Boring machine: models, technical characteristics, purpose. Types of jig boring machines Vertical boring machines models

Boring machines are used for processing workpieces in both single and serial production. Such equipment belongs to the universal class. Using it, it is possible to process products with high quality without transferring workpieces to any other specialized machines.

Main purpose

Machines of this type are used primarily, of course, for boring holes of different diameters in workpieces. But if necessary, they can also be used for:

turning the external surfaces of cylindrical parts;
machining the ends of workpieces;
countersinking and reaming of holes;
thread cutting;
milling.

Types of boring machines

Equipment of this type can be classified according to several criteria. According to the scope of application, such machines can be:

universal turning and boring machines;
specialized.

The machines of the second group are in turn divided into the following varieties:

horizontal boring;
coordinate boring;
diamond boring

IN Lately CNC boring machines have become very widespread in enterprises.

What working tools are used

Operations on equipment such as a boring machine can thus be performed in a variety of ways. When processing parts on these units, the following cutting tools are used:

drill;
cutter;
cutter;
countersink;
tap, etc.

When choosing such equipment of any type, first of all pay attention to the diameter of the spindle.

What can a jig boring machine be like?

Equipment of this type is intended primarily for the most precise processing of workpieces. Coordinate boring machines can be:

single-post;
two-post.

The design of such machines includes:

bed;
rack;
table with slide;
boring head.

Also, the design of such equipment includes a traverse.

Features of working on a coordinate boring machine

When using this type of equipment, the workpiece being processed is first secured on the work table. Next, the required cutting tool is installed in the spindle. The work is then done in the following order:

depending on the height of the workpiece, adjust the traverse and boring head;
set the spindle to the specified coordinates.

The last operation on equipment such as a jig boring machine, depending on its type, can be performed in different ways. On a single column model, the spindle is installed properly by moving the work table in two perpendicular directions. On two-rack equipment:

the table is moved to longitudinal direction;
the boring head is moved in the transverse direction along the traverse.

Model range of jig boring machines

Many manufacturers produce such equipment today. But most often, enterprises use jig boring machines:

2E450. This single-post model has table dimensions of 630 x 1120 mm and is equipped with an optical measuring system, supplemented by an on-screen countdown. This boring machine also has an automatic slide stop function. Another addition to this model that increases ease of use is the device for pre-setting coordinates.
2D450. This model also has table dimensions of 630 x 1120. The optical device included in its design can measure both whole and fractional parts of coordinates.

Of course, other coordinate boring machines can also be used in enterprises. Models 2A450, 2L450AF11-01, for example, are also in great demand today.

Horizontal boring machines

Such equipment is also used quite often in enterprises and workshops. Main it distinctive feature is that the spindle in it is located horizontally. The main movement of the latter is rotational-translational relative to the axis. In this case, during turning, both the feed of the workpiece and the movement of the working tool itself can be carried out.

Moving the spindle head on equipment such as a horizontal boring machine is an additional movement.

What models can be used

Equipment of this type can be supplied to the market today, both ordinary universal with a spindle with a diameter of 110-130 mm, and heavy. The machines of the latest variety are usually additionally equipped with a slider and a movable column.

Manufacturers also produce many models of such equipment. For example, units from the VFC and F.O.R.T. lines are very popular among consumers.

The VFC horizontal boring machine can be designed for processing workpieces weighing up to 10 tons. Such machines are used mainly for boring parts made of cast iron and steel. These models are built on a modular basis and have a rotary table.

Machines from the F.O.R.T series are also available on the market in a very wide range. They can have a classic design with a cross-shaped table or with a movable column. The table dimensions of F.O.R.T horizontal boring machines vary from 1250 x 1400 mm to 4000 x 4000 mm. The spindle diameter can be 100-260 mm.

Diamond boring machines

Equipment of this type is intended mainly for fine finishing of workpieces. The tools in such machines, as can already be judged by their name, are either diamond or carbide. A boring machine of this type can be used for processing workpieces made of both steel and cast iron, as well as alloys of non-ferrous metals, hard rubber, textolite, rubber, etc. In some cases, diamond boring can even replace grinding.

Cutting on such equipment is carried out at a significant speed and at the same time with a small depth of material removal. Depending on the location of the spindle, diamond boring machines can be horizontal or vertical.

The lineup

This type of equipment is not as widely represented on the market as horizontal and coordinate boring machines. However, quite a lot of brands of such units are also produced today. One of the most popular models of such equipment is 2A78. This boring machine has very good specifications. The table dimensions of this model are 500 x 1000. Using this equipment, you can make holes in workpieces with a diameter of 27-200 mm.

Turning and boring machines

The main feature of this type of equipment is the very high spindle speed. A boring and turning machine can be used to process both flat and cylindrical parts.

When working on such equipment, the workpiece is mounted on the table. In this case, the spindle makes a rotational-translational movement.

Modern industry also produces large-sized turning and boring machines. The turning diameter of such equipment can be equal to 4 m. At the same time, the machine can process parts up to 32 m long. The most popular model of a turning and boring machine is this moment is 2A656RF11.

CNC equipment

CNC can be complemented by both diamond and horizontal, turning or jig boring machines. Modern electronics, of course, greatly increases the ease of use of this equipment. The turner controls the operation of a CNC machine not manually, but through a computer. This allows you to achieve the highest precision drilling or cutting and maximum productivity.

CNC boring machines can be used for both roughing and finishing machining of workpieces. They cost, of course, much more than conventional models. Only turners who have undergone requalification under the appropriate program can work on such machines.

For complex machining metal blanks specialists use a special type of equipment - boring machines. They can perform several types of operations and represent complex industrial complexes with automatic operation functions.

Purpose of boring machines

Before analyzing boring machine diagrams, you should consider them functionality, technical and operational qualities. First of all, this concerns the design features.

The specific configuration of a horizontal boring machine can be seen in the diagram of a standard model of this equipment. It consists of a bed, a stand, a table with a slide and a milling head. The bed serves as the base of the table; there are two types of guides on it - flat and T-shaped. Sleds move along them. To configure the equipment, a control unit and a device for setting coordinates are provided. The spindle head is designed for fixing parts. Depending on the selected sets of cutters, work on processing the workpiece is performed.

Features of the operation of a horizontal boring machine can be found in the standard diagram. They are as follows:

the mandatory presence of corrective mechanisms designed to reduce the propeller pitch error;
optical devices are used to increase processing accuracy;
not subject to changes in set parameters due to vibration.

These requirements impose special conditions for the manufacture of such equipment.

The layout of a horizontal boring machine depends on the type of work performed. The main task is right choice cutting tool.

Horizontal boring machines

The most common models are horizontal boring machines. They perform most standard operations and are designed for them. individual schemes manufacturing.

A design feature of this type of equipment is the location of the spindle - horizontal. To perform the processing process, rotation of the workpiece is necessary, which provides the power units of the device. During operation, the spindle rotates and rotates. The procedure for boring a workpiece can be performed using several feed motion methods:

instrument;
parts that are mounted on the table;
using a special movable substrate.

Additionally, the equipment may include devices for moving the spindle head, moving the table relative to two coordinates, smoothly switching speeds, etc. It all depends on the specific equipment model.

Almost any milling machine can be modified to perform additional functions. But these changes should not affect its performance.

Jig boring machines

Other types of this equipment have much greater functionality - devices for coordinate processing of steel surfaces of workpieces. Unlike horizontal boring machines, they have complex controls, but at the same time they are capable of performing a number of other operations.

The main task of this equipment is to form holes non-standard shape. With their help, conductors, templates, stamps, etc. are made. With high processing precision, industrial complex can be reconfigured in a short time to produce another part. Important feature is to fine-tune the initial parameters for processing.

In addition, the coordinate model differs from the types of equipment described above in the presence of the following components:

high accuracy of movement of nodes. This is provided by several types of devices - optical, mechanical and electronic;
universal rotary tables. They make it possible to process holes in polar coordinate systems without shifting the cutting part;
The spindle moves in the horizontal direction.

In addition, there are single-post and double-post models. The difference between them lies in the degree of processing of the part.

Unlike standard circuits machines with a horizontal spindle, coordinate models are small in size. The exception is special equipment designed for processing large parts.

To manufacture products from especially hard steel grades, diamond modifications of milling equipment are used. The difference lies in the cutting part of the tool. In addition to drilling holes, the machines can process conical and cylindrical parts. The average error is 0.5-1 microns.

Such equipment is used for the manufacture of instruments, as well as in mechanical engineering. Several types of cutters, square or rectangular shape. According to the type of processing, they can be threaded, grooved, scored and through. The most common blade cutters have a diameter of 20 mm. To sharpen components, it is necessary to use special equipment.

In the video you can see an example of a factory model:

Review and comparison of model characteristics

Model	TK611B/1	TK611С/1	TK611C/4
Spindle diameter, mm	110/130
Size work surface table, mm	1320x1010
Longitudinal transverse movement of the table, mm	850 x 1300	1200 x 1300	1800 x 1300
Vertical movement of the spindle head, mm	900	900	1200
Longitudinal movement of the retractable spindle, mm	550
Max. boring diameter, mm	240
Max. drilling diameter, mm	50
Max. radial support movement, mm	160
Spindle feed range, mm/min	0.5-1000
Spindle speed limits, rpm	12-1100
Faceplate rotation speed limits, rpm	4-130
Overall dimensions, mm	497021003010	497023303010	497027173120
Weight, kg	10700	12000	14500

Boring machines - mechanisms used in processing workpieces large diameter in mass and small-scale production using various instruments. Such equipment is distinguished by design features and areas of application.

Purpose of the machines

Devices can be used when:

There is a need for thread cutting (both internal and external);
Drill blind and through holes;
Countersinking is carried out;
The ends of the workpieces are trimmed;
It is necessary to do face and cylindrical milling.

In most cases, such equipment is used for finishing or semi-finishing. Part bodies are processed extremely rarely, but sometimes such manipulation is carried out. Boring machines are repaired in approximately the same way as lathes. This also applies to operating conditions and rules, because the machines have a similar design.

Like other numerous special types of equipment, the boring machine was designed on the basis of a lathe.

Equipment types

As a rule, there are three main types used in production:

Horizontal boring machines;
Coordinate boring;
Diamond boring.

The first two types are the most common.

Horizontal boring machines

The main feature of such equipment is the horizontal position of the spindle, which gives it the ability to extend. Thus, it is possible to make a hole even in inaccessible places of large parts (booms, frames, metal structures).

Main movement of the unit- rotational-translational, performed by means of a spindle. Not only the tools move, but also the workpieces themselves. If the need arises, you can change the feed and speed during operation. Sometimes a special substrate is used when feeding.

Depending on the configuration I can There may also be additional movements of an auxiliary nature:

The spindle head moves along vertical axis;
The table moves along previously specified coordinates.

In some models, the design provides that the rest and rear pillar can move. They can be used for processing products made of cast iron or cast steel.

Boring machines are used to work with complex parts that contain numerous holes, grooves, and ledges. According to their layout they are divided into:

Models with a spindle no more than 125 mm. Designed for processing small workpieces. The table is movable along two axes, the boring heads move in the vertical direction.
Models with spindle 100−200 mm. Allows you to work with medium and large parts. The table moves only along one axis.
Models with spindle 125−320 mm. With their help you can process very large parts. The table is motionless.

Jig boring machines

Such machines are designed for drilling holes according to certain parameters. Perform operations on various workpieces. High-precision processing is achieved due to the availability special devices: electronic, mechanical and optical. In addition, rotary tables also help to achieve the desired results: the hole can be made without moving the part. The models are not too large and take up little usable space.

Diamond boring type models

They allow fine boring cylindrical surfaces. If there are additional components, then it can be processed conical surfaces and ends with rotation grooves. It is permissible to drill a pair of holes that have parallel axes. Machines of this type can be:

Vertical;
Sloping;
Combined;
Horizontal, table - movable.

What to pay attention to

Before making a purchase, pay attention to a number of parameters, in particular:

Engine power is one of the important indicators on which the processing speed of parts will depend.

Boring machines belong to special and sought-after equipment; they are indispensable in many cases, especially when it is necessary to achieve jewelry precision and maximum productivity. If an enterprise is in dire need of mechanisms of this type, it will be able to find suitable options on the domestic market without much effort.

Boring machines are a class of industrial metalworking equipment that performs drilling and increasing the diameter of through or blind holes, as well as threading. These units are used for processing large-sized parts in serial or single-unit production.

This article presents boring machines. We will consider their functional purpose, operating principle and design features, and also provide an overview of popular equipment models.

Read also: what is it and how does it work?

1 Boring machine - capabilities, operating principle

A group of boring units have a characteristic feature: their spindle, fixed in a horizontal (less often vertical) plane, makes axial movement towards the workpiece. A working tool is fixed in the spindle seat, the type of which directly determines the functionality of the machine.

Modern boring units are capable of performing the following technical operations:

boring;
countersinking;
drilling;
thread cutting (internal and external);
grinding;
milling (face and cylindrical);
trimming ends.

In fact, these machines are universal multifunctional equipment that can fully replace several metalworking installations.

The key parameter of any boring machine is the diameter of the spindle carrying the main working tool. Depending on it, all units are classified into three groups: small (diameter 50-125 mm), medium (100-200 mm) and heavy (200-320 mm).

Spindle rotation is the main movement of the machine, while the feed movement, depending on design features equipment, can communicate either the workpiece or cutting tool. The movement of the tool can be axial, radial or vertical; the movement of parts occurs due to the movement of the work table.

1.1 Design features

Depending on the design features, all boring units are divided into two groups: horizontal and vertical. The most common is a vertical boring machine, let's look at it standard design using the example of the popular model 2E78P.

working spindles (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
control unit (6);
electrical panel (7);
load-bearing column (8);
desktop (9);
base (10);
reading device (11);
twin gearbox and feeds (12);
spindle head (13);
workplace lighting (14);
electrical equipment control panel (15).

A characteristic feature of the 2E78P finishing and boring machine is the ability to install replaceable spindles different diameters- 120, 78 and 48 mm, which increases the diameter of the holes being bored. The cutters are fixed on the spindle by means of a clamping screw, and a center finder is mounted in the hole located at the end of the cutting head of the spindle (in 2E78P an indicator type center finder is used). The center finder is auxiliary tool in the form of an overlay template, allowing you to accurately align the axes of the cutter and the hole being bored.

The 2E78P work table consists of two blocks: the lower slide, moving transversely along the frame guides, and the table panel itself, moving longitudinally along the slide. There is a ruler on the front wall of the panel for precise positioning of the table. Its installation and movement are performed manually using flywheels.

The spindle head is one of the key components of the unit; it consists of a motor, a spindle, and a V-belt drive connecting them. Inside the headstock housing, the ribs of the housing form an oil bath in which the rotating shafts are located.

A gearbox is installed on the finishing and boring machine 2E78P and other models of medium and heavy units. In this model, it provides 12 spindle rotation speeds and 4 spindle head working feed speeds. An overrunning clutch is also provided for accelerated movement of the headstock directly from the drive.

All boring machines are equipped with overload-resistant asynchronous motors; commutator motors can only be found in low-quality Chinese equipment. The 2E78P model has 3 engines, one of which is responsible for moving the spindle head, the second for its accelerated movement, and the third for moving the work table.

2 Types of equipment

All variety of boring machines, depending on functional purpose and design features, is classified into the following types:

drilling and boring;
boring and surfacing (mobile and stationary);
milling and boring;
turning and boring.

Drilling and boring machines were previously the most common group of equipment that could be found in any metalworking shop, but now most drilling operations are performed on milling equipment, which is why the use of such units has decreased. Depending on the area of application, they are divided into universal and specialized (for mass production of a specific part).

A boring and turning machine is usually used for processing planes and holes inside hull structures. Such equipment is often called coordinate equipment, since it allows you to achieve high precision location of holes relative to the plane base surface. In addition to standard functionality, these units can perform marking operations.

The mobile boring and surfacing machine differs significantly from the mechanisms considered. This is a portable piece of equipment used to repair and rebuild cylindrical holes on large machinery. Such units can operate in any location and spatial position, which makes them indispensable in the field of automotive, ship and aircraft construction.

We will separately highlight diamond boring machines, characteristic feature which is the use of diamond-coated carbide cutters, which allow processing of workpieces made of hardened steels. Such units are often used for high-precision boring of automotive parts - connecting rods, bushings, cylinders, etc.

2.1 Overview of the 2A6622F4 machine (video)

2.2 Popular models of boring machines

One of the most common vertical boring units is the 2E78P model, which the Maikop Machine Tool Plant has been producing from 1982 to the present day. This equipment is also capable of performing milling operations on parts made of steel, cast iron and non-ferrous metals.

Let's look at the technical characteristics of 2E78P:

diameter of bored holes - from 29 to 200 mm;
drilling diameter - up to 15 mm;
maximum dimensions of processed parts: 75*50*45 cm, weight - up to 200 kg;
desktop dimensions - 100*50 cm;
drive power - 2200 W;
spindle speed - 26-120 min.

Among the horizontal equipment, we highlight the 2A622F4 machine, manufactured by the Leningrad Machine Tool Plant named after. Sverdlov. This unit is equipped with CNC - numerical control, which significantly expands its functionality.

The CNC allows you to program the automatic movement of the working mechanism along four axes - X, Y, Z, W. There is also the possibility of manual control from the remote control. The machine uses a domestically developed CNC system - CNC 2C42, corresponding to automation class F4. The unit is equipped with an electronic display, which displays data about the operating mode of the machine.

Technical characteristics of model 2A622F4:

diameter of bored holes - from 15 to 250 mm;
drilling diameter - up to 50 mm;
maximum dimensions of processed parts: 100*100*125 cm, weight - up to 5000 kg;
desktop dimensions - 125*125 cm;
drive power - 20,000 W;
spindle speed - 4-1250 min.

This is large-sized equipment for industrial use, aimed at use in single and mass production. The dimensions of the machine are 398*634*398 cm, weight - 20 tons. Among the operational advantages of this unit, we highlight the presence of high-speed hydraulic clamps that automatically fix the workpiece, the device of the spindle assembly on precision bearings and the use of telescopic guides.

Classification of boring machines

Depending on the type of processing metal cutting machines are divided into 10 groups (from 0 to 9). Each group in turn is divided into 10 types (from 0 to 9), and each type into several sizes. Thus, any boring machine is designated by a three- or four-digit number: the first number is the group number, the second is the type number, the third and fourth are the size of the machine.

Modifications of the main basic model of the machine are distinguished by the introduction letter designation after the numbers. The letter located between the first and second digits indicates a change and improvement in the design of this machine model.

According to the accepted classification, all boring and drilling machines belong to the second group, horizontal boring machines - to the sixth type of this group, jig boring machines - to the fourth type, diamond boring machines - to the seventh type.

Let's look at three examples of numbering horizontal boring machines. Machine model 262 is a boring machine (group 2), horizontal type (type 6), size 2 (No. 2). Machine model 262G is a modification of the main base model 262. Machine model 2630 is a horizontal boring machine bigger size(No. 30), differing from machine 262 in the larger spindle diameter, table dimensions and machine dimensions.

Types of horizontal boring machines

According to their layout, horizontal boring machines are divided into three groups: a, b and c, which have several designs. Type a is a machine with a table having two mutually perpendicular movements. Boring spindle diameter 50-125 mm. The front rack, table and rear rack are mounted on a common frame. The front pillar is stationary. The rear stand and table carriage have installation movements along the bed guides. The rotary table moves parallel to the spindle axis (longitudinal movement) and along the table carriage guides perpendicular to the spindle axis (transverse movement). The spindle head moves along the vertical guides of the front pillar. Version / differs from version 2 in the presence of a radial support. A representative of this type of machine is the 262G machine.

Type b - these are machines with a table that has one movement. They are designed for processing medium and large parts. The diameter of the boring spindle is 150-200 mm. The bed consists of three parts fastened together. The front post moves along the bed guides parallel to the spindle axis. The table moves along the guides of the middle part perpendicular to the spindle axis. The rear post has longitudinal movement along the frame. The machine is equipped with a radial support.

Execution / differs from execution 2 by the presence of a rotary table. A representative of this type of machine is the 2654 machine.

Type B - these are machines with a transversely movable front post and a fixed plate. They are designed for processing medium and large parts. Boring spindle diameter 150-320 mm. The bed consists of two parts that are not connected to each other. The front post has transverse movement along the frame guides. The rear rack moves along the frame in the transverse direction on a slide or is rearranged by a crane. The workpiece is stationary. The machines have three versions: 1st - with a radial support and removable turntable having longitudinal movement; 2nd - without radial support and longitudinal movement of the front pillar (the workpiece is fixedly mounted on the plate); 3rd - with a radial support and longitudinal movement of the front post (the workpiece is fixedly mounted on the plate).

In addition to the indicated types of horizontal boring machines, horizontal boring machines - columns with a rotary rack and a spindle head - are also used in factories