V. Organization of meals for certain categories of employees of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation and other categories of persons

• 1. Organization of meals in stationary conditions

Vi. Organization of catering with the involvement of catering establishments

Appendix N 2. FOOD SUPPLY RATE FOR STUDENTS IN SUVOROVSK MILITARY SCHOOLS OF THE MIA OF RUSSIA

Appendix N 3. REGULATIONS FOR REPLACING SOME PRODUCTS WITH OTHERS WHEN ORGANIZING FOOD SUPPLY TO PERSONS IN SUPPLY

• 3. Replacements of products made in special cases in agreement with the Department of Logistics of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
• 4. Substitutions of frozen meals and freeze-dried dishes
• 5. Substitutions for canned lunch meals and specialty foods
• 6. Replacement of canned food for health food
• 8. Replacement of some products with others in the development of regulatory and technical documentation for food rations, onboard rations and amendments to it

Appendix N 7. ON-BOARD RATION FOR AIRPLANE AND HELICOPTER CREWS

Appendix N 8. EMERGENCY STOCK KITS FOR AIRPLANE AND HELICOPTER CREWS

Appendix N 9. FOOD RATION FOR AIRPLANE AND HELICOPTER CREWS AT SPARE AERODROMES

Appendix N 10. ONE TIME (INTERMEDIATE) Diet

Appendix N 11. STANDARDS FOR THE PROVISION OF FODDER (PRODUCTS) OF STAFFED ANIMAL UNITS (ORGANIZATIONS, INSTITUTIONS) OF THE INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE STANDARDS OF REPLACEMENT OF SINGLE PRODUCTS OF SERVICES BY OTHER SERVICES

• I. The rate of food (food) provision for regular horses, foals, camels, donkeys, deer

Appendix N 12. LIST OF CATEGORIES OF CITIZENS HAVING THE RIGHT TO PROVIDE FOOD FROM THE VOLUMES OF PROCUREMENT BY THE MINISTRY OF THE INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, FOR A PAYMENT

Active Edition from 19.04.2010

Name document	Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation of 04/19/2010 N 292 "ON SOME ISSUES OF FOOD SUPPLY AND SUPPLY OF FOOD (PRODUCTS) FOR STAFFED ANIMAL UNITS (ORGANIZATIONS, INSTITUTIONS) IN THE BODIES OF THE INTERNAL AFFAIRS
Type of document	order, norms, list, order
Host body	Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation
Document Number	292
Date of adoption	25.06.2010
Date of revision	19.04.2010
Registration number in the Ministry of Justice	17352
Date of registration with the Ministry of Justice	25.05.2010
Status	acts
Publication	"Bulletin of Normative Acts of Federal Executive Bodies", No. 24, 14.06.2010
Navigator	Notes (edit)

Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation of 04/19/2010 N 292 "ON SOME ISSUES OF FOOD SUPPLY AND SUPPLY OF FOOD (PRODUCTS) FOR STAFFED ANIMAL UNITS (ORGANIZATIONS, INSTITUTIONS) IN THE BODIES OF THE INTERNAL AFFAIRS

II. Standards for the provision of food (products) for regular service dogs, puppies

1. Feeding of full-time service dogs and puppies in the divisions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia is carried out with products or specialized complete feeds of the class ("premium" or "super premium"), with an energy value of 340 to 430 kilocalories per 100 grams of specialized complete feed.

2. When feeding, the breed, the physiological state of regular service dogs, puppies is taken into account.

1. The norm of providing food service dogs, puppies

N p / p	Product name	Amount (in grams) per dog per day
		adult dogs	puppies up to 6 months of age
1.	Buckwheat groats, rice, oatmeal, barley, wheat, millet, rolled oats	600	40 - 600
2.	Meat (beef, horse meat, lamb)	400	20 - 400
2.1.	or organ meats	1000	-
3.	Animal fats	13	5 - 13
4.	Kefir or milk	-	150 - 500
5.	Cottage cheese	-	50 - 250
6.	Chicken egg (pieces)	-	1
7.	Potatoes, vegetables	300	50 - 300
8.	Salt	15	3 - 15

Notes: 1. For pedigree dogs, in addition to the provision of food for regular service dogs, puppies<*>50 grams of meat or 125 grams of meat by-products are issued per dog per day.

2. For sick dogs, according to the conclusions of the specialists of the veterinary service, it is allowed to issue cereals of one type.

3. According to the conclusions of the specialists of the veterinary service, in addition to the norm of food provision, the following is issued for one dog per day:

a) for sick dogs - 500 grams of kefir or milk, 250 grams of cottage cheese, an egg - 1 piece;

b) for puppy bitches - 100 grams of meat or 250 grams of meat offal, 500 grams of kefir or milk, 250 grams of cottage cheese, an egg - 1 piece;

c) for lactating bitches (before weaning puppies) - 100 grams of meat or 250 grams of meat offal, 500 grams of kefir or milk, 250 grams of cottage cheese, an egg - 1 piece;

d) for dogs guarding objects harmful to their health, including traffic police posts of the traffic police - 500 grams of kefir or milk, 100 grams of cottage cheese, an egg - 3 pieces per week;

e) for dogs in the regions of the Far North and areas equated to the regions of the Far North - 150 grams of meat or 300 grams of meat offal and 10 grams of animal fats;

f) for all dogs - vitamin and mineral supplements 2 - 35 grams.

4. Under the conditions of transportation, when on the road for more than 12 hours, instead of the products provided for by the food supply norm, it is allowed to issue 700 grams of bread from a mixture of rye and wheat flour of the 1st grade and 2 cans of canned meat and vegetables, packed in 350 grams per dog per day.

5. A puppy up to six months of age with a weekly uniform increase is issued:

a) cereals - from one month of age, starting from 40 grams;

b) meat - from one month of age, starting from 20 grams;

c) kefir or milk - from two weeks of age, starting from 150 grams;

d) cottage cheese - from three weeks of age, starting from 50 grams;

e) egg - 7 pieces per week;

f) vegetables - from one month of age, starting from 100 grams.

6. 800 grams of straw per day for an adult dog and 400 grams of straw per day for a puppy are provided for a litter.

7. For a service dog during the training period, an additional 50 grams of meat per day is given in the form of a treat.

2. The rate of food supply for regular service dogs, puppies

Notes: 1. According to the norm of providing food to a puppy up to 6 months of age - from two weeks of age, starting from 40 grams, with a systematic weekly increase, complete feeds intended for feeding puppies are given.

2. In addition to the provision of feeds, according to the opinion of the veterinary service specialists, the following is issued for one service dog per day:

a) for puppies and lactating bitches (before weaning of puppies) complete food intended for pregnant and lactating bitches;

b) for a pedigree dog complete feed - 150 grams;

c) for a service dog protecting objects harmful to its health, complete feed - 150 grams;

d) for a service dog in the Far North and equivalent areas, full-feed food - 150 grams.

3. For sick service dogs, dogs guarding objects harmful to their health, including traffic police posts of the traffic police, puppies are allowed to be given veterinary diets (feed used for diseases and disease prevention) or feed based on turkey or salmon, according to the provision standards.

4. In the conditions of transportation, when on the road for more than 12 hours, a full-feed food - 600 grams or canned food for dogs - 1200 grams is issued for one service dog per day.

Rates of substitution of some products for others when providing full-time service dogs

N p / p	Product name	Quantity (grams)
		the product to be replaced	substitute product
1.	Replace groats:	100	-
2.1.	pasta	-	100
2.	Replace meat:	100	-
2.1.	poultry	-	100
2.2.	or fish (chilled and frozen) gutted without a head	-	120
3.	Replace cow's milk:	100	-
3.1.	whole milk powder	-	15
3.2.	or condensed milk sterilized without sugar	-	30
4.	Replace animal fats:	100	-
4.1.	vegetable oil	-	100
4.2.	or margarine	-	100
4.3.	or melted animal fat	-	100
4.4.	or raw fat	-	130
5.	Potatoes and vegetables<*>replace	100	-
5.1.	cereals	-	20

<*>It is allowed to make a replacement only in a dry season (from April 15 to June 15, and in the Far North and equivalent areas - from April 15 to August 31).

Note: Replacement of products is made in agreement with a specialist in the veterinary service.

The normal functioning and performance of service dogs largely depends on their correct feeding. Correct feeding means nutrition that is carried out according to physiologically reasonable norms of nutrient requirements, complete and balanced diets, while observing the feeding regimen.

Proper feeding has a decisive influence on the health, growth rate, development, physique and weight of dogs. Proper feeding plays a huge role in breeding in improving existing and creating new breeds and types of dogs.

Organizing the correct feeding of dogs is possible only by regulating the quantity and quality of the feed given, taking into account the physiological need for nutrients. Both under and over-nutrition of dogs is harmful and unprofitable. It negatively affects the germ cells, embryonic development of the fetus, and at the same time weak offspring are born.

Nutrient Requirements of Dogs

Service dogs require a certain amount of energy, protein and amino acids, carbohydrates, fats (lipids) and fatty acids, minerals (macro- and microelements) and vitamins for life.

Energy requirement... Energy is necessary for the functioning of internal organs, maintaining muscle tone and movement, a certain body temperature, etc. Energy is produced from proteins, fats and carbohydrates in the feed and determines the overall level of nutrition, which is characterized by the amount of gross energy expressed in kilojoules (kJ). It was found that 1 g of protein during oxidation in the body releases 16.7 kJ, 1 g of fat - 37.7 kJ and 1 g of carbohydrates - 15.7 kJ of energy (4.186 kJ - 1 kcal of energy).

The need for energy depends on the dog's body weight, ambient temperature, coat condition, sex, age, animal constitution, muscular work, physiological state (pregnancy, lactation, etc.). The daily energy demand decreases during the summer season and increases by an average of 15 percent during the winter. Males use more energy than females and younger dogs more than older ones. Lean, muscular dogs also use more energy than loose and obese dogs. Dogs with mild excitability also need more energy than phlegmatic dogs.

The calorie content of the diet should be increased for a dog and a bitch before mating, puppies and lactating bitches. The harder the dog's work, the higher the energy requirement. For example, moderate work of service dogs increases energy expenditure by 20-30 percent. The amount of energy expended on work depends on the level of training and the breed of the dog. The size of the dogs' need for energy is influenced by their reaction to the surrounding space, to the landscape. The average energy requirement in dogs is shown in table. 1.

Lack of energy in the diet leads to emaciation of the dog, excess - to obesity. The energetic nutritional value of dog food is presented in table. 3.

Protein requirement... A lack of protein and especially amino acids in the diet of dogs is fraught with a delay in the growth and development of puppies, impaired reproductive functions, a decrease in the absorption of nutrients in feed, poor growth of hair and claws, and a decrease in the body's resistance against diseases. An excess of protein in the diet leads to toxicosis and liver damage.

The optimal protein requirement for dogs is: for adults - 4.5 g, for young animals - 9.0 g per 1 kg of live weight. The need for critical amino acids is: in adults - 60 mg of lysine, 70 mg of methionine and 15 mg of tryptophan; in young animals - lysine 210 mg, methionine - 190 mg and tryptophan - 60 mg per 1 kg of live weight. In service dogs, during average work, the need for proteins increases by about 30 percent, and the dog should receive at least one third of the protein from animal feed. The need of adult dogs for protein and amino acids is influenced by pregnancy, lactation in bitches, increased sexual use of males, etc. The protein content in food products for dogs is presented in table. 3.

Table 3. Composition and energy value (nutritional value) of food products for dogs (in g per 100 g of product), per day

Feed product	Squirrels	Fats	Carbohydrates	Cellulose	Energy, kJ	Inedible part,%
Category II meat	20,2	7,0	-	-	602	18
Horse meat of the II category	20,9	4,1	-	-	502	25
Whale canned food	35,5	5,0	-	-	804	-
Liver	18,3	3,2	5,2	-	431	-
Lungs	15,2	3,5	2,0	-	385	8
Animal fats	0,3	99,7	-	-	3753	-
Meat and bone meal	47,7	8,5	2,9	-	1175	-
Cow's milk	2,8	3,2	4,7	-	243	-
Low-fat cottage cheese	18,0	0,6	1,5	-	360	-
Small fish	17,4	1,3	-	-	347	45
Fish flour	55,0	3,0	-	-	1057	-
Fish fat	-	100,0	-	-	3980	-
Chicken eggs	12,7	11,5	0,7	-	657	13
Flour
rye	8,8	1,4	73,4	1,1	1356	-
wheat	11,0	1,3	72,3	0,8	1368	-
barley	10,0	1,6	71,5	1,5	1347	-
Bread
rye	5,6	0,9	44,4	0,7	841	-
wheaten	7,9	1,0	48,5	0,3	946	-
Rusks	11,0	3,9	70,3	0,8	1447	-
Biscuits	10,6	1,3	73,8	0,2	1406	-
Groats
oatmeal	11,9	5,8	65,4	2,8	1444	-
semolina	11,3	0,7	73,3	0,2	1364	-
rice	7,0	0,6	77,3	0,4	1351	-
millet	12,0	2,9	69,3	1,4	1346	-
barley	10,4	1,3	71,7	1,4	1346	-
Cereals	13,1	6,2	65,7	1,3	1485	-
Fresh potatoes	2,0	0,1	19,7	1,0	347	25
Carrot	1,3	0,1	7,0	1,0	138	20
beet	1,7	-	10,0	0,9	201	20
Fresh cabbage	1,8	-	5,4	0,7	117	20
Sauerkraut	0,8	-	1,8	1,0	59	-

(Average)

Need for carbohydrates... Carbohydrates (sugar, starch, fiber, etc.) are the most important source of energy in the body of dogs, in addition, fiber plays a role in the formation of feces, it stimulates intestinal motility. Vegetable foods are a source of fiber for dogs. The optimal need for carbohydrates in dogs is: in adults - 10 g, including fiber - 1 g; in young animals - 15.8 g, including fiber - 1.5 g per 1 kg of live weight. The carbohydrate requirement of adult dogs depends on the fat content of the diet. The less fat in the feed, the more carbohydrates should be in the diet. In the summer season, carbohydrates can replace some of the fats. An excess of sugar and starch in the diet leads to obesity in dogs. The content of carbohydrates in feed is presented in table. 3.

The need for lipids (fat)... The importance of fat in feeding dogs is determined by the content of essential fatty acids, which are part of the body cells, and their high calorie content. The optimal need for lipids in adult dogs is 1.32 g, in young animals - 2.64 g per 1 kg of live weight. With a lack of fat in the diet of animals, growth retardation, dysfunction of reproduction, hypovitaminosis, skin diseases, dermatitis, hyperkeratosis, flaking, depigmentation of wool, etc. are observed. Excess fat is also harmful. The fat content of food for dogs is shown in table. 3.

Vitamin requirements... The diet of dogs must necessarily contain vitamins - A, D, E, K ”group B, etc. With their lack of food in dogs, there are serious diseases - hypovitaminosis.

With a lack of vitamin A in the diet in dogs, vision and reproductive functions are impaired, growth in puppies is delayed, and resistance to various diseases decreases. Vitamin A is found in milk, fish oil, liver. Vegetable feeds (carrots, greens, etc.) contain provitamin A - carotene.

With a lack of vitamin D, puppies develop rickets, in adult dogs, painful softening of the bones and atrophy of bone tissue are observed. Vitamin D is found in fish oil and liver.

Vitamin E deficiency causes reproductive impairment in dogs, leading to infertility. Sources of vitamin E are vegetables, various greens, sprouted cereal grains, etc.

With a lack of vitamin K in dogs, subcutaneous hemorrhage is observed - hemorrhages in the neck, chest, legs. Vitamin K is rich in cabbage, spinach, pumpkin, tomatoes.

Vitamin C protects dogs from scurvy (hemorrhage under the skin, swelling of the joints, etc.). Sources of vitamin C are vegetables, sauerkraut, which are included in the diet of dogs. In the absence of vegetables, you can use young nettles by scalding them with boiling water.

Lack of B vitamins leads to muscle weakness, impaired coordination of movements, paralysis, cramps, hair loss and depigmentation, dermatitis, peeling of the skin, bloody diarrhea, mouth ulcers, a peculiar form of anemia, etc. Many B vitamins are found in yeast, liver , cottage cheese, milk, wholemeal flour, potatoes, cauliflower. The content of vitamins in feed products is presented in table. 4.

Table 4. Content of vitamins in feed products (in mg per 100 g of product)

Feed product	Carotene	A	E	WITH	IN 1	IN 2	AT 3
Meat	1,0	Traces	-	Traces	0,1	0,2	0,6
horsemeat	-	Traces	-	Traces	0,1	0,1	0,6
Liver	1,0	8,2	1,3	33,0	0,3	2,2	6,8
Cow's milk	0,1	0,1	0,1	1,5	0,1	0,2	0,4
Low-fat cottage cheese	Traces	0,1	-	0,5	0,1	0,2	0,2
A fish	-	0,1	0,5	1,8	0,1	0,2	0,6
Chicken eggs	0,1	0,4	2	-	0,1	0,2	1,3
Bread:
rye	Traces	-	2,2	-	0,2	0,1	0,6
wheaten	Traces	-	3,8	-	0,3	0,1	0,7
Groats:
oatmeal	Traces	-	3,4	-	0,5	0,1	0,9
semolina	-	-	2,5	-	0,1	0,1	0,3
rice	-	-	0,5	-	0,1	0,1	0,4
millet	Traces	-	2,6	-	0,4	0,1	0,4
barley	-	-	-	-	0,3	0,1	0,7
Potato	0,1	-	0,1	20,0	0,1	0,1	0,3
Carrot	9	-	0,6	5	0,1	0,1	0,3
Beet	0,1	-	0,2	10,0	0,1	0,1	0,1
Cabbage	Traces	-	0,1	45,0	0,1	0,1	0,2
Salad (greens)	1,8	-	-	15,0	0,1	0,1	0,1
Spinach	4,5	-	2,5	55,0	0,1	0,3	0,3
Nettle	5,2	-	1,6	35,0	0,1	-	0,1
Yeast	-	-	-	-	0,6	0,7	4,2
Fish oil, IE / g	-	1000	-	-	-	-	-
Retinol, thousand IU / mg	-	50	-	-	-	-	-
Microvit, thousand IU / g	-	330	-	-	-	-	-
Capsuvit, mg / g	-	-	250	-	-	-	-
Granuvit, mg / g	-	-	-	-	-	500	-
Calcium pantothenate, mg / g	-	-	-	-	-	-	450

(Average)

(International units in gram)

The need for minerals... Minerals include calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chlorine and magnesium, iron, copper, cobalt, zinc, manganese and iodine.

With a lack of calcium and phosphorus in the diet, puppies develop rickets, in adult dogs - softening and fragility of bones. Lack of sodium and chlorine (table salt) causes loss of appetite, decreased gastric secretion and impaired protein absorption. The requirement of dogs for table salt is: in adults - 375 mg, in young animals - 530 mg per 1 kg of live weight. With a lack of potassium and magnesium in the feed, animals exhibit increased excitability and cardiac dysfunction. Dogs need iron, copper and cobalt to form hemoglobin and other blood constituents. With a lack of these elements in the feed, dogs develop anemia. A zinc deficiency in the diet in dogs causes severe stunted growth and puberty, loss of taste and sense of smell, and dermatitis. With a deficiency of manganese in the feed, bitches give birth to dead or non-viable offspring. Lack of iodine causes goiter in animals (overgrowth of the thyroid gland) and in bitches the birth of weak puppies.

Common external signs of mineral deficiency in food in dogs is a perverted appetite: eating various garbage, plaster, animals gnawing stones, wooden objects, etc.

The need for water. Lack of water is more difficult for dogs than lack of food. The need for drinking water in adult dogs is 40 ml, in young animals - 80-120 ml per 1 kg of live weight. It depends on the nature of feeding, the season, the work performed, etc. The need for water increases after hard work, as well as in the hot season.

Drinking water for dogs should be clean, clear, odorless, not too cold. Do not water dogs from shallow stagnant bodies of water, small rivers flowing through settlements.

Dog food

Mainly meat and meat offal, cereals and bread, potatoes and vegetables are used for feeding dogs. Puppies, young animals, puppies and lactating bitches, in addition, are fed eggs, milk and cottage cheese. In addition, dogs can be fed with fish, table leftovers, canned foods and various feed additives. The composition and nutritional value of food for dogs are given in table. 3-5.

Table 5. Content of minerals in feed products (in mg per 100 g of product)

Products	Calcium	Phosphorus	Potassium	Magnesium	Iron	Manganese	Copper
Meat	10	188	355	22	2,9	3,2	0,2
horsemeat	13	185	270	23	3,1	3,2	0,2
Liver	9	314	277	18	6,9	5,0	3,8
Cow's milk	122	192	148	13	0,1	0,5	-
Low-fat cottage cheese	120	189	117	24	0,3	0,4	0,1
A fish	27	216	268	21	1,5	2,0	0,1
Fish flour	6700	3200	865	255	83,6	8,3	0,7
Chicken eggs	55	215	140	12	2,5	1,0	0,1
Bread
rye	21	174	227	57	3,6	1,4	0,3
wheaten	31	222	267	89	4,0	2,1	0,6
Groats
oatmeal	64	349	362	116	3,9	2,7	0,5
semolina	20	85	130	18	0,1	0,6	0,1
rice	24	97	54	26	1,0	1,4	0,3
millet	27	233	211	83	7,0	1,7	0,4
barley	42	343	160	96	1,8	1,1	0,4
Potato	10	58	568	23	0,9	0,4	0,1
Carrot	51	55	200	38	0,7	0,4	0,1
Beet	37	43	288	43	1,4	0,4	0,1
Fresh cabbage	48	31	185	16	0,6	0,4	0,1
Bone flour	26000	14000	240	46	150,0	8,0	1,0
Meat and bone meal	14500	7500	430	213	167,5	13,5	1,1
chalk	37000	180	500	-	-	-	-

(Average)

Meat is the most nutritious food. Any meat is suitable for dogs, but most often horse meat and lower grades of beef and lamb are used. Raw meat is healthier and should be at least 25 percent of the RDA.

Before feeding, corned beef should be soaked well and for a long time with a change of water and mixed with boiled cereals and vegetables. The meat of sea animals is fed raw to sled dogs. The daily norm of meat for dogs depends on the age, sex, weight, physiological state of the animal and the work it does. The approximate norm of meat for adult service dogs with an average load is 400 g, for a puppy: from 20 days to two months of age 50-200, from two to four months 200-400, from four to six months - 400-500 and from six months up to one year - 500-600 g per head per day ( The daily norm of meat for adult puppies and young dogs of especially large breeds is more than 400 g (Approx. Comp.)).

Meat by-products - liver, kidneys, lungs, heart, tongues, scars, heads, legs, cuttings, etc. have less nutritional value than meat by 1.5-2 times.

Bones also used for feeding dogs from two to three months of age. Long-term absence of bones in the dog's diet leads to a general weakening of the animal's skeleton. Bones are used for cooking stew, soup and as an additional feed and raw treats. Dogs should not be given long bones of birds.

Bone flour- a source of high-value protein and minerals. It is fed to adult dogs at 100 g per day.

Milk... This valuable product can partially replace meat in a dog's diet. Milk is especially beneficial for puppies, wood chips and lactating bitches, as well as sick and malnourished dogs. Puppies are given milk from 15-20 days of age (with insufficient milkiness of bitches and with large litters - earlier), starting from 50 g, and by three months the rate is brought to 400-500 g per day. Puppy and lactating bitches can be fed milk up to 1 liter per day. Skim milk (reverse) is fed to adult service dogs in pasteurized or boiled form up to 1 liter per day instead of meat.

Cottage cheese puppies are given from the suckling period, they are taught gradually from 20 g per day and by six months they increase the norm to 50-100 g.

A fish along with meat it is a source of complete protein, but it cannot completely replace meat. The diet of service dogs most often includes fresh, boiled and dried sea fish. Fish should be thoroughly deboned before feeding.

Fish meal is also fed to dogs. The most suitable for these purposes is flour containing no more than 10 percent fat and 22 percent ash. It is fed to puppies in an amount of no more than 20 g, adult dogs - 50 g per day.

The diet of dogs also includes fish oil rich in vitamins. Most often it is given to puppies to avoid rickets. During the sucking period, it is given a few drops a day, by two months - a teaspoon, then the dose is increased to a tablespoon per day. It can be added to feed. Fish oil is also fed to puppy and lactating bitches at 30-50 g per day, to males during the mating period of 20-30 g.

Chicken eggs are fed to puppies, puppies and lactating females, sick dogs and males during the mating period.

Animal fats- lard, oil, combined fats are given to dogs in the cold season, in addition to the diet of 20-30 g per day.

Foods of plant origin in the diets of dogs occupy about 70 percent of the daily caloric value.

Bread both rye and wheat are fed. The daily norm of bread for adult dogs is 200-300 g, for puppies from one to six months - 100-150 g. Bread is added to milk, stew, soup, and is also given in its natural form. It is better to feed stale bread, the crackers are slightly soaked beforehand.

Cereals- oatmeal, semolina, millet, barley, rice, etc. are the basis of dog nutrition. The best cereal is oatmeal. The daily norm of cereals for adult dogs is 300-400 g; for puppies: at suckling age - 30-50 g, from one to three months - 80-150 g, from four to six months - 200-300 g. Oatmeal and barley must be crushed or soaked in cold water 6-8 hours before cooking.

Potatoes and vegetables in the diet of dogs should be about 10 percent of the daily calories. They are sources of vitamins, easily digestible carbohydrates, minerals, organic acids and fiber. Boiled potatoes are fed. Before cooking it must be washed. The daily norm of potatoes for an adult working dog is 200 g, for puppies: at sucking age - 20-30 g, from one to three months - 80-100 g, from three to six months - 100-120 g. Potatoes are best fed in soup , stew, mashed potatoes. Carrots are given raw, beets are boiled. Salad, spinach, tops are chopped, young nettles are chopped, poured over with hot water and fed as additives. The approximate daily intake of vegetables and greens (without potatoes) is about 100 g for adult dogs, for puppies: at suckling age 20-30 g, from one to three months - 50-70 g, from three to six months - 80-100 g Before feeding vegetables, rinse well in clean water.

Food leftovers are fed to dogs with the obligatory observance of sanitary rules. They should be fresh, not contaminated, from leftovers from home food or from a certain dining room. They must be watched, boiled and fed warm. It is necessary to ensure that there are no small sharp bones, hot spices in the leftovers.

Feed additives- yeast, vitamin preparations, bone meal, phosphoric acid calcium, glycerophosphate, finely crushed dried eggshells, table salt, etc. are sources of vitamins and minerals. Feed, baker's and brewer's yeast contain B vitamins and are fed to males during the mating season in an amount of 20-30 g, puppies - 5-10 g per day. Vitamin preparations are most often fed to puppy and lactating bitches, puppies - in accordance with the instructions for their use. Bone meal is given to adult dogs at 10-20 g; for puppies: at suckling age - 4 g each, from one to three months - 10 g each, from three to six months - 13 g per day. Phosphoric acid calcium (precipitate) or glycerophosphate, or crushed eggshells are fed to males, puppies and lactating bitches 2-3 g per feeding, puppies - 0.5-1 g per day. Table salt is added to the diet of adult dogs of average size 10-15 g each, large dogs 20 g each, puppies: at suckling age - 0.5 g, from one to three months - 5 g and from three to six months - 8 g each per day.

Canned food convenient for storage and does not require a lot of time to prepare the feed. They are meat and meat-vegetable. Canned meat is fed to adult dogs with cereals and vegetables. Canned meat and vegetables are used as a product that fully provides dogs with nutrients, with the exception of vitamins.

Industrial production of canned food for dogs is widely practiced in the USA, England, East Germany, Czechoslovakia and other countries. Finished products are offered to the buyer, as a rule, in tin cans in the form of minced meat, sausages, meat bars, pâtés, meat cubes weighing 150, 300 and more grams. In the GDR, a technology has been developed for the preparation of wet canned food "Goldi" and dry - "Bello" - in granular form.

Rules and regimen of feeding dogs

Dogs are fed according to rations. The ration is a daily set of feed that provides the physiological norm of the need for nutrients.

Before formulating the correct diet, it is necessary to determine the dog's need for nutrients. This need is defined as follows.

For example, a service dog weighing 30 kg with an average work per day requires 9000 kJ of energy, which is the sum of the need for life, processes and work performed. Life processes require 7500 kJ (250X30, Table 1), to perform work, the animal's need for energy increases by 20 percent (20 percent from 7500-1500 kJ). The need for other substances is determined in the same way. Knowing the amount of feed in the diet (table. 7), you can determine their nutritional value using table. 4-6. For example, 300 g of feed contains 1506 kJ (502X3), etc.

Table 6. Approximate food ration for an adult dog

Diet composition	Amount of feed per day, g	The diet contains
		energy, kJ	proteins, g	fat, g	carbohydrates, g	calcium, mg	phosphorus, mg
Norm:	-	9000	135	39,6	300	7920	6600
horsemeat	300	1506	62,7	12,3	-	39	555
Oat groats	425	6137	50,5	24,6	278	272	1483
Potato	150	520	3,0	0,1	30	15	87
Cabbage	40	47	0,7	-	2	20	12
Carrot	40	55	0,5	-	3	20	22
Animal fat	20	750	-	20,0	-	-	-
Table salt	20	-	-	-	-	-	-
Total	-	9015	117,4	39,0	313	366	21,59

(The diet lacks 17.6 g of protein, 7554 mg of calcium, 4441 mg of phosphorus. This diet should be supplemented with about 30 g of fishmeal or other protein-rich feed, as well as 20 g of bone meal.)

A diet in which dogs have an average body condition and constant body weight is considered correct. If the dogs are losing weight, it means that there is not enough food, and, conversely, they are getting fat - the diet needs to be reduced. Compliance with the requirements of feeding standards is the main condition for a good nutrition.

The appetite of dogs should be monitored. Its deterioration indicates an incorrectly composed diet. Diet for dogs should be diversified by changing meat products, cereals and vegetables. For these purposes, a weekly distribution of feed is used (Table 7).

Table 7. Approximate weekly distribution of food per adult dog, g

Name of feed	Days of the week
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Soup meat	400	250	400	400	400	250	400
Raw meat for feeding	-	150	-	-	-	150	-
Oat groats	425	-	425	425	425	425	-
Millet groats	-	425	-	-	-	-	425
Potato	200	200	150	200	200	150	200
Cabbage	50	50	100	50	50	100	50
Carrot	50	50	50	50	50	50	50
Animal fats	20	20	20	20	20	20	20
Table salt	20	20	20	20	20	20	20

The practice of feeding dogs established the following average feed rates per head per day, for a guard dog weighing 25-30 kg with an average workload and kept in an unheated room: meat - 400 g, cereals - 400 g, potatoes - 200 g, vegetables - 100 g, bread - 200 g, animal fat - 20 g, table salt - 15-20 g.

The need for food increases in winter and during the period of intensive dog training. More feed is required for puppy and lactating bitches.

When replacing meat with meat offal, their number increases by 1.5-2 times, taking into account the calorie content. Cheaper groats are used - oatmeal, barley, millet. Sick dogs are given rice and semolina.

Food prepared for dogs should be tasty and pleasant smelling - this affects digestion and absorption of nutrients.

In the conditions of group keeping of dogs - in kennels and schools of service dog breeding - special kitchens are equipped for preparing food. Products are issued according to established departmental standards.

The food is prepared in the form of thick soup and liquid porridge. Before distribution, it is cooled to a temperature of 30-35 ° C, in summer - to an air temperature in the shade. The amount of food per feeding is 2-4 liters, depending on the size of the dog, its appetite and physical activity. Each dog should be provided with an individual food and drink bowl.

In field conditions, service dogs are fed with biscuits, canned food and concentrates. The processing methods for these feeds are usually indicated in the accompanying instructions. For several days, it is quite possible to feed a service dog with bread, bread with milk, bread with water, bread crumbs soaked in water.

The health and performance of the animal largely depend on the feeding regime: the time of receipt and the amount of feedings, as well as the quantitative and qualitative distribution of feed during the day. Service adult dogs are fed twice a day, in the morning and in the evening, an hour or two before their work and one hour after it ends. The time of feeding the dogs is set depending on the routine of her work. If the dog works only early in the morning, it is advisable to feed him the first time after returning from work after he has previously rest, and the second time in the evening. Guard dogs posted at checkpoints at night are fed once in the evening two hours before posting, and the second time in the morning, after removing from the checkpoint and after the dog has rested. In this case, the weight distribution of the feed is carried out equally.

During the mating period of dogs, breeding and lactation of bitches, animals need to be fed three to four times, young dogs at least five times a day. With four feeding in the summer season, the feed ration is distributed as follows: in the morning at 6 o'clock - 25 percent, in the afternoon at 12 o'clock - 20 percent, in the afternoon at 16 o'clock - 20 percent, in the evening at 19 o'clock - 35 percent of the daily ration.

Feeding puppies. In the first two weeks of life, the only food for puppies is mother's milk. With a normal litter (three to six puppies) and with good milkiness of the bitch, feeding of puppies should be started from two weeks of age, with large litters (8-12 puppies) from one week of age. A sign of satiety in puppies is their restful sleep.

You need to feed the puppies with fresh cow's milk warmed up to 25-30 ° C. One raw chicken egg per 0.5-1 l is added to the milk. First, milk is fed from a regular bottle with a nipple, later the puppies are taught to drink (lap) from a shallow bowl (saucer). Since that time, a little white bread is added to the milk and liquid milk cereals from semolina are given, adding one fresh chicken egg for five to six puppies.

From the age of two weeks, it is useful to feed puppies with raw fresh meat in the form of minced meat or finely scrapped. In the first days, they give 15-20 g of meat, gradually increase the norm of meat: by the age of three weeks - up to 40-50 g, by one month - up to 100 g. The puppies should be fed meat three to four times a day, in equal portions after the mother has sucked.

Starting from three weeks, puppies should be given 30-50 g of rice broth and liquid semolina porridge in milk, and by one and a half months - 200-250 g per day for three to four doses.

At three and a half weeks of age, puppies can be given meat broth followed by meatless soup (three to four times a day). From one month of age - boiled finely chopped meat (twice a day, 15-25 g). By one and a half months, when the puppies are weaned from their mother, the number of feedings is increased to six times a day. It is necessary to take away the puppies gradually, within five days. By this time, the puppies should be accustomed to eating regular food.

From now on, feeding puppies should be normalized in terms of energy, protein, fat, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins. The diet includes complete feed: meat, fish, milk, rice, semolina, crushed oatmeal and white bread. Vegetables, herbs and fish oil are given as vitamin feed. From mineral feeds to prevent rickets, bone meal, chalk and phosphoric acid calcium or calcium glycerophosphate and vitamin D are added to the feed. It is useful to give the liver in small portions. The optimal feed rates for puppies are presented in table. eight.

Table 8. Approximate daily feed rates for puppies, g

Feed	Puppies age, months
	up to 1	1-3	3-6
Meat	50	50-250	250-500
Groats	50	50-100	100-150
Bread	70	70-100	100-150
Milk	150	150-500	500
Cottage cheese	20	50	100
Potato	30	80-100	100-120
Vegetables	30	50-70	80-100
Carrot	5	20	50
Greens	10	30	50
Animal fat	3	5	10
Fish fat	0,5	3	5
Yeast	1	2	4
Chicken eggs	One at a time every other day	One at a time every other day	-
Bone flour	4	10	12
Table salt	0,5	5	10

Puppies should be fed only good quality food, little by little, but often, freshly prepared each time.

When the puppies reach the age of two months, they are fed six times a day, 150-200 g of feed, from two to four months - five times 300-400 g, from four to five months - four times 500-600 g, and from five to six months - four or three times 600-1000 g of feed in one feeding. Do not feed the puppies hot or cold food. The food should be lukewarm.

From the age of six months, puppies are gradually transferred to the diet of adult dogs and fed twice a day.

The daily feeding ration should fully meet the needs of dogs for energy, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals and vitamins, taking into account the breed, sex, age, physiological state, work performed, maintenance, etc. correspond to the nature and taste of the dog.

Separate feeds are included in the diet in such quantities, which would not be observed to have a harmful effect on the health of the animal. The dog should be given as much food in the diet as is required by the physiological norm. The total feed requirement of dogs for diets of different consistencies is not the same.

A dog, when fed with a dry diet with a moisture content of 8-10 percent, requires 15-40 g, when fed with a wet diet with a content of 70-75 percent of water - 30-60 g per 1 kg of body weight. The daily amount of food depends on the age, size, functional activity of the dog, as well as on the nutritional value, taste and physical properties of the food included in the diet.

Practice has established the following average feed rates per day for a service dog with a body weight of 25-30 kg, with an average workload and keeping in an unheated room: meat - 400g, cereals - 400g, vegetables and herbs - 300g, bread - 200g, fat animal - 20g, table salt - 15g.

When choosing food for a dog

When selecting food for a dog in the diet, you can use the following substitution scale: 1 g of meat is replaced by 0.75 g of the heart, 1.5 g of lungs, 1.5 g of offal, 2 g of intestines, 0.5 g of meat and bone or fish meal, 0.75 g of dry fish, 1, 5g whole milk, 0.75 fat cottage cheese, 3g skim milk, 1.5g lean cottage cheese; 1g of oatmeal is replaced by 1.5g of bread, 3g of potatoes, 1g of rye crackers.

Feeding is considered correct if, with the given diet, adult dogs do not change their weight and fatness, and they do not show signs of impaired appetite, reproductive ability and health. One of the basic rules of feeding is adherence to the diet of dogs (time and number of feedings per day, distribution of food throughout the day, etc.).

The correct regimen ensures a high digestibility of feed and absorption of nutrients in the diet and a good condition of the dog. Dogs should be fed at a strictly defined time, which is necessary for the formation of a conditioned reflex for a while. During the resting period, adult dogs should be fed at least 2-3 times a day, during the breeding period (mating, breeding, lactation of bitches) - 3-4 times. Puppies should receive food at least 6 times, young animals - 4-5 times a day at regular intervals.

Service dogs (adults) are fed twice a day, in the morning and in the evening, 1-2 hours before their work and one hour after its end, depending on the work schedule, with an equal distribution of feed. The transition from one feed (diet) to another should be gradual, moderate, calculated to enable the bitch's body to bounce back.

During this time, the food should be easily digestible and should be given in small portions 5-6 times a day. The best food during this period is meat broth, thin meat soup with rice, semolina or crushed oatmeal. You can also give a little white bread soaked in a lot of milk. The daily nutrient requirements for lactating bitches are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

	Energy, kJ			assimilable carbohydrates	Cellulose

Table 1. Daily Nutrient Requirements

in lactating bitches in the first two weeks of lactation, d.

From the 4th day after whelping, feeding should be carried out in accordance with accepted norms. Since that time, the diet includes fresh meat, fresh meat offal, milk, cottage cheese, which provides the bitch with complete proteins and promotes the release of a large amount of milk.

Table 1. Daily requirement for nutrients in lactating bitches in the first two weeks of lactation, g.

	Energy, kJ			assimilable carbohydrates	Cellulose

Table 2. Daily Nutrient Requirements

in lactating bitches in the third to fifth weeks of lactation, g.

To provide bitches with minerals and vitamins, the diet includes the mineral mixture indicated above (1/2 teaspoon 2-3 times a day), bones, bone meal, fresh vegetables, herbs, 1-2 tablespoons of tomato juice, and fish oil and vitamin preparations. It is helpful to give an ascorbic acid tablet with glucose once a day.

In order for the feed to be better absorbed, lactating bitches should be fed at least three times a day, preferably a fairly liquid feed, which contributes to a more abundant milk flow. To increase the milkiness of bitches as a drink, you can give surrogate coffee with milk and honey (1 teaspoon per 0.5 l) 3 times a day, as well as 4 times a day, 0.5-1 tablet of Apilak, 3 times a day, one at a time walnuts.

Proper feeding of lactating bitches

Proper feeding of lactating bitches is fundamental to the health and well-being of newborn puppies. The development of puppies, from their birth to the end of the suckling period, especially in the first two weeks, depends mainly on the correct feeding of the lactating bitches. For puppies in the first 2 weeks of life, the only food is mother's milk.

In the first week, puppies suckle their mother at least 12 times a day, in the second - 8 times, by the fourth week - 6 times and before weaning 4-5 times. With a normal litter (3-6 puppies) and with good milkiness of the bitch, feeding of the puppies begins at 2 weeks of age, with large litters (8-12 puppies) or if the bitch has little milk, feeding begins at the age of one week. A sign of satiety in puppies is their calm sleep, while hungry puppies worry, crawl and whine. Puppies that are lagging behind in growth are placed to the rear nipples, as the most dairy ones.

The puppies are fed with fresh, whole, slightly warmed (up to 27-30 ° C) cow's milk. It is better to give goat's or sheep's milk, since it is closer in composition to dog's milk. In order for the cow's milk to be closer in composition to the bitch's milk, one raw chicken egg per 0.5-1l is added to it. First, milk is fed from a regular bottle, on which a nipple is put on, later, when the puppies begin to see, they are taught to drink (lap).

To do this, milk is poured into a saucer, and the puppy is carefully poked into it with its muzzle. After one or two times, the puppy learns to drink milk. Since that time, a small amount of white bread is added, liquid milk porridge from semolina is given, adding one fresh chicken egg for every 5-6 puppies. The amount of milk is normalized: in the first week of feeding - a little less than a faceted glass, in the second - a glass, in the third - 2 glasses and in the fourth week - 3 glasses a day.

The diet of puppies must certainly include calcined cottage cheese. For its preparation, 1 liter of milk is heated to a boil, 4 tablespoons of a 10% solution of calcium chloride are quickly added and mixed. The curd is separated from the whey. Cottage cheese can be diluted with whey to a mushy state and add a tablespoon of sugar.

Serum from calcified cottage cheese is given to the bitch to drink. From 2 weeks of age, puppies are fed with raw fresh meat in the form of minced meat or thinly scraped. In the first days, meat is given 15-20 g, gradually increasing to 40-50 g by 3 weeks of age, up to 100 g per day by 4 weeks. Meat is given 3-4 times a day in equal portions after the puppies have sucked their mother.

From 3 weeks of age, puppies are given a combined feeding: meat, milk, rice broth and liquid semolina in milk, 30-50 g at first, with a gradual increase to 200-250 g, 3-4 times a day. From 3.5 weeks, meat broth and soup are fed. From 1 month old, puppies are given boiled finely chopped meat twice a day for 15-25g.

One month after whelping

A month after whelping, the bitch begins to gradually decrease milkiness. Since that time, the puppies are allowed to the mother 3-4 times a day, and in the intervals they are fed 4-5 times, consisting of cow's milk with a small amount of crumbled white bread, oatmeal or rice soup and meat, both boiled and raw, passed through meat grinder. By the time of weaning of puppies from bitches, the number of feedings is increased to 6 times a day.

It is advisable to wean puppies from their mothers at 6 weeks of age gradually over 5 days. By this age, young animals should be accustomed to eating regular food. It is necessary to transfer puppies to regular food without breast milk with great care. When transferring puppies to self-feeding, one must carefully monitor their development and prevent diseases. Correct feeding of puppies at this time is controlled by the average daily weight gain of young animals: small breeds - 15-20g, medium - 50g and large breeds - 150-175g.

Good feeding during this period can improve the dog's body shape. The food should be varied so that the puppy is not subsequently accustomed to only certain foods. After weaning, puppies are fed meat, fish, milk, rice, semolina, crushed oatmeal, white bread, vegetables, tops of garden crops, wild greens, fish oil, bone meal, chalk, phosphate lime and vitamin D.

It is useful to give raw liver, cartilage, large ("sugar") bones in small portions. Puppies should be fed only good quality foods, small portions, but often without bloating. The food should be prepared for each feed and fed lukewarm in the form of soup and liquid porridge, and milk with bread.

Up to 2 months of age, puppies are fed 6 times, from 2 to 4 months - 5 times, from 4 to 5 months - 4 times and from 5 to 6 months - 4-3 times a day. The puppy must eat the entire portion of the food. If for some reason the puppy has not eaten the food, it must be removed immediately and the next portion of food should be given only at the appropriate time. From 6 months of age, puppies are gradually transferred to the diet of adult dogs. From 8 months, a young dog is fed like an adult: 2 times a day - in the morning and in the evening. Quite often you have to resort to artificial feeding of puppies.

At the same time, it is very important that newborn puppies stay under their mother for at least a day, eat colostrum, otherwise most of them die. For artificial feeding of puppies, a milk mixture is prepared, which includes: cow's or goat's milk - 80 g, chicken egg yolk - 1 pc, cream - 20 g, 40 percent glucose solution - 20 ml, 5 percent ascorbic acid solution - 3 ml, oil solution vitamin A - 2 drops, oil solution of vitamin D3 - 2 drops. The milk mixture is heated to a temperature of 30-35 ° C.

Up to 2 weeks of age, puppies are fed every 2 hours, with an overnight break of 6 hours. The total amount of milk formula per puppy per day is calculated as follows: a 3-day-old puppy is given 15-20 percent, a 7-day-old puppy - 22-25 percent, a 14-day-old - 30-32 percent and a 21-day-old - 32-40 percent of live weight of the puppy. From the 21st day, artificially reared puppies are fed cow's milk and feeding according to the feeding regime of the puppies under the mother.

The need of service dogs for food substances used to maintain life and performance depends on the breed, live weight, age, body condition, housing conditions, workload and some other factors. The food eaten by the dog must fully satisfy the needs of its body, both qualitatively and quantitatively.

In the absence or insufficient intake of feed substances into the body, its vital activity continues due to its own reserves - fatty deposits. As a result, the working capacity of the dog decreases, it loses weight and develops poorly, and the resistance of its body to various diseases decreases.

Overfeeding your dog is also harmful. Excessive feed overloads the digestive organs, causes obesity in the animal and a decrease in performance.

When feeding service dogs, they are guided by the norms developed by scientific institutions. The feeding rate is the amount of feed substances required to obtain a certain amount of working capacity from service dogs with the effective use of feed and maintaining the health of the dogs during the day.

On the basis of the feeding rate, they make up the diet. The amount of food required to maintain the vital processes in the dog's body, its performance during the day, determined according to the feeding norms, is called the diet of a service dog, that is, the diet is the daily amount of various products in the form of a set of foods that “provide vital feed substances.

The food ration should satisfy the needs of the dog's body not only in total energy, but also in proteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, vitamins and water.

The diet of service dogs should be balanced in terms of the quantitative ratio and caloric content of products, taking into account their feed biological and energy value (Fig. 53).

Feeding norms for dogs are set based on the total nutritional value of the feed, which is expressed in calories, i.e., in the same energy that service dogs should receive with this feed, as well as separately, in a specific minimum of feed substances (protein, fat, carbohydrates - in grams, mineral salts and vitamins - in milligrams), which are necessary for dogs during the day, based on 1 kg of their body weight.

Long-term practice of feeding service dogs has shown that a search, guard, guard dog of average body condition weighing up to 30 kg, when kept in an aviary with a workload of 4-5 hours a day, to reimburse all its energy costs, must be obtained with food in the summer of 2250, and in the winter of 2750 kilocalories per day (an average of 2475 kilocalories, or 82.5 kilocalories per day for each kilogram of the dog's weight). The increase in calorie intake will depend on the degree of workload on the service dog.

To cover the necessary caloric content of the feed in order to ensure the normal functioning of the body, the feeding rate of an adult service dog should be minimal (per 1 kg of weight): protein (mainly animal) - 4-5 grams, fats - 1-2 grams of carbohydrates - 12-15 grams, vitamins A - 1-5 milligrams, Bi - 0.5 mg, E - 10-20 mg, B2 - 2-3 mg, PP - 5-10 mg, mineral salts - 8-10 grams. The daily requirement of an adult dog for various mineral salts is shown in Table 12.

The exclusion of at least one of the feed substances from the diet of a service dog or a decrease in its norm leads to general exhaustion, loss of performance and even death. For example, feeding a service dog with fat alone leads to its death in about 56-58 days, when feeding with proteins alone, death occurs in 30-40 days, with carbohydrates alone - in 30-45 days.

In the diet of a service dog, composed of a mixture of animal and plant foods, mineral salts and vitamins are usually contained in sufficient quantities. In practice, it is necessary to add only table salt at the rate of 15-20 grams per day. With a lack of mineral salts and vitamins in the diet, especially in the winter-spring period, they are specially introduced into the diet in the form of mineral and vitamin supplements (chalk, calcium glycerophosphate, bone and fish meal, fish oil, multivitamins, feed yeast, etc.).

The total energy requirement of the body should be covered by the diet: up to 12% due to the caloric content of proteins (and proteins of animal origin are preferable as the most complete ones) and up to 50% due to carbohydrates. The fat content in the diet should not be reduced below one gram per 1 kg of the dog's weight. The rest of the calorie content of the diet should be covered with mixed feed.

In the border troops, the food rations of service dogs are determined by the relevant orders and are presented in the form of a daily allowance, which is shown in Table 13.

For draft dogs, it is allowed, within the limits of the total cost of the products provided for by this standard, to purchase and give out instead of them fish, fat and meat of sea animals.

It is allowed to replace meat of category 2 or horse meat with meat offal of category 2 at the rate of 100 g per 250 g or canned fodder food - 80 grams.

For sick dogs (within 5% of the payroll according to the conclusions of the veterinary service specialists), it is allowed to give the same amount of rice instead of 200 grams of oatmeal or millet.

According to the conclusions of the specialists of the veterinary service, in addition to this norm, it is allowed to issue for one dog per day:

a) for sick dogs (within 5% of the listed number) - 500 g of milk;

b) for dogs guarding objects harmful to health - 500 g of milk;

c) for dogs in the Far North regions and in areas equated to the Far North regions - 100 g of second category meat or 250 g of category 2 offal and 10 g of animal fats;

d) for all dogs - 14 g of bone meal and 6 g of chalk.

In the conditions of transportation, when on the road for more than 12 hours, instead of the products provided for by this norm, it is allowed to issue 700 g of rye or wheat bread made from wallpaper flour and 2 cans of canned meat and vegetables packed in 350-370 g each or 3 cans 250-265 g each.

The meat of the second category, which is used to prepare food for service dogs, is the following: the muscles are well developed, the shoulder blades and thighs have depressions (not filled with musculature), the spinous processes of the spines, ischial tubercles, maklaki clearly protrude, fat deposits in the form of small areas or may be absent ...

Meat products that are used to feed service dogs are by-products that come both centrally and from the slaughter of livestock from subsidiary plots or food livestock.

By-products are internal organs and carcass parts obtained from animal processing. Depending on the type of animal, they are divided into beef, lamb and pork. There are also food by-products and technical ones. Food includes the head and its constituent parts (tongue, brains, ears, lips), limbs, tail, udder, stomach, liver, lungs, heart, kidneys, spleen, diaphragm, larynx with throat, meat cuts. Technical by-products are genitals, trachea, horns, etc., which are strictly forbidden to feed a dog.

Depending on the structure and processing characteristics, by-products are divided into wool, mucous, pulpy, meat and bone.

Wool offal - ears, lips, fetlock joints, lamb and pork legs, heads, tails, etc. should be cleaned of hair, bristles, epidermis and impurities, horn shoes removed from fetlock joints and pork legs, brains removed from pork heads.

Mucous by-products - scar, mesh, book, abomasum, stomach, freed from their contents.

Pulp by-products - heart, liver, lungs, diaphragm, trachea, spleen, kidneys, tongue, brains, udder, meat trimmings, etc., well washed and cleaned from films, large blood vessels, as well as from areas with abnormal structure, color or consistency.

Meat and bone by-products - heads of cattle, tails, thoroughly washed, skinned.

By-products differ markedly in morphological and chemical composition (table 14), therefore, they are unequal in nutritional value. By-products are divided into two categories depending on the nutritional value.

The second category includes a scar, netting, abomasum, pork stomach, lungs, heads of all types of cattle without tongues and brains, trachea, spleen, fetlock joints, pork and beef legs, lips, ears, kaltyk (pharynx).

Feed quality

Products received from stock for feeding dogs must be sound. When determining the good quality of products, attention is paid to their color, consistency, smell and the presence of weeds. The meat should be fresh, firm in consistency and on the cut should have a pink or red color, a smell characteristic of the meat of various animals, or slightly sour. In spoiled meat, the fat is easily soiled and greasy, the long bone marrow is thin or bloody. Poor quality meat can be determined by an unpleasant putrid or musty odor, which is easiest to detect in areas adjacent to the bones, by a loose, flabby and wet appearance, the presence of a mucous mass in the connective tissue.

By-products should go to the warehouse, and then to the nursery chilled or frozen. Frozen by-products are stored in the warehouse for 2-3 days at a temperature of 2-4 ° C at a relative humidity of 85-90%.

The heads of cattle most often come scorched or scalded, without skin or tongues, chopped into two parts. Pork heads come without skin or with skin, thoroughly cleaned of stubble, without tongues and brains, cut lengthwise into two parts. Ram heads come without skin or with skin without tongues, cut in half lengthwise.

Legs, like heads, come scorched or scalded.

Good-quality offal should have a dense, elastic consistency, smell and color characteristic of each type on the outside and on the cut. When cooking dog food, a specific smell of a benign product is emitted.

With doubtful freshness, the offal has a grayish tint, a looser and flabby consistency, their surface becomes wet, in the presence of mucus - sticky, glanders sour, stale, unpleasant or noticeably putrid. By-products with such signs of spoilage are NOT ALLOWED in dog food.

Meat - corned beef should be uniformly colored red or dark red on the cut, without spots. The smell of meat and brine is pleasant. In the presence of signs of decomposition (putrid or other unpleasant smell of meat and brine, gray color and creeping when pressed) corned beef is NOT ALLOWED in dog food.

Cereals should be dry, free of mold, dust and grains of earth, glass and other weeds, should not be bitter and have a musty smell. Cereals with a musty smell, covered with mold, and with various weeds are NOT ALLOWED for dog food.

Vegetables must be fresh. Dull, rotten or moldy vegetables are NOT ALLOWED for dog food.

Meat and meat-vegetable canned food should have a pleasant smell characteristic of it. DO NOT USE the contents of bloated dog feeding cans.

In all cases when the quality of feed products is questioned, such products are sold only on the basis of the opinion of the head of the veterinary service.

In order to prevent food poisoning in summer, food for dogs is prepared 3 times a day, in winter it is allowed to cook food 2 times a day.

BASICS OF COMPLETE FEEDING OF SERVICE DOGS

Complex chemical and biological processes constantly occur in the dog's body, during which part of the body's substances is consumed. These costs are spent on maintaining a certain body temperature, building new cells to replace dead cells, producing saliva, gastric juice and performing various muscle work. Therefore, the body must replenish these costs on a daily basis, receive in sufficient quantities and in the correct ratio of proteins, carbohydrates, mineral salts, vitamins and water necessary to ensure normal life and high performance.

Violations of the feeding regime (untimely, intermittently) and inadequate feeding (in terms of the amount of nutrients and their range) weaken the body, reduce its efficiency and resistance to diseases. Overfeeding, in addition to insufficient work, also negatively affects the health of dogs. They become fat, lethargic, inactive, prone to various diseases.

The usefulness of feeding dogs is judged by their appearance and behavior. If the dog is well-nourished, cheerful, willing to do the job, then we can assume that the feeding is correct. However, one should not forget that not in all cases, disturbances in feeding will immediately manifest themselves as a deterioration in the condition and performance of dogs. If the violations are not severe, then this will affect the dog only after a while, but such violations, of course, bring harm to the dog.

Approximate norms of feeding service dogs for the main nutrients (energy, protein, fat, easily digestible carbohydrates - starch and sugar, indigestible carbohydrate - fiber) are given in table. 70.

Table 70

Approximate feeding rates for service dogs, per head per day

Table 71

The need for service dogs in amino acids,%

Table 72

The daily requirement of service dogs for minerals and vitamins per 1 kg of live weight, mg

Table 73

Approximate food structure for working dog puppies,% of daily energy requirement (MJ)

Table 74

Approximate norms of feeding the main feed to service dogs, g / head. per day

In addition to taking into account the amount of protein in the diets, it is important to take into account its quality - this is the content of amino acids, either from dry matter (DM), or from the protein of the diet (see Table 71).

The value of minerals and vitamins for the animal body is well known; when compiling rations for feeding service dogs, you should use the approximate norms of minerals and vitamins, presented in table. 72.

When compiling rations for adult service dogs, the following structure is used: meat and offal - 40%, cereals and bread - 50%, potatoes, vegetables - 10% of the daily energy requirement (MJ), and the structure of rations for puppies is presented in table. 73.