When we talk about “types of roofing” and “types of house roofs,” we don’t always clearly understand the difference between these two concepts. Therefore, before we talk about what types of roofs there are, let’s find out the differences in the concepts of “roof” and “roofing”.
The roof (in the traditional sense) is a part of the building structure that provides its protection from all types of precipitation, retains heat or protects against overheating. That is all top design structures. For a modern stone building with flat design- These are floor slabs, heat and waterproofing. Exit, fencing, ventilation ducts and their protection, antenna fastening elements, funnels for releasing storm drains are also roof elements. There is no consensus regarding the identity of the hatch with the lock that hangs the housing unit to prevent people from climbing onto the roof. For a house with an inclined (pitched) structure, this concept includes a load-bearing rafter system or trusses, insulation, water and wind insulation, pipes, weather vanes and roofing.
In fact, from the point of view of Soviet construction science, a roof is a pre-revolutionary and illiterate concept, and only the progressive term “covering” should be used. But in real life, even professional designers and builders rarely use it. Perhaps due to the likelihood of dual interpretation. In part, the definition of “covering” has taken root in relation to structures with a load-bearing reinforced concrete or metal base, mainly flat. And call it “coating” top part St. Basil's Cathedral or the roof of a village hut would not occur to any architect, even though they were taught “correctly.”
The roof is only a shell that protects the coating from atmospheric influences. The roof does not perform load-bearing functions. That is, floor slabs, rafter system, beams, and insulation do not belong to the roof. Often it includes load-bearing preparation of the roof: sheathing, decking, screed. The material laid on the prepared surface: Soviet roofing felt and slate, folk Russian-French ondulin, fabulous German tiles and New Russian copper is called roofing.
Flat and pitched designs
Roofs can be flat or pitched. In accordance with SNiP, roofs with a slope of up to 12° are flat, and those with a greater slope are pitched. On flat roofs, a slope is arranged to drain precipitation; 1.5-3° is sufficient.
The flat roof provides plenty of room for imagination in terms of design.
A pitched roof can be very original look
Attic and non-attic roofs
As the name suggests, an attic roof has an attic, while a non-attic roof does not. The Russian hut, and indeed most types of traditional housing in all countries and peoples, have a ventilated attic. With the exception of mobile housing: yurts, tents, wigwams. This is difficult to do there. Also, the tribes living in the equatorial jungle do not have attics; they do not need them. Attics (technical floors) are found in modern multi-storey residential buildings. Therefore, if the roof is leaking, residents will not find out about it immediately.
Attic-free (synonym - combined) coverings can be pitched (attic) and flat. We are familiar with flat combined structures from panel “Khrushchev” buildings. The attic structure allows you to use the attic as a full-fledged living space. Attic and mansard roofs require good thermal insulation of the upper floor. The roof can also be combined one-story building.
Combined gable roof in one-story house creates the impression of spaciousness
Types of flat coverings
The layout of flat roofs is quite similar; they differ mainly in design. By relative position layers of insulation and waterproofing, in addition to the usual type, inversion roofs are also distinguished; in this case, the hygroscopic (waterproof) insulation is located above the waterproofing layer. As load-bearing structures in flat roofs prefabricated or monolithic reinforced concrete, metal profiles with metal beams can be used, wooden beams with continuous flooring.
The roof structure of a flat roof over a reinforced concrete slab covering is multilayer
The area of flat roofs can be used by laying a covering on which you can walk: ceramic or paving slabs, boardwalk, or by arranging a lawn on the roof.
New York has adopted a program to transform the roofs of public buildings into gardens and lawns.
In fact, installing a lawn on the roof of a house is not as difficult as you might think. Perhaps the only thing that is relatively expensive is a waterproofing polymer membrane. Everything else is quite simple, and grass care is standard: it needs to be mowed and watered during drought. A layer of earth additionally protects the premises from cold in winter and from overheating in summer.
The design of the roof lawn is quite simple. It is necessary to use reliable waterproofing - a roofing polymer membrane
Details of the pitched structure
Before talking about what types of roofs there are, let’s define the main details of pitched roofs and terms. Main elements: ridge, inclined rib, valley (groove). Overhangs are divided into eaves (lower) and pediment (end or gable). For most types of roofing, in addition to the main material, there are separate additional elements for protecting and decorating the roof parts.
The basic elements of pitched roofs are standard.
Let's look at what types of roofs there are depending on the configuration. The shapes of pitched roofs are very diverse. Most often, the simplest in design and rational single-pitch, gable and hip types and roof structures are used.
The first eight types shown in the illustration are available to a private developer of average income. The rest are quite complex and expensive to implement.
Let's consider individual types roofs and their properties in more detail.
Single-pitch roofing
A roof with one slope is as simple as possible structurally and has a minimum number of parts. No ridge, for non-ventilated roof coverings (e.g. flexible tiles, seam roofing) there is no need for special ventilation elements. It is enough to provide a ventilation layer above the insulation, and ventilation holes can be placed in a binder. A pitched roof does not have valleys, ribs and ridges, which are most susceptible to atmospheric influences. Maximum wear roofing in cold climates it occurs in the valley, since snow and ice lie there longer. A simple-shaped roof with a slope to one side is exposed to uniform influence of precipitation, ultraviolet radiation and wind. Snow load is also distributed evenly. Other things being equal pitched roof will last a little longer. And it will cost less: a simpler rafter system, a minimum number of not always cheap additional elements.
Russian project of a standard house with one pitched roof. High slope with living rooms should be oriented towards the sunny side
Shed roofs are quite popular in developed countries. More often they are used for inexpensive, or, conversely, prestigious housing. For a house with an attic, one slope allows you to rationally organize the layout, placing living spaces under the high slope, and stairs, bathrooms, and wardrobes under the low slope. In a premium home, such a roof makes it possible to create a magnificent interior.
To build this country house simple materials were used: wood, galvanized metal profiles and a lot of glass. Large roof overhangs protect walls from precipitation and rooms from overheating. Athermal stained glass windows fill the house with light, open up the landscape and protect people from the cold
A roof with one barrel-shaped slope looks quite interesting
Gable design
The most common form in the world. The gable (gable) roof is traditional in almost all countries where at least some precipitation occurs. It is not much more difficult to build a supporting structure for two slopes than for one. It is very durable, especially if it is possible to build a closed rafter system using a tie.
The tightening (2) tightens the rafter legs (1). From the closed triangular contour, only the vertical load is transferred to the Mauerlat (3) and the wall.
For large spans it is necessary to use additional supports
A gable roof is simple to implement, economical in materials, and not difficult to build yourself. Pediments serve as better places to place windows than slopes; it is not difficult to equip an attic.
The gable roof fits perfectly into the structure frame house, allows rational use of the space on the upper floor
The slopes do not have to have the same slope; the shape of the roof may be asymmetrical. The roof slope is determined mainly by the layout of the second floor.
Peaked roofs half-timbered houses traditionally they hid attics where residents stored some of their supplies. In this reconstructed house, the attic has been converted into living space
The Swiss chalet has a gable roof with a slight slope
The minimal slope and open space of the upper floor create a wonderful, spacious interior
A gable roof can have many options. With a house plan more complex than a simple rectangle, more complex roof shapes are inevitable.
Gable roof with additional gable. With a stretch, it can be called multi-pincer
A gable roof (as well as a single-pitch roof) is perfect for landscaping.
The slope of the green roof should not exceed 25°
Hip view
A hip or hip roof is more complex than a gable roof. Both the rafter system and roofing will cost more. But you won't have to build masonry pediments. With an inexpensive roof covering (asbestos slate, ondulin), a hip roof, taking into account the absence of gables, will cost less than a gable roof. If it's more expensive, it's unlikely. One of the positive properties of the hip structure is the optimal aerodynamic resistance of such a structure, which in general can increase its service life (slightly). Slopes on all sides of the house allow you to make large canopies around the perimeter of the entire structure, providing walls with the best protection from precipitation. But in organizing the attic space, the hipped roof loses.
Simple-shaped hipped attic roof
There are varieties of hip roofs: half-hip (an intermediate type of roof between gable and hip), hip with a visor, or variations thereof.
The main part of the roof is of a rather complex shape - half-hip. To the right is a bay window with a multi-pitched roof and a pediment.
Windows in hip roof have to be built into the slopes, into the roofing. This complicates their design and operation and is often more expensive than placing a window in the pediment.
Dormer windows of this type are called “bull’s eye”
Multi-slope variety
They call it hip hipped roof. But if the house has more than four external corners, there will also be more slopes. A roof with more than four slopes is called multi-slope.
A multi-pitched roof is difficult to construct
A hipped roof is a hipped roof, all the faces (slopes) and edges of which converge at one upper point. This type of roof does not have a horizontal ridge.
Hip roof. It contains three types at once skylights
Attic construction
Roofs are called mansard various forms and types that are united by one common feature: the shape of the slope is made of a broken line to increase the height of the attic rooms. In this way, it is possible to avoid the installation of sloping ceilings and arrange full-fledged rooms upstairs. The broken contour of the rafters can be used for any type of roof: gable, hip, half-hip, and so on.
The rafter structure of the gable mansard roof has been assembled.
The design of the attic roof allows you to connect the upper and lower beams (strings), racks, and rafters into a single truss, which provides it with extreme strength and allows you to slightly reduce the cross-section of the frame elements.
The load from the attic roof truss is transmitted vertically
Installation of load-bearing structures for mansard roofs is more difficult than for prototypes with a straight slope. The roof area is slightly larger. Accordingly, the cost is higher. However, these costs are offset by an increase in the area of normal height on the attic floor.
Mansard roof based on a gable. Additional fractures in the cornice area make it possible to create large overhangs, making the roof vaguely reminiscent of Chinese pagodas
Pleasant to the eye hip mansard roof. The slopes are divided into different volumes, the lower part has a curved shape
Roofs of complex shapes
All kinds of domed, conical and closed roofs are complex in design and were invented by architects to design important public buildings. After the period of “crimson jackets” and “rouble locks” complex roofs in the architecture of individual residential buildings are rare.
Residential building with a complex domed roof
Sometimes complex roofs are composed of known elements and are “hybrids” of different types.
This roof combines the features of gable, hip, half-hip, pyramidal and conical roofs
But people strive to decorate their home and make it unusual. Sometimes there are “hybrid” types of roofs, which are difficult to define unambiguously.
A natural slate roof is definitely not flat. Germany
A simple but unusual roof. To be more precise, this house has two of them, downstairs and upstairs.
The roof of this “dugout” would be intended for sledding in winter if palm trees were not reflected in the windows. And what type is it?
Choosing roofing material for a pitched roof
Types of roofing are determined by the material of the roofing covering. The roof can be tile, metal, shingle, copper, and so on. The choice of roofing is determined primarily by the financial capabilities of the developer, the aesthetic tastes of the wife and himself, and secondly by the shape of the roof and its slope. Roofs of curved shapes are covered with small-piece or flexible coverings; sheet materials are more suitable for simple pitched and gable roofs. In the presence of fractures (oblique ribs, valleys), cutting sheets is less rational.
The table shows minimum slopes roofs for different types of roofing coverings
For roofs of simple shapes, you can use any roofing materials without restrictions. Roofs with complex curved shapes can only be decorated with small pieces ( natural tiles, slate slate, shingles, shingles), flexible (bitumen shingles) coating. Roofing made of galvanized steel, copper, steel with titanium-zinc coating is also suitable, provided that the elements are individually cut and the seam is made on site.
So, we found out what types of roofs there are. What to choose for yourself? First of all, the roof must fit the budget. How more complex form, the more money you have to spend. WITH gable roof Any developer can handle it. In Germany there are 80 percent of such roofs. And why are we worse? If you have the funds, you can think of something more original, but something simple can be done beautifully.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Perhaps many residents apartment buildings faced such problems as leakage, as well as the insufficiently reliable condition of the roof. This includes such disadvantages as poor-quality coating, roof collapse in an old house, etc. That is why major repairs to the roof of an apartment building are one of the most pressing issues for many residents.
Very often, many citizens, turning for help to various authorities involved in home maintenance issues, are faced with their complete inaction, as a result of which the collection of funds for roof repairs in apartment building carried out independently.
However, before contacting such bodies and paying for the services of specialists in roofing work, it is necessary to understand the reason itself. Next we will talk about what types of roofs exist in apartment buildings, as well as the problems that arise in connection with them and ways to solve them.
Types of roofing in apartment buildings
Since there are several types of roofs in multi-story buildings, it is important to understand the features of each of them, since repair work can vary significantly.
According to the design and shape of the roof, they are divided into:
- single-pitched (with different inclined angles);
- gable;
- multi-slope;
- pitchless (standard flat roofs);
- complex (more typical for modern buildings than for old houses).
The roof structure includes an outer covering and an internal support (this can be a rafter system or a reinforced concrete slab). Also mandatory elements are drainage system, as well as layers of insulation and waterproofing. One way or another, when carrying out a major overhaul of the roof of an apartment building, it is imperative to take into account everything design features roofs.
Roof repair methods
Work on the restoration of roofs of buildings with many apartments is usually divided into two large groups: current, or temporary, and capital, or complete.
Thus, current repairs to the roof of an apartment building are carried out if any defects in the roofing system are discovered. Very often, all work comes down to replacing the old and damaged roofing covering, which is usually roofing felt, with a new one, eliminating cracks and crevices that have appeared. Based on the need, the new coating can be laid in either one or two layers. Upon completion repair work All seams and joints of the roofing sheet are completely sealed with special substances.
Regarding finances, this type of repair is not too expensive, so it is more common. However, there is another type current repairs when laying a new roofing sheet is not necessary. At the site of the defect, after a preliminary incision, the edges are folded back and the internal space is carefully cleaned. Next, it is dried using and treated with a layer of construction mastic, both the coating and its base. The edges are returned to their place, after which they must be pressed tightly against each other, waiting for complete adhesion.
Places where rot has appeared are completely cut out, and the roof is cleaned. All defective areas are filled with the same mastic, and then a new piece is glued to the area being treated, close to the old material. Of course, this method of repair is far from the highest quality, but nowadays it is quite common, especially on the roofs of old houses.
A major renovation of the roof of an apartment building involves a complete remodeling of the roof. The old covering is removed from it, after which a fresh screed is poured in and a new roofing carpet is laid in two layers. Such repairs should only be carried out by specialists, since during the work the interior decoration of the apartments located on the upper floors may be damaged.
If the roof of an apartment building is leaking, this may be a consequence of improperly performed work. The main work during a major overhaul consists of fusing roofing material with a special gas burner (read: ""). The underside of the roofing carpet is heated from below, after which the material is carefully pressed against the base of the roof. It is very important to control the temperature of the fire, since its incorrect indicator can lead to the destruction of the material. The covering must be laid according to the overlap principle, and all seams must be treated with construction sealant.
Factors causing roof leaks in apartment buildings
There is only one way to avoid leaks - by performing a major roof repair. The reasons for the occurrence of these unpleasant defects can be very different, but most often they appear after heavy rains or during a period of massive melting of snow cover.
Thus, the causes of roof leaks in apartment buildings may be the following:
Roof leak detection
Before submitting an application for execution overhaul you need to clearly identify the place that is damaged. Most often, this involves comparing the location of the leak and then locating the source of damage on the roof. On soft bitumen roofs This is very easy to do - air bubbles form at the defect site.
In this case, the carpet should be replaced completely, and the necessary area should be thoroughly dried. You should not carry out this work yourself; it is better to entrust the work to specialists. But if there is a desire, detailed descriptions The entire progress of work with videos and photos can always be found in our articles on roofs and their repair.
Sometimes it happens that the problem of leaks on pitched roofs can also be complicated by rotting wooden rafter legs. In this case, not only the roof covering, but also individual structural elements usually need to be replaced.
Roofs based on the fusing principle
As has already become clear, the essence of a major overhaul comes down to the installation of weldable materials. According to existing standards, planned repairs with replacement (if necessary) of individual sections of the coating must be carried out special services Twice a year.
The whole process involves fusing roofing felt and other overlapping materials with a gas burner. Such repairs should be carried out for flat roofs, which are the majority today (read: ""). This material is resistant to moisture, temperature changes, and direct ultraviolet rays.
What to do if the roof is leaking, see details in the video:
The process of repairing pitched roofs
Coating for pitched roofs Usually a different material is used. Often these are sheets of metal, treated with zinc or simply painted. Repair work in this case consists of finding damaged covering elements, replacing them correctly and monitoring the condition of the roof base under the covering. To do this, the material must be removed and necessary work for the restoration of the rafter and sheathing system, as well as the base itself located under the covering.
Sometimes it is impossible not to complete such an important part of the work as replacing the waterproofing layer and installing additional high-quality insulation. If the damage is insignificant, you can simply apply patches and treat all joints with sealant.
Any cracks and crevices should be filled with polyurethane-based sealant and covered with special polyurethane adhesives. It is important that the area of damage to be repaired is degreased and treated with a primer before all work. After the restoration is completed, it is customary to coat the roof with a paint specially designed for a specific roof, the functions of which are to give the coating greater strength and increase its service life.
Residents of apartment buildings, especially the upper floors, often face the problem of roof leaks. First of all, this problem is relevant for residents of old houses, where the roof, due to time and constant exposure to aggressive environmental factors, has become unusable and cracked, as a result.
Laying new roofing felt on the roof of a multi-story building
A problem arises, but not everyone knows how to solve it. And there are often cases when residents of a house carry out roof repairs at the expense of personal funds collected in addition to utilities.
In our article, we will help you figure out what to do and where to apply for the need to repair the roof of your home if it is leaking. The reader will also be able to find out what type of roof his house is, what types of leaks can threaten it, and what causes them.
In every period of time, it was used in the construction of residential apartment buildings. different type roofs, and today there are buildings with the following roofs:
So, if we consider how the types of roofs in construction have evolved, we can see that the oldest buildings have multi-slope roofs, and they were replaced by single-slope roofs, which were supplanted over time. It is the pitchless (flat) roofs in apartment buildings that are most common today.
Modern new buildings are already equipped with a complex relief roof, which allows not only to decorate appearance building, but also to rationally use its surface.
As for the roof structure, all its types have the same components. So, the outer layer of the roof is. This can be liquid roofing material, slate (asbestos-cement covering), tiles (ceramic, bitumen, cement-sand, metal tiles), seams (steel, aluminum, copper), corrugated sheets.
Metal roof covering And this is far from full list roofing materials that are offered by modern construction market, but for apartment buildings it is usually limited to the above positions.
The roofing material is attached and laid on the rafter system or on a flat reinforced concrete slab ceilings Also, any roof is equipped with a waterproofing layer.
Types of roof leaks
Based on the nature of leakage, experts distinguish the following types of leakage: 
- snow leaks that reveal themselves either during the period of rapid snow melting, or at the moment of partial melting of the snow (in the layers of contact of the snow cover with the roofing material);
- storm (rain) leaks detected after the passage of an active rainstorm;
- “dry” leaks, which are a consequence of the accumulation of condensed moisture in the interlayer space of the roofing “pie”, usually occurring during a hot period of time;
- “flickering” leaks that occur haphazardly (in this case, the roof leaks for no apparent reason).
Causes of roof leaks
As in any other case, it is easier to prevent a leak than to deal with its consequences. And in order to implement preventive measures, it is necessary to understand what reasons can cause the appearance of one or another deformation of the roof covering, which leads to the occurrence of a leak.
So, let's look at the main reasons for roof leaks in apartment buildings:
It is quite simple to independently determine the place where active leakage of the roof of a multi-story building occurs, especially if the roof is covered with roofing felt. Air pockets form at leak sites and the roofing material rises above the leak site.
Leak detected - what to do next
It’s worth mentioning right away that unauthorized, hand-made repairs to the roof of an apartment building are strictly prohibited. This should only be done by specialists.
Overlapping the slate roof of an apartment building Therefore, after you have discovered that the roof of your house is leaking, you need to contact your housing maintenance company (HEC) with a request to repair the roof. Sometimes a simple application left over the phone is sufficient, but most often you will still be required to submit a written application.
After this, the degree of destruction of the roofing is assessed and the type of repair is selected. All roofing repair work must be completed by the Housing Office within 5 days from the date of acceptance of your oral (or written) application.
Types of roof repair work
Options for repairing the roof of multi-storey buildings come down to two types. Let's talk about them in more detail.
Repair of roof covering: current
This repair of the roof of an apartment building is carried out when small defects in the old roof covering arise in terms of area or severity.
Full update rafter system roofs of an apartment building As a rule, routine repairs do not involve complete replacement roofing material on the roof, as well as repair of the rafter system (if any). During routine repairs, the old roof covering is patched.
Current repairs can be carried out as planned or upon request when problems arise. emergency situations associated with roof leaks. It can be carried out in any weather, but preferable, of course, is dry and sunny.
This type of repair is the least expensive, and therefore it is used, and often even in cases where the roof already requires drastic measures.
Repair of roof covering: major
This type of roof repair on the roof of an apartment building involves a complete restoration of all elements of the roofing system, starting from the rafters and ending with a complete replacement of the roofing material. 
This type of repair is planned and can be carried out even if the roof is not leaking at the time. Unlike current repairs, which can be carried out in any weather conditions, major repairs are planned for the warm season.
During a major overhaul, 100% dismantling of the failed roof covering is carried out, as well as complete renovation and restoration of the underlying structure. If the roof has truss structure, the rafter system is being replaced. If the roofing material was laid on a reinforced concrete slab, then a fresh screed is poured, as well as the waterproofing layer is restored.
The process of pouring a new screed on the roof of a house After completing the construction of the roof base, new roofing material is laid. In apartment buildings with flat roof lay sheets of roofing felt. To do this, use a burner (gas), the flame temperature of which must be strictly regulated. Otherwise, you can spoil the quality of the roofing material even at the stage of its installation, which will lead to the rapid occurrence of leaks.
The technology for laying rolled or sheet roofing felt is familiar to professionals, whose services must be resorted to without fail when organizing and carrying out repair work on the roof of an apartment building.
In frame-panel buildings with an incomplete transverse frame, the beams of the outer spans rest at one end on the columns of the internal rows, and at the other end - on external longitudinal load-bearing elements reinforced in the support areas of the beams panel walls(see Fig. 3.3 d) and load-bearing elements of floor slabs or slab panels are laid on these beams.
In the case of an incomplete longitudinal frame, the beams are supported on the columns of the internal rows, and the floor elements in the form of flooring slabs or panel slabs are supported on the internal side by the longitudinal beams, and on the other side by the external longitudinal load-bearing panel walls. In case of incomplete frames, columnar foundations are installed under the columns, and prefabricated strip foundations or pile foundations or solid foundations are installed under the external load-bearing walls: common or separate for columns and walls.
With a complete beamless frame (see Fig. 3.3 d), the floor elements in the form of slabs-panels are supported: with reinforced corners on the ends of the columns (resulting in the formation of a platform joint between column elements adjacent in height (Fig. 4.3 A) or on the console of the columns ( Fig. 4.14), arranged along the perimeter of the columns in the form of consoles-collars (an option for a hidden joint between slab-panels and columns and a possible contact joint between adjacent elements of columns). In addition, the floor elements in the form of slab-panels can be supported on cutouts in the top ones. the supporting ends of the column elements, forming a combined joint between the column elements (Fig. 4.15).
Rice. 4.14. A variant of the unit for supporting floor slabs on the collar consoles of columns of an incomplete beamless frame.
Rice. 4.15. A variant of a unit for supporting floor slabs on cutouts in the upper supporting ends of the column elements.
With an incomplete beamless frame (see Fig. 3.3 e), the floor elements in the form of slab panels are supported inside the building on columns in the same way as with a complete beamless frame, and in the extreme spans - on external longitudinal load-bearing panel walls. Inside buildings with beamless frames, floor slabs, in addition to columns, are also supported by diaphragm walls at their locations.
In Fig. 4.16 A, 4.16 B, 4.16 C and 4.16 D show options for plans for the first and standard floors, foundations, floors and roofs of a 9-story frame-panel residential building with an incomplete beamless frame.
Rice. 4.16 A. Plan of the first floor of a 9-story residential building with an incomplete beamless frame.
Rice. 4.16 B. Plan typical floor A 9-storey residential building with an incomplete beamless frame.
Rice. 4.16 B. Foundation plan for a 9-story residential building with an incomplete beamless frame.
Rice. 4.16 D. Floor plan of a 9-story residential building with an incomplete beamless frame.
Rice. 4.16 D. Roof plan of a 9-story residential building with an incomplete beamless frame.
4.5. Coatings in large-panel and frame-panel housing construction
Coverings in large-panel residential buildings are made of low-slope attics (slope up to 5%) from prefabricated reinforced concrete elements. In this case, the coverings can be with a cold or warm attic (Fig. 4.17) or with a combined (“open”) warm-cold attic (Fig. 4.18), and the roofing of the coverings is made of rolls, rollless or mastic. In coatings with a combined warm-cold attic, the insulation laid on the attic floor must be protected from below and above with a vapor barrier.
The load-bearing elements of attic coverings are solid smooth, ribbed or corrugated slabs and drainage tray panels, which are laid on external and internal walls located above the attic floor. Depending on the design solution and additional functions performed, coating slabs can be single-layer or multi-layer. Instead of internal walls in the attic volume there are large panel houses Supporting elements can be installed on load-bearing walls, for example, in the form of prefabricated reinforced concrete frames or other similar structures.
In Fig. 4.19 A and 4.19 B show options for diagrams, sections and joints of rolled roofing and other covering elements with a cold attic, and in Fig. 4.20 A and 4.20 B - the same elements, but with a roll-free roof. Accordingly, in Fig. 4.21 A and 4.21 B and 4.22 A and 4.22 B options are shown constructive solutions coverings with a warm attic.
Rice. 4.17. Constructive solutions for reinforced concrete coverings with a cold and warm attic: A – with a cold attic and roll roofing; B – the same with a roll-free roof; B – with a warm attic and roll roofing; G – the same with roll-free roofing; 1 - support element; 2 – panel attic floor ; 3 – insulation; 4 – roofing ribbed covering panel; 5 – rolled carpet; 6 – drainage tray panel; 7 – support frame; 8 - protective layer
; 9 – vapor barrier; 10 – roofing material; 11 – façade supporting element; 12 – roll-free reinforced concrete covering panel; 13 – waterproofing layer made of mastic or painting materials; 14 – U-shaped cover plate; 15 – drainage funnel; 16 – ventilation unit (shaft); 17 – intra-attic head of the ventilation unit; 18 – lightweight concrete thermal insulation panel; 19 – elevator machine room; 20 – lightweight concrete drainage tray panel; 21 – two-layer roof covering panel; 22 – pan for collecting condensate. Rice. 4.18. Schematic diagram constructive solution reinforced concrete covering
with a combined (open) “warm-cold” attic with a roll roof: 1 – exhaust shaft; 2 – tray for collecting condensate; 3 – intra-attic head of the ventilation unit.
Rice. 4.19 A. Option for a constructive solution for a roof with a cold attic and a roll roof: A – diagram of the roof plan; 1 – ventilation units; 2 – drainage funnel; 3 – attic floor; 4 – fascia panel; 5 – thrust element of the fascia panel; 6 – insulation; 7 – support frame; 8 – tray panel; 9 – ribbed reinforced concrete covering panel; 10 – roofing carpet; 11 – additional roofing carpet; 12 – protective apron made of roofing steel; 13 – insulation made of mineral wool mats. Rice. 4.19 B. Options for connecting the roof structures with a cold attic and roll roofing (to Fig. 4.19.A): A – solution option for a cornice unit with a lattice fencing; B – the same with the parapet; 1 – fascia panel; 2 –; 13 – mineral wool insulation; 14 – strip of rolled material glued to one of the covering panels; 15 – support frame; 16 – embedded part; 17 – connecting element; 18 – tray panel; 19 – drainage funnel; 20 – sealing mastic; 21 – drainage funnel pipe.
Rice. 4.20 A. Option for a constructive solution for a roof with a cold attic and a roll-free roof: A – diagram of the roof plan; 1 – covering panel; 2 – drainage funnel; 3 – ventilation unit; 4 – attic floor; 5 – thrust element of the fascia panel; 6 – tray panel; 7 – U-shaped cover plate; 8 – insulation; 9 – support frame; 10 – cement mortar; 11 – sealant; 12 – head of the ventilation unit.
Fig. 4.20 B. Options for interfaces between roof structures with a cold attic and roll-free roofing (to Fig. 4.20 A): A and B – options for roof fencing structures; D and D - design options expansion joint; 1 – covering panel; 2 – anchor outlet; 3 – fence post; 4 – U-shaped cover plate; 5 – mastic or painting waterproofing; 6 – cement mortar; 7 – fascia panel; 8 – sealant; 9 – roofing spikes with a pitch of 600 mm; 10 – roofing steel; 11 – protective apron made of roofing steel; 12 – embedded part; 13 – connecting element; 14 – tray panel; 15 – drainage funnel; 16 – sealing gasket made of porous rubber around the perimeter of the drain pipe; 17 – funnel clamp; 18 – insulation made of mineral wool mats; 19 – drain pipe of the drainage funnel; 20 – insulating mastic; 21 – hairpin; 22 – metal washer; 23 – steel strip every 600 mm; 24 – compensator made of roofing steel; 25 – internal
Wall panels
Rice. 4.21 B. Options for connecting the roofing structures with a warm attic and roll roofing (to Fig. 4.21 A): A – solution option for a cornice unit with lattice fencing; B – the same with the parapet; 1 – fascia panel; 2 – insulation; 3 – anchor release; 4 – roofing spikes with a pitch of 600 mm; 5 – roofing steel; 6 – fence post; 7 – three additional layers of roofing roll material; 8 – roofing carpet; 9 – concrete side stone; 10 – cement mortar; 11 – protective apron made of roofing steel; 12 – lightweight concrete covering panel; 13 – sliding strip made of rolled material; 14 – support frame;
15 – tray panel; 16 – two additional layers of roofing made of mastics reinforced with glass fabric or fiberglass mesh; 17 – filling with bitumen mastic; 18 – drainage funnel; 19 – jet straightener; 20 – sleeve made of asbestos-cement pipe Ø 150 mm; 21 – rubber gasket; 22 – clamping clamp; 23 – drain pipe of the drainage funnel; 24 – filling with sealing mastic; 25 – ventilation shaft; 26 – tow soaked in hot bitumen; 27 – umbrella made of roofing steel; 28 – steel pipe with flange; 29 – attic floor slab. Rice. 4.22 A. Option for a constructive solution for a roof with a warm attic and a roll-free roof: A – diagram of the roof plan; 1 – two-layer insulated non-roll panel covering; 2 – exhaust shaft; 3 – protective umbrella; 4 – two-layer tray panel; 5 – fascia panel;
6 – head
ventilation shaft
F – separate structure with roll roofing; I - separate structure with roll-free roofing; K – combined panel single-layer structure; L – combined panel three-layer structure; M - the same construction production; 1 – attic floor panel; 2 – insulation; 3 – fascia panel; 4 – covering panel with roll-free roofing;
5 – supporting element; 6 – single-layer lightweight concrete covering panel; 7 – roofing carpet; 8 – three-layer coating panel; 9 – cement-mortar screed; 10 – layer of expanded clay for slope construction; 11 – vapor barrier made of rolled material on mastic. Coverings in frame-panel buildings can be installed as attics with a cold, warm or combined attic, but more often they are made without attics of a combined or separate structure (Fig. 4.23). Load-bearing elements of roofless roofs - prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs - in large-panel houses
They are supported on longitudinal or transverse load-bearing walls, and in frame-panel houses - on transverse or longitudinal beams of the frames. In the attic version, the external attic walls in frame-panel houses are made self-supporting or non-load-bearing from frieze panels attached to the frame elements.
Lawyers and realtors spoke about how residents and developers of multi-storey buildings are trying to equip existing roofs and what comes out of it
The roofs of standard high-rise buildings in Russia are extremely rarely used by residents of houses. Realtors and lawyers who specialize in real estate told the editors about this. At the same time, there are often bars and restaurants on the roofs of new buildings in the center of Moscow, and on the roofs of houses that are to be built as part of renovation, authorities and bushes.
Such methods of use assume that the roof is put into circulation with the help of external forces - management companies, business structures or government institutions controlled by the mayor's office. The editors of RBC-Real Estate decided to find out how residents of an apartment building can make a serviceable roof on their own.
How to legalize a roof: instructions
“In order to install any additional structures on the roof, it must be transferred to the property of the house and a decision must be made on reconstruction. This decision is made by the general meeting of owners,” said Vladimir Starinsky, managing partner of the Starinsky, Korchago and Partners bar association. - Only when the roof is transferred to the category of exploitation will all residents of the house have access to it. Until this moment, only employees of service companies have this right (according to the resolution of the State Construction Committee).”
“In a normal situation, all technical premises, including basements, attics and the entrance to the roof, must be locked (“Rules and Standards for the Operation of Housing Funds”),” confirmed Victoria Aptekina, leading lawyer of the European Legal Service. — One set of keys must be kept with the dispatcher on duty or in the room of the technician-master of the housing maintenance organization, and the second - in one of the apartments on the top floor. Only representatives of the management company and contractor when carrying out work."
Sometimes residents of the upper floors unauthorizedly plant vegetable gardens on the roofs of their houses - this is illegal (Photo: TASS/Roman Saponkov)
All apartment owners must vote for the legalization of the roof - in this case, the two-thirds vote rule does not apply, noted Starinsky and Aptekina. With a protocol that reflects the absolute consent of all neighbors, you can go to Rosreestr, where the roof is recognized as the property of the house, lawyers advise.
At this point, the process will be 50% complete: the next step is the second meeting of homeowners. The main question here should be specific type use of the roof. It is impossible to resolve these two issues at once, since voting for or against the arrangement of a swimming pool or barbecue area on the roof is prohibited until the roof has officially become the property of the residents, lawyers pointed out.
All costs for arranging and re-equipping a legalized roof are borne by apartment owners. Who should pay how much is decided at a meeting of owners. “There is a nuance: most likely, not everyone will give money for roof installation, but according to the law, every owner has the right to use it. But you will be able to stay on this roof around the clock,” said Victoria Aptekina.
“At the second meeting, two-thirds of the votes are already enough to choose the purpose of reconstruction,” says Aptekina. “Then the resolution of the second meeting is sent to the Institute of Housing Design to prepare a reconstruction project. Further finished project must be agreed upon with representatives of construction supervision and the local authorities of the municipality on whose territory the house is located. Only after this can we begin reconstruction.”
If at least one link in the chain of roof legalization is broken, the owner will be obliged to demolish any building at his own expense, the European Legal Service warned. “If it was not possible to hold the tenant accountable (for example, due to his prolonged absence from the apartment), then he will work as a “bulldozer” Management Company, which will then recover all costs from the culprit through the court. And the owner will also be fined for unauthorized seizure of the roof and its damage, which is inevitable during the construction of anything,” Aptekina concluded.
Real experience
Improvement of the roof area can increase the cost of apartments by up to 8% in the case of public access, the NDV-Real Estate agency calculated at the request of the editors. “The figure will increase to 15-20% for apartments with private use - in this case it is indicated that the apartment has a terrace,” said Elena Mishchenko.
Meet real examples exploited roof is possible in isolated cases. Most of these objects are located in the center of Moscow, realtors stated. “This is the privilege of expensive houses of business class and above. This format can also be offered by low-rise mansions removed from the housing stock,” according to NDV-Real Estate.
Owners of apartments in the mass segment are unable to make the roof usable because they cannot go through all the procedures necessary for approval, the real estate agency Megapolis-Service told RBC Real Estate. “For example, in Mytishchi, owners of two-level apartments in some new buildings that have recently been commissioned have room for creativity,” said Vera Larionova, director of the Mytishchi division of the Megapolis-Service company. “They can access the roof through the so-called veranda, around which the territory that de facto belongs to the owners of this or that two-level apartment is fenced off with posts.”
In 2013, a Beijing resident built a villa on the roof of an apartment building. Due to complaints from residents about water leaks and the threat of collapse of supporting structures, the villa had to be demolished (Photo: Whitehotpix / ZUMAPRESS.com)
“Many of the residents rushed to take advantage of the situation, trying to arrange winter Garden, a rest room or something similar,” Larionova continued. — Apartment owners built additional walls from transparent or lightweight structures. All buildings were brought into full compliance with the architectural style of the complex, but in practice it was not possible to legitimize all this. On the part of the real estate community, I was even a member of the commission that dealt with this issue, however, agreeing that de facto residents of such houses have the right to arrange the territory that belongs to them on the roof of the house, to formalize this correctly with legal side It still hasn’t worked.”
Not only residents, but also developers are unable to legitimize a roof that is in use, as follows from the experience of realtors. According to the Megapolis-Service company, in the urban-type settlement of Sverdlovsky, Shchelkovsky district, Moscow region, the developer of a new residential complex, recently put into operation, in a promotional video promised residents to equip recreation areas with sun loungers on the roofs of two high-rise buildings - and to do it officially. As a result, the developer did not succeed, and all attempts at such actions were regarded by the authorities as self-construction, Larionova concluded.
Its specificity manifests itself in the south of Russia, where the warm climate contributes to a more active desire of residents to use their own roof. “It would seem that in Anapa the issue of arranging recreation areas on the roofs of houses should have been resolved long ago. However, nothing like this is happening here. Yes, there are individual examples of when residents of modern new high-rise buildings try to create with their own hands some semblance of recreation areas on the roof of a building, but such cases, firstly, are isolated and are not widespread, and secondly, no one can legitimize the changes doesn’t even try,” said CEO agency "Megapolis-Service" in Anapa Vitaly Didenko.
