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Please enable JavaScript in your browser to view Disqus comments.Transcription of Japanese words - furigana, romaji and pitch accent
Japanese phonetics may seem easy for beginners to learn Japanese. Japanese has only 5 vowels; Japanese consonants are not very different from Russian ones. However, there is something about the Japanese language that is difficult for almost all students. This... pitch accent! What it is?
Tone stress means that the vowels in Japanese words ah are pronounced with different heights tones(high and low tone). To better understand this phenomenon, let's compare Japanese with Russian. In Russian the stress is forceful - stressed vowels are pronounced louder unstressed. In some cases, the position of the stress changes the meaning of the word. Compare:
- There was a beautiful castle on the hill.
- He put a big lock on the door.
If a foreigner starting to learn Russian utters one of these phrases, putting the emphasis in the wrong place, the interlocutor, of course, will understand him, but will giggle. The same phenomenon occurs in Japanese, where pitch accent helps distinguish words, which look the same when written down canoe(Japanese alphabet). If a person speaks Japanese, correctly placing the tonal stress in words, then his speech sounds natural and is much easier to understand.
Now I'd like to talk about various types phonetic transcription in Japanese. There are several ways to write how Japanese words are pronounced, namely:
- romaji– writing Japanese words in letters of the Latin alphabet,
- furigana are small kana characters printed next to Kanji (Japanese characters),
- international phonetic alphabet (IPA),
- Polivanov system– writing Japanese words in Cyrillic.
For example, here is a phonetic transcription of the Japanese word 発音 (pronunciation):
- hatsuon (romaji),
- 発音 (はつおん) (furigana next to kanji),
- (international phonetic alphabet),
- hatsuon (Polivanov system).
Let's now return to the question of why pitch stress is so difficult to teach. I believe that the main problem is not that pitch accent is difficult to reproduce for beginning Japanese learners. The problem is that tone stress is very often not noted in any way in Japanese dictionaries and textbooks. And, as a result, most students (and sometimes even their teachers) consider this aspect of the Japanese language unimportant. When you start learning Japanese, the first chapter of the textbook warns you that Japanese has tonal stress, so if you want your speech to sound correct, listen to audio recordings and repeat. And most often this is where the discussion ends! In my opinion, this is a very superficial approach!
Unlike some other languages with tone stress (such as Chinese), in Japanese situations where the position of the stress in a word completely changes its meaning are quite rare. If a person puts the accent in the wrong place when speaking Japanese, he will be understood (often with great difficulty). The average student concludes: “If they understand me, then why learn these accents?” But it's not that simple. Compare the following three phrases (colors indicate high and low tones):
- 端を見る ha shi o mi ↧ ru – see end,
- 箸を見る ha ↧ shi o mi ↧ ru – see Food sticks,
- 橋を見る ha shi ↧ o mi ↧ ru – see bridge.
I hope this one online translator of Japanese text (hieroglyphs + kana) into transcription will help change the current situation. He highlights different colors syllables that are pronounced in a low or high tone.
A special option highlights the reduced vowels /i/ and /u/. In these cases, the reduced syllable will be replaced by a circled katakana character. For example: 惑星わ㋗せい. Given that the ピ and プ characters in the circle do not exist, they will be replaced by ㋪° and ㋫°, respectively.
An additional option highlights the nasalization of the consonant [ɡ]. In these cases, the normal dakuten icon (for voicing) will be replaced with a handakuten icon. For example: 資源し ↧け°ん.
To create the translator, I used a morphological analyzer for the Japanese language MeCab, Japanese dictionary NAIST and a CSS file to support furigana. I took information about tone stress in Japanese words from the following dictionaries:
- Modern Japanese-Russian dictionary, B.P. Lavrentiev.
Highlighting frequently occurring Japanese words
The online tool on this page allows you to highlight different colors Japanese words you need to know to Japanese Language Qualifying Exam JLPT :
| N5 | N4 | N3 | N2 | N1 |
This way you can quickly find the Japanese words you need to learn to prepare for the JLPT level you need.
Maximum text length (number of characters):
- unregistered users – 50,
- language pack "frequent user" – 10,000,
- language package "polyglot" – 10,000.
Note: To display Japanese text (kanji, hiragana, katakana, furigana) correctly, use latest version your Internet browser and select Unicode (UTF-8) to display this page. This translator is available online only and cannot be downloaded to your computer.
Romaji and Pitch Stress in Japanese - Online Resources
Updates to this word to transcription translator
Major update to the translator of Japanese characters into transcription
Over the past few weeks, we have been working hard to improve the Japanese word to transcription translator. Here is a list of the most important updates: The quality of the translation of hieroglyphs into transcription has been significantly improved. Now the tonal stress is marked in...
Among people studying Japanese, the transcription of words is a real reason for a quarrel. Which is better to write: “ti” or “chi”, “si” or “shi”? Why is it that when a Japanese scholar sees that an anime character's name is "Senjougahara", blood starts flowing from his eyes? You will learn about the types of transcription and how to pronounce Japanese sounds in this article.
Before directly studying the signs of the Japanese alphabet, it is necessary to understand how certain sounds are pronounced and by what means they are conveyed in writing in other languages. We will consider three recording options:
1) Hepburn system (Latin);
2) kunrei-shiki (Latin);
3) Polivanov system (Cyrillic).
Hepburn system
(The Hepburn romanization system)
James Curtis Hepburn (March 13, 1815 – September 21, 1911) was a physician, translator, teacher, and Protestant missionary. In 1867, he published a Japanese-English dictionary in Shanghai. Later, the Japanese society "Romajikai", developing projects for the romanization of Japanese writing, borrowed and slightly modified English transcription Japanese words used in the second edition of this dictionary. In 1886, in the third edition, published in Tokyo, Hepburn introduced new option transcriptions that completely coincide with what was created by the Romajikai society.
After World War II, Hepburn's transcription quickly gained popularity. The Japanese use it to write down names on passports, names of places on road signs, and names of companies. Japanese language textbooks for foreigners also use Hepburn's transcription. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that the characters of the Latin alphabet convey the sound of Japanese words from the point of view of native speakers in English, without taking into account how sounds are perceived by the Japanese themselves.
Kunrei-shiki (訓令式)
This version of the transcription was created in 1885 by Professor Tanakadate Aikitsu (September 18 - May 21, 1952). The presence of two ways to write Japanese words in Latin letters caused controversy and confusion, so it was decided to choose only one of them. Thus, in 1937, the Kunrei-shiki system was established as a nationwide transcription standard.
This notation system is more scientific. It is most often used by the Japanese themselves and linguists studying the Japanese language. In the majority primary schools In Japan, in native language lessons, this particular way of writing Japanese words is explained.
Kunrei-shiki is a more faithful transcription from the point of view of the language system, reflecting sounds as the Japanese themselves perceive them. ABOUThowever, it may cause a non-native Japanese speaker to pronounce words incorrectly (more on this later).
Polivanov system
Evgeniy Dmitrievich Polivanov (March 12, 1891 – January 25, 1938) - Russian and Soviet linguist, orientalist and literary critic. He has been involved in the study and research of various Japanese dialects, phonology, and teaching and political activity. In 1917, he proposed a system for writing Japanese words in Cyrillic, which is still widely used today.
In its structure, Polivanov's system is similar to kurei-shiki: it is scientific and logical, but can contribute to misunderstanding of the rules of pronunciation of some Japanese sounds. Therefore, at present there are many disputes, as well as discrepancies in the Cyrillic recording of Japanese words.
Polivanov’s recording method conflicts with the so-called “folk” transcription, which, due to its unsystematic nature, will be considered in this article only in comparison with Polivanov’s.
Let's look at all three transcription methods in a comparative table:
Comparative table of transcriptions
Pay attention to the syllables in bold. They are the ones that always cause confusion when writing Japanese words in Cyrillic or Latin.
You may have noticed that in Russian transcription, for example, the letter “sh” is not used. That is why knowledgeable people I’m outraged that the word “sushi” is written this way, and not as “sushi”. There is no letter “e” in Cyrillic transcription. However, many words like “sushi”, “geisha” and “anime” have already firmly entered into everyday life in such a modified form.
Several factors contribute to the incorrect writing of Japanese words in Cyrillic. For example, when translating English-language texts in which Japanese realities are found, people, not knowing about the existence of Polivanov’s system, will write words in Russian, relying on their Latin version. Accordingly, “sh” can easily turn into “sh”, “j” into “j”, etc.
But another, most important factor is the auditory perception of the sounds of the Japanese language and, accordingly, their recording in a different way. So how are they pronounced?
Japanese pronunciation
In general, for a Russian person Japanese pronunciation will not seem difficult. Some confusion may arise due to attempts to read the transcription in the manner of the Russian language. Below we will describe how certain sounds are pronounced in the syllables of kana. However for better understanding features of pronunciation, we advise you to use the Internet to listen to Japanese pronunciation. For example, here you will find, and here. The resource provides the opportunity to listen to the pronunciation of syllables of the Japanese alphabet by clicking the mouse.
A - looks like Russian A; pronounced the same way as in the Russian word “sam”.
And – sounds like the Russian sound in the word “world”; if I is in a word after a vowel sound (except uh), it starts to sound like th.
U - lips do not round and do not stretch forward, as when pronouncing Russian at, but on the contrary, they stretch slightly, as when pronouncing And. The Japanese sound u resembles a sound average between Russians at And s.
E - sounds like a Russian sound uh in the word “these”; does not soften the preceding consonant sound (therefore, it is incorrect to convey it in writing with the Russian letter “e”, as often happens in “folk” transcription).
O - pronounced like a Russian sound O, however, the lips do not stretch, but are only slightly rounded.
K and G - these sounds are pronounced in all syllables in the same way as Russian To And G.
S – in the syllables SA, SU, SE, SO, pronounced the same way as the Russian sound With. In the syllables SI, SYA, SYU, SYO, the first sound is a soft hissing sound and is pronounced as an average sound between Russians sya And sch(accordingly, there can be no question of transcribing it with the letter “sh”).
DZ - in the syllables DZA, DZU, DZE, DZO sounds like a fusion of sounds d And h(that is, you don’t need to say it first d, and then h). In the syllables DZI, DZYA, DZYU, DZIO, the first sound has no analogue in Russian. It can be described as a fusion of sounds d and soft and.
T – in the syllables TA, TE, TO coincides with the Russian sound T. In the syllables TI, TYA, TYU, TYO it is pronounced as a sound, average between Russians t And h.
D - in the syllables DA, DE, DO coincides with the Russian sound d.
Ts – pronounced the same way as the Russian sound ts.
N - in the syllables NA, NI, NU, NE, BUT, NYA, NU, NIO, pronounced the same way as in Russian.
X - in the syllables HA, HE, XO is pronounced more quietly than the Russian sound X; in the syllable HI is pronounced the same as in the Russian word “giggle”.
F – sound, average between X and Russians f.
P and B - pronounced the same way as Russian sounds P And b.
M – coincides with the Russian sound m.
R – sound, average between Russian sounds l And R(pronounce the Russian sound r, but so that your tongue does not vibrate). Due to lack of sound l the Japanese use sound instead R in borrowed words. So, for example, Russian names A l ina And A R ina they will sound the same in Japanese.
The syllables Ya, Yu, Yo are pronounced the same way as Russians I, yu, yo. They are called syllables because they consist of two sounds: a consonant (th) and a vowel (a/u/o).
В – represents a sound intermediate between Russians V And at. The syllable O (を/ヲ), once part of the BA series, is now modern language doesn't read like in, and coincides with the Russian sound O.
N (in the syllable ん/ン) – at the end of words or before vowels, pronounced as a nasal sound (as if you are saying the sound n not with your mouth, but with your nose); before the sounds b, p, m reads like Russian sound m; in all other cases it is pronounced as a Russian sound n.
Ohayou gozaimasu — « Good morning" Polite greeting. In youth communication it can also be used in the evening. Reminder: in most cases, "u" after voiceless consonants is not pronounced, that is, this expression is usually pronounced as "Ohayo gozaimas".
Ohayou- Informal option.
Ossu— A very informal masculine option. Often pronounced as "Oss".
Konnichiwa- "Good afternoon". The usual greeting.
Konbanwa- "Good evening". The usual greeting.
Hisashiburi desu- "Long time no see". Standard polite option.
Hisashiburi ne? (Hisashiburi ne?)- Female version.
Hisashiburi da naa... (Hisashiburi da naa)- Male version.
Yahho! (Yahhoo)- "Hello". Informal option.
Ooi! (Ooi)- "Hello". A very informal men's option. A common greeting for roll call over long distances.
Yo! (Yo!)- "Hello". An exclusively informal men's option.
Gokigenyou- "Hello". A rare, very polite female greeting.
Moshi-moshi- “Hello.” Answer by phone.
Sayonara- "Goodbye". Regular option. It is said that if the chances of a new meeting soon are small.
Saraba- "Bye". Informal option.
Mata Ashita- "Till tomorrow". The usual option.
Mata ne- Female version.
Mata naa- Male version.
Dzya, mata (Jaa, mata)- "See you". Informal option.
Jia (Jaa)- A completely informal option.
De wa- A little more formal option.
Oyasumi nasai — « Good night" A somewhat formal option.
Oyasumi- Informal option.
Hai- "Yes". Universal standard expression. Can also mean “I understand” and “Continue.” That is, it does not necessarily mean consent.
Haa (Haa)- "Yes, sir". A very formal expression.
Uh (Ee)- "Yes". Not very formal.
Ryoukai- "Yes sir". Military or paramilitary option.
Ie- "No". Standard polite expression. Also a polite form of declining a thank you or compliment.
Nai- "No". An indication of the absence or non-existence of something.
Betsu ni- "Nothing".
Naruhodo- “Of course,” “Of course.”
Motiron- "Naturally!" An indication of confidence in a statement.
Yahari- “That’s what I thought.”
Yappari- A less formal form of the same thing.
Maa... (Maa)- "May be…"
Saa... (Saa)- “Well...” I mean, “It’s possible, but doubts still remain.”
Honto desu ka? (Hontou desu ka?)- “Really?” Polite form.
Honto? (Hontou?)- Less formal.
So what? (Sou ka?)- “Wow...” Sometimes pronounced like “Bitch!”
So desu ka? (Sou desu ka?)- Formal form of the same thing.
So desu nee... (Sou desu nee)- “That’s how it is...” Formal version.
So da na... (Sou da naa)— Men's informal option.
So nah... (Sou nee)— Women's informal option.
Masaka! (Masaka)- "Can't be!"
Onegai shimasu- Very polite form. Can be used independently. Especially often used in requests like “do something for me.” Let me remind you that in most cases “u” after voiceless consonants is not pronounced, that is, this expression is usually pronounced as "Onegai Shimas".
Onegai- Less polite, more common form.
- kudasai- Polite form. Added as a suffix to a verb. For example, "kite-kudasai"- "Please, come".
- kudasaimasen ka? (kudasaimasenka)- More polite form. Added as a suffix to a verb. Translates to “could you do something for me?” For example, “kite-kudasaimasen ka?”- “Could you come?”
Doumo- Short form, usually said in response to a small “everyday” help, say, in response to a given coat and an offer to enter.
Arigatou gozaimasu— Polite, somewhat formal uniform. Let me remind you that in most cases “u” after voiceless consonants is not pronounced, that is, this expression is usually pronounced as “ Arigato gozaimas«.
Arigatou— Less formal polite form.
Doumo arigatou — « Thank you very much" Polite form.
Doumo arigatou gozaimasu- "Thank you very much". Very polite, formal uniform.
Katajikenai - Old fashioned, very polite uniform.
Osewa ni narimashita- “I am your debtor.” Very polite and formal uniform.
Osewa ni natta— Informal form with the same meaning.
Dou itashimashite) - Polite, formal form.
Iie- "My pleasure". Informal form.
Gomen nasai- “Please excuse me”, “I beg your pardon”, “I’m very sorry.” A very polite form. Expresses regret for some reason, say, if you have to disturb someone. Usually not an actual apology for a significant offense (unlike "sumimasen").
Gomen- Informal form.
Sumimasen- "I'm sorry". Polite form. Expresses an apology related to the commission of a significant offense.
Sumanai/Suman- Not very polite, usually masculine.
Sumanu— Not very polite, old-fashioned form.
Shitsurei shimasu- "I'm sorry". Very polite formal uniform. Used, say, to enter the boss's office.
Shitsurei- Similar, but less formal
Moushiwake arimasen- “I have no forgiveness.” Very polite and formal uniform. Used in the military or business.
Moushiwake nai- Less formal option.
Dozo- "Ask". A short form, an invitation to enter, take a coat, and so on. The usual answer is "Domo".
Chotto... (Chotto)- "No worries". Polite form of refusal. For example, if you are offered tea.
Itte kimasu- “I left, but I’ll be back.” Pronounced when leaving for work or school.
Chotto itte kuru- Less formal. Usually means something like “I’ll go out for a minute.”
Itte irashai- “Come back quickly.”
Tadaima- “I’m back, I’m home.” Sometimes it is said outside the home. This phrase then means a “spiritual” return home.
Okaeri nasai- “Welcome home.” The usual answer to "Tadaima" .
Okaeri- less formal form.
Itadakimasu— Pronounced before starting to eat. Literally, “I accept [this food].” Let me remind you that in most cases “u” after voiceless consonants is not pronounced, that is, this expression is usually pronounced as "Itadakimas".
Gochisousama deshita- “Thank you, it was very tasty.” Pronounced at the end of a meal.
Gochisousama- Less formal.
Kawaii! (Kawaii)- "How lovely!" Often used in relation to children, girls, very handsome guys. In general, this word has a strong meaning of “the appearance of weakness, femininity, passivity (in the sexual sense of the word).” According to the Japanese, the most "kawaii" the creature is a fair-haired good girl about four or five years old with European features faces and blue eyes.
Sugoi! (Sugoi)- “Cool” or “Cool/cool!” In relation to people, it is used to denote "masculinity".
Kakkoii! (Kakkoii!)- “Cool, beautiful, drop dead!”
Suteki! (Suteki!)- “Cool, charming, wonderful!” Let me remind you that in most cases “u” after voiceless consonants is not pronounced, that is, this expression is usually pronounced as "Stacks!".
Forge! (Kowai)- "Scary!" Expression of fear.
Abunay! (Abunai)- "Dangerous!" or "Look out!"
Hide! (Hidoi!)- “Evil!”, “Evil, bad.”
Tasukete! (Tasukete)- “Help!”, “Help!” Let me remind you that in most cases “u” after voiceless consonants is not pronounced, that is, this expression is usually pronounced as "Taskete!".
Yamero!/Yamete! (Yamero/Yamete)- “Stop!”
Dame! (Dame)- “No, don’t do that!”
Hayaku! (Hayaku)- "Faster!"
Matte! (Matte)- “Wait!”
Yoshi! (Yoshi)- “So!”, “Come on!”. Usually pronounced as “Yes!” .
Ikuzo! (Ikuzo)- “Let's go!”, “Forward!”
Itai!/Itee! (Itai/Itee)- “Oh!”, “It hurts!”
Atsui! (Atsui)- “It’s hot!”
Daijōbu! (Daijoubu)- “Everything is fine”, “Healthy”.
Kampai! (Kanpai)- "To the dregs!" Japanese toast.
Gambatte! (Ganbatte)- “Don’t give up!”, “Hold on!”, “Give your best!”, “Try to your conscience!” The usual parting words at the beginning of difficult work.
Hanase! (Hanase)- “Let go!”
Hentai! (Hentai)- “Pervert!”
Urusai! (Urusai)- "Shut up!"
Uso! (Uso)- "Lie!"
Yokatta! (Yokatta!)- “Thank God!”, “What happiness!”
Yatta! (Yatta)- "Happened!"
PhrasebookSome features of the Japanese language:
Japanese language is one of the most difficult languages in the world. It is based on Chinese characters, called kanji. To learn to read and write in Japanese, in addition to hieroglyphs, you need to know two syllabic alphabet - hiragana and katakana: the first contains records of native Japanese things and concepts, and the second - borrowed words.
Among the general linguistic features, the following facts can be highlighted:
1. There is no “L” sound in the Japanese language. For example, instead of the name “Alexey” the Japanese will say “Areksey”.
2. Present, past and future tenses have not only familiar verbs, but also adjectives. For example, acai is red, akacatta is red.
3. The Japanese consider the unit of a word not to be a letter, but a syllable. They perceive the entire text only by syllables. For example, if you ask a Japanese person to pronounce the word “watakushi” (I) backwards, he will say “si-ku-ta-wa” and not “isukataw”, as we would do.
4. The Japanese language lacks the categories of person, number and gender. It is possible to determine whether we are talking about a cat or a cat, about many or about one only by context.
5. The vowels “U” and “I”, located between voiceless consonants, are not pronounced. For example, the word "Empitsu" (pencil) is pronounced "Empts".
6. The sound “S” in the syllable “SI” is pronounced slightly hissing, similar to a soft “SCI”. Hence the discrepancy in the transcription of Japanese words containing this syllable (sushi - sushi, etc.).
7. Unlike many other East and Southeast Asian languages, Japanese is not a tonal language. Good news: phonetics (pronunciation of words) in Japanese are quite close to Russian.
Useful words and expressions:
Greetings, expression of gratitude
Good morning - Ohayo: gozaimas
Good evening - Kombanwa
Hello how are you doing? - Konnichiwa, o-genki des ka?
Thank you, everything is fine - Genki des
Nice to meet you - Hajimemashite, yoroshiku o-negai shimas
Excuse me, please - Sumimasen
Congratulations - Omadeto: gozaimas
My name is... - Watashi wa... des
Thank you for the invitation - Go-sho:tai arigato:gozaimas
Thank you for the gift - Presento arigato: gozaimas
I am very obliged to you - O-seva ni narimasita
Thank you for the warm welcome - Go-shinsetsu arigato:
Thank you - Arigato: (gozaimas), Do:mo
No thanks needed - Doitashimashite
Questions
Where is my room? - Watashi no heya wa doko des ka?
Where is the hotel? - Hoteru wa doko ni arimas ka?
Where is the bank located? - Ginko: wa doko ni arimas ka?
How to get to the hotel? - Hoteru made wa do: ittara ii des ka?
Where can I buy a phone card? - Terekhon ka: do-o doko de utteimas ka?
Where is the post office? - Yu:binkyoku wa doko des ka?
What time do we meet? - Nan-ji ni matiawasesimas ka?
Where shall we meet? - Doko de matiavasesimas ka?
How much does it cost? - Kore wa o-ikura des ka?
What is this? - Kore wa nan des ka?
Why? - Naze des ka? Dosite des ka?
Where? - Doko des ka?
Who is this? - Kono hito wa donata des ka?
Can I pay by credit card? - Kureditto ka:do de haratte mo ii des ka?
Why? What for)? - Nan-no tame des ka?
Wishes
I want to change money - O-kane-o ryo:gae shitai des
I want to go to... -...ni Ikitai des
Tomorrow I want to wake up at ... hours ... minutes - Asa ... ji ... fun ni okitai to omoimas
I want to set an alarm clock - Mezamashi tokei-o kakatai des
I want to call Moscow - Mosukuwa ni denwa sitai des
I'm thirsty - Nodo ga kawakimashita
I want to sleep - Nemui des
I'm hungry (I want to eat) - O-naka ga suitimas
I want to go to the theater (Kabuki) - (Kabuki) gekijo e ikitai des
I would like to buy the book - Hon-o kaitai to omoimas
Difficulties
Mogu - Dekimas
I can't - Dakimasen
I can go with you - Anata to isshoni iku koto ga dekimas
I can't go with you - Anata to isshoni iku koto ga dekimasen
I'm sorry, but I can't - Zannen des ga dekimasen
I'm busy (I don't have time) - Watashi wa isogashii
I need to hurry - Isoganakereba narimasen
I'm late - Okuremas
I'm lost - Miti ni mayotta
Sorry to keep you waiting - O-matase Shimashita
I don't understand - Wakarimasen
I understand - Vakarimas
I have a headache (head) - Atama ga itai
Belly - O-naka ga itai
Ruka - Te ga itai
Leg - Asi ga itai
Heart - Shinzo: ga itai
I feel bad (feel bad) - Kibun ga waruku natta
I caught a cold - Kaze-o hiita
I need medicine - Kusuri ga hoshii
Numerals
How many? - ikutsu (dono gurai)
0 - zero (rei)
1 - ichi (hitotsu)
2 - no futatsu
3 - san mizzu (mitsu)
4 - si yotsu (yotsu)
5th Itsutsu
6 - roku mutsu (mutsu)
7 - city nanatsu
8 - hati yatsu (yatsu)
9 - ku (kyu:) kokonotsu
10 - ju: then.
