5.4.1 The heated area of the building should be defined as the area of the floors (including the attic, heated basement and basement) of the building, measured within the internal surfaces of the external walls, including the area occupied by partitions and internal walls. In this case, the area stairwells and elevator shafts are included in the floor area.
The heated area of the building does not include the area of warm attics and basements, unheated technical floors, basement (underground), cold unheated verandas, unheated staircases, as well as a cold attic or part of it not occupied as an attic.
5.4.2 When determining the area attic floor takes into account an area with a height of up to sloping ceiling 1.2 m at an inclination of 30° to the horizon; 0.8 m - at 45° - 60°; at 60° or more - the area is measured up to the baseboard.
5.4.3 The area of residential premises of a building is calculated as the sum of the areas of all common rooms(living rooms) and bedrooms.
5.4.4 The heated volume of a building is defined as the product of the heated area of the floor and the internal height, measured from the floor surface of the first floor to the ceiling surface last floor.
At complex forms of the internal volume of a building, the heated volume is defined as the volume of space limited by the internal surfaces of external fences (walls, coverings or attic floor, basement floor).
To determine the volume of air filling the building, the heated volume is multiplied by a factor of 0.85.
5.4.5 The area of external enclosing structures is determined by internal dimensions building. The total area of external walls (including windows and doorways) is defined as the product of the perimeter of the external walls by inner surface to the internal height of the building, measured from the floor surface of the first floor to the ceiling surface of the last floor, taking into account the area of windows and door slopes depth from the inner surface of the wall to the inner surface of the window or door block. The total area of windows is determined by the size of the openings in the light. The area of the external walls (opaque part) is determined as the difference between the total area of the external walls and the area of windows and external doors.
5.4.6 The area of horizontal external fences (covering, attic and basement floors) is determined as the floor area of the building (within the internal surfaces of the external walls).
With inclined surfaces of the ceilings of the last floor, the area of the roof, attic floor is determined as the area of the inner surface of the ceiling.
PRINCIPLES FOR DETERMINING THE REGULAR LEVEL OF THERMAL PROTECTION
6.1 The main objective of SNiP 23-02 is to ensure the design of thermal protection of buildings at a given thermal energy consumption to maintain the established parameters of the microclimate of their premises. At the same time, the building must also provide sanitary and hygienic conditions.
6.2 SNiP 23-02 establishes three mandatory mutually linked standardized indicators for the thermal protection of a building, based on:
“a” - standardized values of heat transfer resistance for individual building envelopes for thermal protection of the building;
“b” - standardized values of the temperature difference between the temperatures of the internal air and on the surface of the enclosing structure and the temperature on the inner surface of the enclosing structure above the dew point temperature;
“c” - a standardized specific indicator of thermal energy consumption for heating, which allows you to vary the values of the heat-protective properties of enclosing structures, taking into account the choice of systems for maintaining standardized microclimate parameters.
The requirements of SNiP 23-02 will be met if, when designing residential and public buildings, the requirements of indicators of groups “a” and “b” or “b” and “c” are met, and for industrial buildings - indicators of groups “a” and “b” " The choice of indicators by which the design will be carried out falls within the competence of the design organization or the customer. Methods and ways to achieve these standardized indicators are selected during design.
All types of enclosing structures must meet the requirements of indicators “b”: provide comfortable living conditions for people and prevent indoor surfaces from getting wet, wet and mold.
6.3 According to indicators “c”, the design of buildings is carried out by determining the complex value of energy saving from the use of architectural, construction, thermal and engineering solutions aimed at saving energy resources, and therefore, if necessary, in each specific case, it is possible to establish less normalized values than according to indicators “a”. heat transfer resistance for certain types of enclosing structures, for example, for walls (but not lower than the minimum values established in 5.13 SNiP 23-02).
6.4 In the process of designing a building, the design indicator is determined specific consumption thermal energy, which depends on the heat-protective properties of the building envelope, space-planning solutions of the building, heat release and the amount of solar energy entering the building, efficiency engineering systems maintaining the required microclimate of premises and heat supply systems. This calculated indicator should not exceed the standardized indicator.
6.5 Designing according to “B” indicators provides the following advantages:
There is no need for individual elements of enclosing structures to achieve the normalized heat transfer resistance values specified in Table 4 of SNiP 23-02;
An energy-saving effect is ensured through the integrated design of the building’s thermal protection and taking into account the efficiency of heat supply systems;
Greater freedom in choosing design solutions during design.
Picture 1- Design scheme for thermal protection of buildings
6.6 The design diagram for thermal protection of buildings in accordance with SNiP 23-02 is presented in Figure 1. The selection of thermal protection properties of enclosing structures should be performed in the following sequence:
External climatic parameters are selected in accordance with SNiP 23-01 and the degree-days of the heating period are calculated;
Select minimum values optimal parameters microclimate inside the building according to the purpose of the building according to GOST 30494, SanPiN 2.1.2.1002 and GOST 12.1.005. Establish operating conditions for enclosing structures A or B;
A space-planning solution for the building is developed, the building compactness index is calculated and compared with the standardized value. If the calculated value is greater than the normalized value, then it is recommended to change the space-planning solution in order to achieve the normalized value;
Select the requirements of indicators “a” or “b”.
According to indicators "a"
6.7 The choice of heat-protective properties of enclosing structures according to the standardized values of its elements is carried out in the following sequence:
Determine the standardized values of heat transfer resistance Rreq enclosing structures (external walls, coverings, attic and basement floors, windows and lanterns, external doors and gates) by degree-day of the heating period; checked for the permissible value of the calculated temperature difference D t p;
The energy parameters for the energy passport are calculated, but the specific thermal energy consumption is not controlled.
According to indicators "in"
6.8 The selection of heat-protective properties of enclosing structures based on the standardized specific consumption of thermal energy for heating the building is carried out in the following sequence:
As a first approximation, element-by-element standards for heat transfer resistance are determined Rreq enclosing structures (external walls, coverings, attic and basement floors, windows and lanterns, external doors and gates) depending on the degree-day of the heating period;
Prescribe the required air exchange in accordance with SNiP 31-01, SNiP 31-02 and SNiP 2.08.02 and determine household heat generation;
A building class (A, B or C) is assigned for energy efficiency and, if class A or B is selected, the percentage of reduction in standardized unit costs is established within the limits of standardized deviation values;
Determine the normalized value of the specific consumption of thermal energy for heating the building depending on the class of the building, its type and number of storeys and adjust this value in the case of assigning class A or B and connecting the building to decentralized system heating supply or stationary electric heating;
Calculate the specific consumption of thermal energy for heating the building during the heating period, fill out the energy passport and compare it with the standardized value. The calculation is completed if the calculated value does not exceed the standardized value.
If the calculated value is less than the normalized value, then the search is carried out the following options so that the calculated value does not exceed the normalized one:
A decrease in comparison with the standardized values of the level of thermal protection for individual building enclosures, primarily for walls;
Changing the space-planning solution of the building (size, shape and layout of sections);
Choosing more efficient heat supply, heating and ventilation systems and methods of regulating them;
Combining the previous options.
As a result of enumerating the options, new values of standardized heat transfer resistance are determined Rreq enclosing structures (external walls, coverings, attic and basement floors, windows, stained-glass windows and lanterns, external doors and gates), which may differ from those chosen as a first approximation, both smaller and larger. This value should not be lower than the minimum values specified in 5.13 SNiP 23-02.
Check for the permissible value of the calculated temperature difference D t p.
6.9 Calculate thermal energy parameters in accordance with Section 7 and fill out an energy passport in accordance with Section 18 of this Code of Rules.
Create a heating system in own home or even in a city apartment - an extremely responsible occupation. It would be completely unreasonable to purchase boiler equipment, as they say, “by eye,” that is, without taking into account all the features of the housing. In this case, it is quite possible that you will end up in two extremes: either the boiler power will not be enough - the equipment will work “to the fullest”, without pauses, but still not give the expected result, or, on the contrary, an overly expensive device will be purchased, the capabilities of which will remain completely unchanged. unclaimed.
But that's not all. It is not enough to correctly purchase the necessary heating boiler - it is very important to optimally select and correctly arrange heat exchange devices in the premises - radiators, convectors or “warm floors”. And again, relying only on your intuition or the “good advice” of your neighbors is not the most reasonable option. In a word, it’s impossible to do without certain calculations.
Of course, ideally, such thermal calculations should be carried out by appropriate specialists, but this often costs a lot of money. Isn't it fun to try to do it yourself? This publication will show in detail how heating is calculated based on the area of the room, taking into account many important nuances. By analogy, it will be possible to perform, built into this page, it will help to perform the necessary calculations. The technique cannot be called completely “sinless”, however, it still allows you to obtain results with a completely acceptable degree of accuracy.
The simplest calculation methods
In order for the heating system to create comfortable living conditions during the cold season, it must cope with two main tasks. These functions are closely related to each other, and their division is very conditional.
- The first is maintaining optimal level air temperature in the entire volume of the heated room. Of course, the temperature level may vary somewhat with altitude, but this difference should not be significant. An average of +20 °C is considered quite comfortable conditions - this is the temperature that is usually taken as the initial one in thermal calculations.
In other words, the heating system must be able to warm up a certain volume of air.
If we approach it with complete accuracy, then for individual rooms in residential buildings standards for the required microclimate have been established - they are defined by GOST 30494-96. An excerpt from this document is in the table below:
| Purpose of the room | Air temperature, °C | Relative humidity, % | Air speed, m/s | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| optimal | acceptable | optimal | permissible, max | optimal, max | permissible, max | |
| For the cold season | ||||||
| Living room | 20÷22 | 18÷24 (20÷24) | 45÷30 | 60 | 0.15 | 0.2 |
| The same, but for living rooms in regions with minimum temperatures of - 31 °C and below | 21÷23 | 20÷24 (22÷24) | 45÷30 | 60 | 0.15 | 0.2 |
| Kitchen | 19÷21 | 18÷26 | N/N | N/N | 0.15 | 0.2 |
| Toilet | 19÷21 | 18÷26 | N/N | N/N | 0.15 | 0.2 |
| Bathroom, combined toilet | 24÷26 | 18÷26 | N/N | N/N | 0.15 | 0.2 |
| Facilities for recreation and study sessions | 20÷22 | 18÷24 | 45÷30 | 60 | 0.15 | 0.2 |
| Inter-apartment corridor | 18÷20 | 16÷22 | 45÷30 | 60 | N/N | N/N |
| Lobby, staircase | 16÷18 | 14÷20 | N/N | N/N | N/N | N/N |
| Storerooms | 16÷18 | 12÷22 | N/N | N/N | N/N | N/N |
| For the warm season (Standard only for residential premises. For others - not standardized) | ||||||
| Living room | 22÷25 | 20÷28 | 60÷30 | 65 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
- The second is compensation of heat losses through building structural elements.
The most important “enemy” of the heating system is heat loss through building structures
Alas, heat loss is the most serious “rival” of any heating system. They can be reduced to a certain minimum, but even with the highest quality thermal insulation it is not yet possible to completely get rid of them. Thermal energy leaks occur in all directions - their approximate distribution is shown in the table:
| Building design element | Approximate value of heat loss |
|---|---|
| Foundation, floors on the ground or above unheated basement (basement) rooms | from 5 to 10% |
| “Cold bridges” through poorly insulated joints building structures | from 5 to 10% |
| Input locations engineering communications(sewage, water supply, gas pipes, electrical cables, etc.) | up to 5% |
| External walls, depending on the degree of insulation | from 20 to 30% |
| Poor quality windows and external doors | about 20÷25%, of which about 10% - through unsealed joints between the boxes and the wall, and due to ventilation |
| Roof | up to 20% |
| Ventilation and chimney | up to 25 ÷30% |
Naturally, in order to cope with such tasks, the heating system must have a certain thermal power, and this potential must not only meet the general needs of the building (apartment), but also be correctly distributed among the rooms, in accordance with their area and a number of other important factors.
Usually the calculation is carried out in the direction “from small to large”. Simply put, the required amount of thermal energy is calculated for each heated room, the obtained values are summed up, approximately 10% of the reserve is added (so that the equipment does not work at the limit of its capabilities) - and the result will show how much power the heating boiler is needed. And the values for each room will become Starting point for counting required quantity radiators.
The most simplified and most frequently used method in a non-professional environment is to adopt a norm of 100 W of thermal energy per square meter of area:
The most primitive way of calculating is the ratio of 100 W/m²
Q = S× 100
Q– required heating power for the room;
S– room area (m²);
100 — specific power per unit area (W/m²).
For example, a room 3.2 × 5.5 m
S= 3.2 × 5.5 = 17.6 m²
Q= 17.6 × 100 = 1760 W ≈ 1.8 kW
The method is obviously very simple, but very imperfect. It is worth mentioning right away that it is conditionally applicable only when standard height ceilings - approximately 2.7 m (acceptable - in the range from 2.5 to 3.0 m). From this point of view, the calculation will be more accurate not from the area, but from the volume of the room.
It is clear that in this case the power density is calculated at cubic meter. It is taken equal to 41 W/m³ for reinforced concrete panel house, or 34 W/m³ - in brick or made of other materials.
Q = S × h× 41 (or 34)
h– ceiling height (m);
41 or 34 – specific power per unit volume (W/m³).
For example, the same room in panel house, with a ceiling height of 3.2 m:
Q= 17.6 × 3.2 × 41 = 2309 W ≈ 2.3 kW
The result is more accurate, since it takes into account not only everything linear dimensions premises, but even, to a certain extent, the features of the walls.
But still, it is still far from real accuracy - many nuances are “outside the brackets”. How to perform calculations closer to real conditions is in the next section of the publication.
You may be interested in information about what they are
Carrying out calculations of the required thermal power taking into account the characteristics of the premises
The calculation algorithms discussed above can be useful for an initial “estimate,” but you should still rely on them completely with great caution. Even to a person who does not understand anything about building heating engineering, the indicated average values may certainly seem dubious - they cannot be equal, say, for the Krasnodar Territory and for the Arkhangelsk Region. In addition, the room is different: one is located on the corner of the house, that is, it has two external walls ki, and the other is protected from heat loss by other rooms on three sides. In addition, the room may have one or more windows, both small and very large, sometimes even panoramic. And the windows themselves may differ in the material of manufacture and other design features. And this is not a complete list - it’s just that such features are visible even to the naked eye.
In a word, there are quite a lot of nuances that affect the heat loss of each specific room, and it is better not to be lazy, but to carry out a more thorough calculation. Believe me, using the method proposed in the article, this will not be so difficult.
General principles and calculation formula
The calculations will be based on the same ratio: 100 W per 1 square meter. But the formula itself is “overgrown” with a considerable number of various correction factors.
Q = (S × 100) × a × b× c × d × e × f × g × h × i × j × k × l × m
The Latin letters denoting the coefficients are taken completely arbitrarily, in alphabetical order, and have no relation to any quantities standardly accepted in physics. The meaning of each coefficient will be discussed separately.
- “a” is a coefficient that takes into account the number of external walls in a particular room.
Obviously, the more external walls there are in a room, the larger area, through which it occurs heat losses. In addition, the presence of two or more external walls also means corners - extremely vulnerable places from the point of view of the formation of “cold bridges”. Coefficient “a” will correct for this specific feature of the room.
The coefficient is taken equal to:
— external walls No (interior space): a = 0.8;
- external wall one: a = 1.0;
— external walls two: a = 1.2;
— external walls three: a = 1.4.
- “b” is a coefficient that takes into account the location of the external walls of the room relative to the cardinal directions.
You might be interested in information about what types of
Even on the coldest winter days, solar energy still has an impact on the temperature balance in the building. It is quite natural that the side of the house that faces south receives some heat from the sun's rays, and heat loss through it is lower.
But walls and windows facing north “never see” the Sun. The eastern part of the house, although it “catches” the morning sun’s rays, still does not receive any effective heating from them.
Based on this, we introduce the coefficient “b”:
- the outer walls of the room face North or East: b = 1.1;
- the external walls of the room are oriented towards South or West: b = 1.0.
- “c” is a coefficient that takes into account the location of the room relative to the winter “wind rose”
Perhaps this amendment is not so mandatory for houses located on areas protected from winds. But sometimes the prevailing winter winds can make their own “hard adjustments” to the thermal balance of a building. Naturally, the windward side, that is, “exposed” to the wind, will lose significantly more body compared to the leeward, opposite side.
Based on the results of long-term weather observations in any region, a so-called “wind rose” is compiled - a graphic diagram showing the prevailing wind directions in winter and summer time of the year. This information can be obtained from your local weather service. However, many residents themselves, without meteorologists, know very well where the winds predominantly blow in winter, and from which side of the house the deepest snowdrifts usually sweep.
If you want to carry out calculations with more high accuracy, then we can include in the formula and correction factor"c", taking it equal to:
- windward side of the house: c = 1.2;
- leeward walls of the house: c = 1.0;
- walls located parallel to the wind direction: c = 1.1.
- “d” is a correction factor that takes into account the climatic conditions of the region where the house was built
Naturally, the amount of heat loss through all building structures of the building will very much depend on the level winter temperatures. It is quite clear that during the winter the thermometer readings “dance” in a certain range, but for each region there is an average indicator of the lowest temperatures characteristic of the coldest five-day period of the year (usually this is typical for January). For example, below is a map diagram of the territory of Russia, on which approximate values are shown in colors.
Usually this value is easy to clarify in the regional weather service, but you can, in principle, rely on your own observations.
So, the coefficient “d”, which takes into account the climate characteristics of the region, for our calculations is taken equal to:
— from – 35 °C and below: d = 1.5;
— from – 30 °С to – 34 °С: d = 1.3;
— from – 25 °С to – 29 °С: d = 1.2;
— from – 20 °С to – 24 °С: d = 1.1;
— from – 15 °С to – 19 °С: d = 1.0;
— from – 10 °С to – 14 °С: d = 0.9;
- no colder - 10 °C: d = 0.7.
- “e” is a coefficient that takes into account the degree of insulation of external walls.
The total value of heat losses of a building is directly related to the degree of insulation of all building structures. One of the “leaders” in heat loss are walls. Therefore, the value of thermal power required to maintain comfortable conditions living indoors depends on the quality of their thermal insulation.
The value of the coefficient for our calculations can be taken as follows:
— external walls do not have insulation: e = 1.27;
- average degree of insulation - walls made of two bricks or their surface thermal insulation is provided with other insulation materials: e = 1.0;
— insulation was carried out with high quality, based on thermal engineering calculations: e = 0.85.
Below in the course of this publication, recommendations will be given on how to determine the degree of insulation of walls and other building structures.
- coefficient "f" - correction for ceiling heights
Ceilings, especially in private homes, can have different heights. Therefore, the thermal power to warm up a particular room of the same area will also differ in this parameter.
It would not be a big mistake to accept the following values for the correction factor “f”:
— ceiling heights up to 2.7 m: f = 1.0;
— flow height from 2.8 to 3.0 m: f = 1.05;
- ceiling heights from 3.1 to 3.5 m: f = 1.1;
— ceiling heights from 3.6 to 4.0 m: f = 1.15;
- ceiling height more than 4.1 m: f = 1.2.
- « g" is a coefficient that takes into account the type of floor or room located under the ceiling.
As shown above, the floor is one of the significant sources of heat loss. This means that it is necessary to make some adjustments to account for this feature of a particular room. The correction factor “g” can be taken equal to:
- cold floor on the ground or above an unheated room (for example, a basement or basement): g= 1,4 ;
- insulated floor on the ground or above an unheated room: g= 1,2 ;
— the heated room is located below: g= 1,0 .
- « h" is a coefficient that takes into account the type of room located above.
The air heated by the heating system always rises, and if the ceiling in the room is cold, then increased heat loss is inevitable, which will require an increase in the required thermal power. Let us introduce the coefficient “h”, which takes into account this feature of the calculated room:
— the “cold” attic is located on top: h = 1,0 ;
— there is an insulated attic or other insulated room on top: h = 0,9 ;
— any heated room is located on top: h = 0,8 .
- « i" - coefficient taking into account the design features of windows
Windows are one of the “main routes” for heat flow. Naturally, much in this matter depends on the quality of the window structure itself. Old wooden frames, which were previously universally installed in all houses, are significantly inferior in terms of their thermal insulation to modern multi-chamber systems with double-glazed windows.
Without words it is clear that the thermal insulation qualities of these windows differ significantly
But there is no complete uniformity between PVH windows. For example, a two-chamber double-glazed window (with three glasses) will be much “warmer” than a single-chamber one.
This means that it is necessary to enter a certain coefficient “i”, taking into account the type of windows installed in the room:
- standard wooden windows with conventional double glazing: i = 1,27 ;
- modern window systems with single-chamber double-glazed windows: i = 1,0 ;
— modern window systems with two-chamber or three-chamber double-glazed windows, including those with argon filling: i = 0,85 .
- « j" - correction factor for the total glazing area of the room
Whatever quality windows No matter how they were, it will still not be possible to completely avoid heat loss through them. But it is quite clear that one cannot compare a small window with panoramic glazing almost the entire wall.
First you need to find the ratio of the areas of all the windows in the room and the room itself:
x = ∑SOK /SP
∑ SOK– total area of windows in the room;
SP– area of the room.
Depending on the obtained value, the correction factor “j” is determined:
— x = 0 ÷ 0.1 →j = 0,8 ;
— x = 0.11 ÷ 0.2 →j = 0,9 ;
— x = 0.21 ÷ 0.3 →j = 1,0 ;
— x = 0.31 ÷ 0.4 →j = 1,1 ;
— x = 0.41 ÷ 0.5 →j = 1,2 ;
- « k" - coefficient that corrects for the presence of an entrance door
A door to the street or to an unheated balcony is always an additional “loophole” for the cold
A door to the street or to an open balcony can make adjustments to the thermal balance of the room - each opening is accompanied by the penetration of a considerable volume of cold air into the room. Therefore, it makes sense to take into account its presence - for this we introduce the coefficient “k”, which we take equal to:
- no door: k = 1,0 ;
- one door to the street or to the balcony: k = 1,3 ;
- two doors to the street or balcony: k = 1,7 .
- « l" - possible amendments to the heating radiator connection diagram
Perhaps this may seem like an insignificant detail to some, but still, why not immediately take into account the planned connection diagram for heating radiators. The fact is that their heat transfer, and therefore their participation in maintaining a certain temperature balance in the room, changes quite noticeably with different types of insertion of supply and return pipes.
| Illustration | Radiator insert type | The value of the coefficient "l" |
|---|---|---|
 | Diagonal connection: supply from above, return from below | l = 1.0 |
 | Connection on one side: supply from above, return from below | l = 1.03 |
 | Two-way connection: both supply and return from below | l = 1.13 |
 | Diagonal connection: supply from below, return from above | l = 1.25 |
 | Connection on one side: supply from below, return from above | l = 1.28 |
 | One-way connection, both supply and return from below | l = 1.28 |
- « m" - correction factor for the peculiarities of the installation location of heating radiators
And finally, the last coefficient, which is also related to the peculiarities of connecting heating radiators. It is probably clear that if the battery is installed openly and is not blocked by anything from above or from the front, then it will give maximum heat transfer. However, such an installation is not always possible - more often the radiators are partially hidden by window sills. Other options are also possible. In addition, some owners, trying to fit heating elements into the created interior ensemble, hide them completely or partially with decorative screens - this also significantly affects the thermal output.
If there are certain “outlines” of how and where radiators will be mounted, this can also be taken into account when making calculations by introducing a special coefficient “m”:
| Illustration | Features of installing radiators | The value of the coefficient "m" |
|---|---|---|
| The radiator is located openly on the wall or is not covered by a window sill | m = 0.9 | |
| The radiator is covered from above with a window sill or shelf | m = 1.0 | |
| The radiator is covered from above by a protruding wall niche | m = 1.07 | |
| The radiator is covered from above by a window sill (niche), and from the front part - by a decorative screen | m = 1.12 | |
| The radiator is completely enclosed in a decorative casing | m = 1.2 |
So, the calculation formula is clear. Surely, some of the readers will immediately grab their head - they say, it’s too complicated and cumbersome. However, if you approach the matter systematically and in an orderly manner, then there is no trace of complexity.
Any good homeowner must have a detailed graphic plan of his “possessions” with dimensions indicated, and usually oriented to the cardinal points. The climatic features of the region are easy to clarify. All that remains is to walk through all the rooms with a tape measure and clarify some of the nuances for each room. Features of housing - “vertical proximity” above and below, the location of the entrance doors, the proposed or existing installation scheme for heating radiators - no one except the owners knows better.
It is recommended to immediately create a worksheet where you can enter all the necessary data for each room. The result of the calculations will also be entered into it. Well, the calculations themselves will be helped by the built-in calculator, which already contains all the coefficients and ratios mentioned above.
If some data could not be obtained, then you can, of course, not take them into account, but in this case the calculator “by default” will calculate the result taking into account the least favorable conditions.
Can be seen with an example. We have a house plan (taken completely arbitrarily).
A region with minimum temperatures ranging from -20 ÷ 25 °C. Predominance of winter winds = northeast. The house is one-story, with an insulated attic. Insulated floors on the ground. The optimal one has been selected diagonal connection radiators that will be installed under window sills.
Let's create a table something like this:
| The room, its area, ceiling height. Floor insulation and “neighborhood” above and below | The number of external walls and their main location relative to the cardinal points and the “wind rose”. Degree of wall insulation | Number, type and size of windows | Availability of entrance doors (to the street or to the balcony) | Required thermal power (including 10% reserve) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Area 78.5 m² | 10.87 kW ≈ 11 kW | |||
| 1. Hallway. 3.18 m². Ceiling 2.8 m. Floor laid on the ground. Above is an insulated attic. | One, South, average degree of insulation. Leeward side | No | One | 0.52 kW |
| 2. Hall. 6.2 m². Ceiling 2.9 m. Insulated floor on the ground. Above - insulated attic | No | No | No | 0.62 kW |
| 3. Kitchen-dining room. 14.9 m². Ceiling 2.9 m. Well-insulated floor on the ground. Upstairs - insulated attic | Two. South, west. Average degree of insulation. Leeward side | Two, single-chamber double-glazed windows, 1200 × 900 mm | No | 2.22 kW |
| 4. Children's room. 18.3 m². Ceiling 2.8 m. Well-insulated floor on the ground. Above - insulated attic | Two, North - West. High degree of insulation. Windward | Two, double-glazed windows, 1400 × 1000 mm | No | 2.6 kW |
| 5. Bedroom. 13.8 m². Ceiling 2.8 m. Well-insulated floor on the ground. Above - insulated attic | Two, North, East. High degree of insulation. Windward side | Single, double-glazed window, 1400 × 1000 mm | No | 1.73 kW |
| 6. Living room. 18.0 m². Ceiling 2.8 m. Well-insulated floor. Above is an insulated attic | Two, East, South. High degree of insulation. Parallel to the wind direction | Four, double-glazed window, 1500 × 1200 mm | No | 2.59 kW |
| 7. Combined bathroom. 4.12 m². Ceiling 2.8 m. Well-insulated floor. Above is an insulated attic. | One, North. High degree of insulation. Windward side | One. Wooden frame with double glazing. 400 × 500 mm | No | 0.59 kW |
| TOTAL: |
Then, using the calculator below, we make calculations for each room (already taking into account the 10% reserve). It won't take much time using the recommended app. After this, all that remains is to sum up the obtained values for each room - this will be the required total power of the heating system.
The result for each room, by the way, will help you choose the right number of heating radiators - all that remains is to divide by the specific thermal power one section and round up.
1. The heated area of the building should be defined as the area of the floors (including the attic, heated basement and basement) of the building, measured within the internal surfaces of the external walls, including the area occupied by partitions and internal walls. In this case, the area of staircases and elevator shafts is included in the floor area.
The heated area of the building does not include the area of warm attics and basements, unheated technical floors, basement (underground), cold unheated verandas, unheated staircases, as well as a cold attic or part of it not occupied as an attic.
CALCULATION OF HEATED AREA AND VOLUMES OF A BUILDING
5.4 Thermal insulation External walls should be designed to be continuous in the plane of the building façade. When using combustible insulation, it is necessary to provide horizontal cuts from non-combustible materials at a height of no more than the height of the floor and no more than 6 m. Fencing elements such as internal partitions, columns, beams, ventilation ducts and others must not violate the integrity of the thermal insulation layer. Air ducts, ventilation ducts and pipes that partially pass through the thickness of external fences should be buried to the surface of the thermal insulation on the warm side. It is necessary to ensure a tight connection of the thermal insulation to the through heat-conducting inclusions. In this case, the reduced heat transfer resistance of the structure with heat-conducting inclusions must be no less than the required values.
5.11 It is recommended to design gaps at the junctions of windows and balcony doors with external wall structures using foaming agents. synthetic materials. All window and balcony doors must have sealing gaskets (at least two) made of silicone materials or frost-resistant rubber with a durability of at least 15 years (GOST 19177). It is recommended to install glass in windows and balcony doors using silicone mastics. The blind parts of balcony doors should be insulated with heat-insulating material.
How to find out what is included in the living space of a private house, and how it can be calculated
If Management Company incorrectly calculates the cost of heating due to the total area incorrectly indicated in the documents, it is necessary to re-register technical certificate, after which the corresponding changes are made to the cadastral passport and certificate of ownership. After this, the management company will have to recalculate.
- If the building has niches whose height is less than 2 m, they cannot be taken into account as part of the living area of the room.
- If the area of space under flight of stairs is no more than one and a half meters, it will also not be taken into account when assessing the size of the house.
Private house projects
The area of a residential building does not include underground areas for ventilation of a residential building, an unused attic, a technical underground, technical attic, non-apartment utilities with vertical (in channels, shafts) and horizontal (in interfloor space) wiring, vestibules, porticos, porches, external open stairs and ramps, as well as the area occupied by protruding structural elements And heating stoves, and the area within the door
A.2.1 The area of apartments is determined as the sum of the areas of all heated premises (living rooms and auxiliary premises intended to satisfy household and other needs) without taking into account unheated premises(loggias, balconies, verandas, terraces, cold storage rooms and vestibules).
Heated area of the apartment: was it calculated correctly?
Probably, in your case, the “heated area” indicator was calculated before the Provision Rules came into force utilities(2006) by excluding from the total area of the apartment the areas of unheated premises (loggias, balconies, verandas, terraces and cold storage rooms, vestibules) based on the rules for calculating the area. This can be confirmed by tech. passport for the apartment.
I pay for the central heating of the apartment according to the tariff (without a meter). The registration certificate for the apartment states: Living area - 55.8 sq.m., Area of auxiliary premises - 18.4 sq.m., Total area - 74.2 sq.m. The personal invoice for payment for heating of LUKOIL-Heat Transport Company LLC states: Heated area 62.2 sq. m. m.
Heated area
revised four times and decreased by almost 2.5 times: from 11 cubic meters to 4.5 cubic meters per square meter heated area per month. In addition, regional coefficients for individual regions and the number of storeys of buildings, the duration of the heating period and social coefficients were revised. 1news.info 05/30/2020 14:04
meters 1. Number of house meters in the past heating season __366__pcs, covered with meters _1196383.74_m2, which is 78.7% of the total heated area. 2. The number of house meters in the current heating season is _585_pcs, covered by meters __1486221.49__m2, which is _97.9_% of. 6264.com.ua - website of the city of Kramatorsk 05/22/2020 11:25
Total area and living area of the house
Due to The size of utilities depends on the area, it is necessary that the area in the documents corresponds to reality. Sometimes this requires ordering a new technical passport for the residential premises. Based on the data contained in it, a cadastral passport is drawn up, and information from it is indicated in the certificate of ownership.
People often confuse concepts such as total area and living area; the main thing is to be guided by documents when determining the area, however, if you need to know the size of the area for specific purposes, it would not hurt to consult a lawyer who, knowing legal features this or that question will help you not only in word, but also in deed.
How is the area of a house calculated?
But the technical inventory authorities use the Instructions on the accounting of the housing stock of the Russian Federation to determine the area of premises. And therefore, the BTI documents for determining the area of an apartment or individual residential building contain general information, where the accounting includes a balcony, loggia, terrace, etc. Such premises are included in the total area, but with a reduction factor: 0.5 – loggias; 0.3 – terraces and balconies; 1.0 – also terraces and cold storage rooms.
In accordance with the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, the concept of total area includes the sum of the areas of all rooms and parts of a given premises, including the areas of rooms (premises) for additional or auxiliary purposes (use), which are intended for household and other needs of citizens. Such premises are considered to be: kitchens, corridors, bathrooms, etc.
Heated area of the building
TSN 23-333-2002: Energy consumption and thermal protection of residential and public buildings. Nenets Autonomous Okrug- Terminology TSN 23 333 2002: Energy consumption and thermal protection of residential and public buildings. Nenets Autonomous Okrug: 1.5 Degree day Dd °С×day Definitions of the term from various documents: Degree day 1.6 Coefficient of glazing of the façade of a building... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
TSN 23-329-2002: Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings. Standards for thermal protection. Oryol region - Terminology TSN 23 329 2002: Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings. Standards for thermal protection. Oryol region: 1.5 Degree day Dd °С day Definitions of the term from various documents: Degree day 1.6 Glazing coefficient ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
What is included in the total living area of an apartment - controversial issues
- General- the sum of all housing areas that must be accounted for in accordance with the Housing Code of the Russian Federation.
- Residential- the sum of the areas of living rooms that are allocated as such during the design of the building. The semantic purpose of this room is permanent residence person.
- Useful- in our country - this is the sum of the areas of all premises, taking into account the balcony, mezzanine, except for flights of stairs, elevator shafts, ramps and the like; abroad - the sum of only the areas used.
The buyer signed an agreement with the developer on shared participation, with the expectation of buying an apartment of 77 sq. m. m. Including the area of the loggia. However, in the contract there were no references to the coefficients used in the calculations and a copy of the floor plan of the building.
30 Jul 2018 2338This item is carried out in the section of the diploma project for residential and public buildings.
1. The heated area of the building should be defined as the area of the floors (including the attic, heated basement and basement) of the building, measured within the internal surfaces of the external walls, including the area occupied by partitions and internal walls. In this case, the area of staircases and elevator shafts is included in the floor area.
The heated area of the building does not include the area of warm attics and basements, unheated technical floors, basement (underground), cold unheated verandas, unheated staircases, as well as a cold attic or part of it not occupied as an attic.
2. When determining the area of the attic floor, the area with a height to a sloping ceiling of 1.2 m with a slope of 30° to the horizon is taken into account; 0.8 m - at 45° - 60°; at 60° or more - the area is measured up to the baseboard.
3. The area of residential premises of the building is calculated as the sum of the areas of all common rooms (living rooms) and bedrooms.
4. The heated volume of a building is defined as the product of the heated area of the floor and the internal height, measured from the floor surface of the first floor to the ceiling surface of the last floor.
With complex shapes of the internal volume of a building, the heated volume is defined as the volume of space limited by the internal surfaces of external enclosures (walls, roofing or attic floor, basement).
5. The area of external enclosing structures is determined by the internal dimensions of the building. The total area of the external walls (including window and door openings) is determined as the product of the perimeter of the external walls along the internal surface and the internal height of the building, measured from the floor surface of the first floor to the ceiling surface of the last floor, taking into account the area of window and door slopes with a depth from the internal surface of the wall to the inner surface of a window or door block. The total area of windows is determined by the size of the openings in the light. The area of the external walls (opaque part) is determined as the difference between the total area of the external walls and the area of windows and external doors.
6. The area of horizontal external fences (covering, attic and basement floors) is determined as the floor area of the building (within the internal surfaces of the external walls).
With inclined surfaces of the ceilings of the last floor, the area of the roof, attic floor is determined as the area of the inner surface of the ceiling.
The calculation of the areas and volumes of the space-planning solution of the building is carried out according to the working drawings of the architectural and construction part of the project. As a result, the following main volumes and areas are obtained:
Heated volume Vh
Heated area (for residential buildings - total area of apartments) Ah
Total area of the building's external enclosing structures, m2.
Errors During Design and Filling-in of Energy Passport as Part of the Design Documents
A. D. Zabegin, Head of the Building’s Energy Efficiency Sector of Mosgosexpertise
Keywords: design documents, energy passport, energy conservation, specific thermal energy consumption, heated building volume
The article discusses regulatory documents that govern the form and methods of filling-in of energy passport, and main mistakes that occur.
Description:
The article discusses the regulatory documents governing the form and methodology for filling out the energy passport, and the main mistakes made when filling it out.
Errors when designing and filling out a building’s energy passport
A. D. Zabegin, Head of the sector of energy efficiency of buildings of the Moscow State Expertise, otvet@site
Regulatory documents governing the form and methodology for filling out the energy passport
Federal Law of November 23, 2009 No. 261-FZ “On energy saving and increasing energy efficiency and on introducing amendments to certain legislative acts Russian Federation» established, as one of the measures of state regulation in the field of energy saving and increasing energy efficiency, requirements for an energy passport (Article 9, paragraph 6). Let's consider which objects are subject to the requirements for energy efficiency and the availability of an energy passport. According to clause 5, art. 11 of the law, these requirements apply to newly constructed, reconstructed and overhauled buildings, structures and structures, with the exception of religious buildings, buildings classified as cultural heritage sites, temporary buildings with a service life of less than two years, individual housing construction projects, auxiliary buildings, individual buildings and structures with an area of less than 50 m2.
In accordance with clause 27 (1) of the provisions of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 16, 2008 No. 87 “On the composition of sections of project documentation and requirements for their content,” the energy passport is included in the project documentation in section 10.1 “Measures to ensure compliance with energy efficiency requirements and requirements for equipping buildings, structures and structures with metering devices for energy resources used.”
What does an energy pass include and what form should I use to fill it out? In accordance with clause 10 of the “Rules for establishing energy efficiency requirements”, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 25, 2011 No. 18, the energy passport of a building includes indicators characterizing the fulfillment of energy efficiency requirements, such as annual specific values of energy resource consumption.
The main document defining the composition and form of the energy passport of the designed facility today is SNiP 23-02–2003 “ Thermal protection buildings”, in which Appendix D provides the methodology for filling out the energy passport, and Appendix D contains the form of the passport itself.
I would like to emphasize that Order No. 182 of the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation dated April 19, 2010 establishes the requirements for an energy passport based on the results of a mandatory energy audit. The form of Appendix No. 24 of this order takes place during an energy audit carried out on the basis of project documentation, and it should not be accepted as an energy passport as part of the project.
We have decided on the form and methodology for filling out the energy passport as part of the project documentation; now I would like to draw the reader’s attention to the main mistakes made by the designers and developers of the corresponding section of the project documentation.
Main mistakes when filling out an energy passport
The main and most common mistake is the incorrect determination of the heated volume and the heated shell limiting it. To eliminate this error, it is necessary to clearly understand which rooms are included in the heated volume. These are all rooms in which there are heating devices and the internal air temperature maintained by them is above 12 °C (SNiP 23-02–2003, Appendix B, clause 9). Premises with a lower temperature must be excluded from the heated volume, and the heated shell is limited to internal structures (walls or ceilings depending on the location of the cold premises) taking into account the corresponding coefficient - n(Note to Table 6, SNiP 23-02–2003), which allows you to calculate the heat flow through such a structure.
For an example of determining the heated volume, consider a 17-story residential building with a technical floor and an underground parking lot, designed in Moscow. The lower limit of the heated volume in this case will be the ceiling above the parking lot, due to the fact that in accordance with clause 6.3.1 of SP 113.13330.2012 “Car parking. Updated edition of SNiP 21-02–99*" the internal air temperature in the parking lot is maintained at +5 °C and the coefficient n in this case it will be equal n= (20 – 5) / (20 + 28). The lateral boundary of the volume will be external walls, windows, stained glass and entrance doors. In this case, summer rooms, such as loggias and balconies, are excluded from the heated volume, and walls and window units With balcony doors, adjacent to these summer premises. The temperature of the internal air on a loggia or balcony, when glazed, can either be taken equal to the temperature of the external air, or calculated using the heat balance (experience shows that in this case the temperature on the loggia will be 1.5–2 °C higher than the calculated one outside air temperature).
Also, do not forget to include in the heated shell the structures of bay windows (the ceilings under them and the coverings above them), as well as the internal elements of cold entrance vestibules.
The upper limit of the heated volume can be the covering above the upper technical floor, if it has a heating system with heating devices, as well as the internal ceiling above the last residential floor (technical floor floor), if this space is cold or serves to distribute communications and collect warm air removed from kitchens and bathrooms (the so-called warm attic). In this case, the temperature of the internal air of the technical floor is determined based on the results heat balance. You should also not forget that the space of staircase and elevator units is in most cases heated, and their walls and coverings extending above the roof level of the technical floor must also be included in the heated volume.
It should be noted that the roofing area of the building must be equal to the sum of the lower floors, except in cases where the heated volume is divided into several volumes, for example in the case of built-in preschool children's institutions, to which, due to the peculiarities temperature regime a separate energy passport is drawn up.
The second mistake can be called incorrect definition of indicators usable area(area of apartments in a residential building) and estimated area (area of living rooms in a residential building). This indicator is fundamental, because Specific thermal energy consumption for residential buildings in particular refers to the area of apartments. This indicator is determined on the basis of Appendix D, SNiP 23-02–2003. It should not include the area of summer premises, parking lots, technical rooms and cold entrance vestibules. Incorrect determination of this indicator leads to an error in the value of specific heat energy consumption of up to 50–70%.
The third mistake is the incorrect calculation of the reduced resistance to heat transfer of external enclosing structures. Designers often make mistakes when calculating external walls: the thermal conductivity coefficient indicators for the operating conditions of the region are incorrectly accepted (indicators for the dry state are accepted), the thermal uniformity coefficient is not taken into account, which can be calculated from thermal fields according to the methodology given in clause 9.1 SP 23- 101–2004, or adopted in accordance with GOST R 54851–2011 “Heterogeneous building enclosing structures. Calculation of reduced heat transfer resistance”, types of insulation materials are accepted, the scope of which does not correspond to the designed structures, etc.
Based on clause 8 of SP 23-101–2004, when designing, materials and structures must be used that have been tested in practice and have certificates and technical certificates for the use of both the materials themselves and structures in general, for example, suspended facade systems.
Indicators of heat transfer resistance of translucent structures can be taken either on the basis of SP 23-101–2004, Appendix L, or the corresponding GOST (such as GOST 21519–2003 “Window blocks from aluminum alloys", GOST 30674–99 “Window blocks made of polyvinyl chloride profiles”), and according to the results of certification test reports, if available or with the features of the structures used (clause 5.6 of SNiP 23-02–2003).
It is also necessary to emphasize the need to comply with the content of the section “Measures to ensure compliance with energy efficiency requirements and the requirements for equipping buildings, structures and structures with metering devices for energy resources used” with the requirements of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 16, 2008 No. 87, paragraph 27 (1), in which should contain a list of measures to ensure compliance with established energy efficiency requirements, as well as a graphic part with a diagram (s) of the placement of metering devices for the energy resources consumed by the designed facility.
Arithmetic errors, typos, inconsistencies with other sections of the design documentation and incorrectly selected coefficients when making calculations that occur in every project will be ignored in this article.
It should be taken into account that in accordance with clause 12.7 of SNiP 23-02–2003, responsibility for reliable information in the energy passport is borne by the organization that filled it out. And the indicators of specific heat energy consumption, calculated in the design documentation, are the basis for determining the energy efficiency class, which is assigned to the building when it is put into operation by construction supervision authorities in case of compliance with design solutions (Article 12, Federal Law of November 23, 2009 No. 261- Federal Law).
I hope this article will allow designers to avoid a number of mistakes when designing and filling out an energy passport as part of the design documentation.
Literature
- Federal Law of November 23, 2009 No. 261-FZ “On energy saving and increasing energy efficiency and on introducing amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation.”
- Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 16, 2008 No. 87 “On the composition of sections of project documentation and requirements for their content.”
- SNiP 23-02–2003 “Thermal protection of buildings”.
