| No. | Region | A country | Form of government |
| E V R O P A | Great Britain (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) | KM | |
| Spain (Kingdom of Spain) | KM | ||
| Belgium (Kingdom of Belgium) | KM | ||
| Netherlands (Kingdom of the Netherlands) | KM | ||
| Monaco (Principality of Monaco) | KM | ||
| Liechtenstein (Principality of Liechtenstein) | KM | ||
| Sweden (Kingdom of Sweden) | KM | ||
| Norway (Kingdom of Norway) | KM | ||
| Denmark (Kingdom of Denmark) | KM | ||
| Luxembourg (Grand Duchy of Luxembourg) | KM | ||
| Andorra (Principality of Andorra) | KM | ||
| Vatican | ATM | ||
| A Z I Z | Brunei (Brunei Darussalam) | ATM | |
| Saudi Arabia(Kingdom of Saudi Arabia) | ATM | ||
| Qatar (State of Qatar) | AM | ||
| Oman (Sultanate of Oman) | AM | ||
| Kuwait (State of Kuwait) | KM | ||
| Bahrain (State of Bahrain) | KM | ||
| United Arab Emirates (UAE) | KM | ||
| Bhutan (Kingdom of Bhutan) | KM | ||
| Cambodia (Kingdom of Cambodia) | KM | ||
| Thailand (Kingdom of Thailand) | KM | ||
| Malaysia (Federation of Malaysia) | KM | ||
| Japan | KM | ||
| Jordan (Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan) | KM | ||
| AFRICA | Morocco (Kingdom of Morocco) | KM | |
| Swaziland (Kingdom of Swaziland) | KM | ||
| Lesotho (Kingdom of Lesotho) | KM | ||
| Oceania | Tonga (Kingdom of Tonga) | KM |
Note: KM is a constitutional monarchy;
AM – absolute monarchy;
ATM is an absolute theocratic monarchy.
Republican form of government originated in ancient times, but greatest distribution received during the periods of new and modern history. In 1991, there were 127 republics in the world, but after the collapse of the USSR and Yugoslavia, their total number exceeded 140.
Under a republican system, legislative power usually belongs to parliament, and executive power to the government. At the same time, a distinction is made between presidential, parliamentary and mixed republics.
Presidential republic characterized by the significant role of the president in the system of government bodies, combining in his hands the powers of the head of state and head of government. It is also called a dualistic republic, thereby emphasizing the fact that strong executive power is concentrated in the hands of the president, and legislative power in the hands of parliament.
Distinctive features this form of government:
· extra-parliamentary method of electing the president (either by the population - Brazil, France, or by the electoral college - USA),
· extra-parliamentary method of forming a government, that is, it is formed by the president. The president is both formally and legally the head of the government (there is no post of prime minister, as, for example, in the USA), or he appoints the head of government. The government is responsible only to the president, and not to parliament, since only the president can dismiss him,
· in general, with this form of government, the president has much greater powers compared to a parliamentary republic (he is the head of the executive branch, approves laws by signing, has the right to dismiss the government), but in a presidential republic the president, as a rule, is deprived of the right to dissolve parliament , and parliament is deprived of the right to express no confidence in the government, but can remove the president (impeachment procedure).
The United States of America is a classic presidential republic. The US Constitution is based on the principle of separation of powers. According to this constitution, the legislative power belongs to Congress, the executive power belongs to the president, and the judicial power belongs to Supreme Court. The president, elected by an electoral college, forms a government of people belonging to his party.
Presidential republics are common in countries Latin America. This form of government is also found in some countries in Asia and Africa. True, sometimes in these countries the power of the head of state actually goes beyond the constitutional framework, and, in particular, Latin American presidential republics were characterized by researchers as super-presidential.
Parliamentary (parliamentary) republic characterized by the proclamation of the principle of the supremacy of parliament, to which the government bears full responsibility for its activities.
In such a republic, the government is formed through parliamentary means from among the deputies of the parties that have a majority of votes in parliament. It remains in power as long as it has the support of a parliamentary majority. This form of government exists in countries with developed, largely self-regulating economies (Italy, Turkey, Germany, Greece, Israel). Elections in this system of democracy are usually held according to party lists, that is, voters vote not for a candidate, but for a party.
The main function of parliament, in addition to legislation, is control over the government. In addition, the parliament has important financial powers, since it develops and adopts the state budget, determines the paths of the country's socio-economic development, and resolves the main issues of the state's domestic, foreign and defense policy.
The head of state in such republics, as a rule, is elected by parliament or a specially formed broader board, which, along with members of parliament, includes representatives of the constituent entities of the federation or representative regional bodies of self-government. This is the main type of parliamentary control over the executive branch.
In Italy, for example, the president of the republic is elected by members of both chambers at their joint meeting, but three representatives from each region, elected by regional councils, participate in the elections. In the Federal Republic of Germany, the President is elected by the Federal Assembly, consisting of members of the Bundestag and the same number of persons elected by the Landtags of the states on the basis of proportional representation. In parliamentary republics, elections can also be general, for example, in Austria, where the president is elected by the population for a term of 6 years.
Under this form of government they talk about a “weak” president. However, the head of state has fairly broad powers. He promulgates laws, issues decrees, has the right to dissolve parliament, formally appoints the head of government (only the head of the party that won the elections), and is commander-in-chief armed forces, has the right to grant amnesty to convicted persons.
The President, being the head of state, is not the head of the executive branch, that is, the government. The prime minister is formally appointed by the president, but can only be the head of the faction with a parliamentary majority, and not necessarily the head of the winning party. It should be noted that the government is competent to govern the state only when it enjoys the confidence of parliament.
Mixed Republic(also called a semi-presidential, semi-parliamentary, presidential-parliamentary republic) is a form of government that cannot be considered a type of either a presidential or a parliamentary republic. Among the modern ones, the fifth republic in France (after 1962), Portugal, Armenia, Lithuania, Ukraine and Slovakia are mixed.
A special form of government - socialist republic (which arose in the 20th century in a number of countries as a result of the victory of socialist revolutions). Its varieties: Soviet republic and people's democratic republic ( former USSR, countries of Eastern Europe until 1991, as well as China, Vietnam, North Korea, Cuba, which remain socialist republics today).
The republican form of government can be considered the most progressive and democratic. It was chosen not only by economically developed states, but also by most Latin American countries, which freed themselves from colonial dependence in the last century, and almost all former colonies in Asia, which gained independence in the middle of this century, as well as African states, most of which achieved independence only in the 60-70s of the XX century. and even later.
At the same time, it must be borne in mind that such a progressive form of government does not at all unify the republics. They differ quite significantly from each other in political, social and other respects.
It should be noted that there is a unique form of government - interstate associations: Commonwealth, led by Great Britain (Commonwealth) And Commonwealth of Independent States(CIS, which includes Russia).
Legally, the British Commonwealth of Nations was formalized back in 1931. Then it included Great Britain and its dominions - Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Union of South Africa, Newfoundland and Ireland. After the Second World War and the collapse of the British colonial empire, the Commonwealth included the vast majority of Britain's former possessions - about 50 countries with a total territory of more than 30 million km 2 and a population of over 1.2 billion people located in all parts of the world.
Members of the Commonwealth have the unconditional right to unilaterally withdraw from it whenever they wish. It was used by Myanmar (Burma), Ireland, and Pakistan. All states included in the Commonwealth have full sovereignty in their internal and foreign affairs.
In Commonwealth states that have a republican form of government, the Queen of Great Britain is proclaimed "the Head of the Commonwealth... a symbol of free association independent states- its members." Some members of the Commonwealth - Canada, the Commonwealth of Australia (Australia), New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Tuvalu, Mauritius, Jamaica and some others - are officially referred to as “states within the Commonwealth”. Supreme power in these countries formally continues to belong to the British monarch, who is represented in them by the Governor-General, appointed on the recommendation of the government of the given state. The highest body of the Commonwealth is the Conference of Heads of Government.
In 1991, simultaneously with the signing of the Belovezhsky Accords on the dissolution of the USSR, it was decided to create Commonwealth of Independent States(Russia, Ukraine, Belarus). Subsequently, all the former republics of the USSR, except the three Baltic states, joined the CIS. Goals: to promote the integration of the CIS member countries in the economic, political and humanitarian fields, to maintain and develop contacts and cooperation between the peoples and state institutions of the Commonwealth countries. The CIS is an open organization for other countries to join. IN different years Subregional associations arose within the CIS: the Central Asian Economic Community (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, with Russia, Georgia, Turkey and Ukraine accepted as observers) and GUUAM (Georgia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Moldova). In 1996, the Customs Union was created, uniting the economic space of Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan (later Tajikistan joined them. In October 2000, the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC) was formed on the basis of the customs union. They continue to form among the member countries CIS and military-political associations (for example, the Collective Security Treaty).In September 2008, after the conflict in South Ossetia Georgia has announced its desire to secede from the commonwealth.
Form government structure (administrative-territorial structure of states) – important element political map of the world. It is directly related to character political system and the form of government, reflects the national-ethnic (in some cases also religious) composition of the population, historical and geographical features of the formation of the country.
There are two main forms of administrative-territorial structure - unitary and federal.
Unitary state - is a single integral state entity, consisting of administrative-territorial units that are subordinate to the central authorities and do not possess signs of state sovereignty. In a unitary state, there is usually a single legislative and executive power, a single system of government bodies, and a single constitution. There are an overwhelming majority of such states in the world.
Federation - a form of organization in which several state entities, legally possessing a certain political independence, form one union state.
Characteristic signs federations:
The territory of the federation consists of the territories of its individual subjects (for example, states - in Australia, Brazil, Mexico, Venezuela, India, USA; provinces - in Argentina, Canada; cantons - in Switzerland; lands - in Germany and Austria; republics, as well as other administrative entities (autonomous okrugs, territories, regions - in Russia);
Federal subjects are usually given the right to adopt their own constitutions;
The competence between the federation and its subjects is delimited by the union constitution;
Each subject of the federation has its own legal and judicial system;
In most federations there is a single union citizenship, as well as the citizenship of the union units;
A federation usually has unified armed forces and a federal budget.
In a number of federations, the union parliament has a chamber representing the interests of members of the federation.
However, in many modern federal states the role of general federal bodies is so great that they can essentially be considered unitary rather than federal states. Thus, the constitutions of such federations as Argentina, Canada, the USA, Germany, Switzerland do not recognize the right of members of the federation to leave it.
Federations are built on territorial (USA, Canada, Australia, etc.) and national characteristics (Russia, India, Nigeria, etc.), which largely determine the nature, content and structure of government.
Confederation - it is a temporary legal union of sovereign states created to ensure their common interests (members of the confederation retain their sovereign rights in both internal and external affairs). Confederate states are short-lived: they either disintegrate or turn into federations (examples: the Swiss Union, Austria-Hungary, as well as the USA, where a federation of states was formed from a confederation established in 1781, enshrined in the US Constitution of 1787).
Most states in the world are unitary. Today only 24 states are federations (Table 4).
Greek - autocracy): politic system, based on the exclusive legal power of one person. Monarchy is the most ancient and stable type of political organization in history.
Excellent definition
Incomplete definition ↓
MONARCHY
one of the forms of monocracy is unity of rights and the name of the state system, headed by a monarch. Monarchy differs from other forms of monocracy (dictatorship, presidential rule, party leadership) by hereditary (dynamic) succession of power (throne, crown) and family-related filling of the political environment.
The cultural and historical basis of the origin of the monarchy was the socio-biological mechanism of leaderism - the emergence in a human group that lived according to the norms of pack animals, a leader and a hierarchy of his subordinate environment. Subsequently, such a leader headed a tribe, then a union of tribes, pre-state and state formations, and gradually the idea of the country and people as the property of the sovereign took shape.
Monarchy is in historical opposition to republican statehood and competes with republican democracy, but can be combined with monarchical democracy, i.e. the most ancient forms tribal, military, veche (in Russian principalities), urban (police) democracy (mixed government, according to Aristotle). The historical meaning of the dilemma “monarchy - republican democracy”, formulated back political philosophy ancient Greece, was explained as the problem of number in politics: the movement from 1 to multitude (Plato. Republic, 291d, 302c). The movement from 1 to functionally, between monarchy and democracy all other types of government systems are located, 1 and these are extremes, so in history they either supplanted each other or combined with each other. In the Romanesque and medieval traditions, the tradition of the titular monarchy was firmly held, i.e., the rule entrusted to the monarch by the people - the true holder of power and rights. Early feudal monarchies did not yet have full power, which they were forced to share with tribal leaders and communal self-government in cities; often their functions were limited to the leadership of military operations (elected kings of the Germanic tribes, Novgorod princes in Rus'). In the East and Europe, by the beginning of the New Age, the monarchy gradually absolutely prevailed and took on the completed form of absolutism (in Europe) and autocracy (in Russia) in the process of historical concentration and centralization of power. Absolutism received theoretical justification in the concept of monarchical sovereignty in the works of I. Sanin (“The Enlightener,” 1503) and J. Bodin (“Six Books on the Republic,” 1576). Monarchy as a form of government gradually declined. This process began with con. 18th century and continued throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. Monarchies were either replaced by a republican system, or took mixed forms (constitutional, democratic, parliamentary), which significantly limited the power of the monarch, and often reduced the role of the monarch in the state to pure representation.
We all know that there are various shapes government, including the monarchy. What is a monarchy, and how, for example, does the power of the Queen of England differ from the power of the Omani Sultan? We will try to tell you about this in detail.
Monarchy: what is it?
Monarchy is one of the forms of government in which the supreme power in it partially or completely belongs (formally or in reality) to the monarch - the sole head of this state. A monarch (sultan, shah, emperor, king, king, etc.) usually receives power by inheritance and rules for life.
Based on the definition given above, the following main features of a monarchy can be identified:
- The supreme power in the state belongs to one person;
- This power is obtained and transmitted by inheritance, according to the principle of blood;
- Power belongs to the monarch for life;
- The monarch personifies historical continuity, unity of the nation, traditions and represents his country on the international stage.
Even in those countries where the power of the monarch is limited by the constitution and he does not actually rule the country, he is still the personification of the supreme state power.
Types of monarchy
Based on the scope of restrictions, the monarchy is divided into several types: absolute, constitutional, parliamentary and dualistic.
What is an absolute monarchy?
In an absolute monarchy, the power of the monarch is unlimited. All government bodies are subordinate to him. States with an absolute monarchy are Qatar, Oman, the Principality of the United United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia.
What is a constitutional monarchy?
In this form of government, the monarch's power is limited by the constitution, traditions, or unwritten rules. Constitutional monarchy, in turn, is divided into two forms:
- Parliamentary monarchy. In this form of monarchy, the monarch performs a representative function and has no real power. The government is subordinate to parliament, and not to the formal head of state - the monarch. Currently, states with a parliamentary monarchy are Sweden, Denmark, and Great Britain.
- Dualistic monarchy. This special kind constitutional monarchy, in which the power of the monarch is limited by both parliament and the constitution. The monarch has the right to freely accept independent decisions within the framework provided to him. This form government controlled currently available in Liechtenstein, Monaco, Kuwait, Jordan, Morocco.
Advantages and disadvantages of the monarchy
Monarchy, as a form of government, has the following advantages:
- From early childhood, the monarch is raised as a future head of state. The character qualities necessary for this are developed in him.
- The change of power does not occur under the influence of the interests of certain individuals. This guarantees that a person for whom power is an end in itself will not come to power.
- Any monarch wants to leave his heirs (son, daughter) a strong, prosperous state.
- Monarchy ensures the unity of power, and therefore makes it more durable.
- The position of the monarch is much higher than that of any party. Therefore, the monarch is not a biased political figure.
- The monarchy provides best conditions for long-term reforms.
- After the death of a monarch, his successor is always known, which significantly reduces the risk of political upheaval.
The disadvantages of the monarchy are:
- The monarch is not responsible to anyone for decisions made. This may lead to him making erroneous decisions that do not meet the interests of the country.
- A person who is not able to fully govern the state, for example, a child, can become a monarch.
- The monarch is largely dependent on his environment.
- The death of a monarch who has no children can lead to the development of a serious political crisis in the country.
- The position of the monarch above the law makes the entire population dependent on the will of their ruler, in fact, powerless.
All monarchies that have ever existed can be divided according to the type of restrictions and type of structure.
Monarchies by type of structure
Eastern despotism is the very first form of monarchy, in which the ruler had absolute power over all subjects in all spheres of state life. The figure of the monarch was sacred and was often equated with the figures of the gods.
The feudal monarchy is characterized by the leading role of the monarch, however big influence Representatives of other classes also have. In certain historical periods, the supreme ruler was only “first among equals.” Feudal monarchy in European countries went through three main stages: the early feudal monarchy, the patrimonial monarchy and the estate-representative monarchy.
During the period of the early feudal monarchy, the role of the supreme ruler remained dominant. Under a patrimonial monarchy, the role of large landowners (feudal lords or patrimonial lords), who have a strong influence on the monarch’s decision-making, increases significantly. The estate-representative monarchy expands this process. Representatives of all or most classes gain access to power, and early forms of parliaments arise.
A theocratic monarchy can exist in any of the existing forms, however, here the ruler of the state is the spiritual father of the nation, that is, the head of the church.
Monarchies by type of restrictions
An absolute monarchy is characterized by a developed legislative system and state institutions. The power of the monarch is dominant in all spheres, however, class privileges are preserved and the actions of the monarch are more or less limited by law.
Constitutional monarchy - in this form of government, the power of the monarch is greatly limited by the constitution. It exists in two forms: and dualistic.
In a parliamentary constitutional monarchy, full power belongs to an elected government body, while the monarch retains only nominal functions.
In a dualistic monarchy, the monarch and parliament share power in the country, but both sides have restrictions, the degree of which varies depending on the country. different countries.
There is also a rare form of elective monarchy, in which the supreme ruler is chosen by the royal court, parliament or representatives of the estates. He can be elected either for life (Vatican) or for a limited period (Malaysia).
- (Greek, from monos one, and archo I rule). A sole-power state, i.e., where the state is ruled by one person, the monarch. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. MONARCHY Greek. monarchia, from monos, one, and... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
MONARCHY (from the Greek μον κρχία autocracy) is one of the forms of monocracy and the name of the state system headed by a monarch. From other forms of monocracy (dictatorship, presidential rule, party leadership) ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
Monarchy- (from the gr. monarchia autocracy; English monarchy) a form of government in which, unlike oligarchy and democracy, the supreme state power is concentrated in the hands of the individual head of state ... Encyclopedia of Law
- (gr. monarchia autocracy) a form of government in which the head of state is the monarch. IN modern world two are saved historical type M. absolute monarchy and constitutional monarchy. The latter exists in two forms, differing... Legal dictionary
A form of government in which supreme state power belongs to the monarch (king, prince, sultan, shah, emir) and is inherited. A monarchy can be absolute when the power of the monarch is almost unlimited (Brunei, Bahrain, Qatar, ... ... Geographical encyclopedia
MONARCHY, monarchies, women. (Greek monarchia autocracy) (book, political). The most despotic form of government, dominant in the era of feudalism, in which supreme power belongs to one person, the monarch; autocracy... ... Dictionary Ushakova
- (Greek monarchia - autocracy) - one of the forms of government. The essential characteristic of a monarchy is concentration, the concentration in the hands of one person - the monarch - of supreme power, which is inherited. Distinguish... ... Political science. Dictionary.
Monarchy- Monarchy ♦ Monarchie The power of one person, but subject to laws (as opposed to despotism, which does not recognize any norms and rules). When these laws themselves depend on the will of the monarch (called an autocrat), we speak of absolute... ... Philosophical Dictionary Sponville
Women rule, where supreme power is in the hands of one person, monarchical truth, one or the power itself. | The state is monarchical. Russian monarchy. Monarch husband sole sovereign or autocrat. Monarch female autocrat; spouse... ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
Absolutism, despotism, autocracy, kingdom, monocracy Dictionary of Russian synonyms. monarchy noun, number of synonyms: 5 absolutism (7) ... Synonym dictionary
MONARCHY, a state whose head is a monarch (for example, king, king, shah, emir, kaiser), who receives power, usually by inheritance. There are unlimited (absolute) monarchies and limited (so-called... ... Modern encyclopedia
Books
- , Smolin Mikhail Borisovich. Mikhail Smolin's book "Monarchy or Republic?" consists of the texts on which the program is based" White word", which the author hosted on the Tsargrad TV channel. The book is based on answers to ...
- Monarchy or republic? Imperial letters to neighbors, M.B. Smolin. Mikhail Smolin's book Monarchy or Republic? consists of texts that form the basis of the program White Word, which the author hosted on the Tsargrad TV channel. The book is based on answers to current...
