels (aka booster sections) communicate with the common shaft with windows every 2.5 meters. That is, the air must enter the ventilation grille from the apartment, rise up 2.5 meters through the satellite channel, hit the “plug” and exit through the window into the common shaft (collection channel). But the whole problem is that there are NO “plugs” in these houses.

Most likely, the designer provided a so-called “universal” ventilation unit. The fact is that if ventilation units are cast at the factory and divided into “right” and “left” or “for even floors” and “for odd ones,” then during their installation confusion is inevitable and problems are guaranteed. Therefore, the ventilation unit was made universal, so that during installation the worker would install it without thinking about its geometry. And after installation, he chose which satellite channel would be used for the “even” floors of the house, and which one for the “odd” and, based on this, the installer had to install plugs in the satellite channels on site.

The designer's faith in the integrity of our builders while adhering to the technological process is truly naive. I myself worked in construction for many years and know how our apartments are built.

The result is the following. Instead of a ventilation system with a common (transit) shaft and two satellite channels, we have three transit channels in our houses. On the lower floors this problem is not yet so noticeable, but on the upper floors, if the ventilation grille is installed on such a transit channel, then you should not be surprised at foreign odors in the apartment. The air flow, rising through the channel and flying past the ventilation grille, will either produce reverse draft or will greatly impede the removal of air from the apartment. And, if you install a plug, it will cut off the lower air flow and direct it into the collection channel through the provided window. Thus, ventilation in the apartment begins as if from scratch - without experiencing any obstacles and not burdened with the struggle with other air flows, i.e. as it should be.

THE "FAMOUS" PROBLEM OF THE TOP FLOORS

Sometimes, when people turned to us for help and, when describing their problem, they said that they had the last floor in the house, this was enough to immediately establish the reason for the lack of normal ventilation. Then all that was left was to go out there and confirm your assumptions. Believe me, a huge number of people, thousands, suffer from this problem. The fact is that for normal ventilation in an apartment, it is advisable for air to pass through the ventilation duct at least about 2 meters vertically. On any other floor this is possible, but on the last floor such a possibility is excluded - the obstacle is attic space. There are three ways to remove ventilation from an apartment to the street. The first is that the ventilation ducts go directly to the roof in the form of a pipe head. Almost all houses were built this way until the beginning of the twentieth century, and then they gradually began to move away from this method. The reason is that the number of storeys has increased. This method is not of interest to us, because problems almost never arose with it. The second method - ventilation, reaching the attic, was covered with horizontal sealed boxes, which were connected to a shaft that went outside on top of the roof. The third method (modern) is that ventilation first enters the attic, which serves as a kind of intermediate ventilation chamber, and only after that it goes outside through one common ventilation shaft.

We are interested in the second and third options. In the second case, the following happens - the air rises through the channels from all floors to the attic level and bursts into the horizontal connecting box mounted in the attic. In this case, the air flow hits the cover of the horizontal ventilation duct. The air flow deviates slightly towards the ventilation shaft, but if the internal cross-section of the horizontal attic duct is insufficient, then an area of ​​increased pressure appears in the duct and the air tends to find its way out into any nearest opening. There are usually two such exits (openings) - a ventilation shaft designed for this purpose and a channel on the upper floor, since it is the closest and is located almost in the box at a distance of only 40-60 cm and is easy to “push” into reverse side. If the cross-section of the box in the attic is sufficient, but the cover is mounted too low, then the same thing happens - reverse draft - the air flow, due to the small height of the cover, does not have time to deviate towards the ventilation shaft and an impact occurs. The reflected air flow “pushes” the ventilation of the upper floor and all odors from the lower floors enter this apartment. There are two ways to combat this – global and local. Global - to increase the cross-section of the attic horizontal connection box by changing its height by 2 - 3 times, plus installing “tricky” devices inside the box, which we call “cuts”. But, firstly, this should be done by specialists, and secondly, it is not recommended to increase the cross-section of the duct if the same ducts are attached to the ventilation shaft on the opposite side. The local method is that the channels of the upper floor are separated from the general air flow and separately inserted into the shaft on top of the duct. These individual channels are insulated so as not to disturb the temperature and humidity conditions (TVR) of the attic. And that’s it – the ventilation in the apartment works.

Now, regarding the third (modern) option for removing air. Ventilation works according to this principle in all high-rise buildings (series: P - 44, P3M, KOPE, etc.). The last floors in such houses often suffer not from reverse draft, but from weakened draft. Instead of passing the required 2 meters vertically and then connecting with the general flow, the following happens on the top floors - the air entering the channel travels only about 30 centimeters vertically and, without having time to gain strength and speed, dissipates. In this way, ventilation is not lost, but the air exchange in the upper apartment is greatly reduced. If the entrance and intersection doors of the attic are open (this often happens), then a strong draft arises that can “overturn” the draft in the apartments on the top floor. To prevent this from happening, individual channels on the upper floor must be expanded. The diameter of these channels is 140 mm. It is necessary to put pipes of the same diameter on these holes, and carefully coat the joints with alabaster. Bring the pipes to a height of approximately 1 meter and tilt them slightly towards the common shaft so that the air flow rising from below, flying next to the pipes brought out, picks up and pulls air from the channels of the upper floor with the force of its flow.

THE MOST COMMON MISCONCEPTION

Each of us has a kitchen in our apartment. Everyone has a stove (gas or electric) in their kitchen. And the vast majority have an exhaust “umbrella” above the stove (in common parlance - “hood”). What is the misconception? The fact is that so many people consider a “hood” to be the equivalent of kitchen ventilation. Otherwise, how to explain the fact that when installing a hood above the stove, the air duct from it is led into the kitchen ventilation hole, closing it completely??

They do this for several reasons - either on the advice of the builders who did the renovation, or because they are completely confident that even this way the air is removed from the kitchen perfectly. Plus, sellers of hoods claim that the power of the purchased hood should be selected taking into account the area of ​​the kitchen. In fact, all this is a fallacy.

Let's try to figure out where this came from. If you carefully read various regulatory documents for construction and operation, you will notice a strange pattern: IN NOT ONE document will you find the word... HOD!

Note: 1) we are talking specifically about regulatory documents, not reference documents; 2) hood - a kitchen hood (noun), not hood - as an action (verb).

So, if in regulatory framework There is no such thing as a hood, how can air exchange be normalized with its help??? Nonsense.

Then the end users of hoods have a reasonable question: how is it that hoods exist, but there are no words? And everything is very simple, there is both the word and the extracts, but they are, as it were, “outside the law.” And this is due to the fact that ALL residential buildings (99.99%) in Russia (and former USSR) have natural ventilation, or, more correctly, ventilation with natural impulse.

Those. air enters our apartments through leaks in windows, doors and building structures, as well as through special supply valves or ducts, and leaves through ventilation ducts located in the kitchen, bathroom, toilet.

How is this related? Let's try to explain. Any building construction or communications, are designed for certain loads. Ventilation is no exception to this list. Our channels have fairly limited bandwidth capabilities. IN best conditions their productivity is 150 - 180 m3/h (for comparison: modern hoods have a capacity of 600-1100 m3/h)

Sorry if we took up a lot of your time. Here we come to misconceptions. The fact is that there are also standards for mechanical ventilation, which differ significantly from the standards for natural ventilation. For example, the air exchange for a kitchen with natural ventilation should be 3 times, and with mechanical ventilation - 10-12 times. So, sellers of hoods apply the standard (10-12 times), without thinking that the hood above the stove and the standards of mechanical ventilation are in no way connected with each other and the hood above the stove has NO RELATION TO VENTILATION of the premises.

The exhaust hood is not intended for kitchen ventilation. It is only used to remove contaminated air located in a small space above the stove. The hood is not able to cope with the air that has risen to the ceiling better than a conventional ventilation duct in the upper part of the room. For a hood, “reaching” this air is an almost impossible task. The fact is that the behavior of the air flow during suction and exhaust is different. During suction, air is taken from a distance of no more than one diameter of the suction hole, and an air stream is thrown out at a distance of fifteen hole diameters. That is why we vacuum the carpet not from a height of a meter, but by pressing the brush. That's why we point a fan at ourselves when it's hot. front side, not the reverse. This is why the hood cannot “take” the polluted air (odors) that has risen to the ceiling.

During operation, the hood removes air above and nearby the stove. This creates air movement in the room, and additional air flows are involved in the mixing process. As much as is pumped out of the premises, the same amount is supplied for replacement. If the hood has pumped 1000 cubic meters of air, this does not mean that the air in the room has been completely renewed several times. The resulting emptiness, which Nature does not like, will be filled with air that comes from anywhere - from a window, from other rooms, from cracks. But cooking odors that rise to the ceiling hardly participate in mixing and are difficult to remove. It is not without reason that the instructions for hoods say that... “...in order to maximize operating efficiency, the hood should be located 60 cm from the electric stove and 75 cm from the gas stove...”. “...When the hood is operating, avoid air currents - this may cause odors to spread throughout the room.” If the hood was intended for kitchen ventilation, then the instructions would not include similar recommendations, and it would be advisable to install the exhaust “umbrella” itself at the top, instead of a chandelier.

By the way, in the instructions for the hoods there is no mention of the volume of the room it is designed for. The sellers of this product themselves have already come up with this idea. The area of ​​the room DOES NOT AFFECT productivity. And vice versa, the power of the purchased hood does not depend on the size of the room.

The main factor influencing the performance of the hood is the cross-section of the ventilation ducts in our homes. The vast majority of channels in our country have a cross-section of 130 x 130 mm, or a diameter of 140 mm. By attaching mechanical (forced) ventilation to such a small channel, we get a negligible effect. Such a channel will still not let in more air than it can, no matter how hard you try. Almost any instruction for a fan or hood contains a diagram showing a curve of performance versus pressure, from which it is clear that the higher the pressure, the lower the performance of the hood or fan. The main factors that cause an increase in pressure in the channel and, as a result, a drop in productivity are: irregularities inside the channel; displacement of floor blocks; protruding solution; narrowed section; material and shape of connecting air ducts; every turn in the path of the air flow.

As a result, due to the influence of these factors, it will be created in the channel and on the approach to it. high blood pressure, and, as you know, the higher the pressure, the lower the hood performance. This means that the POWERFUL hood is “suffocating” itself. And the more powerful the hood, the more strongly it “locks” itself.

You can attach a hood with a capacity of 1000 m3/h, you can have 1500 m3/h, you can have 5000 m3/h (if you have one), but in all cases the result will be the same - you will be able to push a slightly larger volume of air into the channel and that’s it!!! The rest is losses!!!

Once, for one of the connections of the hood to a ventilation duct with a diameter of 140 mm, in the P-44 series, we specially took with us a cup anemometer for measurements. When almost everything was installed, we asked the client for permission to experiment a little. We disconnected the air duct and installed a pre-prepared insert with an anemometer. Four-speed hood "SATA". Centrifugal fan. The length of the air duct is 3.5 meters with two turns. The air duct is plastic, with a diameter of 125 mm. The maximum productivity of the exhaust dome is 1020 m3/h. The anemometer was installed before the last turn (at the very entrance to the ventilation unit). First speed - the anemometer showed 250 cubic meters per hour. Second speed - readings 340 cubic meters/hour. Third speed - readings 400 cubic meters/hour. Fourth speed – 400 cubic meters/hour. Result: 1) the difference in performance between the first and fourth speeds is minimal; 2) the channel missed EVERYTHING it COULD, which means the losses are simply enormous; 3) the noise at the third and fourth speeds has increased, but there is no benefit. And this despite the fact that the walls of the connecting air ducts and ventilation duct are very smooth!!! Imagine what the performance loss will be if you connect the hood to a ventilation duct, which is made, say, in brickwork!!!

Of course, you can use the hood as a simple fan, but in this case you should not hope that it will provide you with complete air exchange. We do not discourage people from purchasing a hood at all and do not claim that this is an unnecessary and useless thing. Of course this is not true. The only goal we pursue is the desire to warn the consumer against general misconception. Namely: 1) you should not perceive the exhaust hood in the kitchen as equivalent to room ventilation - it has nothing to do with this; 2) when buying a hood, you cannot rely on the size of the room - these are unrelated things.

WHY “SUDDENLY” DID THE VENTILATION STOP WORKING?

It happens. It seems that she worked and worked for many years and “suddenly” stopped. Many residents are inclined to believe that the reason for this is neighbors who climbed into the ventilation riser and blocked something there. Of course, there are such “craftsmen”. These “specialists” understand perfectly well that current flows through the electrical network, poop through the sewers, water through the pipes, but when it comes to ventilation, logic fails them - they cannot understand that there is not a void there that needs to be occupied, there the air moves.

But this is not about them. If we immediately cut off all the cases where neighbors actually disturbed the ventilation and try to understand the other reasons that influenced its performance, it turns out that residents create a huge number of problems with ventilation for themselves.

How does this happen? For example, let’s take the most common modern natural ventilation scheme: a) multi-storey building, b) the ventilation of the house goes into a warm attic and consists of a collection channel (common shaft) and a satellite channel. The following series of houses fit this scheme: P-44, P-3M, KOPE, P-46, P-55, P-30, P-42, P-43, some monolithic houses and many less common series.

Ventilation in these houses consists of a collection channel (common shaft), which goes in transit from the first floor to the attic. In addition, for each apartment there is an individual channel (satellite channel), which starts from the ventilation grille in the apartment, then rises to one floor and, without reaching the same individual channel of the apartment above, exits through an opening into a common shaft, where the air continues its movement to the attic and further to the street.

To make it easier to understand this diagram, imagine a deep river with small streams flowing into it. This is the ventilation scheme in question. The river is a prefabricated mine; The streams flowing into it are satellite channels.

Just as tributaries feed a deep river, so satellite channels fill the collection shaft with air. If you start blocking the tributaries, the river will become shallow and dry up. If air does not escape from the satellite channels, then the speed and volume of air in the collection shaft will significantly decrease. Since the home ventilation system is a chain of interconnected and interdependent links, a violation of one of the links leads to changes in the entire chain, which ultimately results in problems for the entire ventilation system of the riser, entrance, and sometimes the house.

You can trace all stages of a ventilation system violation.

Regular 17-story panel house, which are plentiful all over the place. The ventilation scheme used in these houses is perhaps the best that man has come up with for residential high-rise buildings. This ventilation system can work even in extreme heat. Although, by definition, she should not work in the summer. In hot weather, ventilation, according to all conditions and rules, must stop or tip over (reverse draft). But this does not happen in these houses, because the ventilation duct, which is the prefabricated shaft, is about 50 meters high. And due to this difference in height, and therefore the difference in pressure difference between the bottom and top points, a fairly strong air flow (draft) occurs. The “warm attic” is a reinforcing factor here. And even intense heat cannot “break” this connection. BUT... only if the conditions necessary for its operation have been created for this ventilation system.

One entrance of any multi-entrance house with a warm attic is a closed and separate system. Ventilation of any apartment in this entrance is component of this system. That is, the ventilation of each apartment depends on the other apartments in the entrance and, conversely, each apartment influences all other apartments.

The influence of one apartment on its riser or the entire entrance is insignificant and is not capable of changing the “alignment of forces.” But this is if there is one apartment. What if there are several of them?? If there are five, or ten, or twenty, or half. What if more than half? That is, if there are apartments that do not participate in the system (fall out of it), it means this system loses strength, weakens. There is a certain critical point after which it fails. That is, the sum of all the air flows entering the attic is not sufficient to push this air out of the attic into the atmosphere. Because the general exhaust shaft going from the attic to the roof (to the street) is quite impressive in size. And this gap “wants to eat,” that is, its dimensions are designed to allow the passage of a certain volume of air, which it does not receive enough. There is a saying: “You can’t warm the sea with an awl.” This is exactly our case. As a result, the speed and density of the air flow in such a shaft decreases and the draft overturns. In winter, the “heavier” cold air descends, and the outgoing warm air flow (“awl”) is too small for large sizes mines (“sea”).

A reasonable question arises: “Why is the volume of air emitted through the ventilation shaft into the atmosphere decreasing? What is the reason?".

The answer can be obtained from the example of the smallest link common system ventilation - using the example of ventilation of a single apartment.

The apartment has two ventilation ducts. One works in the kitchen, the other works in the bathroom (bathroom + toilet). Two channels remove air from the apartment to ventilation 24 hours a day. The removed dirty, humid, exhaust air must be replaced by another air - outside, fresh, enriched with oxygen. That is, INFLOW. Thanks to this circulation, this constant replacement (influx), normal living conditions are maintained in the apartment.

Only the influx of outside air can be considered a normal, full-fledged influx. The air coming from the landing through the cracks in front door or coming from next room(apartments), no quality better than that air that already exists in the apartment. It is just as dirty, damp, it has already been smoked, sprayed with toilet freshener and saturated with the “aromas” of the kitchen. It’s like the old joke about a concentration camp: “Today there will be a change of linen. The first barrack changes with the second.”

Previously, the flow into the apartment was mainly carried out through cracks and leaks in our old, scary, crooked, leaky windows. When replacing these shameful windows with new sealed double-glazed windows, the previous order of air circulation is disrupted. The new windows are very tight, there are practically no cracks in them, which means the flow of outside air through them is almost zero. Temporarily opening windows and sashes is self-deception. Ventilation works constantly, which means the need for inflow is also constant.

Has anyone tried to pump the air out of plastic bottle?? Right. This is impossible. What if you make a hole in the bottle?? Then you can pump the air out of the bottle ad infinitum. The hole is an inflow. A bottle is an apartment with sealed double-glazed windows. When the windows are closed, ventilation cannot work normally. Under these conditions, only two things can happen to her:

a) one of the ventilation channels of the apartment (the stronger channel) will begin to pull over the other channel. That is, the second, weaker channel will begin to perform the function of an inflow that was ruined by the installation of new windows;

b) both ventilation channels will work as before, and the missing inflow will be compensated through the gaps between other apartments. That is, they will suck into the apartment exactly the same exhaust air that is removed, only with foreign odors.

So it turns out that: in one case, instead of two normally working apartment channels, we have only one working channel. This means that the volume of air removed from one apartment has decreased by at least half (!!!). In the second case, the channels seem to fill the prefabricated shaft with air, but this is air located inside the house, and not outside. This means that the channels do not work for the apartment in which they are located and the air circulation in this apartment is disrupted.

Now go outside, look at any house, select any apartment riser and count how many old windows are left along the entire vertical, and how many plastic ones cost. Those with plastic can be deleted from the general ventilation system of the entrance. This is ballast. Without inflow, these apartments hang like weights on the legs of the ventilation system. And if in summer or winter (less often in winter) a reverse draft “suddenly” comes from your ventilation ducts, then you can safely tell these neighbors “ Thanks a lot" They tried very hard.

Main conclusion.

You cannot thoughtlessly install sealed double-glazed windows. These windows are not themselves. They are part of the ventilation system. It depends on you whether the ventilation will work or not. Have you decided to install sealed double-glazed windows?? Organize a CONSTANT INFLOW!!!.

Description:

The book reveals basic principles designing ventilation systems for multi-storey buildings, it presents methods for determining the required air exchange in rooms and calculations of air infiltration through leaks in fences, describes and evaluates the ventilation systems of multi-storey residential buildings, and provides technical, economic and operational indicators of these systems.

Features of ventilation of high-rise residential buildings

The report was based on materials from the book by I. F. Livchak “Ventilation of Multi-Story Residential Buildings,” which was published in 1951 by the State Publishing House of Architecture and Urban Planning.

The book reveals the basic principles of designing ventilation systems for multi-story buildings, it presents methods for determining the required air exchange in rooms and calculations of air infiltration through leaks in fences, describes and evaluates the ventilation systems of multi-story residential buildings, and provides technical, economic and operational indicators of these systems.

Despite the fact that the book was published in 1951, it remains relevant to this day - because today issues related to the quality of indoor air and the comfortable parameters of the microclimate of buildings and premises are of particular importance.

In this issue of the magazine we publish one of the chapters of this book - “Features of ventilation of high-rise residential buildings,” which was written by I. F. Livchak together with engineer T. A. Melik-Arkelyan.

High-rise buildings include houses above 15 floors, which, as a rule, have technical floors that divide the building in height into zones up to 10–12 floors high.

Technical floors have hermetic ceilings and partitions with hermetic doors on the staircase, preventing the flow of air from the floors of the underlying zone to the floors of the upper zone.

The high height of the building and its planning and operational features have a significant impact on the operation of ventilation. The main factors that must be taken into account when designing high-rise residential buildings include the following:

1. The possibility of increased air flow in winter from the lower floors to the upper ones due to the high height of the building and the influence of zones located above each other. This position creates increased infiltration of outside air into the lower floors of the zone.

2. Increased wind speeds at higher altitudes from the ground. This creates increased infiltration of outside air into the windward areas of the upper floors.

3. Increased gravitational pressures in the ventilation system due to the high height of the building, reaching up to 20 mm of water in 30-story buildings. Art. at t n = -15 °C and falling to 7 mm water. Art. at t n = 5 °C versus 5–2 mm water. Art. in multi-storey buildings of mass construction.

The magnitude of the available pressures makes it possible to use them as a good stimulator for traction at low outside temperatures. At the same time, significant fluctuations in pressure can create significant unevenness in the operation of ventilation.

4. A significant length of air ducts and, as a result, large hydraulic losses in them, which causes a decrease in the efficiency of deflectors in exhaust shafts.

5. The impossibility of ventilating sanitary facilities in the summer due to the lack of windows in them, as a rule.

To the noted factors it should be added that high-rise buildings, unlike ordinary mass-produced buildings, are equipped with complex engineering equipment: vacuum cleaners, their own telephone exchanges, garbage disposal, elevator facilities, water supply and heating pumping units, etc.

It's complicated engineering equipment necessitates the maintenance of technically qualified operating personnel, who can also be used in the operation of ventilation systems of a residential building.

Therefore, for the buildings under consideration, mechanical ventilation is quite possible.

1. Selection of ventilation system

Sanitary facilities

The inability to ventilate sanitary facilities through windows and the ineffective operation of deflectors lead to the need for sanitary facilities high-rise buildings exhaust ventilation with mechanical motivation, because otherwise for a long period, at outside temperatures of 10–15 °C and above, when there is no gravitational pressure, these rooms will remain without ventilation.

For example, in Moscow, the average number of days with temperatures above 15 °C, according to long-term climatological observations, is 75.72; they occur mainly in May, June, July, August, September and partly October. (In April, only 0.3 days have temperatures above 15 °C, and in October - 3.5 days.)

Kitchens ventilated by a common ventilation system with sanitary units are the main source of the formation of harmful emissions. These emissions, when opening kitchen windows located on the windward side, can spread into the living rooms. Therefore, kitchens should also be equipped with mechanical ventilation.

Ventilating the kitchen and sanitary facilities with common exhaust systems will only simplify the ventilation system of the building as a whole.

Mechanical stimulation in exhaust ventilation will make it possible to design ventilation systems with increased resistance to air passage, which will reduce the negative impact of changes in gravitational pressure.

So, for example, considering the performance of the ventilation system to be proportional to the square root of the effective pressure and the design resistance of the system is 30 mm of water. Art., we get an increase in productivity for a 30-story building when the outside temperature changes from +5 to –5 °C in

If the calculation were carried out only for natural impulse at an outside temperature of 5 °C, then the corresponding increase in system performance would be

Such an increase in productivity (if the pressure is not regulated by throttling) would lead to excessive air exchange in the rooms, excessive fuel consumption or overcooling of the premises.

Significant resistance exhaust system Mechanical ventilation will also help reduce excess infiltration in windward rooms. With little resistance in the system, infiltrating into the rooms outside air will flow relatively freely into the exhaust ventilation, as a result of which the pressure inside the room will drop, and the pressure difference on both sides of the windward window will increase, which in turn will increase the infiltration of outside air.

Such a system will be most effective in windward apartments without cross ventilation located on high altitude, at high wind speeds.

Thus, the need for mechanically driven exhaust ventilation from kitchens and sanitary facilities is quite obvious.

Living rooms

When analyzing the operation of ventilation devices in mass-construction houses, the presence of natural exhaust ventilation only from sanitary facilities (in the absence of such in living rooms) was considered insufficient.

If there is a guaranteed mechanical impulse on the exhaust from the sanitary units, a fan that develops a sufficiently high pressure can create the necessary vacuum in the apartment and suck in outside air through the cracks window openings and thus ensure the required ventilation air exchange in living rooms.

However, with such a system, blowing from windows is inevitable, especially at low outside temperatures.

In addition, the lack of special ventilation devices in living rooms can lead to disruption of normal temperature conditions.

Rooms with more breathable window sashes will increase air exchange at the expense of reduced air exchange in rooms with less breathable sashes.

Thus, stable air conditions in living rooms cannot be ensured, and they will depend on many random reasons. Therefore, you should not leave living rooms in high-rise buildings without special ventilation devices for inflow.

The simplest ventilation device for an organized flow of air into living rooms is the installation of firecrackers in the outer walls under the ceiling of the room. However, this does not exclude blowing in the room, and, in addition, the holes of the “firecrackers” coming out of each room onto the outer surface of the wall will spoil the facade of the building.

A more advanced device is the so-called window sill device, shown in Fig. 1 and 2.

Here, the air intake is carried out through a gap under the metal fender of the window opening, 2.5 cm high. Such a gap is completely invisible from the outside.

Air passes over heating device along box 3 made of thin stainless steel measuring 60 x 2.5 cm at the end of the box the air hits vertical wall movable valve 2 and exits into the room in the direction from top to bottom. When entering the room, the supply air mixes with the currents of rising warm air from the heating device, as a result of which the blast is significantly reduced.

The advantage of a window sill supply unit is the ability to regulate the amount of supply air, achieved by changing the width of the gap through which air enters the room. The gap is adjusted by a valve that moves in one direction or another when adjusting screw 1 in rack 4 is rotated.

In Fig. 3 shows another device for a decentralized flow of outside air into a room with heating by a heating device.

Air intake is also carried out under the metal window visor. Next, the air is directed downwards, here it mixes with the air in the room, rises up, touching the radiator, heats up and goes out into the room.

In Fig. Figure 4 shows the possible positions of the control valve, with the help of which (if necessary) you can regulate the degree of heating of the incoming air.

The supply window sill device is much simpler than the device discussed above for supplying air with its heating heating device(Fig. 3).

The weak point of the latter is the narrow valve through which the air flows down. Dampness may form in it; In addition, this channel will become clogged over time, and cleaning it turns out to be impossible.

Cleaning the window sill supply unit (Fig. 2) from dust does not cause any particular difficulties.

All considered decentralized air supply options have common disadvantages: in them, supply air enters the premises without the necessary purification. Cleaning is necessary even for the upper floors, because in large industrial centers, even at high altitudes, the outside air, especially in winter, turns out to be very dusty.

The second disadvantage of decentralized inflow is the unevenness of its operation due to the action of wind.

Excessive pressure and vacuum that arise under the influence of wind at the outer surface of the building and, consequently, at the intake openings of the supply devices will increase and decrease the amount of supply air.

To reduce the effect of wind speed, special canopies are installed on the outside of the ventilation holes. However, this measure does not bring significant results, since the ventilation hole remains unprotected from the static pressure generated by the wind.

Unevenness of air flow can be significantly reduced by increasing the resistance to air passage in the hole.

So, if the resistance of the inlet opening is taken equal to 0.5 mm water. Art., then additional pressure on outer surface about 0.25 mm water. Art., formed, for example, by a wind speed of 3 m/s with an aerodynamic coefficient of 0.5, will increase the amount of supply air through the hole in

Thus, in a room where there is a decentralized inflow, a vacuum of about 0.5 mm of water should be maintained. Art., which is usually achieved by exhaust ventilation. Exhaust ventilation and the device for decentralized inflow must be adjusted to this value.

Work decentralized air supply device at higher resistance is undesirable, because this causes an increase in vacuum in the apartment, which leads to significant unorganized air leaks through the cracks of the windows.

It is appropriate to note here that in order to ensure the suction of fresh air through window sill cracks in living rooms, in buildings equipped with exhaust ventilation and decentralized inflow, it is necessary to achieve the greatest possible sealing of windows, especially in kitchens.

A centralized supply system is more advanced, because it is free from the indicated disadvantages of a decentralized air supply to living rooms. It is centralized supply ventilation with mechanical drive that should be recommended for living rooms in high-rise buildings, although the construction of such a system is more expensive than the installation of decentralized supply.

Mechanical impulse in the supply ventilation makes it possible to provide centralized cleaning of the outside air in the supply chamber.

The increased resistance of the supply ventilation system, possible due to mechanical stimulation, will reduce the adjustment required when there is a variable temperature difference between the outside and inside air.

It is possible to equip living rooms with supply and exhaust ventilation, providing each room with supply and exhaust from centralized supply and exhaust systems. However, such a solution cannot be considered economically feasible, since it, in addition to a significant increase in one-time costs for the construction of ventilation and its complication, will also increase operating costs due to an increase (approximately doubling) in the total air exchange in the apartment.

2. Calculation features

The amount of fresh air entering the premises of high-rise residential buildings with the same population density should be the same as in residential buildings of mass construction. However, the infiltration of fresh air, due to increased wind speed at high altitudes and the influence of zones located one above the other, is different in high-rise buildings.

The intensity of infiltration depends on the wind, temperature difference, the tightness of enclosing structures and many other factors, and for each building, depending on its planning features, the intensity of infiltration will be different.

According to approximate calculations made by the authors, for three- to four-room apartments without cross ventilation, equipped with supply and exhaust ventilation and double apartment doors, in a 30-story building divided into three equal zones, outside air infiltration at an outside temperature of -5 °C and average speeds wind is expressed by the following average values:

First zone (up to 40 m from the ground): wind speed 2–3 m/s; the average exchange rate created by infiltrating outside air is 0.25, with an increase in the lower floors to 0.3 and a decrease in the upper floors to 0.2 rpm.

Second zone (40–80 m): wind speed 3–4 m/s; the average exchange rate is 0.35 rpm/h, with an increase in the lower ones to 0.4 and a decrease in the upper ones to 0.3 rpm/h.

Third zone (80–120 m): wind speed 4–5 m/s; the average exchange rate is 0.45 rpm, with an increase in the lower floors to 0.5, and in the upper floors to 0.4 rpm.

The frequency of air exchanges in living rooms created by supply and exhaust ventilation (given the above data) should be as follows:

In the first zone:

On the lower floors:

1.25 – 0.3 = 0.95 rpm;

On the upper floors:

1.25 – 0.2 = 1.05 rpm.

In the second zone:

On the lower floors:

1.25 – 0.4 = 0.85 rpm;

On the upper floors:

1.25 – 0.3 = 0.95 rpm.

In the third zone:

On the lower floors:

1.25 – 0.5 = 0.75 rpm;

On the upper floors:

1.25 – 0.4 = 0.85 rpm.

In all intermediate floors of each zone, the exchange rate can be determined by interpolation, rounded to 0.05 rpm/h. Thus, the air exchange value for living rooms of a multi-story high-rise building is determined within the range of 0.75–1 rpm, which is recommended by temporary technical conditions.

The frequency of exchange in kitchens and sanitary facilities should be the same as in residential buildings of mass construction. The amount of air extracted and supplied to the apartment should be the same.

The initial value for determining the cross-section of the supply and exhaust ventilation channels in high-rise buildings should be considered the speed of air movement, which is taken in such a way that if the fan is inactive, the system can work on natural impulse. For these reasons, it is advisable to have a radius of action of the ventilation system of no more than 10–12 m.

To increase the resistance of the ventilation system during normal operation with an active fan, a damper or throttle valve should be installed on each supply and exhaust duct. These control devices are installed in close proximity to ventilation grille or at the point of merging a group of channels.

The selection of supply and exhaust ventilation fans is made by pressure depending on the height of the building: for 20 floors, at least 20 mm of water. Art., with 30 floors in at least 30 mm of water. Art. etc.

Otherwise, the calculation of ventilation devices has no special features and is carried out in the usual way.

3. Design of the system

To reduce the number of ventilation chambers in high-rise buildings, it is allowed to connect apartments located in different zones to one chamber.

For natural ventilation to operate, the supply chamber is located below, and the exhaust chamber is located above the serviced premises. Ventilation chambers can be located in the basement, technical floors and attics. In order to prevent draft overturning when the system operates on natural impulse, the ejection of air from exhaust systems serving interconnected rooms must be at the same level.

Independent device ventilation ducts from the chamber to the ventilated room and high-rise buildings with a large number of floors causes serious difficulties. Therefore, the following combinations of supply and exhaust ducts are allowed:

a) serving living rooms - in one horizontal channel within one apartment;

b) serving bathrooms and toilets - in one horizontal channel within one apartment;

c) vertical channels - into one collection channel within one zone.

It is also allowed to combine vertical exhaust ducts from homogeneous rooms within the zone into one duct with a break through two floors, as is schematically shown in the section of the building shown in Fig. 5. Such a combination can be allowed in exceptional cases, since under unfavorable conditions air may flow from one apartment to another. In any case, such a combination of channels serving rooms facing opposite sides should not be allowed.

It is recommended to place vertical supply and exhaust ducts mainly in walls or in special shafts made of fireproof materials.

As materials for air ducts, it is allowed to use slag concrete - for channels of large cross-sections and gypsum - for dry air in a dry place; asbestos-cement channels are allowed provided they are protected from destruction in a fire.

The use of metal air ducts is not recommended. In Fig. 6, 7 shows an example of a solution for supply and exhaust ventilation of 48 apartments located between two staircases A 24-storey building, divided into three zones.

Heating of the supply air, carried out in the supply chamber, can be done with a plate heater or a heater made of smooth radiators or pipes. A plate heater is more compact than a heater made from smooth radiators or pipes, but its resistance is much greater, which eliminates the possibility of heating the air when the fan is inactive, when the ventilation system operates on natural impulse.

The heaters should be installed in such a way that the entire surface can be cleaned of dust.

Air is purified from dust using oil paper or fabric filters. The first ones, more difficult to operate, give better cleaning than the second ones, easier to use.

It should be noted that the air resistance when passing through the filters reaches 10 mm of water. Art., which excludes the possibility of normal operation of the system when the fan is inactive.

If outside air is taken in for ventilation at a height of more than 50 m, then special cleaning of it from dust is not necessary.

The channel layout of both the supply and exhaust ventilation systems must provide for the possibility of air passing, in addition to the fan, through a bypass valve, so that if the fan is inactive (an accident or a temporary break), the system can operate on natural impulse.

To reduce noise, it is recommended to install fans with a motor on the same axis, and if this is not possible, on a textural transmission. The peripheral speed of the centrifugal fan wheel should not exceed 18 m/s when installed in the basement and 15 m/s when installed on technical floors.

In addition to these limitations, a device under the fan and motor is recommended to prevent noise transmission independent foundation, not connected to the walls of the building, installation of sound and vibration insulation pads between the foundation and the fan, connecting fans to air ducts using elastic pipes. To eliminate the transmission of sound through the air duct, sound silencers are installed in the air ducts.

To facilitate servicing a large number of ventilation units It is recommended to concentrate push-button starters of all electric fans in one control center. There, it is necessary to include devices in the electrical circuit to control the operation of the fans.

It is advisable to have instruments in the control center that indicate the temperature and humidity of the supply air entering the chambers.

To inspect and clean ventilation ducts, it is recommended to install special inspection hatches in them.

It is most advisable to locate hatches in the technical floor, in the attic or in the lower floor, at the point where the vertical ducts join the common prefabricated air duct.

Installation adjustment valves are installed on the vertical ducts at the point where they are connected to the prefabricated air duct.

The laying of ventilation ducts and the installation of supply exhaust grilles in high-rise residential buildings is carried out in the same way as for residential buildings of mass construction.

Proper operation of the ventilation system is an important component of comfortable living in an apartment. Ventilation in an apartment building allows you to organize proper air circulation: removal of polluted air and supply of fresh air from the street in sufficient volumes. To do this, it is important not only to understand well how the ventilation system in the house should function, but also to ensure its proper maintenance.

Insufficient ventilation has a direct impact on the health and well-being of residents living in the apartment. Lack of fresh air provokes headache, depression, drowsiness, fatigue.

In each high-rise building according to building regulations exists centralized system ventilation, which is a set of ventilation shafts and channels that remove exhaust air masses from rooms to the attic or to the street. Air ducts are located in the ceilings, and their installation is carried out during the construction stage.

There are three approaches to organizing ventilation in multi-storey buildings:

• Natural air supply and exhaust system. Used in most typical high-rise buildings. A clear advantage of this solution is that it works without connecting to a power supply.
• Forced ventilation using special installations. It is used where the power of natural air exchange is insufficient.
• Combined ventilation systems use a combination of mechanical and natural ventilation systems.

It is also possible to add additional units to the home ventilation system.

For example, installing a recuperator (a device capable of accumulating heat from exhaust air and releasing it to the supply air) allows you to save a lot of money on heating.

Or another element - a deflector, which is installed on the roof, above the outlet of the shaft. Performs two functions: protecting the ventilation shaft from precipitation and enhancing traction using wind energy.

Operating principle and ventilation device options

The influx of outdoor air into the premises passes through loosely fitting window shutters or channels and valves provided for this purpose in double-glazed windows made of metal-plastic.

The hood is carried out through vertical shafts (usually located in bathrooms and in kitchen areas), going from the apartment to the roof or attic. Due to the difference in temperature indoors and outdoors, a draft arises in the shaft, ensuring air movement.

Note! In the cold season, traction is higher than in summer. In hot, windless weather, on the contrary, natural ventilation virtually does not occur.

The flow of fresh air moves through the rooms, gradually mixing with exhaust air masses, after which it is removed from the room through exhaust ducts.

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