The name of spring flowers in the Crimean forests. The most beautiful and dangerous plants of Crimea. Adonis or Spring Adonis

"PRIMUM FLOWERS AND EARLY FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE CRIMEA »

The presentation was prepared by a chemistry teacher at the Yalta Gymnasium. A. P. Chekhov" Gribanova O. A.

Primrose (primrose)

Name comes from Greek "primus" - early, first, for very early flowering.

The genus primrose, or primrose, is one of the most numerous in nature. before 550 species of these plants

Mountains are a kind of pedestal that raises primroses high above other plants. Some of them grow near snowfields, in very specific environmental conditions. Such species are difficult to grow in flower beds: the most beautiful mountain primroses cannot be grown in gardens.

Primrose large-cupped

The ancient Greeks believed that the primrose could heal all ailments and called it the flower of the “twelve gods.”

In the old German sagas, the primrose is the key of the goddess of spring, with which she reveals true warmth after a long winter.

The Danes are sure that the princess of the elves herself was turned into a primrose.

Among the English, the primrose is a flower in which gnomes hide, and if you go out into a clearing in the spring, you can hear a choir of gentle voices coming from the flowers. In Rus', primroses were lovingly called lambs. There was even such a custom: to throw the plucked lambs under your feet and trample them - for longevity.

Valuable medicinal plant
One primrose leaf replenishes the body's daily need for vitamin C
In Germany, dried flowers were used as a calming tea
In England, young leaves are added to salads in the spring, and the roots are used as a spice.
in Rus', flower arrows were eaten, diaphoretic and soothing decoctions were prepared from leaves and flowers, and scurvy was treated with powder from dried leaves; tuberculosis and fever were treated with roots boiled in milk

Endem of Crimea
Commanded by the decision of the Yalta City Executive Committee
Blooms from January to April
Flowers solitary, white, fragrant
Huge quantities are destroyed every year for sale.

The snowdrop plant symbolizes hope:

expelled from the Garden of Eden, Adam and Eve walked on the Earth, snowy, frosty, and cold. Eve burst into tears in despair, she was sad about both the lost Paradise and the eternal, in her opinion, winter. Taking pity on his daughter, the Lord turned the snowflakes into the first snowdrops, giving them hope for the coming of spring, and making it clear that he did not leave them alone.

The Crimean scilla grows only in one place on the planet - on the southern slopes of the Crimean Mountains.

Endem of Crimea
Blooms from March to May
Grows in pine and oak forests, on rocky meadows of yayla
Intensively destroyed by collectors of rhizomes and flowers
Introduction to culture is desirable (sowing seeds gives good results)
Plants cannot withstand replanting

Listed in the Red Book of Russia
Flowering time from February to April
Lives on open slopes, among bushes and in juniper forests
Exposure to mass destruction

It has white, purple flowers on the outside with darker veins.
Blooms from late February to mid-April
Grows on rocky and grassy places
Decorative
Massively destroyed

Schrenk's Tulip

Absolute reserve is necessary
Listed in Red book of Ukraine
The most decorative of the Crimean tulips
Red-flowered the form appears to have already been completely destroyed
Described in 1873
Named in honor of A.I. Shrenk, an employee of the St. Petersburg Botanical Garden

Commanded in 1971
Perennial bulbous plant 15-30 cm tall
Blooms in April, bears fruit in June
Described in 1829. The species name is given in honor of the first collector, a Russian botanist F.K. Bieberstein
Blooms in mid-April - early May
Grows in steppes, bushes, forest edges
Considered a valuable species for landscape gardening and rock gardens

Perennial plant up to 10-30 cm
Blooms in April – May
Grows on slopes, rocky places
Medicinal and ornamental plant
By decision of the Yalta City Executive Committee it was reserved in 1971

Endem of Crimea
Perennial tuberous herbaceous plant up to 15-30 cm tall.
Cyclamen flowers resemble a butterfly in appearance.
All varieties of cyclamens are poisonous
Listed in the Red Book of Ukraine

perennial bulbous plant
Up to 15 cm tall
lily family.
It grows in sunny rocky meadows and on the edges of forests. Often forms a continuous blue carpet.
Blooms in April-May.

Ornamental and medicinal plant
Blooms in April–May, bears fruit in August
Has a pleasant rich aroma
Massively destroyed
Commanded by the decision of the Yalta City Executive Committee in 1971

Curious information

In 1967, the lily of the valley became the national flower of Finland.
In France, the Lily of the Valley Festival is celebrated annually on the first Sunday of May.
Many people know the fairy tale about Snow White. When Snow White was fleeing from her evil stepmother, she accidentally scattered her necklace, which turned into fragrant flowers. They serve as lanterns for gnomes, and small forest people - elves - live in them. Sunbeams hide in lilies of the valley at night.
Stylized images of lily of the valley are placed on the fields of the coats of arms of the cities of Weilar (Germany), Lunner (Norway) and Mellerud (Sweden)

Perennial plant 15 – 30 cm
The flowers are large, pink-lilac
Grows in shady beech forests of the mountainous part of the peninsula
How beautiful flowering plant is intensively destroyed, and the fragile, shallowly located rhizome is often damaged, and the plant is thus completely destroyed
The plant was reserved in 1971

perennial
The largest of the Crimean orchis (80 cm)
Vanilla scented flowers
Blooms in April–May, bears fruit in July
Grows in forest clearings, meadows, among bushes

Orchis male Orchis pallidum

Blooms in April-May
Used in medicine
Grow in clearings and forest edges among bushes
They are quite rare due to destruction by flower pickers.
Possible introduction to culture

Many of the flowers that seasonally appear in the spontaneous markets of the city are valuable not only for Yalta, Crimea and Russia, but also for the world flora as a whole.

Most species of snowdrops and blueberries are listed in the Red Book various countries, which means picking them in the forest IT IS FORBIDDEN! If you still want (and you naturally want) to enjoy these beautiful spring flowers- plant seeds or bulbs in pots at home and observe, when the snowdrops bloom or admire them photographs And pictures from monitor screens.

If your loved one did not know about the ban on picking these spring flowers and gave you a bouquet, then, firstly, gently inform him about snowdrops And Red Book, and secondly, take care of the flowers: they should be placed away from direct sunlight and do not forget to sometimes add ice cubes to the water: snowdrops are used to living next to snow!

End of April/May - most best time to visit Crimea. It’s not very hot yet, the greenery has not faded, there are no crowds of people like in the summer.
But the main attraction of this time is the flowers.

Below are photographs and descriptions of Crimean flowers taken in 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007 and 2008, during the May holidays (late April/early May). Mainly represented are the Bakhchisarai, Yalta and Sudak regions of Crimea.

SLEEP-GRASS, CRIMEAN ARROW (Pulsatilla taurica)

He's a snow tulip, he's a little sunny, he's a grass-grass, he's a boar's lumbago, he's a shooter, he's a raspberry, he's a beaver.
Grows in mountains, oak forests, mountain meadows, steppe areas of foothills and rocky slopes.
The Crimean spring flower is the most beautiful - you can admire it and photograph it endlessly.
Listed in the Red Book of Ukraine

Dream-Grass. May 2005 Chatyr-Dag

Dream-Grass. May 2005 Chatyr-Dag

Dream-Grass. April 2004 Chatyr-Dag

Dream-Grass. 2.05.03 Yalta yayla

Dream-Grass. May 2005 Chatyr-Dag

Dream-Grass. 5.05.07 Hangar-Burun

FOLDED SNOWDROP (Galanthus plicatus M. Bieb.)

Folded snowdrop (Galanthus plicatus) is a species that differs from other species in folded leaves with a bluish bloom, with folds curved on the underside.
Previously considered as an endemic Crimean species, however, habitats of folded snowdrop have now been identified in the Caucasus, Turkey, Romania and Moldova.
Listed in the Red Book of Ukraine

4.05.07 Not far from the t/s "Boyko"

Snowdrop. May 2005 Chatyr-Dag

Snowdrop. 1.05.03 Grand Canyon

Scilla bifolia L.

Aka Crimean scilla (Scilla taurica (Regel) Fuss), aka snow scilla (Scilla nivalis Boiss.). Glades overgrown with blueberries mixed with snowdrops look very beautiful.

Scilla. 2.05.03 Climbing the Roman-Kosh mountain

CRIMEAN CROCUS (Crocus tauricus (Trautv.) Puring)

It is also Crimean saffron. Endemic Crimean-Caucasian species. It grows in the mountains on open rocky places and grassy slopes. Listed in the Red Book of Ukraine.

Crimean crocus.4.05.07 Not far from Ai-Petri

Crimean crocus.1.05.03 Yalta yayla

PRIMULA (Primula)Primula

It grows in the southern regions of the European part of Russia, the Caucasus, Crimea, Southern and Central Europe. The species is similar to spring primrose, but with an undeveloped flower arrow. Flowering from April. The plant is cold-resistant and blooms on the edge of the snow.
The ancient Greeks believed that the primrose could heal all ailments and called it “the flower of the twelve gods.”

In the old German sagas, primroses are the keys of the spring goddess Freya. With these keys, the beautiful goddess, adorned with a necklace of colorful rainbows, unlocks true warmth after a long winter. Wherever her rainbow hits, golden keys appear, and spring flowers sprout from them - primroses.

The Danes are sure that the princess of the elves herself was turned into a primrose. One day the spirits released the girl to earth, and there she fell in love with the young man, forgetting about her relatives. For this, the spirits turned the princess into a primrose and her lover into an anemone.

In Rus', primroses were lovingly called lambs. There was even such a custom: to throw the plucked lambs under your feet and trample them - for longevity.

The British have the primrose as their favorite flower. It is grown in gardens and vegetable gardens, taken with them on trips, and given to loved ones. According to English fairy tales, gnomes hide in primroses, and if you go out into a clearing in the spring, you can hear a choir of gentle voices coming from the flowers.

Common primrose (Primula vulgaris) or stemless (Primula acaulis) April 2004. District of the Boyko t/s

Road overgrown with primroses. 04/26/03 from Eski-Kermen to Shuldan

Primula Sibthorpii (Primula sibthorpii)25.04.03 Near Eski-Kermen

Common primrose.04.25.03 near the Red Poppy

VIOLETS

There are many different ones in Crimea. Particularly beautiful and large ones are found on yailas. Yellow and blue look very nice.

Dog violet (Viola canina)25.04.03 near Eski-Kermen

Fragrant violet (Viola odorata)25.04.03 near Eski-Kermen

Mountain violet (Viola oreades Bieb.) April 2004 Ai-Petri yayla

Mountain violet (Viola oreades Bieb.) April 2004 Ai-Petri yayla

Glade of violets. April 2004 Eski-Kermen

KUPENA fragrant (Polygonatum odoratum)

It is also bought medicinal, bought pharmaceutical (Polygonatum officinale L.), it is also Solomon's seal. It grows on drying, slightly acidic, rich, humus-rich, loose, mostly shallow, sandy, rocky and clayey soils: in forests, bushes and slopes. Edge-forest view. The plant is poisonous.

Kupena is fragrant. April 2004 Eski-Kermen

POPPY (Papaver dubium L.)

Doubtful poppy is an annual herbaceous plant 30-60 cm high. It blooms in April-June. Grows on dry rocky, gravelly, clayey slopes, among bushes, on sand, in forest-steppe and steppe, in fields, near roads, in mountains up to the mid-mountain zone. Poisonous.

Poppy is dubious. April 2004 p. Red poppy

IBERIAN, WALL (Iberis)

The name of the plant indicates the area of natural distribution: Iberia, as Spain was previously called. The genus contains about 40 species, distributed in the Mediterranean and Central Europe.

Iberian forms thick round cushions, which during the flowering period, in April-May, seem to be dusted with snow due to the lilac-white flowers. In Crimea they live in rocky places, in the mountains, on the South Coast.

There are rocky Iberian (Ib.saxatilis), Crimean Iberian (Ib. taurica), very rarely - bitter Iberian (Ib.amara) and pinnate Iberian (Ib.pinnata). These types differ mainly in leaf shape.

Candytuft. 1.05.03 Great Crimean Canyon

Ornithogalum fimbriatum Willd
He is also a fibrous poultry plant, he is also a ciliated poultry plant.
Grows in forests along the edges, in the steppes, on yayls. From the subgenus Ornithogalum. Plants no more than 12 cm tall. The arrow is covered with hairs. Blooms in mid-spring, up to 15 days.

Poultry farmer. April 2003 Vetrov Gazebo area

THIN-LEAF PEONY Paeonia tenuifolia L. (P. lithophila Kotov, P. biebersteiniana Rupr.)

It is also a narrow-leaved peony. Herbaceous perennial up to 50 cm in height. Grows on meadow steppes, leached black soils, and mountain slopes. Blooms in May. Listed in the Red Book of Ukraine.

Peony thin-leaved. April 2004 and 5.05.07 On the climb to Chatyr-Dag

Peony thin-leaved. April 2004 Chatyr-Dag

Thickets of thin-leaved peony 04/29/08 Slopes of Lyalel-Oba

CRIMEAN PEONY (Paeonia daurica)

Aka Tauride peony (Paeonia taurica auct.), aka three-triple peony (Paeonia triternata) Endemic to Crimea. It grows in light forests, typically in the undergrowth of oak forests. It occurs en masse at altitudes from 200 meters to the upper forest boundary. Blooms in May. Listed in the Red Book of Ukraine

Crimean peony. April 2004 Eski-Kermen

MUSCARI (Muscari neglectum Guss)

He's the unnoticed viper onion, he's also the mouse hyacinth.
Low, up to 15 cm tall, bulbous perennial of the lily family.
It grows in sunny rocky meadows and on the edges of forests. Often forms a continuous blue carpet. Blooms in April-May.

Muscari. End of April 2004 Chatyr-Dag

Muscari. 04/25/03 Eski-Kermen

Dwarf IRIS (Iris pumila) OR CRIMEAN IRIS (Iris taurica. Iridaceae)

Aka low iris, aka dwarf iris.
Herbaceous perennial 10-20 cm in height. It grows in the steppes, on grassy slopes, on rocky and thin soils, at altitudes from 300 to 700 m above sea level, less often it descends to 50 m and rises to 900-1000 m.

Purple and yellow irises 04/29/08 Slopes of Lalel-Oba

Dwarf iris. April 2004 Eski Kermen

Dwarf irises. 04/25/03 near the village. Red poppy

ORIENTAL AROUS (Arum orientale Bieb., A. maculatum auct.)

A relict species, it belongs to one of the oldest genera of tropical origin in Ukraine. Perennial herbaceous plant 20-30cm high. Grows in shady forests. Very specific smell. Blooms in May. Listed in the Red Book of Ukraine

Eastern arum. April 2004 near the Shuldan monastery

SCHRENK'S TULIP (Tulipa schrenkii Regel)

Also known as Gesner's tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L.). Plants are 10-40 cm tall. Stem b. h. naked, sometimes pubescent. The leaves are recurved, sickle-shaped, spaced, more or less curly, glabrous or pubescent, not exceeding the flower. One flower, red or yellow. The tepals are relatively short, wide, and blunt. The spot at their base is black, with a yellow border, yellow or absent. Blooms in April. It grows mainly in the steppe Crimea, as well as in the foothills and on the South Coast.

Schrenk's Tulip 04/29/08 Slopes of Lyalel-Oba (translated from Crimean Tatar as “top of tulips”)

LOW ALMOND (Amygdalus nana L.)

He is also a bean tree, he is also a dwarf almond, he is also a steppe almond.
It grows in the zone of forb-meadow steppes, in hollows, along ravines, and gullies.

Thickets of dwarf almonds. 04/29/08 not far from the t/s "Ai-Serez"

ADONIS SPRING (Adonis vernalis L.)

He is also the spring adonis, he is also the spring adonis. Blooms in May
in the steppes, along the edges of forests, in cleared forest glades, steppe slopes, meadows. A very bright and beautiful flower.

Adonis in spring. 04/29/08 Upper reaches of the Ai-Serez river

YELLOW ASPHODELINE Asphodeline Lutea (L.) Reichend

Rare endangered Eastern Mediterranean species. Herbaceous perennial with a thick, tall, up to 60 cm, stem. The stem from the base to the inflorescence is covered with dagger-shaped, triangular fleshy leaves. The flower raceme is thick, long and consists of large greenish-yellow flowers up to 2.5 cm in diameter. The tepals have a characteristic green vein. After flowering, a fruit is formed - a large capsule. Listed in the Red Book of Ukraine

Yellow asphodeline (Asphodeline lutea) 04/29/08 t/s Maski in Ukraine is found only in Crimea

ORCHIDS(Orchidaceae)

Wild orchids are the most wonderful flowers of the spring Crimea.
According to various sources, 20-39 species of orchids grow in Crimea. All are listed in the Red Book. The population of wild orchids is small and continues to decline, mainly due to deforestation and destruction of flowers for bouquets.
Mostly orchises (purple, monkey) are found; I was lucky to stumble upon the rare Crimean orchis, of which only a few specimens remain.

04/27/08 Fox Bay. Painted orchis (spotted) (Orchis picta Loisel.)

Crimean Ophrys taurica Nevski

Orchis simia Lam.

Orchis purpurea Huds.

Orchis punctulata

Wolf's orchis Orchis x wulffiana and Steveniella satyrioides Schlechter

Orchis April 2004

Wonderful resources were used in preparing the material:
1) http://www.plantarium.ru Plant identification guide on-line
An open illustrated atlas of vascular plants of Russia and neighboring countries.
2) http://family-travel.narod.ru/flora/flora.html Photoherbarium. Wild plants of Crimea.
3) http://mail.menr.gov.ua/publ/redbook/redbook.php Chervona book of Ukraine.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND YOUTH

REPUBLIC OF CRIMEA

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION OF SIMFEROPOL DISTRICT STATE ADMINISTRATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF CRIMEA

MUNICIPAL BUDGETARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF ADDITIONAL EDUCATION "CENTER FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH CREATIVITY"

SIMFEROPOL DISTRICT STATE ADMINISTRATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF CRIMEA

Methodological development of the lesson “Primroses of our Crimea”

For 5th grade students, environmental and naturalistic clubs

Directions

Additional education teacher

Titles of eco-naturalism

Czech Department Lisyura Tatyana

Nikolaevna

Topic of the lesson: “Primroses of our Crimea”

Type: lesson in discovering new knowledge

Type: lesson-study

Target: .attracting attention to the problem of preserving primroses.

Objectives: educational:1) familiarize students with the main species diversity early flowering plants your locality; 2)develop knowledge about flowers and their origin;.3) draw up environmental rules for plant protection.

Educational: 1) cultivate love and respect for plants; 2) instill love for the native land; 3) fostering a culture of communication with nature.

Educational: 1)develop logical thinking and attention; 2) develop creative abilities; 3) form an ecological worldview in schoolchildren.

Equipment: multimedia presentation"Primroses of our Crimea",exhibition of drawings, leaflets, posters.

Planned results:

1. Children will have the opportunity to understand the need for a careful and caring attitude towards nature, based on its moral, aesthetic and practical significance for humans.

2. Mastering the norms of behavior in the natural environment and observing them in practical activities and in everyday life.

3. Manifestation of an active attitude towards natural objects (effective care, the ability to evaluate the actions of other people in relation to nature).

PROGRESS OF THE CLASS

1) Organizational moment

Motivation of students.The teacher reads a poem:

Not far from the path
A flower stands on a thin stalk
And he moves his head round
Over the first, timid grass -
Watching with a wide eye
For everything in the world at once:

And in a puddle
Behind the duck
And for the boy
With a fishing rod
Behind the breezes
On the river
And clouds
In the distance
And behind the bumblebee in pajamas,
And - with horror! - behind us...

Igor Maznin

How did you imagine the flower?

Why is the flower “watching us with horror”?

Why have many plants become rare?

2) Statement of the problem.

The flora of Crimea is unique and inimitable. The flora of the peninsula includes more than 2,500 wild plants and about 1,500 plant species. Almost every tenth species of Crimean flora grows exclusively in Crimea and is not found anywhere else. When the snow melts in the Crimean mountains, the first heralds of Spring appear - primroses. Crimean primroses appear already at the end of February and beginning of March, much earlier than in many other regions. The Crimean land is rich in primroses. -In Crimea, fifteen species of Crimean primroses are listed in the Red Book. Currently, two new Red Books are being created in the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol. They will include rare and endangered species of flora and fauna of the territory of the republic and the city of federal significance. Book lists today include more than 350 species of rare animals and about 450 species of plants.

After a long winter, people pluck tender flowers without pity. beautiful flowers, and many of them reproduce only by seeds. It turned out that the living conditions and habitat of many species are in danger of declining, even to the point of complete extinction of some species.

3) Formation of the topic and purpose of the lesson:Guys, today let us get to know those primroses that are endangered and need our protection and help.

4) Work on the topic.

Spring!!! . If the word “spring” actually comes from the ancient root “to go,” then it’s surprisingly accurate: in spring everything is in motion, everything goes! Grass, leaves, flowers are growing, streams are running, frogs and hares are jumping, birds are flying from the south and, of course, the very first and most beautiful flowers are blooming - primroses.

Will you go in early spring through a forest not yet covered with leaves and suddenly you stop, amazed by a miracle: in front of you is a whole lake of flowers. These are primroses. These plants are amazingly tender, amazingly beautiful, amazingly diverse. They are born among the snow and black earth, when people are still wrapped in warm clothes. A week later they are already blooming, and after a couple of weeks fruits with seeds appear. Fragile and resilient creatures. Withstanding the onslaught of nature, they are defenseless under the hand of man or the hoof of an animal. Very often they are carelessly torn into large bouquets. Early flowering plants (ephemeroids) are a special environmental group plants that are characterized by an unusual speed of development: they appear immediately after the snow melts, and by the beginning of summer they completely disappear. Although these plants fade quickly, economic activity humans negatively affects their diversity and numbers. Many types of ephemeroids are listed in the “Red Books” of various levels. If these flowers were left to grow in the forest, they would produce a great variety of seeds. Then, many years later, the glades would delight us with their magical colors.

In Rus' it was believed that primroses grow where the first lightning strikes. In Scandinavian legends, the primrose is nothing more than the key of the goddess of spring Freya, with which she unlocks the door to warmth after a long winter. And in the Middle Ages they were considered the keys of the Apostle Peter to the door to the kingdom of heaven, accidentally dropped to the ground. The leaves of primroses contain vitamin C; it is not for nothing that in England some primroses are used to prepare spring salads.

What allows primroses to grow under the snow?

By spring, the snow no longer lies in a continuous dense cap, but becomes crystalline. Its layer decreases and begins to transmit the sun's rays. They heat the soil, water appears, and the buds swell.

Primroses are born when there is still snow. Primroses develop quickly, despite the spring coolness. In a week or two they are already blooming.

EARLY FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE CRIMEA

More than a hundred early flowering plants grow in Crimea. They belong to various families: primroses, ranunculaceae, violets, lilies, sedges, cereals and others. What unites them is their similar development in an ecological environment close to the extreme conditions of existence: low temperatures of soil, air and water, frost, sharp temperature fluctuations day and night. Many of them even develop under the snow, hence the name “snowdrops”. True snowdrops with the generic name “Galanthus” in Crimea are represented by an endemic species -folded snowdrop . (slide 2-8)

A characteristic feature of all early flowering plants is their increased demands on light and moisture. Therefore, it is no coincidence that our primroses bloom in the forest when there are still no leaves on the trees, and light easily penetrates under their canopy. In addition, at this time the soil is still rich in moisture, which is very important for these fast-growing plants.

In Crimea, you can get acquainted with the world of primroses as early as February, and sometimes even earlier. Under the loose snow and withered leaves from last year, small plants with fully formed flowers and miniature leaves are hidden. They are ready to throw away their flower stalks at any moment and defiantly announce the arrival of spring. The limiting factor is still low temperature. But as soon as the sun warms up, the “snowdrops” literally explode in their development. Among them are the well-knowncoltsfoot And snowdrop, Crimean crocus And crocus Susiana, spring primrose, bileaf scilla, spring cleanser, Colchicum Ankara, early types of violets and others.

A characteristic feature of early flowering plants is a small number of flowers. Utulips, snowdrops - 1-2, y scillas - 2-3, less often there are several of them and they are collected in compact inflorescences -corydalis, goose bows. The number of flowers is limited to a small supply nutrients in underground organs, as well as the timing of plant development. But ephemeroid flowers are almost always large, up to several centimeters in diameter, and bright: yellow, purple, pink. Such flowers are clearly visible from a great distance. This is a device for attracting pollinating insects. It is known that insects have a special color perception. They perceive color in the ultraviolet range of radiation. Yellow and purple flowers reflect up to 40 percent of ultraviolet rays and are clearly visible to insects, but the red color is almost black for them. White color is also not very attractive. The flowers of some ephemeroids have additional decorations in the form of stripes, patterns, and dashes. These are nothing more than original signs and landmarks for insects, indicating the way to nectaries.

What tricks do plants go to in order to “add brightness”! For example, atlungworts Dark pink and cornflower blue flowers are located on the same stem. Moreover, buds and younger flowers are pink, and older, fading flowers are blue. Each flower changes color throughout its life. And this is explained by the properties of anthocyanin contained in the petals of lungwort - a special coloring substance. It is this that causes the change in color of the petals, which is a biological necessity: due to its variegation, its crimson-blue inflorescences with flowers of different colors are especially noticeable to pollinating insects in a light spring forest.

Early flowering herbaceous plants have also “adapted” insects for seed dispersal, primarily ants. On the fruits or seeds of these plants, special, oil-rich, fleshy appendages are formed - elaiosomes, which attract ants, which become “gardeners” for primroses.

The Crimean spring is treacherous; sudden snowfalls and night frosts are not uncommon. Therefore, early flowering plants had to learn to deal with these troubles. For example, buds and stemssleep-herbs - one of the most beautiful plants of our forests - is covered with numerous long protruding hairs. This shaggy “coat” protects the buds from the spring cold.

The cell sap of primroses acts as a non-freezing antifreeze, well known to all car enthusiasts. If at the beginning of April frosts suddenly strike and snow falls, then, once in the forest, you can see that the young, just beginning to open leaves of hornbeam and aspen, caught by frost, have turned brown and shriveled. But fragilecorydalis or amazingcyclamen Kos continue to bloom as if nothing had happened. It is impossible to notice the slightest trace of frost on these delicate plants!

After flowering, primroses experience a deep summer dormancy associated with the lack of sufficient lighting and moisture in the forest. In the second half of summer, the laying of vegetative and generative organs occurs. In autumn, a second deep dormancy sets in, restraining their development into favorable conditions. autumn days, when the forest is light again (the leaves have fallen) and humid (the autumn rains), and the temperatures of the soil, air and water are still relatively high. But winter is coming! Frosts can come suddenly. Natural selection secured the second warning dormancy in the “snowdrops”. In mid-December it ends and a forced rest sets in due to the absence necessary conditions development. If in December-January scillas, corydalis, tulips are placed in room conditions, then they will bloom magnificently.

Among the early flowering plants, in addition to perennials, there are also annuals, the so-called ephemera . These are small (3-10 centimeters) plants, barely visible among the growing greenery. All life cycle(from seed to seed) passes in a few days, less often - 2-4 weeks. At the end of April, when the grass turfs grow, they dry out and cannot be found. Some ephemera, e.g.spring stonefly forms entire flowering aspects in early spring.

Speaking about early flowering plants of Crimea, one cannot help but recall dogwood. Dogwood bushes bloom long before the leaves bloom, usually in February (and only in relatively cold winters does flowering occur in March). Bright yellow flowers look very elegant in a transparent forest in spring! Dogwood flowers are pollinated by both wind and insects. Such an unusually early flowering fruit tree gave rise to a Crimean legend about a greedy shaitan who chose a dogwood tree, hoping for a quick harvest. But I miscalculated: dogwood bears fruit later than everyone else, in October-November.

Many spring plants are massively destroyed. Some are intensively collected as medicinal ones. Others have highly decorative properties and are used for bouquets. Organized for sale, snowdrops, dream grass, wild tulips, and crocuses are destroyed. Cyclamen Kos is on the verge of complete extinction.

According to environmentalists, every year during February-March about 15 million snowdrops were exported from Crimea to the Ukrainian capital alone! Of course, they are listed in the Red Books. But where are they, these Red Books? And here we are, ready even now - for nature. If a person, if you and I, do not regret, do not help, do not understand the troubles of our plants, no Red Books will help Crimea. With the loss of each species, we deprive not only ourselves, but also our children's children. In Japan, children are taught from an early age that only a bad, cruel person can pick, throw away or trample a flower. Every spring, during the cherry blossom season, Japanese families climb the mountains to admire the flowers. Let's admire the Crimean flowers, because you can only touch beauty with your heart!

Guys, what can we do to prevent such beautiful and fragile creations of nature from disappearing? Let's make rules for behavior in nature.

(slide 9)

Being in nature, we will not pick plants for bouquets. We will make bouquets from those plants that are grown by humans.
We will collect medicinal plants only in places where there are many of them. We will definitely leave some of the plants in nature. In the forest we will walk along paths so that the plants do not die from trampling.
Let's not disturb the beauty created by nature itself.
Let's keep these brave flowers alive and admire their beauty by going out into nature.

Medicinal properties of primroses

Teacher. How many of you know: which of these primroses are used for medicinal purposes?Coltsfoot is used as a remedy for colds.

Student. Primrose is known not only as beautiful plant, but also as a plant with beneficial medicinal properties. The above-ground part of the plant contains many vitamins. Thanks to the high content of vitamin C and carotene, primrose officinalis comes to the rescue in spring period, a period of vitamin deficiency, when a person experiences a significant need for vitamins.

Student. It’s not for nothing that Lungwort is also called “lungwort.” To treat lung diseases, the above-ground part of the plant (without roots) is brewed and drunk as tea.

Conversation

Why are early flowering plants short?

(In spring, during a short period of active growth and unfavorable spring temperatures, it is impossible to accumulate many nutrients for the formation of powerful plants)

Why do they bloom when the spring forest is free of foliage?

(Nothing stops the wind from transferring pollen from male flowers to female flowers.These are wind-pollinated plants).

What kind of pollen do they have?

(Dry, light, fine).

What characteristics do insect-pollinated early flowering plants have?

(The flowers are bright, fragrant, the pollen is large and sticky)

Why do early flowering plants with blue, violet-red and lilac colors appear first, and later with golden yellow?

(The blue-violet color allows the plant to absorb more sunlight and keep the plant warm on cold days. The yellow color reflects the sun's rays and prevents the plant from burning).

Why are herbaceous plants in the forest white, but at the edges of the forest multi-colored?

(White color, like yellow, pink, blue, is clearly visible in the forest for insects, and in well-lit areas, the colors are more visible).

GAME LIBRARY “CONFIDENTS OF PRIMFLOWERS”

1. Game “Guess the Flower” using the presentation “Primroses of our Crimea” (slide 2-8)

A purple flower and a fluffy stem, a quiet gentle chime just makes you fall asleep. (Dream-grass - Crimean lumbago)
The sun appeared from under the snow, the wind was surprised, like a cloud from heaven, coloring the forest blue. (Scillas)
Yellow flowers scattered like goslings, tender lumps smiled at the children (Goose onion)
Primrose, primrose better words There is no, there is no better flower in the world, it burns all yellow, its petals are beautiful, golden and playful. (Primrose)
It blooms in May,

You will find him in the forest shade:

On a stalk, like beads in a row,

Fragrant flowers hang. (Lily of the valley)

I am a herbaceous plant

With a lilac flower.

But change the emphasis

And I turn into candy. (Iris - Iris)

The flowers of this plant are large and purple. They are shaped like a bell. The outside of the flowers is shaggy with long protruding hairs. The flower usually has six petals. (Sleep-grass).
There are two or three flowers on each delicate stem. They are a wonderful cornflower blue color and shaped like stars with six rays. The leaves of the plant are narrow and groove-like. They grow upward from the very base of the stem (Scilla).

2. Game “Flower Erudite” (slide 10)

The name of which primrose consists of a particle, a preposition, a sentry box? ( not-for-booth)

Find matches: in which countries what holidays are celebrated: Germany, Yugoslavia, England flowers: forget-me-nots, violets, mimosa? (Germany - violets, Yugoslavia - mimosas, England - forget-me-nots).

Name of which spring primrose consists of 2 prepositions? ( Past-for)

The first windows of the apartments decorate,

It can be light and delicate,

The second Pole man hears,

In Poland they address him this way.

The whole thing blooms in the flower beds in May,

The Dutch people love him!

(tulip ).

What kind of plant exists in nature: a) son and stepson b) daughter and stepdaughter c)coltsfoot d) son and stepfather

3. Game “Why” (slide 11)

1) Why does anemone have such a name?

The plant is not afraid of wind, hence the name.

2) Why are there flowers on the lungwort different color?

Various flowers ages - different color Young ones are pink, older ones are purple.

3) Why is the open lumbago called sleep-grass? According to legend, the flower is capable of inducing dreams.

4) Why is the snowdrop so named? In which work by S. Ya. Marshak does this flower mention?

5) Why do these plants bloom so early?

■ Sufficient quantity sunlight, because trees and bushes have not yet put on foliage;

■ Sufficient amount of moisture;

■ Pollination by wind occurs easily;

■ Against the background of the general spring grayness, bright flowers (blue, white, pink, yellow, purple) are clearly visible, which attract insects

6) . Why can't you collect primroses? (Yes, because they will not have time to restore their numbers and will sink into oblivion.)

4. Game “Botanical Auction”.

Children are asked to make puzzles with encrypted names of the studied plants.

Game "Anagram". (slide 12)

Cruox (crocus),

Opin (peony),

shyaldn (lily of the valley),

ikopdnzhse (snowdrop),

siri (iris),

Enitsmalk (cyclamen),

6. Solve the problem:

The class went to the spring forest. Each student picked 5 flowering plants. The guys from another class picked 7 plants each. How many plants were picked that day if there were 20 students in each class?

What can be concluded?

BRAINSTORM

Guys, now imagine that you work in the Ministry of Ecology, and you have been given the task of preparing recommendations for improving the environmental situation and preserving primroses. You are given time to come up with your own options.

Why are early flowering herbaceous plants increasingly rare in the vicinity of our cities and towns?

All primroses need protection. We propose to implement the following measures to

protection of primroses:

1. Conduct information and explanatory work among the population about

the need to protect primroses.

2.To preserve the species diversity of wild primroses:

Create specially protected natural areas (state and private) in

places of mass growth of specially protected primroses.

Organize landing parties together of adults and children to clear the forest of debris and dry wood.

Artificially maintain species diversity on existing protected areas

(plant primroses).

Improve fuel quality.

3. Environmental education and public awareness:

Organize PR campaigns to protect primroses on a voluntary basis with the participation of

city administration, business leaders, students, parents, teachers, and

also the media.

All activities for the protection of primroses should be carried out under the motto: “We will not let the Primroses

disappear!

4. Conduct raids to protect and protect primroses (March-April)

Organizing and conducting with students educational institutions events about

the role of primroses, a drawing competition in defense of primroses.(slide 13-14)

Student. (slide 15)

Don't pick flowers, don't! Don't pick flowers, don't!

Their delicate aroma will fill the air of the garden,

They brighten up the garden so much! We live in the same family,

We must live in the same order,

Fly on the same flight

Let's save the daisies in the meadow,

Water lilies on the river,

Violets, lilies of the valley for us

Merry May is in store in the gardens.

But we won't tear them down.

Let them bloom for the joy of people!

Tree, flower, grass and bird,

They don't always know how to defend themselves

If they are destroyed,

We will be alone on the planet!

If I pick a flower, if you pick a flower,

If you and I are together, if we pick flowers,

All the meadows will be empty, and there will be no beauty!

Try to protect primroses and nature from poachers. You should not buy delicate and quivering flowers; you must always remember their uniqueness and fragility. And the preservation of Russian nature in its pristine and unique form depends only on you and me.

Conclusion
Beautiful primroses grow only on land that has not been disturbed for centuries. In the former quarries, even after half a century, not a single flower will grow; the quarries are only overgrown with trees, shrubs and herbaceous, not at all colorful, vegetation. And the spring forest is light and fresh, filled with the aromas of herbs, the singing of birds - chaffinch, blackbird, blue tit, and often a bird of prey flashes through the forest like lightning. Unfortunately, with the arrival of spring, “lovers of beauty” flock to the open slopes warmed by the sun, a massive collection of primroses begins, and the grazing of sheep and other domestic animals also increases. This is accompanied by depletion of flora, path erosion, and replacement of rare, beautifully flowering species with weed plants.

Does a person have the moral right to destroy what he cannot create? Of course no! In nature, everything is closely connected with each other, everything depends on each other, and, destroying some part natural complex, which has developed over many, many millions of years, man, to one degree or another, violates this complex and not only impoverishes nature, but impoverishes himself.

Let the hand of the one plucking the most tender petals of the first breath of spring tremble!

Game "Flower Erudite" The name of which primrose consists of a particle, a preposition, a sentry box? Find matches: in which countries what holidays are celebrated: Germany, Yugoslavia, England flowers: forget-me-nots, violets, mimosas? The name of which spring primrose consists of 2 prepositions? The first one decorates the windows of the apartments, it can be light and delicate, the second Pole man hears, in Poland they address him like that. The whole thing blooms in the flower beds in May, the Dutch people love it! What kind of plant exists in nature: a) son and stepson b) daughter and stepdaughter c) mother and stepmother d) son and stepfather

Game “Why” 1) Why does anemone have such a name? 2) Why are the flowers of different colors on the lungwort? 3) Why is the open lumbago called sleep-grass? 4) Why is the snowdrop so named? In which work by S. Ya. Marshak does this flower mention? 5) Why do these plants bloom so early? 6) . Why can't you collect primroses?

Game "Anagram". Kruoks opin shialdn ikopdnzhse isir enitsmalk

Take care of primroses - the decoration of the planet!!! If only white flowers bloomed in the field, I would be tired of admiring them, you and I would soon be tired of them. If only they bloomed in the field yellow flowers You and I would get bored with such beauty. It’s good that there are daisies, roses, asters, cornflowers, Dandelions and porridge, forget-me-nots and frying flowers, It’s good that people are not alike in the color of their eyes and skin. How beautiful the colorful world is, the multi-colored globe of the Earth.

Don't buy snowdrops!!! Let's save snowdrops together! And the first will not be the last!!!

Don't pick flowers, don't! Don't pick flowers, don't! Their delicate aroma will fill the air of the garden, They color the garden so much! We live in one family, Let's keep the daisies in the meadow, Water lilies on the river, Violets, lilies of the valley for us. Merry May is in store in the gardens. But we won't tear them down. Let them bloom for the joy of people! A tree, a flower, a grass and a bird, Do not always know how to defend themselves, If they are destroyed, We will be left alone on the planet! If I pick a flower, if you pick a flower, If you and I are together, if we pick flowers, All the glades will be empty, and there will be no beauty!

Let's all save the smiles of spring together!!!

Primroses of Crimea. Protect them!

The idea of creating a Red Book began to excite the minds of Crimean biologists 30 years ago, when the world's first books with lists of rare and endangered species were published. Currently, two new Red Books are being created in the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol. They will include rare and endangered species of flora and fauna of the territory of the republic and the city of federal significance. Book lists today include more than 350 species of rare animals and about 450 species of plants. In Crimea and Sevastopol, work is underway to thoroughly study the flora and fauna of the peninsula in order to update information about them. It turned out that the living conditions and habitat of many species are under threat of decline, even to the point of complete extinction of some species. Based on new data, the list of species, subspecies and families of animals and plants previously included in the Red Book was supplemented, and the status of some of them was changed. This year, scientists will undertake several scientific expeditions throughout the Crimea, and will also explore the adjacent waters so that the lists of the future Red Books of Crimea and Sevastopol are as complete as possible.

The Crimean flora is characterized by enormous diversity. On small area there are forest, steppe, semi-desert and desert natural areas. Their distribution is related to the climate and topography of the peninsula. There are about 250 endemic plants in Crimea, some representatives of the flora are relics of the Ice Age. Mediterranean species have taken root well on the South Coast.

Below are some representatives flora Crimea with a brief description and photo.

Colchicum ankara

The corm perennial grows in the steppes and on mountain slopes. The height of the plant is only 5 cm. The lanceolate leaves have a bluish coating. Depending on the temperature, flowering begins in January-March. Colchicum flowers have a pink-purple hue similar to a crocus. However, unlike the crocus, the flowers and leaves of the plant appear simultaneously. Colchicum is a poisonous plant; today it is listed in the Red Book.

Astragalus bristulosa

The perennial herbaceous plant is listed as an endangered species. Currently, it is preserved only in three regions of the southern coast of Crimea. The relic grows on rocks and slopes, its height is 15 cm. The shoots are covered with stiff hairs, the narrow foliage has soft pubescence. The plant has increased drought resistance. Purple flowers bloom in May.

Magnolia grandiflora

The evergreen tree grows up to 30 m. It has a thick trunk and a dense crown. The leathery leaves have a pointed shape. Large white flowers attract attention. Magnolia blooms all summer and bears fruit in mid-autumn. Flowers and fruits contain a large number of essential oil. Today they are widely used in perfumery.

Real lady's slipper

The Red Book perennial of the orchid family is found in the mountain belt, foothills and on the southern coast of Crimea. The length of the flowering stem is 60 cm, the green leaves have an oval-lanceolate shape. The flower is shaped like a shoe, hence the name orchid. During the flowering period, the plant emits a pleasant aroma, attracting insects. Prefers shaded mixed forests and edges, less common in open areas. The main threat to the lady's slipper population is mass collection for bouquets and digging up roots for replanting in gardens.

Snowdrop folded

The perennial bulbous plant belongs to the Amaryllis family. It can be found on the edges of forests, among bushes, and in mountainous areas. The height of the snowdrop is 25 cm, the dark green leaves are covered with a bluish coating. The plant blooms in early spring, flowering lasts about a month. White single flowers exude a delicate aroma. At the end of spring the foliage disappears next year, the growing season continues in the underground part. The number of snowdrops has decreased significantly due to human economic and commercial activities.

Common barberry

Branched and thorny bush grows up to 1.5 m. Yellowish shoots acquire a gray tint with age. The foliage is located in the axils of the spines. In autumn it becomes a rich red color, which gives the bush a decorative appearance. Barberry blooms in May, the flowers are collected in a raceme. Red elliptical berries ripen in September-October. Barberry is considered a medicinal plant. Preparations based on it have choleretic, antispasmodic and diuretic effects. The wood is used to make crafts and souvenirs.

Yew berry

The coniferous tree is a relic of Crimea. It is found in forests and on mountain slopes, very rarely forming small groves. The yew grows very slowly, the annual growth is only 2 cm. The lifespan of the tree is amazing, the age of some individuals is 4000 years. Yew is the only representative of conifers that does not have resin. However, the bark, needles and wood are very poisonous. The tree can be recognized by the conical shape of the crown, red-brown bark and bright red shoots. Wood has been in demand since ancient times; it is heavy, elastic and resistant to rotting. Today, economic use is out of the question. All yew areas on Earth, including Crimea, are protected areas.

Pistachio obtufolia

The tree came to the island from. The lifespan can be 1000 years. The height of the pistachio reaches 8 m, it has a dense crown and ashy-colored bark. The oval leaves are collected in a bunch, the flowers are inconspicuous. The fruits, spherical drupes, ripen in late summer. The plant is drought-resistant, tolerates highly saline soils, but needs intense lighting. Pistachio does not form independent plantings. In many fruits, the seeds simply do not ripen, which is why the tree does not reproduce well. The wood is very dense and heavy. Pistachio is listed in the Red Book; the limiting factors are human activity, disasters, unregulated recreation and erosion.

Walnut

The tree came to Crimea from Greece and gradually spread throughout the peninsula. Adults reach a height of 30 m, the average life expectancy is up to 3-4 centuries. The walnut has a spreading crown with numerous branches. The trunk girth is 2 m. The walnut has a powerful root system that extends 20 m. different sides. The elongated leaves have a specific smell. The fruits are false drupes that contain a single seed. The nuts ripen by early September. Wood has a beautiful pattern, so it is highly valued in furniture production.

Cypress evergreen

The coniferous tree has a pyramidal shape. The height of the trunk is 30 m. The needles are dark green in color pleasant aroma, small cones are covered with a pattern. Cypress is most common on the southern coast of Crimea. Here it forms groves and alleys and actively participates in the formation of a healing climate. The tree reaches its maximum height at the age of 100 years. It tolerates droughts and significant temperature drops well.