- almost universal substances. Their use is justified by their wide spectrum of action and high efficiency. The fire extinguishing properties of powder substances depend on their composition. It is known that the degree of grinding also affects the suppression of combustion processes, but only in some species.

Advantages and disadvantages

Powder fire extinguishing is one of the cheapest ways to fight fire. The products can be recharged and reused for their intended purpose. The powder works at extremely high and low temperatures environment, does not lose its properties even in enclosed spaces. Easy installation of the structure also contributes to the increasing popularity of powder fire extinguishing systems.

Automatic powder fire extinguishing installations can be autonomous. They turn on when a fire is detected, regardless of the control and power systems. This allows them to be installed and operated over large areas and in industrial premises with high fire danger. In residential buildings and simple offices, the same systems are often installed.

The risks of damage and failure of properly installed equipment are virtually eliminated. The absence of excess pressure prevents them from exploding when heated or exposed to other factors. They are resistant to climate change.

Among the negative aspects, they note the unsuitability for extinguishing smoldering and self-igniting materials, limited use in centralized systems fire extinguishing The negative impact on the human body is also important. Therefore, the evacuation of people is carried out before the start of operation of such fire extinguishing agents.

Systems and installations

The main task of a powder fire extinguishing system is to supply fire extinguishing agent to the place of fire. For this purpose, an appropriate installation system is being developed. Their automation is driven by the need to put out a fire faster than the flames and smoke spread throughout the room and reach other objects.

Most automatic powder-type fire extinguishing systems are made in the form of modules. This helps to extinguish fires in a short time, and the substance is delivered localized and accurately. Among all the types, the following can be distinguished:

• Modular installations

The body of modular powder-type installations contains a powdery substance. Also inside the module is a feeder. Starting modes are electrical, mechanical, combined and thermochemical.

Metal modules are marked in a special way; by the markings it is easy to find out the type and capacity of the case, duration of operation, method of storage, Climatic performance, technical documentation that was used for manufacturing.

One type of detector transmits a signal to the module’s initiating device after the appearance of factors accompanying a fire. The operating principles of modules with a specific launch mode are different. The next stage is the explosion of the charge and spraying of the substance.

There is a type of module with a different design and storage of the fire extinguishing agent. An electrical impulse or heat from the fire acts on the initiating device, and a fire extinguishing agent is generated inside the housing.

Modular installations are either included in the general fire extinguishing system or remain autonomous means. Some types are mounted in suspended ceilings by analogy with ceiling lamps from diode lamps.

• Non-standard installations

If the use of a powder fire extinguishing module is not justified by the conditions, then so-called aggregate powder fire extinguishing installations are created. They are assembled from separate devices.

Such an installation includes compressed gas cylinders, pipelines and shut-off valves, a vessel for powder, reducers and sprinklers. The speed of gas movement through pipelines is measured in the speed of soaring of powder particles. Pipes for aggregate installations are used with a small number of bends and without seams, mainly made of steel.

• Powder curtains and explosion suppression

Automatic explosion suppression systems are configured in such a way that they are able to create a barrier of powder agents that prevents the spread of fire.

Thus, the flame and detonation wave are extinguished. These systems are designed for mining operations to increase the safety of mines and workers in the event of coal dust explosions.

Design process and approval by government agencies

The type of system and its functionality. The elements of powder fire extinguishing installations are selected according to their parameters and the possibility of working together, and they are equipped with additional parts.

All kinds of data are calculated. Therefore, the building type is first established. The construction of a fire extinguishing system for production workshops is subject to more stringent requirements than for projects and their implementation in small retail outlets.

The design documentation of any fire extinguishing system must be approved by the inspections of the Ministry of Emergency Situations. Only after approval the devices are allowed to be installed and used. Systems are checked by responsible persons at the enterprise to maintain functionality and detect deficiencies and failures in a timely manner.

A project usually consists of two parts. In the first, graphic, you can see a schematic representation of the layout of cables and wires, connection points of instruments and devices, and the placement of information lines. An individual scheme is developed for each floor.

The text part contains information about system parameters. A kind of explanatory note for the project. The units and devices used must be tested for fire safety in specialized centers of the Ministry of Emergency Situations in order to receive a certificate.

Before installation, equipment is checked for serviceability and compliance with the specifications attached to the project. The organization developing the system must have available passports of units, devices, modules, and reinforcement elements.

System installation and operation

The volume obtained when calculating the room increases if equipment is present in it. This is due to the need for more extinguishing agent and the working area of ​​the system. At the same time, when calculating this volume, elements of building structures made of non-combustible material are not taken into account.

For suspended ceilings, it is necessary to consider reinforcement ceiling structure. Dynamic forces can cause the ceiling to deform and destroy the installation, further harming equipment and people.

There are separate building codes for laying cables and installing electrical equipment. The pipelines are located at a certain distance from the electrical wiring. In the event of a possible explosion in the premises, electrical equipment is protected in accordance with the relevant regulations.

Powder automatic modular installations operate more slowly than carbon dioxide ones, pollute and damage the surface, and do not fill the space as effectively as gas, but are cheaper, safer, more versatile, with less need for sealing the room.

For a powder extinguishing composition (OP), the form of a fire extinguisher in the form of a module is best option, since the mixture is difficult to move through pipes as in centralized fire extinguishing systems (gas, water, air-foam). But this does not exclude the use of MPP with small wiring with supply pipes and sprayers.

Design and principle of operation of the powder module

MPP is an independent element of automatic fire extinguishing installations (AUP or AUPP). The module is triggered and releases fire extinguishing agents at the fire site after receiving an actuator impulse.

The difference between the versions of the fire extinguishing agent and the supply of extinguishing agent:

Composition of fire extinguishing powder (GOST R 53280.4, NPB 170-98):

1. phosphorus-ammonium and other mineral salts;
2. displacing gas: compressed air, nitrogen, helium, argon;
3. anti-caking: white soot, graphite.

MPP has a dual effect: it extinguishes with powder and gas. OTV action:

1. the cold mixture removes (inhibits) excess heat from the hearth;
2. the burning surface is adsorbed and becomes non-flammable;
3. the powder creates a coating that prevents combustion;
4. oxygen is displaced from the fire;
5. the cloud of suspension acts as a fire barrier;
6. the powder decomposes, self-extinguishing substances are released;
7. the pressure knocks out the flame.

Powder fire extinguishing modules by trigger type:

• autonomous - the entire system: sensors, alarms, incentive - on the cylinder. MPP is a self-sufficient device;
• automatic with centralized activation– sensors send data to a single remote control (control unit), from where the pulse comes to the control unit;
• manual (remote or local) launch– activated manually by the operator from a remote location through a duplicate start.

Fire extinguishing methods:

1. surface extinguishing– propagation of OP to the surface to block the flame;
2. volumetric – the mixture fills the entire space of the object;
3. local - spraying at a certain point, area (on an electrical panel, motor).

MPP design

An automatic powder fire extinguisher is placed at the epicenter or in close proximity to a possible source of fire.

The purpose of the MPP is to extinguish fire without human intervention. Products for hazardous areas are equipped with a protected housing. A modular powder fire extinguishing system can include several containers.

MPP execution options:

1. in terms of security:
   • general (-50 to + 50°C);
   • heat-resistant (from -60 to +125°C) plus vibration-resistant;
   • explosion-proof;
2. by placement: floor, ceiling, wall.

General performance

MPP elements:

1. capacity: cylinder (Buran-2.0), sphere, oval, lampshade (Buran-2.5). Options:
   • inside: OP, initiating node with wick and explosive charge connected to sensors;
   • a cylinder with a stimulant consisting of 2 segments (chambers, containers). In one there is an extinguishing agent, in the other (bottom) there is a gas-generating substance;
2. inside there is a siphon tube with holes for loosening the OP;
3. a locking and starting device with a self-starting unit (incentive part) with a nipple, membrane, seal;
4. safety valve;
5. sensors, temperature sensitive element;
6. detectors, sirens;
7. small wiring with feed hoses (less often);
8. sprayers;
9. thermal heating element, pyrocharge;
10. electrical contact group;
11. thermal shirt.

Explosion-proof version

Explosion-proof powder modules are used to extinguish fires in rooms with explosion hazard classes A and B, mines, mines (and zones).

The MPP body (Buran-8vzr) is thicker, with protective covers and heat-resistant elements.

Time (duration) of the module

MPP for duration of jet release, actions:

1. fast (pulse action) – up to 1 sec. (AND);
2. short-term 1 – 15 and more than 15 seconds. (KD-1 and 2).

Response time (inertia) – from 1 to 30 seconds. (B1 – B4).

MPP service life

According to standards (GOST 53286-2009) service life:

1. rechargeable – from 10 years. In practice, in standby mode, subject to regular maintenance, the module lasts 15 years or more;
2. non-rechargeable– period in TD.

The established indicator of the probability of functioning without failures is from 0.95.

Types of MPP powder modules

Varieties in design and operation:

1. method of release of fire extinguishing agent and extinguishing:
   • downloads (Z);
   • with a pyrocharge and a gas-generating part in a separate chamber (GE, PE) or in an external cylinder (MPP-100-07);
   • with a separate pressure source capsule (BSG);
2. frame:
   • self-destructive;
   • non-destructive;
3. by placement method:
   • ceiling, wall (high-rise, mid-rise);
   • floor

Fire extinguishing modules with powdered extinguishing agent are triggered by temperature or pressure changes in the room. The pulse comes from the control unit or from the alarm.

Electrical

Electric start with self-destructing housing:

1. The sensor or alarm pulse is sent to the stimulator (electric activator).
2. The gas generating charge is launched.
3. The pressure in the chamber increases.
4. The membrane is destroyed, gases fill the segment with the OP through the perforation.
5. The extinguishing agent is loosened, saturated with gases, and brought into a fluidized state.
6. The pressure inside the housing increases.
7. The balloon opens along the notches.
8. The powder is thrown at high speed onto the fireplace with a hemispherical torch. The jets escape and empty the container in different positions.
9. After the mixture is ejected by 95 - 97%, an inert gas escapes behind it, improving extinguishing.

Self-acting

MPP, self-activating (Buran-2.5), with thermochemical start:

1. When a fire occurs, the temperature rises.
2. The case is heating up.
3. The temperature is transferred inside to the powders: extinguishing and initiating (in the lower part of the module).
4. When a critical level is reached (+85°C – +90°C), the initiating composition starts a chemical reaction.
5. The temperature inside the cylinder increases to +300, +400°C.
6. The fire cord ignites.
7. The thermal impulse for starting is supplied to the gas-generating charge. Further stages are similar to electric starting.

With self-acting MPPs, everything is tied to natural processes chemical substances and pressure. If the body is solid, then the extinguishing agent is ejected, passing through a siphon tube to the sprayer.

Another option is cable. Principle of operation:

1. The temperature reaches the set level.
2. The flask is destroyed.
3. The castle splits into two parts.
4. The load is released.
5. Ballast on steel cable moves, the installation starts.

Mechanical

Powder modules with mechanical (forced) activation are used where it is inappropriate to use an electrical system. Examples:

1. drying and dyeing chambers;
2. objects with high dust content.

Mechanical start: the operator operates a chain of levers or turns a clamp (tap). The ZPU rod pierces the membrane or activates the gas generator, releasing the explosive material onto the fire (MPP-100-07).

Combined

An example of a combined starting unit: MPP BURAN-2.5-2S with a thermal self-starting unit and electrical circuit. It is activated both by an alarm pulse and by temperature, which allows the module to be used as a stand-alone module or in a centralized fire extinguishing system.

Most modular automatic powder fire extinguishers are equipped with an additional manual start, activated by a squib or a combined trigger.

Rules for placement of MPP modules

To obtain a certificate fire safety The premises are installed by specialists from specialized licensed enterprises. Specialists create a technical plan, justification, installation design, conditional graphic designation scheme.

Calculation of the number of modules

The calculation should be based on the need for uniform treatment of the protected area. The calculation depends on the number of OP. The tables are set in GOST R 53286-2009 (clause 5.14). Examples:

The MPP manufacturer can indicate in the technical documentation the fire extinguishing capacity of the product (sq. m/fire class), but for an accurate calculation there is a methodology that takes into account specific values ​​and installation standards:

1. type of object by hazard;
2. humidity;
3. diagrams, spray uniformity.

The rules for determining the number of MPPs are contained in Appendix. 1 “General provisions for the calculation of modular type powder fire extinguishing installations”, Section 9 SP 5.13130.2009.

Where should they be located?

MPP (AUPP) are intended for places where:

1. it is impossible to detect and extinguish a fire using conventional means;
2. fires A – D, electrical installations up to 5000 V;
3. There is no alternative to fire extinguishing powder for alkali metals and chemical warehouses.

Contamination of an object's MPF is conditional - OP is removed with a brush or vacuum cleaner, but particles of OP can be fused with braiding and metals. If the substance is not removed quickly, corrosion will occur on the materials, so the NPB recommends MPP if there are no more gentle alternatives. Often there are none, since powder formulations are the most versatile and cheapest.

Site and installation conditions:

1. housings, nozzles are fixed in protected areas according to TD;
2. take into account the temperature regime of the area;
3. containers with pipelines are placed in a special enclosure or box;
4. the brackets must support a load 5 times greater than the weight of the module;
5. it is allowed to install nozzles and sprayers in a cascade;
6. leakage of 1.5% is allowed if volumetric extinguishing occurs;
7. the room must be airtight according to technical specifications, without voids and cracks, without unreasonable openings, or self-opening doors. With a hole area of ​​15% or more, only superficial or local extinguishing is used;
8. before fixing the MPP, sharply turn it to the sides to evenly distribute the OP inside;
9. enterprises are equipped with signs “EXIT”, “POWDER! LEAVE";
10. installation in large spaces is done with zoning;
11. staff are instructed. An evacuation plan is being developed: people must leave the building before the emergency alarm system is activated.

Do not extinguish MPP:

1. materials;
   • pyrophoric;
   • smoldering and burning without air;
   • self-igniting and smoldering inside (sawdust, cotton);
2. objects, areas:
   • with the impossibility of evacuation before the start of extinguishing, with personnel of more than 50 people, except for specially designed fire extinguishing schemes ();
   • outdoors, in open areas;
   • in warehouses of products in aerosol packages, inside mobile racks.

Examples of objects for placing MPP:

1. warehouses, sheds, storage rooms (fuel, fuel);
2. industrial zones;
3. fuel, mining, paint and varnish enterprises;
4. garages;
5. with electrical equipment (up to 5000 V), wiring (automatic telephone exchange), but taking into account the possibility of corrosion and melting of powder into metals and plastics;
6. are less commonly used in libraries, archives, and for storing medicines and food, as they contaminate the materials.

Powder Module Maintenance

Maintenance consists of checks, surveys, inspections, cleaning, replacement of unusable parts (, “About fire safety regime”).

THAT :

1. monthly:
   • inspection;
   • cleaning;
   • checking electrical parts, grounding;
   • power control;
   • performance check;
2. grounding resistance is checked annually;
3. Once every 5 years, complete inspection and recharging.

How to check a module

Fire extinguishing modules with powder composition must be serviced by refueling stations and specialized licensed organizations. If the MPP is activated during maintenance, it will require replacement and refueling, so only specialists check the functionality.

Recharging modules

Refueling is done:

1. after each operation;
2. refueling - if provided for by the TD;
3. Mandatory recharge period is once every 5 years.

Standards for storage and disposal of MPP

The MPP is stored in conditions that protect the device from mechanical influences, heating, climate influences and aggressive environments (). Disposal of modules is carried out by specialized fire safety organizations.

1.1. Features of the use of powder in automatic fire extinguishing installations.

Powder fire extinguishing installations are designed to extinguish fires of alcohol, petroleum products, alkali metals, organometallic compounds and some other flammable materials, as well as various industrial installations under voltage up to 1000 V.
The installations can be used to extinguish fires in industries where the use of water, air-mechanical foam, carbon dioxide, freons and other fire extinguishing agents is ineffective or unacceptable due to their interaction with flammable products circulating in production.
Fire extinguishing powders are not recommended for use when extinguishing fires in premises where there is equipment with a large number of open small contact devices, as well as in industrial premises where flammable materials that can burn without access to oxygen are handled.

Fire extinguishing powders are finely ground mineral salts with various additives that prevent caking and clumping. They have a number of advantages compared to other fire extinguishing agents:
- high fire extinguishing ability, as they are a strong fire inhibitor;
— versatility of application;
- a variety of fire extinguishing methods - volumetric, local or local-volume.

There are powders for general and special purposes. Powders general purpose are intended for extinguishing fires of flammable materials of organic origin (flammable and combustible liquids, solvents, liquefied hydrocarbon gases, etc.), solid materials, etc. Extinguishing these materials is carried out by creating a powder cloud above the combustion source. Special-purpose powders are used to extinguish certain flammable materials (for example, metals), the cessation of combustion of which is achieved by isolating the burning surface from the surrounding air.

The fire extinguishing ability of general-purpose powders increases with increasing dispersion; that of special-purpose powders almost does not depend on the degree of their dispersion.
The effect of extinguishing fires with powder compositions is achieved through:
— dilution of the flammable medium with gaseous decomposition products of the powder or the powder cloud itself;
— cooling of the combustion zone as a result of heat consumption for heating powder particles, their partial evaporation and decomposition in the flame;
— inhibition of chemical reactions that determine the development of the combustion process by gaseous products of evaporation and decomposition of powders or heterogeneous chain termination on the surface of powders or solid products of their decomposition.

It is generally accepted that the ability of powder compositions to inhibit flames plays a major role in extinguishing.
Successful fire extinguishing with powder depends not only on the properties of the powder itself, but also on the conditions of its use. The conditions of use mean the suitability of the powder for extinguishing a given flammable material and the mode of supplying the powder to the fire. The suitability of the powder is characterized by the compatibility of the powder with flammable materials. For example, sodium bicarbonate-based powder is suitable for extinguishing fires of classes B, C, E, but not suitable for extinguishing smoldering materials; MGS powder effectively extinguishes burning sodium, but it cannot extinguish potassium and a number of other metals, etc.

The supply mode is characterized by the following parameters: specific amount of fire extinguishing agent, intensity of supply of fire extinguishing agent and extinguishing time. In addition, when choosing the powder supply mode and extinguishing method, it is necessary to take into account the nature of combustion and the properties of the combustible material. For example, when extinguishing classroom fires
B and C, which are characterized by combustion inhibition, the most effective method of supply is to create a finely atomized cloud. In this case, a uniform distribution of the powder throughout the volume of the protected room is required. The powder must be supplied in a sprayed state, which is achieved by special nozzles and displacing the powder from the vessel under high pressure (not higher than 1.6 MPa). When extinguishing Class D fires, spilled flammable and combustible liquids, the powder must be supplied in a stream with low kinetic energy in order to evenly cover the burning surface without spraying or blowing off the powder. In this case, high pressure is not required to supply fire extinguishing powder and vessels designed for low pressure (up to 0.8 MPa) can be used.

The main requirements for fire extinguishing powders include not only the effectiveness of extinguishing flames, but also the ability to maintain their properties for a long time. Like many highly dispersed materials, fire extinguishing powders during long-term storage undergo various changes that worsen their quality: caking and clumping. Caking of powders occurs as a result of exposure to moisture and ambient temperature. In the process of absorption of moisture from the air by the powder and subsequent dissolution of powder particles in condensed water, the formation of saturated solutions of the solid phase occurs. With a further increase in the amount of moisture, the solution becomes supersaturated, and crystals of the initial solid phase fall out of it in the contact zone of the particles. Then, as a result of the formation of phase contacts, the crystals grow together.

Crystalline powders of low hardness, which include fire extinguishing agents, are also affected by plastic deformation of particles, as a result of which the formation of phase contacts from point contacts occurs under the influence of elevated temperatures and compressive forces (for example, their own mass). Caking is influenced by particle size, uniformity and surface character. The tendency to caking increases with decreasing particle size. When compacting the powder, small particles, squeezing the pores between large particles, increase the number of point contacts, which leads to a higher caking ability. Thus, the fire extinguishing effectiveness of powders depends not only on the inhibitory ability and dispersion, but also on storage and transportation conditions. The operational properties of fire extinguishing powders also include humidification (absorption of air moisture), fluidity (transportation through pipelines and hoses), compressibility (compaction of the powder under load), resistance to vibration (maintaining properties after exposure to regulated shrinkage), bulk density, compatibility with foams ( degree of destructibility of foam upon contact with powder), electrical conductivity, corrosiveness, toxicity. There are several ways to combat caking, which boil down to either reducing the moisture content in the powder or reducing the number and area of ​​particle contacts. These include removing moisture by drying, packaging powders in waterproof containers, using water-repellent (hydrophobic) and water-absorbing agents, as well as additives that improve fluidity. The performance and, as a consequence, fire extinguishing properties of powders can be improved not only by introducing special additives, but also by improving the technology of their production.

1.2. Automatic powder fire extinguishing modules

Powder fire extinguishing module (FPM) is a device that combines the functions of storing and supplying fire extinguishing powder when an actuator pulse acts on the starting element. Modules, according to the method of organizing the supply of fire extinguishing agent, can have a collapsible (P) or non-destructible (H) body.
According to the duration of action (duration of supply of fire extinguishing agent), MPPs can be of fast action (pulse - I) or short-term action (KD-1 and KD-2).
According to the method of storing the displacement gas, MPPs are divided into injection (Z), with a gas-generating (pyrotechnic) element (GE, PE), with a cylinder of compressed or liquefied gas (BCG).
MPP with a collapsing body, shown in Fig. 1, a, has a weakened lower part of the body. When exposed to a command pulse, the gas-generating device is turned on, pressure increases inside the housing and the weakened part collapses and releases powder into the protected room. This design allows for significant weight reduction, but once triggered, the module cannot be restored.

Rice. 1. Powder fire extinguishing modules:
a – with a collapsing body:
1 – collapsing hemisphere;
2 – module fastening;
b – with a non-destructive body:
1 – container for powder;
2 – spray nozzle;
3 – module fastening

MPP with a non-destructive body, shown in Fig. 1, b, has a special membrane and nozzles. When a command pulse is applied, the gas-generating device creates pressure in the housing and the membrane is destroyed. The powder comes out of the housing and is sprayed through a nozzle over a given area. After use, the module is recharged with powder and a new membrane is inserted into it.
In Fig. 2 shows a module with a large amount of powder (up to 100 kg).

Rice. 2. Powder fire extinguishing module MPP-100:
1 – container with carbon dioxide;
2 – squib;
3 – starting head;
4 – safety valve;
5 – neck of powder filling;
6 – pipe;
7 – cylinder with a capacity of 100 dm 3 with fire extinguishing powder;
8 – fluffing agent;
9 – air valve;
URP-7 – manual start device, included in the MPP-100 kit

A module of type MPP-50 or MPP-100 (see Fig. 2) is a steel welded cylinder 7 welded to the frame for powder, poured through neck 5 in the upper part of the cylinder. Pipe 6 serves to connect the powder pipeline with spray nozzles. A safety valve 4 is mounted in the neck cover. A cylinder 1 with carbon dioxide or nitrogen dioxide, under a pressure of 0.8 MPa (8 kgf/cm2), which is necessary for delivering the powder to the protected room, is attached to the cylinder 7 with powder. Gas from cylinder 1 enters under pressure into cylinder 7 with powder using a starting head 3 with a squib 2, which are turned on from the electric start system or from the URP manual start device. If a fire occurs due to increased temperature or an open flame, the system fire alarm opens the locking and starting device 3 of cylinder 1. Gas from the cylinder enters the internal cavity of the housing 7 with powder. In the housing, the powder, with the help of the agitator 8, goes into a fluidized state, due to which it acquires the ability to flow through the distribution pipeline. When the pressure in the fire extinguisher body increases to 0.8 MPa (8 kgf/cm2), the pneumatic valve 9 is activated, after which the powder from the body through the siphon tube in it flows to the distribution pipeline, then to the spray nozzles, and then to the protected area (in volume).
The module is equipped with a URP manual start device, which turns on the module through a launch head with a squib.

1.3. Powder fire extinguishing installations

Powder fire extinguishing installations consist of one or more modules and are divided into the following types:
— installations with a centralized source of working gas;
— installations with autonomous sources of working gas on each module.

Installations of the second type, in turn, are divided into:
— installations with simultaneous launch of all modules included in it;
— installations with selective (single) start-up of modules depending on the location of the fire.

Powder fire extinguishing installations are primarily local fire extinguishing installations.
Installations must have a 100% reserve supply of fire extinguishing powder and working gas located directly in the modules and ready for immediate use in cases where re-ignition of flammable material is possible (for example, when a continuous flow of fire continues after extinguishing flammable liquid with a self-ignition temperature of 773 K and below; in the presence of flammable substances and materials heated to a temperature that increases their auto-ignition temperature, etc.). In all other cases, a 100% reserve supply of powder and working gas may be stored separately from the modules.

Automatic powder modules with a single source of working gas or modules with electric start or with a cable start system are used as modules for installations.
The installation with a centralized source of working gas consists of the following assembly units:

1) modules containing a container with fire extinguishing powder with a capacity of 100 liters, equipped with shut-off control and safety valves, as well as a distribution network with spray nozzles.
Modular-type automatic powder fire extinguishers are used as modules for installations of this type. The number of modules depends on the required amount of fire extinguishing powder;

2) a centralized source of working gas containing containers (cylinders) for storing working gas, equipped with automatic shut-off and start-up valves and a control device. Batteries and gas fire extinguishing installations can be used as a centralized source of working gas. If necessary, the capacity (power) of the working gas source can be increased by connecting stacking sections to the battery;

3) a manifold containing a main pipeline with branches and designed to supply working gas from a centralized source to the modules;

4) distribution devices designed to supply working gas to the required group of modules;

5) automatic fire alarm installations with heat, smoke and flame detectors, designed to detect a fire and issue activation signals shut-off valves centralized source of working gas and distribution devices, as well as sound and light alarms;

6) unit electrical control unit.

The installation with an autonomous source of working gas includes the following assembly units:

1) modules containing containers with fire extinguishing powder of various capacities. A tank equipped with an autonomous source of working gas with a shut-off and starting device, as well as control and safety equipment. Distribution network with spray nozzles.
As modules for installations of this type Modular type fire extinguishers with electric start are used. The number of modules in the installation is determined by the required mass of fire extinguishing powder;

2) installation of automatic fire alarms with heat, smoke and flame detectors, designed to detect a fire and issue a shutdown signal ventilation systems, to turn on the shut-off and starting devices of autonomous sources of working gas, as well as sound and light alarms;

3) power supply unit of the installation;

4) cable network for supplying a start signal to each module.

The installation with an autonomous source of working gas includes a set of modules commercially produced by industry. The installations have a fixed charge of fire extinguishing powder. The size of the protected area (volume) is determined by the technical characteristics of the modules included in the installation.
It is recommended to use carbon dioxide, nitrogen or air as the working gas for installations. Air and nitrogen must be dehydrated.
Moisture content is allowed no more than 0.01% by weight.
All types of installations are allowed for operation in standby mode only if they are provided with a charge of working gas in an amount not less than that allowed by the passport for the module for individual sources of working gas and for gas batteries for a centralized source.

The coefficient of filling of module housings with fire extinguishing powder (the ratio of the volume of powder to the capacity of the housing) should not exceed 0.95.

1.4. Electrical control of powder fire extinguishing installations

Electrical control equipment for an installation with a centralized source of working gas must provide:
— constant readiness of the installation for action in the event of a fire in the protected area;
— detection of a fire indicating the location where it occurred;
— issuing a fire signal to the control room of the facility and the fire department, as well as a warning signal within the protected premises to ensure the evacuation of people;
— delay of the automatic start of the installation for the time necessary to evacuate people from the protected premises, in accordance with the requirements of the current building codes and rules;
— automatic start-up of the installation for dispensing the main supply of fire extinguishing powder from the fire alarm receiving station;
— repeated remote start of the installation to issue a reserve supply of fire extinguishing powder;
— manual (on-site) start-up of the installation when the power is completely turned off;
— the ability to disable automation and transfer the installation to manual start only;
— issuing a signal about turning on the required direction of supply of the working gas, about the movement of gas, as well as about the start of operation of the modules.

The supply of electricity to all receivers of the installation must be carried out according to the first category in accordance with the requirements of the PUE.

2. Calculation of powder fire extinguishing installations

2.1. Features of designing powder fire extinguishing installations

Features of the design of powder fire extinguishing installations are as follows.
The type of installation is selected depending on the fire hazard characteristics of the technological process being protected. The brand of powder and the extinguishing method (surface, volumetric) are determined based on the reference data on the powders.
The type of drive (cable or electric) is selected depending on the fire hazard category of the protected premises. Electric starting of the UPPT in fire and explosion hazardous premises with production facilities of categories A and B is permissible only if fire detectors are used in an explosion-proof design. Manual remote start devices (buttons, levers) should be located at the exit from the protected premises and protected from accidental activation.

Modules may be placed directly in the protected area. Installations can be placed on technological platforms, shelves, galleries or on special brackets. In this case, the distance from fire extinguishers to technological equipment must be at least 5 m. If there is a shortage of production space, as an exception, the specified distance can be reduced to 3 m.

Distribution network pipelines are painted grey, pneumatic communications - blue, control and signaling units - red.
If the total area of ​​open (during fire extinguishing) openings is more than 15%, then only surface (local) extinguishing is accepted.
The thermomechanical fire extinguisher launch system is placed both along the distribution network on rollers and directly under the protected equipment. The distance from the fusible lock to the nearest roller towards the fire extinguisher must be at least 0.6 m.

The manual start unit for fire extinguishers with a thermomechanical system is located at a height of 1.2–1.5 m from the floor in easily accessible places along escape routes, and in protected premises - near the exit from them.
Near the manual start unit there is an inscription: “In case of fire, pull out the pin and lower the handle to the lower position,” etc.

2.2. Calculation of automatic modular type powder fire extinguishing installations

The calculation begins with determining the cross-sectional area of ​​the collector. When its length from the centralized source of working gas to the first module (up to 100 m) is calculated depending on the number of modules connected to it:

(5.1)

Where f – cross-sectional area of ​​the collector, cm 2 ;
0,632 – empirical coefficient, cm 2, taking into account gas flow per module, pipeline resistance, etc.;
n – number of modules, pcs.

If the length of the collector from the centralized source of working gas to the first module is more than 100 m, the flow area of ​​the collector is calculated using general formulas.
The following data is accepted:
— gas consumption per module 75 l·s -1;
— the initial gas pressure in the centralized source is 12.5 MPa, the residual gas pressure in the source is 1.5 MPa.

For volumetric powder fire extinguishing, the number of modules is determined based on the required amount of powder and a single module charge:
(5.2)

Where M p, M opa – respectively, the required mass of fire extinguishing powder and the mass of the module charge, kg;
V to – capacity of the module body, m 3 ;
? – bulk density powder, kg/m3;
K zap – safety factor, taken equal to 0.35–0.95.

The mass of fire extinguishing powder MP is determined by the formula

Where K = 2 – if re-ignition is possible, in other cases K = 1;
V def – volume of the protected room, m3;
qnv – volumetric fire extinguishing ability of the powder, kg/m3;
f pr – area of ​​openings open during a fire, m2;
q nadd – the rate of additional powder mass is taken to be 2.5 kg/m2 at fpr = 1–5% and 5 kg/m2 at fpr = 5–15% of the area of ​​the enclosing structures. For larger area ratios, it is recommended to use local fire extinguishing. In this case, an additional amount of powder, as a rule, should be used to organize a curtain of powder jets at open openings.

When determining the volume of the protected premises, it is allowed to subtract from its geometric volume the volume occupied in it by non-combustible building structures that do not have an internal volume communicating with the volume of the protected premises.

For local fire extinguishing by volume (outside a technical unit or equipment), the calculated volume V l is determined by the formula

Where a, b, h – length, width and height of the protected unit or equipment, respectively, m.

Nozzles for releasing powder during volumetric fire extinguishing must be placed in such a way that the powder is evenly distributed throughout the entire volume of the protected room; during local fire extinguishing by volume, powder jets must be directed at the surface of the equipment located in the protected volume.

The total number of modules N modes when extinguishing with powder over an area (surface) is determined as the largest of two values:

Where N mod1 – number of modules determined required quantity powder;
N mod2 – the number of modules, determined by the ratio of the entire protected area and the area protected by one module.

Number of modules N mod1 is determined by formula (5.2). Powder weight M p determined by the formula

(5.6)

Where K – has the same meaning as in formula (5.3);
F def – protected area of ​​the room or equipment, m2;
qn.f – surface fire extinguishing ability of the powder, kg/m2.

The number of modules N mod2 is determined by the formula

(5.7)

Where K and b> F def– the same quantities as in formula (5.6);
F1 – area protected by one nozzle, m2;
n – number of nozzles in the module.

In order for the entire protected area or surface of the technological equipment to be dusted with fire extinguishing powder, the distance from the nozzles to the enclosing structures should not exceed 1.5 m. The distance from the protected surface (area) to the nozzle should be no less than 2 m and no more than 4.5 m .

The greatest extinguishing effect is achieved at a distance of 3.0–3.5 m. If the protected room has technical platforms and ventilation ducts with a width or diameter of more than 0.75 m, additional modules must be installed underneath it, taken into account in the calculation using formula (5.7) .

Note that if the number of modules determined by formula (5.5) differs slightly from an integer, then it can be reduced to an integer by varying the filling factor of the Kzap module or by simply rounding the number of modules up.
The number of modules determined by formula (5.7) is always rounded up.

2.3. Calculation of pulsed powder fire extinguishing installations

Calculation of pulsed local type fire extinguishing installations is carried out in accordance with the methodology. Number of pulse powder modules (MPP) N l , pcs., determined by the formula

(5.8)

Where S y – the area of ​​the protected area (zone), for equipment, the overall area of ​​the equipment, increases by 10%, m2;
S n – standard area, m2;
K 1 – coefficient of unevenness of powder spraying, used for group installation of MIP, is taken equal to 1.2;
K2 – safety factor, taking into account the shading of a possible fire source and depending on the ratio of the area shaded by the equipment S h to the protected area S y, determined by the formula

(5.9)

Where S z – shading area, defined as the area of ​​part of the protected area in which the formation of a fire source is possible, to which the movement of powder from the MIP in a straight line is blocked by structural elements impenetrable to powder.

K 3 – coefficient taking into account the change in the fire extinguishing efficiency of the powder used in relation to the flammable substance in the protected area compared to A-76 gasoline (Table 5.1);
K 4 – coefficient taking into account the degree of leakage of the room. K 4 = 1 + B F neg, where F neg = F/F room is the ratio of the total leakage area (openings, cracks) F to the total surface of the room F room, coefficient B is determined from Fig. 5.3.

The standard area S n is determined by the formula

(5.10)

Where V n – volume protected by one MIP of the selected type, m 3 ;
K5 – coefficient characterizing the characteristics of spraying MIP powder of the selected type (determined by the technical documentation for the MIP).
If the height of the equipment in the protected zone exceeds 1.4 H (where H is the ejection height) for the selected type of MIP, the latter are installed in tiers with a step at a height of 0.8...1.4 H, provided that their placement should ensure uniform filling with powder protected volume. MIPs can be installed on suspended structures. In this case, constructive measures must be taken to prevent the impact on the suspended elements of the dynamic force that occurs when the MIP is activated, equal to five times the weight of the installed modules.
V n and H are accepted for the selected type of MIP in accordance with the technical specifications of the manufacturer.

Calculation of pulsed volumetric type powder fire extinguishing installations.

Number of SIPs N , pcs., required to protect the premises, is determined by the formula

(5.11)

where V p is the volume of the protected room, m 3;
V n – volume protected by one MIP of the selected type, m 3 ;
N p – the number of MIPs required to neutralize leaks of fire extinguishing powder through permanently open openings, pcs.
The values ​​of the coefficients K 1 and? K 3 are determined in the same way as calculating the local type APP.

Table 5.1

Coefficient K 3 of the comparative effectiveness of fire extinguishing powders when extinguishing various substances

When protecting open technological installations, the area of ​​the maximum rank of a class B outbreak, the extinguishing of which is ensured by MPP data (determined from the technical documentation for the MPP, m 2), is taken as Sн.

If, when calculating the number of modules, fractional numbers are obtained, the next higher integer in order is taken as the final number of modules.
For autonomous fire extinguishing installations, simultaneous group launch of the entire number of modules N, obtained by calculation, must be ensured.

3. Features of placement, installation and operation of powder fire extinguishing installations

3.1. Requirements for the placement of equipment for powder fire extinguishing installations

The centralized source of working gas, the fire alarm installation and the electrical control unit of the installation must, as a rule, be located in special rooms that meet the following requirements:
— fire resistance limit of walls and ceilings is not less than 0.75 hours;
— height not less than 2.5 m;
— a floor with a hard surface that can withstand the load from the installed equipment;
— air temperature within 288–309 K;
— illumination of at least 150 lux;
— the environment is non-explosive.

Before front door A lamp and a display should be installed outside. In cases justified by the design, the specified assembly units of installations, except for the fire alarm receiving station, can be located in industrial fireproof premises. In this case, they must be fenced with a glass partition or metal mesh and equipped with warning notices.

Modules should be installed, as a rule, in a room adjacent to the one being protected. The room in which the modules are located must be separated from the protected room by a partition with a fire resistance limit of at least 0.75 hours. Openings in the partition must be protected by fire-resistant doors with a fire resistance limit of at least 0.75 hours. Distribution pipeline networks of modules with spray nozzles allowed to be attached to building structures.

It is recommended to lay the working gas supply manifold and cable wiring along overpasses together with other process wiring. Collector and cable network must be protected from mechanical damage.

Nozzles for releasing powder during volumetric fire extinguishing should be placed in such a way that the powder is evenly distributed throughout the entire volume of the protected room. Spray nozzles must be placed in such a way that the powder jets are directed at the surface of the equipment located in the protected volume.

During local fire extinguishing, nozzles should be placed so that during a fire, the entire surface of the protected technological equipment or protected area is evenly dusted with fire extinguishing powder.

Devices for remote start of installations (buttons, levers) should be placed at the entrance to the protected premises, protecting them from accidental use.

3.2. Requirements for protected premises

The protected premises should have, as far as possible, the minimum area of ​​openings open during fire extinguishing. Windows and doors must have automatic closers.
In the event of a fire, ventilation openings must be automatically closed, and the ventilation system must be turned off when the fire extinguishing system is activated. In relation to installations of type 2b, this requirement is impossible to fulfill. In this case, it is necessary to compensate for possible leaks of powder with an additional amount: for a total area of ​​openings of 1–5% of the total area of ​​the walls, ceiling and floor of the room - by 2.5 kg per 1 m2 of open opening; with a total opening area of ​​5–15% - by 5 kg per 1 m2.

Evacuation routes for people from the premises must ensure the exit of service personnel within no more than 30 s. If this requirement is not met, then the circuit automatic control The installation must introduce a device that delays the release of fire extinguishing powder until the end of the evacuation of people from the protected premises.

3.3. Requirements for installation, testing and commissioning

Installation of installations must be carried out in accordance with the working drawings of the project and installation instructions attached to the supplied assembly units. Deviations from the design or installation instructions are permitted only in agreement with the design organization and the manufacturing plants of assembly units.

All assembly units must be subjected to incoming inspection in accordance with the requirements technical specifications and assembly unit passports.
Installation of installations must be carried out by trained personnel using special tools and equipment to ensure proper quality of work.
It is necessary to keep a log of installation work, which indicates the brand of the installed equipment, defects of this equipment identified during installation, the last name, first name, patronymic and position of the persons responsible for installation from among the management technical personnel.
The log notes all deviations from the design or installation instructions, and also indicates the documents authorizing these deviations.

The installation of all pipelines must ensure: the strength and tightness of the connections of the pipes and the places where devices and fittings are connected to them, the reliability of fastening the pipes to the supporting structures and the structures themselves on the foundations, the possibility of their visual inspection, as well as their periodic purging.

When installing collector pipelines, it is necessary to use detachable connections. Welded joints are allowed that provide conditions for the movement of compressed gas.
The quality of installation work should be checked at the completion of each operation through external inspection and pneumatic tests in accordance with the instructions in the assembly unit passport.
The working gas supply manifold must be subjected to pneumatic testing at a pressure of 10.0 MPa for 120 s. Gas leakage at pipeline connections is not allowed. Leakage control is carried out by soaping the joints.
After completing installation work and testing for strength and density, the pipelines must be painted first with protective paint and then with identification paint. Identification paint must comply with the requirements of GOST 12.4.026–76.

Upon completion of all installation work and checking its quality, the installation is presented to the customer for acceptance. Acceptance must be carried out with the participation of a representative of the fire department.
At the customer's request, the installation can be subjected to additional tests (including fire tests), carried out according to a special program.

Installation into operation is accepted on the basis of a bilateral act. Other requirements for installation, adjustment and commissioning of installations should be taken in accordance with the relevant regulatory documentation for water, foam and gas fire extinguishing installations, approved in accordance with the established procedure.

3.4. Features of the operation of powder fire extinguishing installations

When operating powder fire extinguishing installations, the following types of maintenance are carried out:
- daily;
- monthly;
- six months;
- after the expiration date of the powder
- and once every five years.

UPT technical means must comply with design solutions, technical documentation of manufacturers and have certificates of conformity.
After each activation of the fire extinguishing device, the pipelines through which the fire extinguishing powder was supplied must be purged with compressed nitrogen.

During daily technical inspection it is necessary:
— carry out an external inspection to identify any damage to the installation elements;
— make sure there are seals on the safety valve and the safety pin of the start handle;
— check the presence of the cable on the rollers, the grounding condition;
— make sure that the alarm system (if any) is working and that the pressure corresponds to the required parameters according to the readings of the pressure gauges;
— check the presence of voltage on the control panel and the condition of fire detectors in installations with electric starting.

During monthly maintenance you need to check:
- condition of fastenings, threaded connections;
— pressure in cylinders according to pressure gauges;
— operability of fire detectors.

Areas with damaged coating must be cleaned of rust, followed by application of an anti-corrosion coating.
During semi-annual maintenance, it is necessary to perform work in the amount of monthly maintenance, as well as:
— check the amount of residual deformation of the cable and, if necessary, tighten it;
— carry out an inspection or technical examination of pressure gauges, cylinders, vessels upon expiration of the inspection period;
— check the condition and functionality of the pneumatic (threshold) valve on the vessel;
— weigh the launch cylinders.

When performing maintenance after the expiration date of the fire extinguishing agent, in addition to the work listed above, it is necessary to charge the powder in specialized organizations and check the connections of the distribution network.

During maintenance, once every 5 years it is necessary to perform maintenance work and additionally inspect the vessels with powder and gas cylinders with working gas in accordance with the requirements of Gosgortekhnadzor, and also check the operation of the safety valve.

Academy of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia,
Textbook for educational institutions of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, 2007.

* MODULAR * INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE *

Each of the automatic fire extinguishing systems existing today has its own advantages and disadvantages. In addition, when choosing the type of fire extinguishing installation, you should take into account the features of its application, which are determined by:

• fire class;
• features of the facility (premises) to be equipped with a fire extinguishing system.

In addition, as a rule, the cost of equipment and its installation is also an important factor for the customer. It is from these positions that automatic powder fire extinguishing is the most preferable option. Of course, subject to compliance with standards that determine the possibility of its installation in specific premises.

Let's look at these questions in more detail.

Operating principle of automatic powder fire extinguishing.

Fire extinguishing when using such a system is achieved by supplying fine powder to the combustion zone by spraying it in the fire zone. This achieves:

• cooling of the fire area as a result of the transfer of part of the heat to the powder particles and energy consumption for its melting;
• reduction in the volume of incoming oxygen as a result of dilution of the burning medium with products of thermal decomposition of the powder;
• inhibition (slowdown) of the chemical combustion reaction.

Depending on the composition of the powder mixture, various combinations of the listed factors can be achieved.

Powder can be supplied to the combustion zone different ways. The most commonly used:

• high pressure gas supply;
• pressure resulting from the explosion of a pyrotechnic cartridge.

By the way, each of these methods has an additional extinguishing effect. The gas jet and shock wave of the explosion, in addition to supplying powder, can also lead to flame failure, which serves as a factor that increases the efficiency of the system.

Advantages of powder fire extinguishing.

First of all, these should include:

• simplicity of the device;
• low cost;
• wide range of operating temperatures and versatility of application.

However, there are a number of specific disadvantages that limit the scope of this method:

• low efficiency when extinguishing fires with combustion without air flow in the thickness of the material;
• chemical interaction of the powder with metal structures is possible;
• impossibility of use with the ventilation system running;
• potential danger to human health.

The last point requires more detailed explanation. Possessing low toxicity, fire extinguishing powder, however, due to its high concentration and small particle size, has a specific effect on the respiratory system of the body. Also important is the factor of a sharp decrease in visibility at the moment the fire extinguishing equipment is activated and an increase in the possibility of panic.

Therefore, the use of automatic powder systems is limited in occupied areas. Such installations can only be installed if the evacuation of people is ensured before fire extinguishing begins and if the system is manually turned on.

In general, the scope of application of powder fire extinguishing is quite wide, for example:

• extinguishing electrical installations without removing voltage;
• fire extinguishing in archives, warehouses and other places where valuable items and documents are stored;
• extinguishing chemicals, petroleum products, etc.

The use of powder fire extinguishing is not recommended in industries where there is a concentration of a large number of equipment with small open contacts (automatic telephone exchanges, relay control points).

MODULAR POWDER FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS

Modular fire extinguishing systems are characterized by a number of positive aspects:

• small dimensions of the system as a whole;
• high reliability;
• ease of installation and maintenance;
• Possibility of spot installation directly near an object with a high fire hazard.

The fire extinguishing module is a housing filled with a powder mixture. In the upper part of the housing there is a gas generator, which is activated after supplying electrical signal. There are also modules that operate autonomously when the ambient temperature reaches a certain level.

The lower part of the case is usually made of aluminum and has notches along the entire surface. When a signal is sent to the gas generator, gas begins to flow into the housing with the powder. After reaching a certain pressure, the membrane (lower part of the body) ruptures along the notch lines and the powder is thrown into the flame area. From the moment the signal is given until the powder is ejected, more than 2 seconds pass.

By the way, there are versions of modular systems in which the modules contain only the fire extinguishing mixture. In this case, the powder is released through a centralized gas supply through a specially equipped pipeline. This option is much more expensive and is not used as often.

The operating principle of all modular systems is almost the same. The differences lie in the volume of the case, which can range from 0.3 to 50 liters. In some designs the lower part of the housing may not be destroyed. Instead of a bursting disc, a special nozzle is used, which serves to direct the flow of powder.

Among the disadvantages of modular systems, it should be noted that this design, by definition, provides for one-time use. If it was not possible to extinguish the fire the first time, then the use of other fire extinguishing means, including manual ones, is required.

INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF POWDER SYSTEMS

Design, installation and maintenance of automatic powder fire extinguishing systems are carried out by specialized organizations that have the appropriate licenses from the Ministry of Emergency Situations.

When drawing up a project, the following should be taken into account: geometric parameters premises equipped with a fire extinguishing system, as well as possible classes of fires, which are determined by the presence of certain materials and factors in the premises.

All premises equipped with automatic fire extinguishing systems must have a fire warning system, as well as information boards:

• "exit";
• “powder don’t come in”;
• “powder go away.”

In addition, during installation it should be taken into account that when the fire extinguishing module starts, the load on the supporting structure increases many times over. Its exact value is indicated in the technical documentation, but on average this value is about 3-5 masses of the equipped module. There should be no obstacles in the powder spray area that would restrict access of the fire extinguishing mixture to the fire site.

All electric start circuits must be able to continuously monitor their integrity and performance. In addition, the requirements for an automatic fire alarm system that controls fire extinguishing are stricter than for one operating in autonomous mode.

All this is determined by a set of regulatory and technical documents, which can be found here.

Service powder system fire extinguishing is to maintain the functionality of the system as a whole. The activities carried out for this purpose are determined by the list of routine fire extinguishing maintenance works. Also, to quickly restore system functionality, an exchange fund of modules is provided at the facility.

The number of spare devices depends on the size of the object and is determined by the already mentioned regulatory documents. It should be noted that this material only provides general idea about the design and installation procedure for automatic powder extinguishing.

It is impossible to outline all the subtleties and nuances of this process within the framework of one article. But the main points that you need to pay attention to are listed here.

© 2010-2018. All rights reserved.
The materials presented on the site are for informational purposes only and cannot be used as guidance documents.

The main purpose of automatic fire extinguishing systems is to eliminate the fire and begin to extinguish the fire before the firefighters arrive. If the AUPT system is correctly designed and implemented, its actions will help to significantly minimize damage from destruction and prevent loss of life.

POWDER FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

In order for the installation to be successful and correct from a safety point of view, everyone installation work a future project is being developed.

"Mig-Montazh" carries out the design of the automatic fire alarm system with subsequent connection to the security and fire alarm systems inside the premises so that the fire extinguishing processes are triggered as quickly as possible.

The principle of operation of the automatic fire control system is that special sensors react to the main factors of fire (the appearance of smoke, a significant increase in temperature) and eliminate fires using various fire extinguishing agents.

The systems operate autonomously and do not require continuous human control; for this reason, the installations react in the shortest possible time and eliminate the spread of fire over large areas, especially if there are a lot of flammable objects in the room.

What is taken into account when designing?

Where and how to implement automatic fire extinguishing systems - specialists decide based on the client’s wishes and construction parameters.

Before making calculations and creating project drawings, craftsmen consider:

• Dimensions and number of floors of the building or the area of ​​a specific room that requires the installation of an automated fire control system;
• Number of rooms, offices, corridors and halls;
• Type of premises in accordance with fire hazard categories;
• Availability of employees, customers, visitors or residents and their average number;
• Characteristics of technical equipment and previously installed systems.

In addition, the design of an AUPT in Moscow takes into account all the requirements of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, safety standards and regulations.

Only in this case automatic installation will be the safest both during operation and in emergency situations, and its action will be as effective as possible.

Automatic fire extinguishing installations are suitable for buildings of any type and size; their importance will be especially noticeable in institutions where there are a lot of flammable valuables (libraries, archives, galleries) or a large daily flow of customers.

FIRE SYSTEMS

WATER - GAS - DUST

One of the most effective fire extinguishing systems is automatic systems fire extinguishing systems designed for rapid fire detection and effective fire extinguishing.

The design of such units includes fire detectors (mechanical type, electrical mode, etc.), the inclusion of complex sensors and special devices servicing the fire extinguisher (pipelines and other modules).

Main functions of automatic fire extinguishing:

• timely detection, localization and control of fire at the initial stage;
• preventing the spread of fire;
• protection of people, buildings and other material assets.

An automatic fire extinguishing system (AUPT) is a set of tools and equipment designed to deal with fires and controlled signals.

Typically, the fire extinguisher activates the alarm, which greatly increases the effectiveness of the activation system, and timely evacuation of the fire area is very important.

One of the advantages of an automatic system is that its integration does not depend on human factors and is associated only with control signals, which are usually generated by an automatic fire alarm.

APCTs vary by type of substance and are used for extinguishing:

• water or water with foam (water and foam);
• mixtures of inert gases that do not achieve an ignition reaction (gas);
• a special mixture of dust that prevents combustion (dust);
• a mixture of inert gases and small particles (aerosol).

AUTOMATIC WATER AIR FIRE TYPES

This type of installation is one of the most common due to its accessibility and harmlessness to people, since the extinguishing agent is water or water with foam.

The mechanism of operation of such devices is as follows: when the fire goes out, the combustion temperature decreases.

When using a foaming agent, access to oxygen to the flame is even more limited, stopping the reaction.

Water fire suppression systems can be created using water curtains, which help contain gusts and also irrigate walls, increasing their fire resistance.

The disadvantages of automatic fire extinguishing systems are that water freezes at low temperatures and has good electrical conductivity (which makes it impossible to destroy electrical equipment). It could also hurt some categories of wealth.

Fire extinguishers can be of two types:

• sprinkler;
• floods.

Today, very popular systems use fine water (steam) as a fire extinguisher.

Such devices can be used in rooms where printed and handwritten texts are stored. A sprinkler is a syringe equipped with a special nozzle of melting material that melts when the temperature rises and allows access to water. Installation of devices is carried out in places where strong thermal release during ignition is possible.

Immersion systems are installed in buildings with a high explosion hazard.

Powdered dust - system characteristics, operating principle and classification

The syringe supply in this complex is always open, and the water supply signal is triggered by the fire alarm. With this type of fire suppression system, water curtains can be created that interrupt the ignition range.

Installing a fire to extinguish a fire requires laying pipelines, installing pumping stations and other special equipment, which leads to significant system costs.

to come back to the beginning

PRODUCTION OF GAS FUELS

These systems demonstrate greater efficiency in the case of the initial ignition stage.

In this case, the inert gas acts as a fire extinguisher, which does not cause a reaction with flammable materials and quickly fills the combustion zone. This reduces the oxygen concentration at the ignition source, which prevents further spread of fire.

The main advantage of a gas appliance is that during fire extinguishing with this system of material values ​​stored in a protected area, they are not damaged.

Inert gases (at certain concentrations) used in fire extinguishers do not pose a threat to people and do not have a negative impact on the environment.

The disadvantage of such systems is that protected areas for effective measures for extinguishing fires must be stable and not have too large a volume. When you turn on the complex, you must evacuate.

Automatic fire extinguishing systems.

The fire extinguishing system using aerosols is a good combination of the operating mechanism of pulverized coal plants. The extinguishing agent is an aerosol containing a mixture of small particles and gas.

When formed, this mixture forms a burner that has chain reaction blocking properties within the ignition range.

Aerosol plants should not be used to extinguish substances that can burn and spontaneously ignite without access to oxygen. It should also be remembered that the process of obtaining aerosol mixture takes place at high temperatures, which can cause secondary fires.

It is prohibited to install such systems in areas where more than 50 people can be present at the same time. The fire extinguishing system should not be installed in areas where they may not have enough time before turning on the aerosol unit.

And also in buildings of a special type, the fire resistance index of which is below the third level.

to come back to the beginning

AUTOMATIC DISHWASHING EQUIPMENT

These systems use a special powder as a fire extinguishing agent, which, when exposed to high temperatures decomposes into non-flammable substances that prevent the flame from burning. The advantage of such complexes is that they are quite simple to install. When using them, there is no need to turn off the voltage.

However, these systems have many disadvantages that should be considered when installing:

• Inhalation powder poses a threat to the human body;
• air movement in the fire zone can change the geometry of dust distribution and reduce the effectiveness of fire extinguishing;
• Furniture and other barriers may create areas that impede the supply of a fire extinguisher;
• The system cannot guarantee complete flame extinguishing in the presence of materials that may be under pressure and spontaneously ignite without access to oxygen.

powder for extinguishing the device can be modular (the extinguishing agent is stored in special modules contained in the ceiling) and centralized (the substance is stored in special tanks and supply pipelines).

Instead of closing.

APCT has improved the effectiveness of fire detection and suppression. The main advantage of the complexes is full automation. Design and further installation must be carried out by trained personnel, as this determines the effectiveness and safety of the device.

Violation of requirements for planning, placement, non-compliance with regulatory documents may have Negative consequences for people's health and life.

Some fire extinguishing systems operate in hermetically sealed areas and require the evacuation of personnel before activation. Therefore, the time between the start of APCT and the evacuation of people should be sufficient, but not exceed certain parameters, because the longer the period, the stronger the fire.

Harmonization of these two criteria can be achieved by correctly selecting the type of fire extinguishing, dividing the protected object into localized areas, which will allow the complex to be used most effectively. The facility must be equipped with early warning systems.

A properly prepared and consistent evacuation plan must be established.

to come back to the beginning

© 2014 — 2018 All rights reserved.

The material on the website is factually found and cannot be used as guidelines or official documents

The fire extinguishing system largely depends on only one factor - the type of medium used to contain and extinguish the fire. Other factors - the degree of autonomy, the nuances of the control system, installation diagram and configuration - are obviously secondary.

Of course, they affect the installation of fire extinguishing systems, but do not affect the technology for eliminating the fire source.

Powder dust

Therefore, in this article we will take into account the construction of fire extinguishing systems, which are classified according to the central power supply scheme, which prevents the combustion process.

Powder fire extinguishing system

Dust systems use a fine dispersion of carbon monoxide as a preventive agent. This powder is ejected from the body in a bowl-shaped form, attached to the ceiling structure and diffused along the supporting surface.

The powder then dissolves as far as possible under the influence of weight. The flexible force that atomizes the dust creates compressed gas.

Powder fire extinguishing system

As a result, the device consists of a housing with an external nozzle directed parallel to the upper limit, inside a carbon dioxide dust cassette of several nozzles and a compressed air reservoir located in the central part of the housing.

This installation operates in pulse mode, suggesting short-term periodic injection of fine powder .

In addition, dust installations at the installation site have no contraindications - such devices are installed in libraries, data centers, and electronic stores. The hardening procedure is possible at 50 degrees below zero and 50 degrees above zero (Celsius).

Gas fire extinguishing system

This fire extinguishing system is as simple as a bicycle.

In fact, it is an ordinary cylinder with carbon dioxide, the valve is controlled by a servo drive with a fire sensor. In crisis situations, the cylinder opens and heavy carbon dioxide falls to the ground or “flies” into the room, so that oxygen from the combustion space moves. Well, without oxygen - a universal oxidizing agent - there are no burns. AND gas systems they operate practically without errors - they have no moving parts - the main cause of accidents is a complex and simple mechanism.

Diagram of an automatic fire extinguishing system

The supply force that provides the atomization of carbon dioxide is caused by the medium itself, the pump in the cylinder under pressure.

At the same time, the fire extinguisher system can be used anywhere in gases - it cannot harm either the “burned” objects or the surrounding objects. Therefore, automatic fire extinguishing systems are also used in museums.

However, in living rooms, schools, kindergartens and offices, such systems should be used very carefully - carbon dioxide can be “smothered” not only by fire, but also by residents or staff who simply cannot survive without oxygen to maintain oxygen.

This is our human nature.

Water fire extinguishing systems

The installation of fire extinguishing systems on water is justified if the owner of the protected property is the important lives of people, and not the safety of equipment or inventory.

After all, water cannot drown the fire, but it will also harm everyone, except the person, of course.

Water fire extinguishing systems

All electronic equipment, structural steel and cast iron machinery, brown furniture and food items were recovered from the water.

But the person remains intact. In addition, artificial "rain" provides high ignition efficiency for the ignition source located in the early stages. Plus, the humid environment - and when the water system is activated, everything gets wet in a matter of seconds - is very reassuring.

This system is also technically organized more easily than analog gas - an injector installed on the ceiling, the supply pipe is connected to the manifold by a pump station, or water towers.

When triggered, the sensor opens locking devices installed in water valves, valves, etc., and directs the flow of water through the pipes to the combustion point.

Defoamer

This system was created during the development of the water plant. In this case, instead of completely destroying the water, it touches this medium from the nozzle or simply polystyrene foam- a supersaturated surface solution consisting of well-connected “soap” bubbles.

Defoamer

And this “bubble” mass contains a minimal amount of water and causes minimal destruction.

Therefore, foam can be used to extinguish even electrical appliances and museum exhibits. In this case, unlike carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, the foam does not harm not only the property, but also traps unprepared tenants or employees.

Technically, such a fire extinguishing system is regulated by a water supply system model. Only in the bell there is a water hose connected not to the spray nozzle, but to the foam generator.

Installation of fire protection systems

It is hard to imagine modern building without a set of technical means to ensure its life. One of the key places in it is occupied by the fire safety system.

Why do you need fire fighting equipment?

Fire safety is a mandatory attribute based on the requirements of the laws of the Russian Federation.

Whatever high-quality and innovative materials are used in the construction and decoration of premises, and technological processes would be verified thoroughly - the danger of fire always exists.

Firefighters website | Fire safety

All modern construction standards provide for the installation of fire safety systems at any facility. Their tasks include:

• Notifying people at the site about a fire;
• Coordination of personnel actions to localize the fire and ensure evacuation;
• Transmitting a fire signal to fire departments;
• Extinguishing fires using automatic means.

Each facility has its own tasks, but they have the same goal - to provide protection in the event of a fire, minimize property damage and prevent harm to health or loss of life.

What to put

Depending on the specifics of a particular facility, equipment for installing fire protection is selected.

The simplest system for a small room can be presented in the form of autonomous smoke sensors, which allow people to be notified of the start of a fire upon detection of one of its signs - smoke.

Larger facilities require automated fire safety systems that allow monitoring the situation around the clock and automatically responding to an emergency situation.

They include not only fire alarm systems (AFS) and warning systems, but also fire extinguishing, smoke removal systems and are integrated with other utility networks.

For example, a comprehensive security system for a facility in the event of a fire in a room will automatically transmit a signal to the nearest fire department, an access control system will unblock evacuation routes, automatic ventilation will turn off air exchange and switch to smoke removal mode, and video surveillance will switch to rooms at risk to control evacuation .

If the facility is equipped with automatic fire extinguishing, then with the help of security sensors the people in the room will be monitored, and, in their absence, the fire extinguishing agent will be discharged.

Stages of creation

The installation of fire protection systems involves several stages:

• Determining the required level of security;
• Statement of technical specifications;
• Project development, if necessary integration with project documentation on other building systems;
• Selection of fire equipment;
• Installation of all components;
• Commissioning work with mandatory checks of both individual sections and the entire system as a whole;
• Control launch, acceptance by authorized government bodies;
• Warranty service.

On already installed complexes it is mandatory to carry out regular work for maintenance, only in this case can it be guaranteed that in the event of an emergency, the automation will work as it should.

like this preventive work It is advisable to trust the same specialists who carried out the installation because they know all the features and can predict in advance the possible causes of malfunctions.

Who can deliver

Installation of fire safety systems is the job of specialists, since this is a licensed type of activity without special permission such services cannot be provided. But having a license does not always indicate the professionalism of the installers.

Today in Moscow, several hundred companies offer their services for the installation of technical fire protection equipment and it is necessary to choose the best offer, not only in price, but also in quality. The following criteria will help you make your choice:

• Availability of a license for all types of services in the field of fire safety equipment;
• Trained personnel with experience;
• Possibility of selection necessary equipment and its maintenance skills;
• Willingness to develop a project and coordinate it with supervisory authorities;
• Providing technical service.

You shouldn’t skimp on installing fire safety systems; people’s lives depend on their work.

The sad events of the last few years, where fires led to the death of several dozen people, serve as further proof of this. Modern fire safety equipment can prevent such tragedies, but subject to several conditions. Firstly, high-quality and certified equipment. Secondly, correct installation: from design to installation. Thirdly, constant professional service. If these parameters are observed, you can with a high degree of confidence consider the object as protected as possible from troubles with fire.

Price from 90 rubles/m2 - depending on the complexity of the facility layout.

Many, when choosing materials for the construction of a private house, do not pay attention to their fire resistance indicators and use flammable materials for furnishing the premises, which also release toxic substances when burned.

By installing a fire extinguishing system in your home, you can minimize fire damage. At the moment, there is no regulatory documentation that would talk about equipping private houses with automatic fire extinguishing devices, therefore the installation of such systems in private buildings is considered optional. However, there are no regulations prohibiting this.

Selecting a fire extinguishing system

When choosing a fire extinguishing system, you need to rely on two important criteria: the first is the efficiency of the entire system, and the second is minimizing damage to material assets from fire extinguishing agents.

Fire extinguishing systems can be water (which extinguishes fire with water), powder or aerosol.

From the point of view of damage to property from the fire extinguishing system itself, using a water system is not very attractive, because what is not damaged by fire will be spoiled by water. In this case, the water used to extinguish the fire gets not only into the place where there is a fire, but also into other rooms, for example, on the floor below.

Powder fire extinguishing modules - operating principle and trigger conditions

Another disadvantage of this system is that it cannot be used in cold rooms, i.e. in a country house, which is used only in the summer.

Powder extinguishing systems spray powder during a fire. They operate as follows: the sprayed powder on burning surfaces is fused into a single mass over the fire, thereby blocking its access to oxygen.

Aerosol fire extinguishing devices spray special substances that, when they enter a fire, turn into a mixture of particles (fine) and inert gases. These particles inhibit oxidation reactions and shield oxygen from fire, and inert gases reduce the amount of oxygen in the room.

The above devices, in addition to their characteristics, also have certain requirements regarding their installation, for example, it is worth considering the height of the modules, the need to connect to communications, etc.

d. Therefore, it is necessary to make a choice and install a fire extinguishing system only in consultation with a specialist.

Of course, an important factor when choosing a fire extinguishing system is cost.

However, this criterion must be followed in last resort. After all, cheap systems do their job quite well, just like expensive ones. But the problem may lie elsewhere - cheap systems often operate when there is no need for it, and the damage from their operation can be much greater than if a fire had actually occurred.

In addition, it is worth paying due attention to the type of start-up of the fire extinguishing system. Based on this feature, devices are divided into 2 groups – modular stand-alone and system.

Autonomous devices are triggered when the critical point is reached. temperature regime in room. They can be installed even in buildings where there is no power supply. The downside of these systems is that the modules react to fire one at a time.

The module located as close as possible to the fire site is activated first. Then, when the flame reaches another module, it also fires. Fire extinguishing system modules always fire simultaneously. They can be autonomous or dependent. Dependents are triggered by signals from several sensors.