Properties of the nervous system are the basic, predominantly genetically determined features of the functioning of the nervous system, which determine differences in behavior and in relation to the same influences of the physical and social environment. Without predetermining it social value, without directly determining the content side of the psyche, S. n. With. are physiological basis the formal-dynamic side of behavior, forming the soil on which some forms of behavior are easier to form, and others more difficult.

Pavlov assumed the existence of 3 basic properties nervous processes.

• strength of nervous processes;
• balance of nervous processes;
• mobility of nervous processes.

The power of nervous processes- the ability to develop an adequate reaction to a strong and super-strong stimulus. Strength - ability nerve cells maintain normal performance under significant stress of excitatory and inhibitory processes. It is based on the severity of excitation and inhibition processes in the central nervous system. Nervous processes are divided (by strength) into strong (the predominance of excitation processes in the central nervous system) and weak (the predominance of inhibition processes in the central nervous system). It is believed that persons with stronger n. With. more resilient and stress-resistant.

Balance of nervous processes- balance of excitation and inhibition processes. Balance means equal expression of nervous processes. People with a more balanced n. With. are characterized by more balanced behavior

Strong nervous processes (by balance) are divided into:

• balanced (the excitation process is balanced by inhibitory processes);
• unbalanced (a sharp predominance of excitation processes, they are not compensated by inhibition - “uncontrolled type”).

Mobility of nervous processes- the ability to quickly change the processes of excitation and inhibition. Mobility n. With. expressed in the ability to quickly transition from one process to another. Persons with more mobile n. With. They are characterized by flexible behavior and quickly adapt to new conditions.

Strong balanced nervous processes (based on mobility) are divided into:

• mobile (excitation and inhibition easily replace each other)
• motionless (inert: processes change with difficulty).

Subsequently, in connection with new research methods of S. n. pp., especially in the works of B. M. Teplov, V. D. Nebylitsin and their students, were significantly clarified as the structure of the main social sciences. pp., and their neurophysiological content. In addition, several new properties have become known.

Dynamism- the ability of brain structures to quickly generate excitatory and inhibitory processes during the formation of conditioned reactions. This property underlies learning ability.

Lability expressed in the rate of emergence and cessation of nervous processes. More “labile” people, for example, perform motor acts per unit of time much faster.

Activation characterizes the individual level of reaction of activation of the processes of excitation and inhibition, which is the basis of mnemonic abilities.

In the studies of V. S. Merlin and his colleagues, numerous connections were established between the properties of the nervous system and the properties of temperament. There was practically not a single property of temperament that would not be associated with some property of the nervous system. Moreover, one and the same property of temperament can be associated with either a single property of the nervous system or several. Thus, each property of temperament depends on several properties of the nervous system.

The combination of properties of the nervous system determines not only one or another type of temperament. Dependencies have been established between individual properties of the nervous system and personality traits.

Thus, the strength of the excitatory process underlies performance, endurance, courage, boldness, courage, the ability to overcome difficulties, independence, activity, perseverance, vigor, initiative, decisiveness, ardor, and risk-taking.

The strength of the inhibitory process underlies caution, self-control, patience, secrecy, restraint, and composure.

Imbalance due to the predominance of excitation over inhibition causes excitability, risk-taking, ardor, intolerance, and the predominance of persistence over compliance. Such a person is inherent in action than waiting and patience.

Imbalance due to the predominance of inhibition over excitation causes caution, restraint and restraint in behavior, excitement and risk are excluded. Calmness and caution come first.

Balance (balance) of inhibition and excitation presupposes moderation, proportionality of activity, and sedateness.

The mobility of the excitatory process is associated with the ability to quickly interrupt the work started, stop halfway, and quickly calm down. At the same time, it is difficult to develop persistence in activity.

The mobility of the inhibitory process is associated with the speed of speech reactions, liveliness of facial expressions, sociability, initiative, responsiveness, dexterity, and endurance. It is difficult for such a person to be secretive, attached and constant.

There is often a significant discrepancy between the results of measuring the properties of n. With. in different analyzers. This phenomenon was called by Nebylitsyn the partiality of the properties of n. pp. that differ in different brain structures are called “particular”, and those representing “super-analyzing” characteristics of the brain are called “general”. Initially, “general” properties were associated with the functioning of the anterior (frontal) parts of the brain.

Currently the properties of n. With. can be represented as a hierarchy of levels:

• elementary (properties of individual neurons);
• complex (properties of various brain structures);
• general-brain (systemic) properties (i.e. properties of the whole brain).

Elementary properties of n. With: manifest themselves in the peculiarities of the integration of nervous processes in individual elements of the n. With. (neurons) are components of higher order properties. (V. M. Rusalov.)

Idea about the types of higher education nervous activity

Since ancient times, people have celebrated individual characteristics in their behavior and the behavior of animals. Since the ancient Greek period, the names of four temperaments that are well-known in our time have been preserved: choleric (from the word “chole” - bile), sanguine (“sanguis” - living blood), phlegmatic (“phlegm” - mucus) and melancholic (“melanchole” - black bile).

Based on the study of the conditioned reflex activity of dogs, I. P. Pavlov created his doctrine of the types of GNI. The typology was based on the assessment:

1) the strength of the basic nervous processes of excitation-inhibition;

2) the balance of these processes;

3) mobility of nervous processes.

The idea of ​​testing GNI types still captivates the imagination of many trainers and even more amateur dog breeders. This is what behavior checks are often called. service breeds dogs at shows (though they test completely different signs), the type of GNI is directly or in a veiled form described in the standards. Let's look at the definition given in the Dictionary of Physiological Terms (M. 1987).

“The type of higher nervous activity is a set of innate (genotype) and acquired properties of the higher nervous system that determine the nature of the interaction of the organism with environment and are reflected in all functions of the body. The specific significance of congenital and acquired in the phenotype (the product of the interaction of genotype and environment) may vary depending on conditions. In unusual extreme conditions predominantly innate mechanisms of higher nervous activity come to the fore in behavior. Various combinations of the three main properties of the nervous system - the strength of the processes of excitation and inhibition, their balance and mobility - made it possible to identify four sharply defined types, differing in adaptive abilities and resistance to neurotic agents."

Let's stop the quote here.

First of all, GNI is essentially identified with behavior as a whole, and this is nonsense, since higher vertebrate animals also have the simplest behavioral reactions, for example taxis, which are not related to GNI as such.

Now let's look at the three main properties of the nervous system.

This is indeed a very important sign. We are talking about the body's ability to perceive and process information. The more volume of this information an animal can process without becoming overtired, the stronger its nervous system.

The strength of the nervous system is determined by the interval between the lower and upper thresholds of excitation. A certain signal of a certain strength affects any sensory system. It can be so weak or, conversely, strong that it is not yet or is no longer perceived by the sensory system.

When it comes to a stimulus, it is necessary to remember not only about certain physical characteristics, but also about how significant this signal is in general for the body. Thus, the lower threshold for the perception of an indifferent sound signal will naturally be higher than for a significant one. That is why it is most logical to assess the strength of the nervous system by the ability to perceive and process significant information. Moreover, the weaker the nervous system, the faster the upper threshold of perception is reached, regardless of the significance of the signal.

Any stimulus of constant strength, acting for a long time, causes addiction, that is, a gradual decrease in responses to it (see habituation). As a result, the thresholds for perception of the stimulus change, and the analyzing system reacts less and less. With a strong nervous system, you can shift the perception thresholds in the required direction through training. With a weak nervous system, the “working corridor” turns out to be too narrow for any radical changes in behavior to occur from its movement.

The thresholds for different stimuli may differ significantly, so it is difficult to draw conclusions about the strength of the nervous system as a whole based on the reaction to one stimulus. In practice, the weakness of the nervous system is much more easily identified when many stimuli are simultaneously exposed, in which case the total load on the nervous system is high. In this case, the load is primarily caused by the volume of significant information. This is extremely important: an indifferent stimulus is perceived and processed only when it differs from the usual background one. Common items and the phenomena do not arouse interest, they are not really noticed, but as soon as any changes occur, something new appears, the need for research and processing of new information arises.

How can information be processed? A stimulus can be significant in two cases: it is a stimulus, that is, it indicates the possibility of satisfying a certain need, or it is new and unknown to the animal. The stimulus evokes very specific emotions (positive or negative) and then either turns on motivation, or its image remains in memory. For example, a dog, while walking, runs up to a puddle: water is a stimulus, then the dog either drinks or remembers (confirms in memory) that the source of water has not dried up.

If the stimulus turns out to be indifferent, it is remembered precisely in this quality, then only its change can cause interest. The dog passes by hundreds of times garden bench, without paying attention to it, when moved to another place, this object causes quickly fading research activity.

In a familiar environment, when most stimuli are known and unchanged, analyzing a small number of new ones does not require the ability to quickly process a large amount of information, i.e., a weak nervous system functions quite normally. However, as soon as the environment changes dramatically, appears in large quantities new stimuli, as a weak nervous system “breaks down”. In practice, animals with a weak nervous system are easily identified precisely when a large amount of significant information is presented.

A puppy’s nervous system can be determined by a simple test: after walking with him in an unfamiliar environment, offer him to play at home. A puppy with a strong nervous system, regardless of whether he was afraid of new things or not, will happily accept the game; his brother with a weak nervous system will show signs of overload: lethargy, apathy, inappropriate reactions. This technique should not be used by inexperienced owners because a significant number of dogs do not have the strongest nervous system, and it will take the puppy out of the state. nervous breakdown– it’s a complicated matter.

Introduction

My topic test work reveals the basic concepts of higher nervous activity and its typology. It is known that higher nervous activity is provided by the cerebral cortex. This means that our memory, speech, attention, thinking and many other types of mental processes directly depend on proper operation cortex, its adequate perception and analysis of all kinds of stimuli.

Nervous processes occurring in the cortex have certain properties (strength, correlation, mobility), which form the individual characteristics of higher nervous activity, and therefore emphasize the individuality of each person.

The typology of higher nervous activity indicates in what unique way an individual perceives the world around him.

Basic properties of neural processes that determine behavior

Long-term study conditioned reflexes allowed Pavlov to identify three main properties of nervous processes that determine the individual characteristics of animal behavior and their temperaments. The first property is the strength of the processes of excitation and inhibition, which characterizes the performance of cortical cells. This property is determined by the maximum strength of stimulation to which positive and negative conditioned reflexes can be formed. Some dogs easily form conditioned reflexes to both weak and strong stimuli. For other dogs, strong stimuli (a sharp bell or rattle) turn out to be excessive and cause extreme inhibition at the corresponding point, easily radiating throughout the entire cortex. In such dogs, conditioned reflexes are formed only to weak or moderately strong stimuli.

The second property is the ratio, or balance, of the forces of the processes of excitation and inhibition, in other words, their balance. In some dogs, both positive and negative conditioned reflexes are equally easily formed; in others, the strength of the processes of excitation and inhibition is not the same. If the process of excitation prevails over the process of inhibition, then along with rapid education positive conditioned reflexes there is difficulty in developing differentiations, especially subtle ones; already existing differentiations are easily disinhibited. In such excitable dogs, overstrain of the inhibitory process leads to the disappearance of all previously developed differentiations. If, on the contrary, the process of excitation turns out to be weaker than the process of inhibition, then the dog’s behavior approaches those in whom strong stimuli cause general cortical inhibition. The third property is the mobility of the processes of excitation and inhibition, i.e. the speed with which they can replace each other. In some dogs, the resulting excitation or inhibition appears to be of a stagnant nature, slowly giving way to the opposite process. Converting a positive reflex into a negative one, and a negative one into a positive one, is difficult for them. A rapid change of positive and negative stimuli can sometimes even lead to disruption of cortical activity. in other dogs, on the contrary, cortical cells easily cope with a task that requires a rapid change in the processes of excitation and inhibition; in an experiment it is not difficult to achieve mutual alteration of positive and negative reflexes. This property acquires significant, decisive significance when the processes of excitation and inhibition are sufficiently strong and balanced and recedes into the background when both processes or one of them are weak.

Each individual has predominantly genetically determined characteristics of the functioning of the nervous system, which determine differences in the nature of the response to the same influences of the physical and social environment and, therefore, form the basis for the formation of behavior.

I. P. Pavlov identified three main properties of nervous processes: strength, balance and mobility.

The strength of nervous processes - This is the ability of nerve cells to maintain adequate performance under significant stress of excitatory and inhibitory processes. It is based on the severity of excitation and inhibition processes in the central nervous system. People with a stronger nervous system are more resilient and stress-resistant.

Balance of nervous processes – this is the balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition, creating the basis for more balanced behavior.

Mobility of nervous processes speaks of the ability to quickly transition from excitation to inhibition. People with a more mobile nervous system have greater behavioral flexibility; they adapt more quickly to new conditions.

Subsequently, additional properties of nervous processes were identified.

Dynamism – the ability of brain structures to quickly generate nervous processes during the formation of conditioned reactions. The dynamism of nervous processes underlies learning.

Lability – the rate of emergence and cessation of nervous processes. This property allows you to make movements with high frequency, quickly and clearly starting and finishing the movement.

Activation characterizes the individual level of activation of nervous processes and underlies the processes of memorization and reproduction.

Various combinations of these characteristics of nervous processes determine one or another type of temperament and, to some extent, character and personality properties. For example, the strength of the arousal process underlies endurance, energy, efficiency, ardor, courage, bravery, activity, boldness, ability to overcome difficulties, initiative, risk-taking, independence, determination, perseverance. And the power of braking determines such properties as caution, self-control, patience, secrecy, restraint, composure.

When the processes of excitation and inhibition are unbalanced, when excitation predominates over inhibition, a tendency toward increased excitability, a tendency to take risks, ardor, intolerance, and a predominance of persistence and compliance appear. Such a person is more of a man of action; waiting and patience are difficult for him. And such character traits as caution, restraint, restraint, calmness, lack of inclination towards excitement and risk are associated with the predominance of inhibition processes in the nervous system. Balance, i.e. the presence of a balance between inhibition and excitation presupposes moderation, prudence, dimensionality in activity, combined with the possibility of applying sufficient effort to achieve the goal, and, if necessary, risk. With pronounced mobility of excitatory processes, impulsivity and a tendency to quickly interrupt the work started when it ceases to arouse interest may arise. It is difficult for such a person to develop persistence in achieving a goal. When combined with the mobility of the inhibitory process, there may be a quick response to external stimuli, sociability, initiative - it is difficult for such people to be secretive, attached and constant.

Based on various combinations of the three basic properties of nervous processes, Various types GNI. In I. P. Pavlov’s classification, there are four main types of GNI, differing in adaptability to external conditions:

• 1) strong, unbalanced (“uncontrolled”) type characterized high strength processes of excitation, predominant by inhibition. This is a man with high level active, quick-tempered, energetic, irritable, addicted, with strong, quickly arising emotions that are clearly reflected in speech, gestures and facial expressions;
• 2) strong, balanced, mobile (labile or "live") type characterized by strong, balanced processes of excitation and inhibition with the ability to easily replace one process with another. These are energetic people, with great self-control, decisive, able to quickly navigate a new environment, agile, impressionable, clearly expressing their emotions;
• 3) strong, balanced, inert (calm) type characterized by the presence of strong processes of excitation and inhibition, their balance, but at the same time low mobility of nervous processes. These are very efficient, able to restrain themselves, calm people, but slow, with weak expression of feelings, difficult to switch from one type of activity to another, committed to their habits;
• 4) weak type characterized by weak excitation processes and easily occurring inhibitory reactions. These are weak-willed, sad, sad people, with high emotional vulnerability, suspicious, prone to gloomy thoughts, to a depressed mood, they are timid, and often succumb to the influence of others.

These types of GNI correspond to classical description temperaments by Hippocrates, an ancient Greek doctor who lived almost 2.5 millennia before I.P. Pavlov (Table 13.2).

Table 13.2

Correlation of types of higher nervous activity and temperaments according to Hippocrates

However, usually the combination of properties of the nervous system is more diverse, and therefore in life it is rarely possible to see such “pure” types of GNI. Even I.P. Pavlov noted that between the main types there are “intermediate, transitional types, and you need to know them in order to navigate human behavior.”

It is interesting to note that the main types of GNI are common to humans and animals. But along with them, I.P. Pavlov identified types that are unique to humans, based on the different ratio of the first and second signaling systems:

• – artistic type - characterized by a slight predominance of the first signaling system over the second. Individuals belonging to this type are characterized by an objective, figurative perception of the surrounding world, a tendency to operate with sensory images in the process of thinking;
• – thinking type - characterized by the predominance of the second signaling system over the first. Representatives of this type are characterized by the presence of pronounced abilities for abstraction, operating with abstract symbols in the process of thinking, good developed abilities to analysis;
• – average type – differs in the balance of signaling systems. Most people relate to him. Representatives of this type characterized by both figurative impressions and abstract conclusions.

This classification is associated with the functional interhemispheric asymmetry of the brain, the peculiarities of their interaction: it is believed that the artistic type corresponds to right-hemispheric dominance and a predominantly simultaneous (holistic) way of processing information, and the thinking type corresponds to left-hemispheric dominance and a successive (sequential) way of processing information.

The speed of their occurrence and cessation, the ease of transition from an inhibitory process to an excitatory one. Outwardly manifested in the ability to quickly respond to stimuli, quickly calm down after strong excitement, and also easily switch to a state of excitement or, at the moment of excitement, quickly respond to inhibitory commands. Depending on this, nervous processes are mobile or inert. Most of the Newfoundland population, for example, is characterized by an inert type of nervous processes.

• - in the physiology of VND, this term denotes the emergence or intensification of the opposite nervous process around the focus of excitation or inhibition, as well as the emergence of the opposite nervous process in the same...

  Trainer's Dictionary

• - a phenomenon inverse to irradiation, the property of nervous processes to limit the area of ​​propagation...

  Trainer's Dictionary

• - a concept proposed by I.P. Pavlov and reflecting the relationship between excitation and inhibition...

  Trainer's Dictionary

• - the emergence of a nervous process of opposite sign following an existing process or beyond its territorial limits. Described by the English physiologist C. Sherrington...
• - a property of the nervous system that expresses the relationship between excitation and inhibition...

  Great psychological encyclopedia

• - see nervous process: balance...

  Great psychological encyclopedia

• - Peculiarities mental disorders with atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels, caused by episodic angiospastic phenomena, which often turn out to be harbingers of severe focal...

  Dictionary psychiatric terms

• - A., manifested by a decrease in the excitability of nerve centers during prolonged exposure to any stimuli...

  Large medical dictionary

• - see Wallerian rebirth...

  Large medical dictionary

• - pathological process, characterized by the disintegration of the myelin sheath of nerve fibers in limited areas with relative preservation of the axial cylinders...

  Large medical dictionary

• - see Periaxonal degeneration of nerve fibers...

  Large medical dictionary

• - mutual transition of nerve fibers of the projection nerve tracts from one side of the body to the other...

  Large medical dictionary

• - an irreversible change in nerve cells with uneven chromatolysis, vacuolization of the cytoplasm, nuclear hyperchromatosis, subsequent disintegration or lysis and disappearance of neurofibrils, accompanied...

  Large medical dictionary

• - a decrease in the size of nerve cells and the number of lumps of Nissl substance in them with a decrease in the content of ribonucleoproteins and homogeneous staining of the cytoplasm...

  Large medical dictionary

• - It is said before an extraordinary message, an action that only the healthy can perceive painlessly...

  Dictionary of folk phraseology

• - if someone smb. don't like it, he might...

  Live speech. Dictionary of colloquial expressions

"Motility of nervous processes" in books

author Anokhin Petr Kuzmich

Features of the mobility of the main nervous processes in patients with various mental illnesses during treatment with dosed fasting Yu. S. NIKOLAEV, V. A. BRYUZGIN, V. B, GURVICH (Moscow)

From the book Problems of therapeutic fasting. Clinical and experimental studies [all four parts!] author Anokhin Petr Kuzmich

Features of the mobility of the main nervous processes in patients with various mental illnesses during treatment with dosed fasting Yu. S. NIKOLAEV, V. A. BRYUZGIN, V. B, GURVICH (Moscow) In a number of previous reports, it was suggested that during treatment

Mobility

From the book Diary Sheets. Volume 1 author

Mobility

From book Inner strength leader. Coaching as a method of personnel management by Whitmore John

Mobility And finally, among the qualities of a leader, I want to highlight mobility, the ability to show flexibility, change, update, and abandon old favorite programs and goals. Such an ability cannot be avoided at the rate of change that we observe in

What should an organization's strategy and process architecture contain in order to create suitable conditions for analyzing and improving processes?

From the book Business Process Management. Practical guide By successful implementation projects by Jeston John

What should an organization's strategy and process architecture contain in order to create suitable conditions for analysis and improvement of processes Sometimes analysis or discussions of ways to improve processes are unnecessarily delayed, because employees have the same

Chapter 2 What is a business process model. Typical architecture of a business process model

From the book Practice and Problems of Business Process Modeling author of All sorts of E I

Chapter 2 What is a business process model. Typical architecture of a business process model Currently, there are many definitions regarding business process modeling. At the same time, in the context of the tasks that were posed in the book, the greatest attention

182 Mobility

From book Inner Light. Calendar Osho meditations for 365 days author Rajneesh Bhagwan Shri

182 Mobility It's good to do many things. If a person always does the same thing and nothing else, he becomes rigid and it becomes difficult for him to change. It is very good that people change one job for another; this allows them to maintain mobility. A better world there will be more

Mobility

From the book Gateway to the Future (collection) author Roerich Nikolai Konstantinovich

Mobility Lama Mingiyur leaves for monasteries. He will probably again collect a lot of significant information on old legends and on all sorts of medicinal issues. It's very good that he's coming. This mobility is precisely the quality that I have always advised our

5.1.7. Regulation of production processes in the absence of regulation of management/development processes

From the book Business Processes. Modeling, implementation, management author Repin Vladimir Vladimirovich

5.1.7. Regulation of production processes in the absence of regulation of management/development processes In a number of companies, regulation of production processes reaches 90–100%, that is, almost all activities are regulated. External requirements (limitations)

LECTURE No. 15. Drugs acting in the area of ​​sensory nerve endings. Drugs that reduce the sensitivity of nerve endings

From the book Pharmacology: lecture notes author Malevannaya Valeria Nikolaevna

LECTURE No. 15. Drugs acting in the area of ​​sensory nerve endings. Drugs that reduce the sensitivity of nerve endings 1. Local anesthetics Drugs in this group selectively block the process of transmission of excitation in the efferent nerves and

1. Physiology of nerves and nerve fibers. Types of nerve fibers

From the book Normal Physiology: Lecture Notes author Firsova Svetlana Sergeevna

1. Physiology of nerves and nerve fibers. Types of nerve fibers Physiological properties of nerve fibers: 1) excitability - the ability to enter a state of excitation in response to irritation; 2) conductivity - the ability to transmit nerve excitation in the form of potential

6. Physiology of nerves and nerve fibers. Types of nerve fibers

author Drangoy Marina Gennadievna

6. Physiology of nerves and nerve fibers. Types of nerve fibers Physiological properties of nerve fibers: 1) excitability - the ability to enter a state of excitation in response to irritation; 2) conductivity - the ability to transmit nerve excitation in the form of potential

Properties of nervous processes

From the book Normal Physiology author Agadzhanyan Nikolay Alexandrovich

Properties of nervous processes The properties of nervous processes mean such characteristics of excitation and inhibition as strength, balance and mobility of these processes. Strength of nervous processes. When measuring the strength of the excitation process, a curve is usually used

Mobility

From the author's book

Mobility High mobility indicators of the BMP-1, such as average speed movement over rough terrain, range, cross-country ability, maneuverability are ensured by installing an economical diesel engine on the machine, a new chassis and a number of other systems,

Mobility

From the author's book

Mobility High mobility indicators of the BMP-2, such as average speed over rough terrain, range, cross-country ability, maneuverability, are ensured by installing an economical diesel engine on the vehicle, a new chassis and a number of other systems,