It occupies a central place and can rightfully be considered the heart of the heating system. Modern boilers, in addition to purely professional qualities, they also have ergonomic design, which is certainly pleasant for every owner.
Boilers can be floor-mounted or wall-mounted. Floor standing boilers, as the name suggests, are installed on the floor and are most often connected to a high-performance tank for the preparation of domestic hot water. Wall-mounted boilers are ideal for heating an apartment or residential building and preparing hot sanitary water. The wall-mounted boiler meets all current requirements for a minimum of space required. Compared to a floor-mounted, wall-mounted boiler, it is smaller in size and does not take up large area, as it is installed on the wall. It can be easily installed in the kitchen, bathroom or attic.
Let's focus on wall-mounted boiler and consider it in more detail.
A boiler is a heat generator, in which the energy from fuel combustion is transferred to a coolant, which is most often water, using a heat exchanger.
Features of wall-mounted boilers
Wall-mounted boilers are single- and double-circuit. Single-circuit boilers provide only room heating.
Double-circuit - they simultaneously heat the room and provide hot water supply. The advantage of double-circuit boilers over single-circuit boilers seems obvious, because when you buy one boiler, you solve two problems at once. But there are individual cases, for example, in a private house there may be central water supply and there will be no heating. Then single-circuit boilers come to the rescue.
In wall-mounted boilers, the principle of heating water is flow-through. Coolant - water is not heated in some container, but is heated in a “flow mode”.
Wall-mounted boilers with open and closed combustion chamber
Wall-mounted boilers are also divided into boilers with open and closed camera combustion.
In boilers with an open combustion chamber (with natural traction) combustion air is taken directly from the room in which the boiler is located, and the exhaust gases are discharged into a chimney, which must be provided in the room. When there is no chimney or the boiler is installed in an apartment where a chimney is not designed in principle, boilers with a closed combustion chamber come to the rescue. In this case, the boiler is equipped with a special smoke removal system. The fact is that the design of such a boiler includes a smoke exhauster, which forcibly removes combustion products from the firebox, and accordingly, it does not need a chimney with natural draft.
The advantage of such boilers is that they do not burn oxygen in the room and do not require additional air flow to support the combustion process. This boiler room layout: a wall-mounted gas boiler with a closed combustion chamber with a coaxial chimney is most often used when organizing apartment heating. The convenience lies in the fact that the owner himself can regulate the intensity of the heating and water supply. And you also don’t need to pay for neighbors if the house has a common boiler room, and the fee is charged without heat meters, apartment by apartment. The result is savings from installing a short and inexpensive coaxial chimney instead of a traditional, more expensive one.
It often happens that the owner does not want to put the chimney on the roof of the cottage for aesthetic reasons, or for fear that the roof slope may become covered with icicles and the chimney will simply break. In such cases, a vertical coaxial chimney also helps out.
Possibilities of wall-mounted boilers
Gas wall-mounted boilers are designed for heating private houses or apartments, as well as for cooking hot water. As a rule, they have compact sizes, while successfully combining many beneficial properties. Manufacturers take into account that the boiler will be visible all the time, and therefore wall-mounted boilers have an exquisite design.
The operation of the boiler is controlled by automation, which, depending on the degree of automation, will itself maintain the set temperature regime in the house. For example, you can control the operation of the boiler yourself by setting the desired temperature for a given time (timer) and in the right room(for example, at night the temperature is +20, and during the day +22). The heating system may include a “warm floor”, the temperature of which can also be controlled using a boiler. The gas boiler automatically turns off when there is no gas and automatically turns on when the gas is turned on, that is, it has an automatic ignition unit. The boiler automation controls the presence of flame, draft in the chimney, and heating of the coolant.
Selecting a wall-mounted boiler
First you need to decide which boiler you need: single- or double-circuit.
The heat loss of 1 m² of house area can be averaged as 100 W. But this is provided that your home is not adjacent to unheated rooms. At the same time, the ceilings should be 3 m and not very many windows. If you want to heat corner room, or a room with two or more windows, then heating 1 m² will require about 150 W.
A more detailed calculation can be obtained from manager-consultants who will select equipment based on the parameters of your house or apartment.
Let's assume that you have already tentatively decided or have been helped to determine the required power for heating needs.
The next issue that you have to decide is the boiler’s hot water supply performance. And here the approximate mathematics is also very simple. Approximately 400 l/hour flows from one tap. IN technical specifications boiler productivity is usually given per minute, i.e., in l/min. So, if one hot water supply point is enough for you, then you need a boiler with a capacity of 400 l/hour: 60 = 6.6 l/min.
If, having assessed your needs, you need at least two hot water supply points, then the boiler that would suit you should have a capacity of at least 13.2 l/min. So, we seem to have sorted out the expense. However, this is not quite true.
It's a matter of water temperature. After all, we wash our hands, dishes, take a shower, as a rule, we don’t hot water, but warm. More precisely, comfortable temperature“warm” water approximately 40 C°. Returning to the characteristics of boilers, in which, in addition to the range DHW temperatures, for example, 30−50 С° ±3 С°, a parameter such as flow rate at Δt 25 is given; thirty; 35. What kind of Δ is this? It's very simple: this is the difference between the temperature of the cold water entering the boiler and the hot water heated by the boiler. Let's assume that the temperature cold water 10 C°. To get the desired output of 40 C° (or a little less - a matter of taste), we need to heat the water by 30 C°. Accordingly, we are interested constant flow water at Δt 30 C°, which, for example, is equal to 13.2 l/min. So, this boiler is guaranteed to provide two water supply points in any mode of use.
Thus, we choose a boiler based on DHW performance and, returning to the “power” column, we are very surprised to see 27.5 kW.
“Where is such a powerful one for a house of 150 m²? This is mistake!" - you say to the seller. No, not a mistake. Indeed, the increased power of a wall-mounted appliance is usually determined by your appetite for preparing hot water.
An important selection criterion is whether the combustion chamber is open or closed. If you are going to place the boiler in a separate house, then a boiler with an open combustion chamber would be preferable. If a wall-mounted boiler is intended to be installed in an apartment or in a house where there is no chimney, you should choose a boiler with a closed combustion chamber.
Modern wall gas boilers have a whole range of advantages. Firstly, they remain operational (they do not block or turn off) over a fairly wide range of gas pressure. This property is simply vital when using boilers in Russia, because In our country there is a problem of constant pressure drop in the main gas. Good wall-mounted boilers ignite reliably and operate even at a gas pressure of 2 mBar. Of course, the power at this pressure is reduced by almost 6 times, but it works stably. At the same time, they retain at least 90% of the power at a gas pressure of 13 mBar.
Secondly, almost all boilers have a burner power control system that allows you to smoothly change the burner power in the range of 37-100% depending on demand and thereby reduce the likelihood of scale formation in the heat exchanger, increasing the comfort of use.
Thirdly, they are equipped with all the necessary degrees of protection, ensuring high level safety of these boilers. Wall mounted Electrolux boilers have two degrees of protection against scale formation. On the one hand, this is a temperature control system in the primary circuit, which allows you to respond almost instantly to a critical increase in temperature in the heat exchanger, which significantly reduces the likelihood of scale formation. On the other hand, it also has a magnetic system for reducing scale formation, based on the fact that under the influence magnetic field the salts are separated and aligned in such a way that they do not precipitate when heated. If this does not happen and scale settles on the heat exchanger, it burns out and the boiler becomes faulty.
RUSKLIMAT presents a wide range of reliable, durable and economical wall-mounted gas boilers, and also offers its services for the selection, installation and maintenance of equipment.
Based on your needs, our specialists will individually select the equipment that is most suitable for you.
Coaxial chimneys for wall-mounted gas boilers in Lately have wide application for modern heating equipment. This perfect solution for a private house in the absence of a chimney pipe, as well as for apartment buildings having a common riser for smoke removal.
Simplicity of design and aesthetic appearance do coaxial chimney indispensable for proper operation gas wall-mounted double-circuit or single-circuit boiler. Let us take a detailed look at its features, operating principles, requirements for installation and installation of this structure.
Coaxial chimney for gas boiler: what is it and where is it used
Coaxial chimney is used for heating with forced draft. The boiler itself must be turbocharged, i.e. have a built-in fan to exhaust combustion products. The very concept of “coaxial” means coaxial, i.e. chimney "pipe in pipe". Through the outer pipe there is an influx of air into the boiler, and through the inner pipe the exhaust gases are exhausted into the atmosphere.
The diameter of these chimneys is usually 60/100. His inner tube is 60 mm, and the outer one is 100 mm. For condensing boilers, chimney diameter: 80/125 mm. The material used is steel coated with heat-resistant enamel. white. We look at the standard equipment according to the photo diagram.
There is also such a thing as an insulated coaxial chimney. This is the same coaxial chimney, only its outer pipe is made not of metal, but of plastic. Or the second option: when the inner pipe is slightly longer than the outer one. This was done specifically to prevent condensation from forming on the outer pipe. This type of chimney costs a little more, but not much.
A coaxial chimney can be composed of several elements:
— coaxial pipes (extensions) of different lengths from 0.25 m to 2 meters;
— coaxial elbow (angle) at 90 or 45 degrees;
— coaxial tee;
- the tip of a pipe, sometimes an umbrella;
- clamps and gaskets.
Manufacturers of coaxial chimneys for gas boilers
When purchasing a wall-mounted gas boiler, you will be offered to immediately buy a coaxial pipe for it. In a normal, standard situation, a coaxial kit is sold for horizontal system smoke exhaust, which includes: a 90 degree elbow, a 750 mm extension with an outdoor tip, a crimp clamp, gaskets and decorative inserts.
If your case is slightly different, then all other parts and elements can be purchased separately. These elements are universal for almost any manufacturer of wall-mounted gas boilers.
The exception is the first element, this is either the first elbow or the first pipe from the boiler. The fact is that each boiler manufacturer has its own seating characteristics. This applies to branded (native) coaxial chimneys.
But there are times when pipes for a certain brand of boiler are not available or they are very expensive. For example, a branded coaxial kit for a German boiler costs about 70 euros. In such cases, you can consider purchasing its analogue.
Analogues of coaxial chimney manufacturers
These kits have universal seats, and the holes for attaching the starting elbow (outlet) coincide with most manufacturers of gas boilers presented on the Russian market.
Coaxial chimney "Royal Thermo"
Coaxial chimneys from " Royal Thermo» suitable for , Vaillant or Navien. When purchasing Royal pipes, look carefully at the packaging; on the end of it, each brand of boiler has its own article number: “Bx” - Baxi, “V” - Vaillant, “N” - Navien.
Another manufacturer on the market of coaxial pipes and elements for them is the company “ Grosseto».
Their chimneys are universal and suitable for boilers of the Ariston, Vaillant, Wolf, Baxi, Ferroli brands, as well as Korean and Korea Star.
The main advantage of universal analogues of coaxial chimneys is their low price. It differs from branded kits by two or even three times.
Installation and requirements for installation of a coaxial (coaxial) chimney
The coaxial chimney can be installed in three options:
— horizontally with access to the street;
- horizontally with outlet to the shaft (apartment heating);
- vertically with outlet to an existing chimney.
The most common way to output a coaxial chimney is horizontally with output to the street.
Coaxial chimney into the wall
From the diagram above we see:
1 - coaxial pipe with a tip;
2 — coaxial elbow;
4 - coaxial pipe (extension);
For correct installation coaxial chimney there are a number of requirements
1. The total length of the chimney should be no more than 4 meters.
2. Only two turns are allowed, no more than two knees.
3. Minimum distance from the pipe to the section of the ceiling and walls made of non-combustible material should be 0.5 meters.
4. The horizontal section of the pipe should be made with a slight downward slope towards the street.
These must be done so that the resulting condensate does not flow into the boiler, but goes outside.
Separate chimney systems for gas boilers
Another popular method of removing combustion products from turbocharged gas wall-mounted boilers is a separate smoke removal system. What is it?
There are times when, for one reason or another, it is impossible to remove a coaxial chimney. For this purpose, a system was developed consisting of two separate pipes: one for the release of gases, the other for sucking air into the boiler. Let's look at the installation diagram.
Separate chimney for boiler
As a rule, the diameter of such pipes is 80 mm. Material: steel. In some cases, the air suction pipe is replaced with a flexible aluminum corrugation, which stretches up to 3 meters.
In order to install separate chimney for a gas boiler, you need to buy a special adapter - a channel separator. It is installed on top of a mounted boiler and converts the “pipe-in-pipe” outlet into a separate one, onto which the pipes are then mounted.
Some manufacturers, for example, the same Navien, took care of consumers in advance and produce wall-mounted gas boilers with already installed system for separate pipes. This is a purely Korean version of boilers, designated under the article “K”. A boiler with such a system will be called “Navien Deluxe-24 K”, where 24 is its power in kW.
Installation of a boiler with a separate chimney system
Pipes can be laid out in 3 options:
- both pipes into one wall;
- both pipes in different walls;
- one pipe into the wall, the second into the existing chimney.
Which smoke removal method is right for your home should be decided by the design organization. According to technical specifications, they make up individual project for every home.
It specifies the design of the gas boiler (floor-standing, wall-mounted), its maximum power, as well as which pipes should be installed: separate or whether it is necessary to buy a coaxial chimney for a gas boiler.
The only thing they do not have the right to decide for you is the brand of the boiler. No one can force you to buy a model from a specific manufacturer. Here the choice is only yours. Let's watch the video.
As often happens, having installed a heating boiler at home, we are only then concerned with the problem of removing combustion products. But this is not as simple a task as it seems. Fortunately, modern technical means allow you to quickly solve this problem without much hassle and with minimal financial costs.
In addition, when burning, the boiler consumes a significant amount of oxygen. If oxygen is taken from internal space rooms, this may create drafts.
In addition to drafts, this solution to the problem as a whole significantly worsens the microclimate in the room and greatly reduces the temperature. After all cold air will be drawn into the room, and a significant amount of boiler energy will be spent on warming it up to room temperature. It also negates the use effective systems protection from the cold.
It will be much more profitable to supply air from outside the room directly to the boiler without coming into contact with the air inside the room. are able to solve both the problem of smoke and the problem of supplying the boiler with oxygen.
Coaxial
Smoke removal using a coaxial system is the simplest and most inexpensive option, both for private homes and for small public and retail spaces. The system consists of two pipes: one of larger diameter, the other of smaller diameter, laid one inside the other.
Usually diameter big pipes is 100 mm, and the smaller one is 60. A diameter of 60 mm is quite sufficient for the operation of most small gas boilers. When using high-power boilers, a thicker pipe is required.
The inner pipe is used to remove combustion products outside the interior. Smoke, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, water vapor leaves the room and goes outside using the traction force of the boiler itself.
The outer pipe serves to provide access to air from outside the room to support combustion. Actually, the air to power the boiler enters through the space between the inner and outer pipes.
The coaxial system is less fire hazardous, since the temperature outer pipe low, and the likelihood of contact with the internal chimney of flammable objects and substances is low. But the elements of this system are expensive, and if the length of the chimney is large, then it makes sense to use another - a separate smoke removal system.
Separate
In a separate smoke removal system, two pipes are used - one brings air into the boiler, and the other removes combustion products. This system is suitable for more powerful boilers that produce enough a large number of smoke.
In the case of separate smoke removal, there are no special restrictions on the type of boiler - both gas and non-gas boilers can be used. solid fuel, and on fuel oil.
This system is quite inexpensive to install. After all, the boiler is often located in a special room, where it is quite simple to provide oxygen supply.
Here it is more profitable to use two separate pipelines - for air supply and for smoke removal. In addition, conventional elements can be used to supply air ventilation systems, available at any hardware store.
Installation features
Both smoke removal systems are installed using standard components: using pipes and adapters. Branch pipes are straight sections of the system. They are connected to each other and attached to the walls of the building using special fasteners. Adapters are used to ensure connection of pipes in difficult areas.
But here, too, everything is not so simple. Adapters use different types: the first is used if the pipe is bent in a horizontal plane, and the second type is used if the bend is in vertical plane. In addition, adapters are used to pass through combustible floors and some other areas.
The smoke exhaust system must be made collapsible, because during operation there is a need for periodic cleaning of soot.
It is worth noting that not all boilers are initially designed for the smoke removal system that you plan to use. Some of them will require special adapters that will allow you to switch from coaxial pipes to conventional ones, or vice versa.
Virtual particles are an abstraction that arises in the perturbative formalism quantum theory fields.
It turned out that directly solving the equations of a quantum field that interacts with another quantum field is usually very difficult. That's why people came up with this approach, called perturbative quantum field theory. In particle physics (at the same collider), usually some particles first fly from afar (where their interaction with each other is small), somehow interact, and then scatter far away (where their interaction is again small). Therefore, people decided that such a process can be described by taking as a basis the theory of free particles that do not interact at all (such a theory is easy to solve), and then, order by order, introducing interaction into such a theory as a small perturbation. That is, mathematically expand the complete theory into a series in terms of the coupling constant (a characteristic that describes interactions, such as the fine structure constant, for example) in the vicinity of the free theory. This approach is called perturbation theory, or perturbative quantum field theory.
It turned out that when you do this, you get a very clear picture, what you see in the description of the question. The processes of interaction of particles in each order are described as a sum of diagrams, where at the vertices there are elementary interactions (which we introduce order by order), and between these vertices perturbations (particles) of a free quantum field fly, but of a slightly different kind than ordinary particles, they differ in that they do not always have E_0 = m c^2 (or, more correctly, E^2 - p^2 c^2 = m^2 c^4). Such internal particles cannot fly out of the diagram; they are called virtual. In order, accordingly, to obtain an exact answer in this formulation of the question, it is necessary to sum up all possible diagrams with all the possible number of vertices that fit the desired process. In reality, it is enough to take the sum of a small number of diagrams that make the largest contribution.
Since the picture turned out to be very clear, people began to say that the interactions of real particles are their exchange with virtual ones, and generally reinterpret any process within the framework of these very virtual particles.
This picture is only half correct; it is correct in that particles are scattered through complex interactions of quantum fields with each other. But virtual particles themselves are not physics, they are a technique for calculating certain quantities. Its advantage is that it works in a very large number of cases. There are other less universal techniques where there are no virtual particles, for example, bootstrap. There are cases when this technique is not applicable, for example, when the coupling constant is too large or there are all sorts of effects that fundamentally do not fall under perturbation theory, for example, instantons. The simplest example of a process where the description through virtual particles does not work is the Schwinger effect, the creation of electron-positron pairs in a strong electric field.
To answer your question specifically, we are not observing a fluctuating vacuum, we are observing what will happen if we send some particles or place some objects into the vacuum. In some cases, it makes sense to describe such processes within the framework of perturbation theory, then the process can be visually represented as the fact that real particles interact with some virtual ones that arise from the vacuum. But since, in essence, virtual particles are elements not even of theory, but of calculation techniques physical quantities in quantum field theory, I don’t think that the question of how many virtual particles are born in a vacuum per unit time makes sense.
And it is not explained by virtual particles. Let's take a harmonic oscillator in quantum mechanics; it has energy levels, a ground state and excited ones. If we draw an analogy with quantum field theory, then the ground state is a vacuum, and excited states are states of a quantum field with a certain number of particles. So, the Casimir effect arises solely due to the peculiarities of the vacuum state. The vacuum state in the gap between the two plates is different from the vacuum state outside them. Just as in the case of light between two plates, it must form standing waves, in the case of photons between two plates, they must have certain wave numbers. It’s the same with zero modes; there are fewer vacuum modes in the gap between the plates than outside. Because of this difference, the Casimir effect occurs. Vacuum modes are not virtual particles, they do not interact with anything on their own, they do not scatter anything.
Just because I said that virtual particles are an abstraction, this does not mean that a quantum field is something very simple and there cannot be strange effects. I want to add that I'm not saying anything shockingly new now, all of this is in any textbook on quantum field theory, it's just different from what ends up in popular sources.
