Russian artistic painting is part of the decorative applied arts and a bearer of folk art traditions, connecting generations of masters and craftsmen in all corners of our Motherland. It initially arose within individual subsistence farms, and later grew into entire folk crafts that created goods for the market, both domestic and foreign.

Such crafts were no longer carried out by individual craftsmen and their families, but by entire individual localities and villages, thanks to which they received their name, fame and recognition not only in their homeland, but also far beyond its borders.

The main paintings of Russian folk crafts:

Gorodets wood painting

Gorodets painting was developed in the mid-19th century in the city of Gorodets, Nizhny Novgorod region, and was an image of genre scenes from the Russian merchant class in bright colors on a golden background, and also depicted various flower arrangements and patterns, animals (horses, roosters). A distinctive feature of this painting is bright, saturated colors, images made with free strokes, and a black graphic outline. This type of painting was used to decorate spinning wheels, chests, shutters, furniture, and door leaves.

Palekh painting on boxes

Palekh miniature is characterized by an image on dark wooden or metal base various genre scenes from the life of our ancestors, the Russians folk tales, famous historical events. The style is named after the village of Palekh, Ivanovo region, where this artistic painting was developed. It was applied mainly to boxes, trays, salt shakers, plates, various panels and wooden decorations.

Zhostovo painting on trays

Zhostovo painting originates in the village of Zhostovo, Trinity Province, near Moscow, where at the beginning of the 19th century the Vishnyakov brothers began painting metal trays, pallets, sugar bowls, caskets, cigarette cases, and varnished albums. On a black background, floral arrangements of large and small elements were depicted, made with broad strokes using bright, saturated colors.

Vyatka wood painting

The history of Vyatka painting goes back to the distant past, when on the territory ancient Rus' There was a Slavic Vedic culture, which was later forgotten and lost its significance for the Russian people who adopted Christianity. Some traces of it have been preserved in traditional folk crafts, in elements of decorating clothing, housing and household items. Ancient Vedic patterns were preserved in embroidery patterns, in artistic painting on spinning wheels and chests; they acted as a kind of amulet and energetic guide in a person’s life according to the script already painted for him by God. Vyatka painting is characterized by the display of all images in a simplified, symbolic form. The main motifs are images of the main deities of the Father Sun and Mother Earth; the main place in the ornaments was devoted to solar (solar) symbolism and the image of the cosmic structure of the world. So the circle in the center symbolized the sun, its energy was transmitted by wide, rounded strokes. The main colors were bright red (symbolizing the Supreme Deity of the Family), black, yellow and orange; for contrast, blue and green were added, symbolizing the water elements, and the presence of white, a symbol of the Primordial White Light, was also required.

Khokhloma painting originated in the 17th century in the Trans-Volga region near the village of Khokhloma, in the Nizhny Novgorod lands; it is an ancient artistic painting on wood in rich red-gold tones on a dark, plain varnish base. Bizarrely intertwined herbal patterns consisting of ripe, red strawberries and rowan berries, bright colors and fancy curls, golden leaves on a black lacquer background - main feature this painting, which was applied to wooden dishes, furniture, figurines and nesting dolls.

Gzhel painting - a type of painting on clay ceramic products, which is characterized by the execution of floral ornaments of different shades of blue, made on a white background. This style of painting is called after the name of the Gzhel bush of the same name, which includes 27 villages of the Ramenskoye district in the Moscow region. This pattern was mainly applied to dishes, vases, teapots, and cutting boards.

Russian artistic painting has deep folk roots and traditions and is connected with the life, morals and customs of our ancestors. Products using it carry a charge of human warmth, creative talent and a piece of the soul of a person who invested in it skill and a unique vision of beauty, which was passed down from generation to generation by our distant ancestors.

Olga Kushpa
Project “Russian folk arts and crafts” using non-traditional drawing techniques

PROJECT on the topic: Russian folk arts and crafts.

Using unconventional drawing techniques.

Project author: teacher at MBDOU DS No. 4

Kushpa Olga Vasilievna

Project type: informational – creative, group, educational.

Project type: short-term (1 week).

Project participants: children 3-5 years old, parents, teachers of different age groups.

Project implementation stages:

28.11 – 2.12 -2016

Objective of the project: Development of children's artistic creativity, interest in independent creative activity, through unconventional drawing techniques.

Project objectives:

Educational: Introduce children to folk arts and crafts: Dymkovo and Filimonov toys. To form elementary ideas about the types of genres of art, means of expression in various types art. Arouse children's interest in folk art. Improve the ability to draw a pattern with a brush and a stamp. Learn to use plant elements. Become familiar with different types of painting. Improve skills in drawing, modeling, appliqué, and applied arts.

Educational: Bring up emotional responsiveness when perceiving works of fine art. To cultivate desires and skills of interaction when creating teamwork. Foster a culture of verbal communication. Enrich your vocabulary of words. Instill hard work, skill, and patience.

Educational: To develop children's aesthetic senses, artistic perception, the beauty of the surrounding world, folk works professional art(book illustrations, folk crafts, puppet theater, exhibition of children's works). Fix the patterns of Dymkovo and Filimonov toys (stripes and herringbones, circles, pokes - using non-traditional drawing techniques, as well as wavy, inclined and broken lines). Ability to vary colors. From light tone to the dark, when mixing yellow and blue, add a green stroke. Fasten color - red, black. Develop attention, thinking, creative imagination, visual memory, ability to analyze, develop fine motor skills.

Relevance:

It is not without reason that Old Russian art is a subject of our national pride. Its roots go back to ancient times. All products were created manually, and each master did everything himself from start to finish. The secrets of mastery were kept and passed on from teacher to student, from generation to generation - this was the path to perfection. Products from miracle crafts lifted my spirits. Folk toys introduce children to artistic craft. Using non-traditional drawing techniques, children develop creative initiative, gain confidence, activity, and independence; fosters interest in folk art. This world is fabulously elegant, beautiful and expressive in the plastic figures of animals, people, and birds. Children develop delight and joy in their bright colorful ornaments.

Expected result:

Children will get acquainted with the history of Russian folk culture. Folk crafts Dymkovo and Filimonov toys: matryoshka, whistle, rag doll. The ability to draw the simplest elements of toys will be developed. A variety of tasks enrich your vocabulary. Develop logical and creative thinking. Children get acquainted with small folklore forms. Continue to get acquainted with non-traditional drawing techniques; signet - poke, painted immediately with a brush, without preliminary drawing with a pencil. And also using cotton buds. Drawing with colored threads. Developing hand motor skills. Interest in drawing appears. They learn about the beautiful and the good, learn to admire beauty. Creation of a folder “Patterns of Masters”, exhibition of handicrafts by parents and children.

Project implementation stages:

1. Stage – preparatory:

Study and selection of material. Development of the project structure. Drawing up an action plan. Selection of games (didactic, role-playing, active); poems, riddles, fairy tales, illustrations. Design of an information stand for parents.

2. Main stage:

Determining the topic of the project and its relevance. Defining goals and objectives. Selection of literature, didactic material. Consultation with parents about the project. Acquaintance with folk crafts. Dymkovo toy, Filimonovskaya toy. Looking at illustrations. Learning poems, riddles, nursery rhymes, reading fairy tales. Conducting physical exercises. Finger games. Creation of an album “patterns of folk crafts”. Making toys from plasticine “chicken whistle and horseman”. Working with scissors.

3. Final stage:

Exhibition of drawings (Dymkovo and Filimonov patterns). Sun pattern (using an unconventional drawing technique, a large and small poke signet, cotton swabs, colored threads. Telling poems, nursery rhymes, knowing riddles. Designing a group work. “Duck with ducklings.” “Turkey” coloring pages, complete the pattern of the Dymkovo turkey Making toys (Filimonov and Dymkovo).

OA methods:

Method of examination, clarity. Verbal - (conversation, poetry, stories, observation riddles, artistic expression). Practical- (independent activity) Problem-motivational (involving children in a problem situation during the lesson. Co-creation of interaction between teacher and child. Motivational, persuasion, encouragement.

Educational field: artistic and aesthetic development, visual activity. Integration educational areas, speech development, physical development, cognitive development, Social and communicative development.

Activities of the teacher:

Selection of appropriate material, literary sources, illustrations on the topic: “Russian folk crafts.” Prepare teaching aids, visual aids, and a card index of didactic games. Materials and equipment. Invite parents to participate in the implementation of the project.

Work with children:

Conducting OD on artistic creativity cognition. Conversations on the topic: “Russian crafts.” Examination of illustrations about decorative and applied arts. They independently make a large and small stamp signet for selecting paints. Reading and memorizing the poems “Rider” and “My toys”. Protection of baby books under the “Folk Crafts” project. Organization and exhibition of children's works, reading of the fairy tale “Bull - Black Barrel”, development of puppet theater. Filimonovskaya toy" - making patterns. Exhibition of handicrafts for parents and children “Horseman”, “Svestulka”.

Working with parents:

Design of an information stand. Album design: “Patterns of Filimonov and Dymkovo masters.” Making crafts of your choice using any waste material.

Project implementation plan:

Conversation: “Acquaintance with folk arts and crafts.”

Tasks: Examine the Dymkovo toy, answer questions about color, variety of geometric pattern elements. Selection of colors from the Dymkovo palette on a sheet. Develop taste, sense of color.

D\I “Make a pattern”

Independent production of a large and small signet-poke for painting a pattern (from a sheet of paper).

Lesson: Dymkovo patterns.

Objectives: Learn to draw a pattern with a brush. Introduce children to non-traditional techniques of drawing with a signet-poke. Drawing a sun pattern. Learn to hold the brush correctly. Develop creativity and thinking.

Finger game “I’ll roll it in my hands...”

Lesson: Painting the Dymkovo horse.

Objectives: Learn to paint the Dymkovo horse yourself. Use non-traditional drawing techniques (poke sign). Carefully cut out the object along the contour. Learning the poem "Horse". Looking at illustrations. Physical exercise "Carousel".

Lesson: applique - Fun performance.

Objectives: Teach children how to apply glue correctly. Carefully stick it onto a sheet of paper. Instill independence. Cultivate interest in folk art.

Reading the poem “We brought clay.”

Lesson: Modeling a Dymkovo horse.

Objectives: Teach children to sculpt a Dymkovo horse from plasticine. Strengthen the skills of the sequence of connecting and smearing parts of the toy.

When connecting, use jars of water and a cloth. Learning the poem “What is Dymkovo famous for?”

D\I “What has changed?”

Lesson: “Duck with ducklings” (team work)

Objectives: Teach children to draw along the contour. Hold the brush correctly. Develop independence and creativity. The bird's chest and wings are decorated with the sun. Using non-traditional drawing techniques (cotton swabs)

Finger gymnastics “We play with a cotton swab”

Physical exercise “Our ducks in the morning”

Reading the fairy tale “Bull-Black Barrel”.

Lesson: Drawing “flower” with colored threads.

Objectives: Acquaintance with non-traditional drawing techniques - with elements of Filimonovo “flower” painting. Examination of Filimonov toys, where the element “flower” is found. Learn to draw without a brush, using (glue, wooden sticks, green, red threads).

Finger gymnastics “Thread”

P\I “Matryoshkas and mice”,

“Like ours at the gate.” (poems based on a Russian folk song).

Occupation: Whistle chicken. (dough-plastic)

Objectives: Introduce children to modeling the Filimonovskaya whistle toy from dough. Please note that Filimonov toys have sound. Enrichment of vocabulary words. Instill the skills of hard work and patience. Enjoy your craft.

Finger game "Cockerel"

Funny nursery rhymes (wooden spoons, tambourine)

Clever fairy tale “The Legend of a Skillful Craftsman”

Independent activities of children

Objectives: Develop spatial imagination. Instill independence in creative activities. Use familiar drawing techniques. Shape creative personality. Instill a love for arts and crafts.

Activity: Dress for a turkey.

Nursery rhyme "Turkey-Turkey-Turkey."

D\I "Matryoshka"

Conclusion of the project

Children of the younger mixed-age group got acquainted with Filimonov and Dymkovo paintings by craftsmen. We learned how to paint using a poke stick. We found out what toys children used to play with. Parents and children made albums with the masters' patterns and one of the toys (plasticine, dough plastic, embroidery). We learned how to print circles, dots, straight and oblique sticks. Using materials of unconventional drawing (cotton swabs, corks, a poke tube).

Mezen painting

Mezen wood painting or palaschel painting - type of painting household utensils- spinning wheels, ladles, boxes, bratins, which developed by the beginning of the 19th century in the lower reaches of the Mezen River. The oldest dated spinning wheel with Mezen painting dates back to 1815, although graphic motifs of such painting are found in handwritten books of the 18th century made in the Mezen region. In terms of style, Mezen painting can be classified as one of the most archaic types of painting that survived into the 20th century. The objects are densely dotted with a fractional pattern - stars, crosses, dashes, made in two colors: black - soot and red - “earth paint”, ocher. The main motifs of the geometric ornament - solar disks, rhombuses, crosses - resemble similar elements of triangular-notched carving.

Polkhov-Maidan painting

Polkhov-Maidan painting is one of the youngest artistic crafts in Russia. It got its name from the large village of Polkhovsky Maidan in the south of the Nizhny Novgorod region. Almost every family here makes and sells wooden painted toys. The Polkhov-Maidan toy, or as the masters themselves call it “tararushka,” appeared in the late 1920s. Since the 1960s, residents of the village of Krutets, located near the village of Polkhovsky Maidan, began to make a similar toy. The main motifs of the patterns of this painting are flowers: rose, poppy, chamomile, tulip, rosehip. There is also a plot painting. Most often this is a rural landscape with a river, houses, a church and a mill on the bank, as well as the obligatory red dawn in the sky.

Pizhemskaya painting

Pizhem painting has been known since the 17th century. One of the oldest paintings of the Russian North. The northern Pechora River and its tributaries Tsilma, Pizhma and others are places where in the 19th and early 20th centuries. there was a small center for graphic painting. The formation of the style of Pizhem painting was strongly influenced by the handwritten tradition of the Old Believers since the time of Avvakum. There were entire dynasties of copyists of pre-Nikon books, known throughout Pechora; They marked the beginning of a kind of Pizhem painting. Pizhem painting was done with watercolors - red, green, yellow, black. The main Pizhem painting is a geometric pattern made with black paint (soot using larch resin) in the form of rhombuses, crosses, dots, etc., with a slight addition of red and green paint.

Guslitskaya painting

Guslitsky painting dates back to the 17th century. This painting existed until the 20th century, when the handwritten book was supplanted by the printed one. Guslitsa - this is how the area near Moscow has long been called in the south-eastern part along the Guslitsa River, which flows into the Moscow River (the territory of part of the modern Orekhovo-Zuevsky and Yegoryevsky districts of the Moscow region). In Guslitsy, icon painting, cult copper-cast plastic, and sewing developed. In the 60-70s. XIX century In the settlement of Abramovka, the underground Old Believer printing house of the peasant E.P. Piskunov functioned. The art of copying and decorating books was widespread in the Guslitz area. The Guslitsky singing manuscripts were especially famous. The “Guslitsky” style of book design developed by the last quarter of the 18th century. The specificity of the painting is shining colors: blue, light blue, pink, turquoise, combined with abundant gilding.

Rakul painting

Rakul painting appears in the first half of the 19th century in the village of Ulyanovskaya, located at the confluence of the Rakulka River with the Northern Dvina (now Krasnoborsky district of the Arkhangelsk region). The ornament of the Rakulka painting is very close to the graphics of the miniatures of the famous Vygov manuscripts - liturgical and instructional books produced by the Old Believers. The Rakulka paintings are usually dominated by black and golden-ocher colors, which are accompanied by rich green and brownish-red. The color scheme is very strict and harmonious, the plasticity of the elements is laconic. The elements of the Rakul ornament are large, their shape is limited by a clear black outline. Small decorative elements- vignettes and veins are done in black or white: the veins of leaves running along a rich color background are predominantly drawn in white.

Sheksninskaya gilded painting

“Sheksninskaya gilded woman” is one of the traditional paintings of the Russian North. It decorated peasant household items and was distributed to small area– in the southern part of the Sheksninsky district of the Vologda region. Local residents called the painting “gilded”. This name entered the scientific circulation of the newly opened center of folk paintings. The painting is graphic, its color scheme is based on a combination of red, gold and black, traditional for ancient Russian icon painting. Bizarre plants with strange leaves, flowers and fruits, on the branches of which sit proud birds with an eagle look and a tail, sometimes turning into a floral pattern - Here are the main motives of this painting. The origins of the Sheksninskaya gilder have roots in ancient Russian culture, reminiscent of the ornaments of icons and handwritten books.

Khokhloma painting

Khokhloma is a decorative painting of wooden utensils and furniture, made in red, green and black tones on a golden background. When painting, it is not gold, but silver-tin powder that is applied to the tree. After this, the product is coated with a special composition and processed three or four times in the oven, which achieves a honey-golden color, giving the light wooden utensils a massive effect. The painting looks bright despite the dark background. To create a picture, colors such as red, yellow, orange, a little green and blue are used. Also, the color of gold is always present in the painting. Traditional elements of Khokhloma - red juicy berries rowan and strawberry, flowers and branches. Birds, fish and animals are often found.

Boretsk painting

Boretsk painting is a Russian folk art craft, painting on wood. It has existed since the 18th century. Initially, there was one center for painting - the village of Borok (Shenkursky district) in the middle reaches of the Northern Dvina River (it arose on the banks of the Dvina when the Dvina region was settled by Novgorodians in the 11th-12th centuries). The most commonly used colors in painting: red, green, brown, orange, yellow. The ornament consists of rhombuses, circles, droplets, and triangles. All elements are outlined in black. The symbol of Boretsk painting is the Tree of Life. A huge flower with a straight stem, around which flowers, birds, berries, and graceful leaves are depicted. The composition could be based on genre scenes: tea drinking, festivities.

Petersburg painting

St. Petersburg painting arose from the study of trays created in the 19th century in St. Petersburg. Characterized by special sophistication. White flowers with golden leaves on a black background. Leaves and flowers are painted with special, translucent strokes. A special atmosphere is created in St. Petersburg - the city of white nights. The main motifs of the design are flowers: daffodils, peonies, daisies; the composition is characterized by grace and dynamism. A special technique can be considered the active use of the background as an additional visual element. White and gold translucent strokes are placed so that the emerging background creates a unique atmosphere of mystery. Nowadays it is a little-known form of household art. And in late XIX- at the beginning of the 20th century, white, translucent flowers with golden leaves began to bloom on the black background of the trays.

Gorodets painting

Gorodets painting is a Russian folk art craft. It has existed since the mid-19th century in the area of ​​the city of Gorodets. Bright, laconic Gorodets painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns), made in a free stroke with a white and black graphic outline, decorated spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, and doors. In Nizhny Novgorod paintings, two types can be distinguished - Pavlovsk and Gorodets paintings. Gorodets painting originates from carved Gorodets spinning wheels: figures were cut out of a different type of wood and inserted into a recess of the appropriate shape. Inserts made of dark bog oak stand out in relief on the light surface of the bottom. Having only two shades of wood and a simple tool, folk craftsmen turned the surface of the bottom board into a real picture.

Zhostovo painting

Zhostovo painting is a folk craft of artistic painting of metal trays that exists in the village of Zhostovo, Mytishchi district, Moscow region. It is believed that Zhostovo painting adopted the tradition of the Demidov family to paint tin trays, which was widespread in the Urals, namely in the Tagil and Vyisky factory villages. The Demidov breeders introduced this trade there. The appearance of the Zhostovo painted tray is associated with the surname of the Vishnyakov brothers. The history of Zhostovo and Zhostovo craft dates back to the beginning of the 19th century, when in a number of Moscow region villages and hamlets of the former Troitskaya volost (now Mytishchi district of the Moscow region) - Zhostovo, Ostashkovo, Khlebnikov, Troitsky and others - workshops arose for the production of painted lacquered products from papier-mâché . The main motif of Zhostovo painting, like Tagil painting, is a flower bouquet.

Gzhel painting

Gzhel is one of the traditional Russian centers for the production of ceramics. The broader meaning of the name "Gzhel", which is correct from a historical and cultural point of view, is a vast area consisting of 27 villages united in the "Gzhel Bush". “Gzhel Bush” is located approximately sixty kilometers from Moscow along the Moscow-Murom-Kazan railway line. Now “Gzhel Bush” is part of the Ramensky district of the Moscow region. Before the revolution, this area belonged to Bogorodsky and Bronnitsky districts. The name “Gzhel” itself has Baltic roots and refers more to the natural features of the region than to the process of firing products in pottery production. The word “Gzhel” is closest to the ancient Prussian sound of the word “shrub”, which, with some differences, has taken root in all Baltic languages.

Since time immemorial in the life of the Russian people important place occupied by a special form of creativity - “craft” or “crafts”. She combined the production of everyday household items with highly artistic methods of making and decorating them. Russian crafts reflect the diversity of historical, spiritual and cultural traditions of our people, some of which originated centuries ago. Products of Russian crafts express the distinctive features and uniqueness of Russian traditional culture. Researchers classify painting of dishes and other household items, pottery, blacksmithing, and more as Russian folk crafts.

Gzhel painting

Since ancient times, dishes and other household items made from ceramics have been widely known in Rus'. One of the most famous settlements Rus', whose inhabitants were engaged in the manufacture of ceramic porcelain tableware, is Gzhel (now the city is located in the Ramensky district of the Moscow region). Since the 17th century, and even earlier, Gzhel has been a famous center for the production of porcelain and ceramics. The products of local craftsmen are distributed throughout Russia. It should be noted that in the old days this city was one of the centers of the Old Believers-Priests. The heyday of Gzhel occurred during the activities of the Partnership for the Production of Porcelain and Earthenware Products M.S. Kuznetsov" at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries.

The formation of the Gzhel color palette familiar to us dates back to the beginning of the 19th century. Researchers point out that since the 1820s, an increasing number of Gzhel products were painted in White color and painted exclusively with blue paint. Nowadays, blue painting is a characteristic feature of Gzhel products. The popularity of such dishes turned out to be so great that similar products began to be created in other areas, but they had a similar blue and white ornament. Many fakes also appeared.

Experts say that only original works that shaped the familiar Gzhel style in the 80s of the 20th century can be called authentic Gzhel products. These are works by such artists as Azarova, Denisov, Neplyuev, Fedorovskaya, Oleynikov, Tsaregorodtsev, Podgornaya, Garanin, Simonov and others. Each of these craftsmen puts a personal signature or stamp of the company where they work on the product. If the master is an employee of the enterprise, then his products are transferred to the production workshop for the purpose of replication.

Zhostovo painting

IN mid-18th century century in the Urals, where the Demidov metallurgical plants were located, a new type of fishing arose. Local craftsmen began to paint metal trays. It is interesting that such workshops appeared in cities where a considerable part of the population were Old Believers, who still have prayer houses and churches there. These are Nizhny Tagil, Nevyansk and Vyysk, founded in 1722. This is how the so-called Tagil trays appeared. The Demidov industrialists, who oversaw this craft, were very concerned about the quality and artistic value of the products. In order to educate and train professional personnel, they founded a school in 1806. The historical style of Tagil trays was created thanks to this school and its most authoritative teacher - a graduate of the Imperial Academy of Arts V.I. Albychev.

Painted Tagil trays were sold throughout the country. They began to try to produce similar products in other places. The most successful such attempt was the organization of the production of painted trays in the village of Zhostovo, Moscow province. The trays made there became famous in the first half of the 19th century. Since then, this type of craft has received the name “Zhostovo painting”. To this day, the craft of tray painting has survived only in Nizhny Tagil and Zhostovo. Painting is done mainly on a black background (occasionally on red, blue, green).

The main motives of the painting are: flower bouquets, both lush garden and small wildflowers; Ural landscapes or ancient cities. On some antique trays you can see people and fabulous birds. Painted trays are used either for their intended purpose (for a samovar, for serving lunch) or for decoration. According to their shape, trays are divided into round, octagonal, rectangular, and oval.

Palekh miniature

After October revolution and the beginning of the persecution of religion, Palekh icon painters had to look for new way earnings. Thus, many retrained as masters of lacquer miniatures. This type of miniature is made using tempera on papier-mâché. As a rule, boxes, caskets, capsules, brooches, panels, ashtrays, needle cases and more are painted. The painting is done in gold on a black background. The original technology of the last century, which was used by the first Palekh craftsmen in the 1920-30s of the 20th century, has been partially preserved. The characteristic subjects of Palekh miniatures are borrowed from Everyday life, literary works classics, fairy tales, epics and songs. Many stories are devoted to historical events, including revolution and civil war. There is a series of miniatures dedicated to space exploration. WITH beginning of the XXI century, among some masters working in the Palekh manner, there is a tendency to return to icon-painting subjects.

Fedoskino miniature is another type of traditional Russian lacquer miniature painting. Made with oil paints on papier-mâché. Unlike the Palekh miniatures, the techniques of which came from icon painting, the Fedoskino miniature was initially formed as a type of applied art, hence the more “down-to-earth” style of painting. Fedoskino miniatures originated at the end of the 18th century in the village of Fedoskino, Moscow province. The main motifs of the miniature: “troikas”, “tea parties”, scenes from the life of peasants. The most highly prized were caskets and caskets that were decorated with complex multi-figure compositions - copies of paintings by Russian and Western European artists.

In the 19th century, Fedoskino miniatures served to a greater extent decorative purposes. In the middle of the 20th century, the author's direction began to develop. The plots of the miniatures began to become more complex.

Khokhloma

Nizhny Novgorod decorative Khokhloma painting is known throughout Russia. The fishery originated in the 17th century in the village of Khokhloma. It is located on the territory of the former Semenovsky district Nizhny Novgorod province, known in ancient times for its large Old Believer monasteries, such as the Sharpansky and Olenevsky monasteries. It is no coincidence that in the famous novel by Andrei Melnikov (Pechersky) the Old Believers of Semenovsky district are engaged in the manufacture of wooden utensils. We did this in Khokhloma as well. Khokhloma masters nevertheless became known throughout Russia for their unusual, bright paintings. They painted wooden dishes and furniture. The colors mainly used were black, red, gold, and sometimes green.

To achieve what is characteristic of Khokhloma golden color When painting, local craftsmen apply silver tin powder to the surface of the product. After this, they are varnished and processed three or four times in the oven, which achieves a unique honey-golden color, which gives light wooden the tableware has a massive effect.

Thanks to this technology that creates an unusual color, Khokhloma has become popular all over the world. Plates and spoons made in this style began to be perceived in the 20th century as a symbol of Russian national tableware.

Gorodets painting appeared in the middle of the 19th century in the area ancient city Gorodets, Nizhny Novgorod province. Through the efforts of the Old Believers, Gorodets became a center of wooden shipbuilding and grain trading with all-Russian fame. Old Believers merchants donated significant sums for the construction of churches, the maintenance of hospitals, orphanages, public education and the improvement of the city.

Gorodets painting is bright and laconic. The main themes of the painting are scenes from fairy tales, figures of horses, birds, flowers, peasant and merchant life. The painting is done with a free stroke with a white and black graphic stroke. Gorodets painting decorated spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, doors, chests, arches, sleighs, and children's toys. This is what V.S. says. Voronov about Gorodets painting: “The Nizhny Novgorod style presents us with the purest version of genuine pictorial art, which has overcome the framework of graphic captivity and is based exclusively on the elements of painting...”.

Mezen painting

Mezen wood painting (palaschel painting) is special kind painting of household utensils, in particular spinning wheels, ladles, boxes, bratins, which developed towards the end of the 19th century in the lower reaches of the Mezen River. Since ancient times, these places, like the entire seaside region, were inhabited by Old Believers. And from December 1664 to February 1666, Archpriest Avvakum was in exile in Mezen itself. The oldest surviving spinning wheel with Mezen painting dates back to 1815.

Artistic motifs of Mezen painting can be found in handwritten books of the 18th century, which were made in Pomerania. The main colors of Mezen painting are black and red. The main motifs of geometric patterns are discs, rhombuses, and crosses. The painted object was covered with drying oil, which protected the paint from being erased and gave the product a golden color.

At the end of the 19th century, Mezen painting was concentrated in the village of Palashchelye, where entire families of craftsmen worked: the Aksenovs, Novikovs, Fedotovs, Kuzmins, Shishovs. In the mid-1960s. Mezen painting was revived by the descendants of the old Palashchel masters: F.M. Fedotov in the village of Palashchelye and S.F. and I.S. Fatyanovs in the village of Selishche. The exhibition of Mezen spinning wheels in 2018 became the first event in the newly opened museum named after. Gilyarovsky, in Stoleshnikov Lane in Moscow.

Vologda lace is a Russian craft that originated in the Vologda region in the 16th century. The lace is woven using bobbins (wooden sticks). As a separate craft with its own characteristic features, Vologda lace was known already in the 17th-18th centuries. However, until the 19th century, lace making was a home craft, primarily practiced by private craftswomen. With the increasing popularity of Vologda lace, the production of products was put on stream. In the 19th century, lace factories appeared in the vicinity of Vologda.

All main images in interlocking Vologda lace are made with dense, continuous braid of the same width. For the production of Vologda lace, a cushion cushion, juniper or birch bobbins, pins, and splinters are used. A typical material for Vologda lace is linen. The subjects of Vologda lace are very different - from floral ornaments to figured compositions. In Vologda lace you can find Christian and ancient folk symbols.

Yelets lace is no less famous. It is plaited using bobbins. This type of lace originated at the beginning of the 19th century in the city of Yelets. The lace is distinguished by the soft contrast of a small pattern (floral and geometric) and a thin openwork background.

It is believed that Yelets lace is lighter and more elegant than Vologda lace.

Mtsensk lace is a type of Russian lace that is woven using bobbins. Mtsensk lace appeared in the city of Mtsensk, Oryol region, in the 18th century. This became possible thanks to the local landowner Protasova, who gathered craftswomen from different parts of Russia and founded a manufactory - the largest lace production in Russia at that time.

A distinctive feature is the use of geometric motifs. Compared to Vologda lace, the pattern in it is less dense and rich, as experts write - more “airy”.

At the beginning of the 18th century, craftswomen engaged in making lace appeared in the Vyatka province. However, lace production acquired an industrial scale only in the second half of the 19th century. This craft is carried out by peasant craftswomen. In 1893, in the settlement of Kukarka, Yaransky district, Vyatka province, a zemstvo school of lacemakers was organized. The shapes of the products are varied and sometimes unusual: these are vests, braids of scarves, collars, napkins with patterns in the form of butterflies, lush flowers, and whimsical loops.

Most interesting products from Vyatka lace were created in Soviet times. These achievements are associated with the name of the famous lace artist, laureate of the State Prize of Russia named after Repin Anfisa Fedorovna Blinova. Her works are in the Tretyakov Gallery, the Russian Museum, the Russian Art Fund, and the Moscow Research Institute of the Art Industry.

During the economic crisis of the 90s of the 20th century, the lace factory located in the city of Sovetsk (former settlement of Kukarka) was closed. Only quite recently, in 2012, the Kukarskoe Lace production cooperative-artel was created in the city, little by little reviving the traditions of the ancient craft.

Orenburg downy scarf is a knitted scarf made from the unique down of Orenburg goats, applied to a special base (cotton, silk or other material). This fishery originated in the Orenburg province in the 18th century. The products are very thin, like cobwebs, but they usually have a complex pattern and are used as decoration. The thinness of a product is often determined by two parameters: whether the product fits through a ring and whether it fits in a goose egg.

In the mid-19th century, down scarves were presented at exhibitions in European countries, where they received international recognition. Repeated attempts have been made, including abroad, to open production of such fluff for the needs of light industry. However, they were not successful. It turned out that to obtain such fine and warm fluff from goats, rather harsh climatic conditions and a certain diet are necessary, the combination of which is possible only in the territory of the Orenburg region.

In the middle of the 19th century, in the city of Pavlovsky Posad, woolen scarves with a so-called printed pattern, which was applied to the fabric using forms with a relief pattern, began to be produced. Pavloposad shawls are traditionally black or red with a voluminous floral pattern.

In the 70s XIX century, the palette of scarves familiar to us was formed, the range of scarves with naturalistic patterns expanded floral motifs. Craftswomen prefer images of garden flowers, primarily roses and dahlias.

Until the 1970s, designs were applied to fabric using wooden carved shapes: the outline of the drawing - with boards - “manners”, the drawing itself - with “flowers”. The creation of the scarf required up to 400 overlays. Since the 1970s, dye has been applied to fabric using silk and nylon mesh templates. This allows you to increase the number of colors, the elegance of the design and improves the quality of production.

Krestetsky stitch (or Krestetsky embroidery) is a folk craft that has developed since the 1860s in the Krestetsky district of the Novgorod province, inhabited since ancient times by Old Believers. Krestetskaya stitch is the most labor-intensive and complex stitch embroidery technique.

Embroidery was done on linen fabric, and the threads, warps and weft were cut and pulled out of the fabric, forming gaps like a mesh. This fabric was used to create a variety of patterns and embroideries. Krestetsk embroidery was used to decorate items of clothing, curtains, and towels.

Kasli casting - artistic products (sculpture, gratings, architectural elements etc.) from cast iron and bronze, produced at an iron foundry in the city of Kasli. This plant was founded in 1749 by the Old Believer merchant Yakov Korobkov, who arrived here with his family from Tula. He was guided by the decree of Peter I, which read: “ It deigns to everyone and everyone, is given the will, no matter what rank and dignity, in all places, both on their own and on foreign lands, to search for, melt, cook, clean all kinds of metals and minerals».

The majority of the plant’s workers were also Old Believers who arrived from different places in the Ural land, where persecution of the old faith was not so noticeable.

The traditions of Kasli casting - graphic clarity of the silhouette, a combination of carefully finished details and generalized planes with an energetic play of highlights - developed in the 19th century. During this period, the plant's owners recruited new talented sculptors, artists, chasers and moulders. Kasli casting products received the Grand Prix award at the prestigious Paris World Exhibition of Applied Arts in 1900.

Shemogodskaya slotted birch bark, which originates in the Vologda region, has become especially popular. Birch bark, despite its apparent fragility, is a fairly strong and durable material. Vologda craftsmen make a variety of baskets, dishes, accessories, jewelry and even shoes and clothes. The peculiarity of these products is that with traditional pattern intertwined natural floral ornament, leaves and berries, flowers and stems, animals and people.

Traditional patterns of Shemogodskaya slotted birch bark are engraved on birch bark sheets with a blunt awl and cut with a sharp knife, removing the background. Sometimes colored paper or another layer of birch bark is placed under the openwork; the carving is complemented by embossing. In the 19th century, these products were nicknamed “birch bark lace.”

In Soviet times, products made from Shemogodskaya slotted birch bark were considered a symbol of the Russian forest and were in demand among foreigners. At the same time, a birch bark carving workshop was organized at the Shemogodsky furniture plant ( Vologda Region). And these days, not a single Russian fair is complete without birch bark dishes.

This Russian craft originated among professional Nizhny Novgorod woodcarvers. As the main raw material, craftsmen use the tubular bone of cattle - the “tarsus” and horn. Also, rarer and more valuable types of mammoth and walrus bones are used to make expensive types of products.

Varnavin bone carving is used mainly in the manufacture of women's jewelry(hairpins, combs, hairpins, combs, brooches, pendants, beads, necklaces, pendants, bracelets, earrings, rings, rings), boxes, caskets, fountain pens, decorative dishes and other souvenirs. The peculiarity of such products is their absolute uniqueness and individuality. Each item is made by hand, without any patterns or stamps.

Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya carving is an artistic craft of wood carving that was formed at the end of the 19th century in the vicinity of the Abramtsevo estate near Moscow. This technique was used to make ladles, dishes, vases and boxes, as well as any home decor and household items. The peculiarity of these products is the predominance of various curls, rosettes, twigs, tinting and polishing of the wood.

The heyday of this fishery occurred in the Soviet period - 20-40s. Workers from the Kudrin artel “Vozrozhdenie” even received orders from the Tretyakov Gallery. Historical and modern products made in the style of Abramtsevo-Kudrin carving were presented at the international exhibition in Paris in 1937. After the collapse of the USSR, the Kudrin carving factory was closed. Today the fishery is preserved thanks to the work of private craftsmen.

The history of Gusev crystal began in 1756, when the Oryol merchant Akim Maltsov founded the first glass factory on the banks of the Gus River in the dense Meshchera forests. The first mentions of the Gussky volost date back to XVII century. When a ban was imposed on the construction of glass factories in the Moscow region due to excessive deforestation, the first crystal factory was built in the village of Gus on the river of the same name, the craftsmen for which were specially brought from Mozhaisk. Thus began the history of not just production, but an entire folk craft that continues to flourish to this day.

Now the plant is primarily famous for its art glass. Gusev's artists, taking into account the characteristics of the material, give it highly artistic expressiveness, skillfully using color, shape, and decoration.

Filigree

Filigree (or filigree) is a jewelry craft that uses an openwork or soldered pattern of thin gold, silver, etc. on a metal background. wire. Elements of a filigree pattern can be very diverse: rope, lace, weaving, herringbone, track, satin stitch. The individual filigree elements are joined into a single whole by soldering. Filigree is often combined with grains - small metal balls that are soldered into pre-prepared cells (recesses). The grain creates a spectacular texture and play of light and shade, thanks to which the products acquire a particularly elegant, sophisticated look. The materials for filigree products are alloys of gold, silver and platinum, as well as copper, brass, cupronickel, and nickel silver. Jewelry made using the filigree technique is oxidized and silvered. Filigree is often combined with enamel (including enamel), engraving, and embossing. Filigree items were produced in royal or monastic workshops. In the 18th century, large filigree items were made; along with stones, crystal and mother-of-pearl were widely used. At the same time we received widespread small silver items: vases, salt shakers, boxes. Since the 19th century, filigree products have already been produced by factories in large quantities. This includes expensive dishes, church utensils and much more.

The centers of scanner work today are:

• The village of Kazakovo, Vachsky district, Nizhny Novgorod region, where the enterprise is located artistic products, which produces unique jewelry using the most ancient technique of artistic metal processing - filigree.
• The village of Krasnoe-on-Volga Kostroma region, here is the Krasnoselsk School of Artistic Metalworking, main task which is the preservation of traditional Krasnoselsky jewelry craft - filigree, enamel, embossing and more.
• The city of Pavlovo, Nizhny Novgorod region, where the technical school of Russian folk arts and crafts is located.

Enamel

Enamel is the production of works of art using glassy powder and enamel on a metal backing. The glass coating is durable and does not fade over time; enamel products are particularly bright and pure in color. Enamel acquires desired color after firing using additives that use metal salts. For example, adding gold gives glass a ruby ​​color, cobalt gives it a blue color, and copper gives it a green color.

Vologda (Usolskaya) enamel - traditional painting on white enamel. The fishery originated in the 17th century in Solvychegodsk. Later they began to engage in similar enamel in Vologda. Initially, the main motif was plant compositions painted on a copper base: floral designs, birds, animals, including mythological ones. However, at the beginning of the 18th century, single-color enamel (white, blue and green) became popular. Only in the 1970s of the 20th century did the revival of “Usolskaya” multicolor enamel by Vologda artists begin. Production continues today.

There is also Rostov enamel - a Russian folk art craft that has existed since the 18th century in the city of Rostov the Great, Yaroslavl region. Miniature images are made on enamel with transparent fireproof paints, which were invented in 1632 by the French jeweler Jean Toutin.

Malachite products

Malachite is a green mineral with rich hues that lends itself well to processing. The stone can be from light green to black-green, and the first craft dates back more than 10 thousand years. Dense varieties of malachite good color and with a beautiful pattern are highly valued; since the end of the 18th century they have been used for cladding flat surfaces. WITH early XIX centuries, malachite is used to create three-dimensional works - vases, bowls, dishes.

Malachite became widely known outside Russia thanks to orders from the World Exhibition in London in 1851, prepared by. Thanks to the Demidovs, since the 1830s, malachite began to be used as a material for architectural decoration: the first malachite hall was created by order of P.N. Demidov by architect O. Montferrand in a mansion in St. Petersburg on the street. B. Morskaya, 43. Luxurious interior works with malachite were performed in St. Isaac's Cathedral. Malachite is also used to make jewelry.

The technique of cladding with malachite is called “Russian mosaic”. It is based on the principle that was used by European craftsmen to reduce the cost of lapis lazuli products back in the 17th century: thinly sawed stone plates cover the surface of an object made of metal or cheap stone. This creates the illusion of a monolith carving.

The tales of the Russian writer Pavel Petrovich Bazhov, who began his career as a teacher in a school in the remote Ural village of Shaidurikha, inhabited by Old Believers, are dedicated to the malachite trade. The writer learned a lot from them interesting stories and legends associated with life in the Urals and folk customs of the local population.

"Journey into the world of folk crafts"

Notes on nodes in the preparatory group

Educational field “Artistic and aesthetic development”

Target: development of creative abilities through familiarization with the motifs of folk ornaments

Tasks:

1. Learn to distinguish and name familiar folk crafts of Russia: “Dymka”, “Khokhloma”, “Gzhel” and their characteristics; choose the color of the painting yourself depending on the main tone.

2. Develop in children the ability to create a composition and harmoniously place parts in a given area.

3. Cultivate interest in Russian decorative and applied arts.

Equipment and materials:

Demonstration: Dymkovo toys, Khokhloma dishes; Gzhel dishes (illustrations)

Handout: paints, brushes, napkins, sippy cups, palettes, stencils.

Preliminary work:

Acquaintance with folk crafts (“Dymka”, “Khokhloma”, “Gzhel”). Examining and drawing elements of paintings. Unlearning folk games and poems about folk crafts. Conversations.

Methodical techniques:

Storytelling: Consider handicrafts, organize a conversation about them using poetry, questions, stories. Identify various compositions by structure, color, and constituent elements of painting.

Progress:

Guys! Today we will go to a fairy tale, in which a lot of interesting things await us, meeting with folk craftsmen and their fabulously beautiful products.

We enter the sensory room, which is decorated with folk crafts, as well as works of decorative and applied art, and invite the children to sit on the carpet and listen to a fairy tale:
Once upon a time there lived a girl in a village, and they called her Marya the Artisan. And she was such a craftswoman: she could sew, embroider, sculpt toys, and she knew how to paint dishes with different patterns - you’ll fall in love.. Koschey the Immortal heard about Marya the Artisan and decided to get her into his Koschey kingdom. He swooped in, grabbed her and carried her away!And Marya the Artisan turned into the Firebird and began to drop her colorful feathers as a memory of herself. Wherever a beautiful feather landed, new craftsmen and craftswomen appeared, whose skillful hands made wonderful products that became famous throughout the world.

And one feather (decorated with haze patterns) fell into the village of Dymkovo.
Do you guys know what the Dymkovo masters did? (Listen to the children's answers)
I have various items on my easel. Who can tell me where the Dymkovo toys are? (child comes out)
- What paint did Dymkovo craftsmen use to create patterns?
- Who can tell me what pattern elements were used when painting toys? (Rings, circles, dots, straight and wavy lines, strokes).

Guests from the village of Dymkovo came to us today. Let's invite them and ask them to tell us about Dymkovo painting. Children read poems about Dymkovo painting.
Another feather (yellow) fell into Nizhny Novgorod region, to the village with the cheerful name Khokhloma.

What is it that is stuck there, and what is it famous for?
- What elements Khokhloma painting You know? (Various berries: currants, strawberries, bunches of rowan berries. Grass, curls, leaves, flowers).- What makes these products different from others? (Khokhloma, made of wood).
- Tell me, on what background are the patterns painted and decorated? (On black and yellow backgrounds).
- Well done.

Oh, guys, look at the third feather (blue - blue color). And where it ended up, you will find out by guessing the riddle:

Blue and white dishes

Tell me, where are you from?

Apparently she came from afar

And blossomed with flowers:

Blue, blue,

Tender, beautiful.(Gzhel)

Guys, how many of you know why the masters used blue colors for painting?
Indeed, the Gzhel people themselves liked to say that their sky, like nowhere else in Russia, is blue. So they decided to transfer this blue to white porcelain.

What did the masters paint on the dishes to make them look so wonderful?
(They drew patterns of flowers, droplets, stripes, and nets on the dishes).
Here is another feather and it has flown to our guys kindergarten and in it children turned into folk craftsmen from the villages of Dymkovo, Khokhloma and Gzhel. I suggest you now choose a circle of the color of which craft you would like to become a master of. And so you and I divided into three groups of masters. Next, I invite the children to the art studio. Now we will remember how elements of Dymkovo, Khokhloma and Gzhel painting are drawn. Each group shows elements of painting on an easel. (Teacher's help when drawing elements).

Now you can choose a product and paint it yourself. Children choose a prepared template for themselves, go to tables where handouts have been prepared in advance, and begin their work. But before we start work, we will train our eyes.

We do gymnastics for the eyes

We do it every time.

Right, left, around, down,

Don’t be lazy to repeat.

Strengthening the eye muscles.

We'll see better right away.

Masters, you can get to work.

Independent work with calm music.
During the work, I give advice, explanations, partial demonstrations, and monitor the children’s posture. At the end of the children's work, an exhibition is organized. How colorful and bright your products turned out. Well done, craftsmen! Firebird gave you some treats.