Introduction

Orthoepy as a science
Development of Russian orthoepy
Variation of stress (accentological aspect)
Accentological options

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

The relevance of this topic lies in the development and formation modern trends Russian language and linguistics. Modern technologies allow us to study this topic using new approaches.

The historical development of orthoepy, as one of the areas of linguistics, allows us to look for an answer to long-existing expressions (their correctness and incorrectness of pronunciation).

The invasion of Rus' by enemies was the reason sudden changes in pronunciation and writing of words and phrases. Much during the historical period of development was erased by time and irrelevant; Russian reforms made it possible to more actualize the Russian language and unify its composition.

The modern Russian language, which has a long historical basis, should reflect both words from European languages and a historical basis.

The purpose of this work is to trace the development of orthoepy and accentology; and also determine what problems these disciplines study.

1. Orthoepy as a science

Each literary language exists in two forms - oral and written - and is characterized by the presence of mandatory norms - lexical, grammatical and stylistic. At the same time, the written form of the language is also subject to spelling and punctuation norms (i.e., spelling rules), and the oral form is subject to pronunciation, or orthoepic, norms.

The word orthoepia is of Greek origin: orthos - correct, epos - speech. It denotes both a set of pronunciation rules and the science that studies these rules. Orthoepy is the study of the norms of oral speech: the rules of pronunciation individual sounds and their combinations, about the patterns of stress placement.

Good literary pronunciation is one of the important indicators of the general cultural level modern man. “The correct pronunciation of a word is no less important than the correct spelling. It is known that incorrect pronunciation distracts the listener’s attention from the content of the statement, thereby complicating the exchange of information... The role of correct pronunciation has especially increased in our time, when oral public speech at meetings and conferences, on radio and television, has become a means of communication between thousands and millions of people.”

It is especially important to spread the correct Russian literary pronunciation, since the Russian language is not only the language of the Russian people, but also a means of interethnic communication of all peoples of Russia and one of international languages modernity.

This is facilitated by special reference and teaching aids, scientific and popular science publications, regular radio and television broadcasts. However, the central figure in the spread of spelling skills was and remains school teacher. Therefore, a student at a pedagogical university himself must master the norms of orthoepy, clearly imagine in which direction the language norm is developing in the field of stress and pronunciation, and be able to distinguish variants of the norm from non-normative, incorrect pronunciation.

2. Development of Russian orthoepy

Russian literary pronunciation developed gradually, mainly on the basis of Moscow pronunciation norms. In the XIV century. Moscow became the center of the Russian state, therefore the pronunciation and many other norms of the emerging Russian literary language were formed on the basis of the Moscow dialect. The Moscow orthoepic norm was finally formed by the end of the 19th century. This was the pronunciation of the native Moscow intelligentsia.

By the second half of the 19th century. Petersburg pronunciation also formed. If Moscow pronunciation was based on characteristic features living folk language and was supported by theatrical tradition (the greatest authority in the field of Moscow pronunciation was the Maly Theater), then St. Petersburg pronunciation was characterized by the preservation of writing features in oral speech, bookishness, and “literalism.” In addition, the St. Petersburg pronunciation was affected by some features of the Northern Great Russian dialects, including the so-called ekanye. Petersburg pronunciation was not recognized by the theater and did not become a literary norm, but some of its features subsequently had a noticeable impact on the development of Russian literary pronunciation.

Before the Great October Socialist Revolution, the influence on oral literary speech of the pronunciation skills of such large cultural centers like Kazan and Nizhny Novgorod. Therefore, there were pronunciation variations, local differences in pronunciation, which prevented the unification of spelling norms.

After October, a change in the social composition of the Russian intelligentsia caused a temporary weakening of the culture of oral literary speech. However, as the masses of speakers mastered the literary language, as their general culture increased, they gradually acquired the pronunciation norms of the literary language. Currently, orthoepic norms have become more uniform, more unified than in the pre-October era. The number of pronunciation variants has decreased. All kinds of pronunciation “idioms” have disappeared or are gradually disappearing, that is, special pronunciation of individual words or their forms that do not correspond to the general orthoepic norms of the language. The most significant differences between Moscow and St. Petersburg (Leningrad) pronunciation have been erased. This happened due to the loss of many specific features of pre-revolutionary Moscow pronunciation.

The result was a convergence of Moscow and Leningrad pronunciation. When people nowadays talk about the “Moscow norm,” they mean the old, pre-October Moscow pronunciation. It was preserved in Moscow in the speech of the older generation of Muscovites back in the 20s and 30s. XX century, but in the post-war period it underwent intensive processing. Now even Moscow theater actors and radio and television announcers are noticeably moving away from specifically Moscow norms.

Some minor differences in the pronunciation of Muscovites and Leningraders still remain, but they are not regular and do not determine the nature of the pronunciation as a whole: in Moscow hiccups are more pronounced, in Leningrad ekanye is sometimes still found, cf.: [р'ие]ка and [р 'e]ka, [p'i e]middle and [p'e]middle; in Moscow, assimilative softening of consonants is more often observed: [z"d"e]s, [s"n"a]t; stronger is the reduction of vowels of non-upper rise: [gъл ^ ва], [gorъt].

In the speech of the inhabitants of the Volga region and the North, a rounded pronunciation may still be preserved.

However, these deviations from literary norm are irregular and generally do not affect modern orthoepy.

Thus, the main pattern of development of pre-modern Russian orthoepy is the elimination local peculiarities pronunciation, establishment of uniform orthoepic standards for all speakers of the Russian literary language.

The unification of literary pronunciation occurs largely under the influence of writing: pronunciation in many cases becomes closer to writing. This is due to the strengthening public role writing under the conditions of universal literacy achieved in the Soviet Union. We learn many linguistic facts not from the oral speech of others, but from books and newspapers. The loss of specific features of the old Moscow pronunciation is primarily due to the influence of the graphic appearance of the word. This is the pronunciation of [l] after hissing (w) and [z] in the first pre-stressed syllable (heat, naughty, steps); the pronunciation of soft back-lingual ones before [i] in adjectives and verbs (quiet, flexible, strict; tap, scare away, wave) ; distinction in the pronunciation of the endings of the 3rd person of the plural of verbs of the 1st and 2nd conjugations (they will say, take out, lay, cackle, but hear, walk, praise, love); pronunciation of a solid long [zh:] in the roots of words ( reins, yeast, squeal); pronunciation of soft [s"] in the postfix -sya (-s) (decided, took, bathed).

3. Variation of holding

(accentological aspect)

The diversity and mobility of the Russian accent create significant difficulties in its assimilation. However, these features of Russian stress make it possible to distinguish between words that coincide in spelling. different words(homographs): sharpness (blades) and sharpness (witty expression), ear (endearing word for ear) and ear (hole), satin (geographical) and satin (silk fabric), sharply (sharpen) and sharply (witty), naked (cut) and bald (hold swords bald), wrinkle (forehead) and wrinkle (about clothes): the dress wrinkles in the “shoulders; chaos (in mythology) and chaos (disorder), pickaxe (Protestant church) and pickaxe (tool); fells (a lumberjack fells a pine tree) and knocks down (people are pouring down the street, smoke and snow are pouring out); flour (suffering) and flour (grains ground into powder); cowardly (afraid) and cowardly (runs, jogs), immersed (on the platform ) and immersed (in water), etc.

Using the place of stress, grammatical forms of words that coincide in spelling (homoforms) are also distinguished: blood test (R. p.) - in the blood (P. p.); will not shake hands (R. p.) - clean hands (I. p. plural); trim (perfective form) - trim ( imperfect species); load (indicative mood) - load ( imperative mood); coat is small (short form of adjective) - slept little (adverb); around (TV. p. of the noun circle) - around (adverb or preposition) - silently (adverb) - silently (gerund); stand freely (adverb, circumstance) - he was free to leave (category of state, predicate); it’s tricky to say (adverb, circumstance) - it’s tricky to figure it out (category of state, part of the predicate to figure it out).

Being an important distinctive means, Russian variegated and mobile stress eliminates the monotony of speech and promotes its rhythmic organization. In particular, thanks to the different places of stress, Russian poetic speech is distinguished by its exceptional richness of rhythms and the variety of musical construction of verse.

4. Accentological options

Accentological variations within the literary norm are an inevitable consequence of the evolution of language. As a rule, they do not differ in either semantic or grammatical meanings. For example: thinking - thinking, barge - barge, born - born, flooded - flooded, true - true, to the hut - to the hut, to the bridge - to the bridge, etc. Such equivalent (in meaning, but not use) accentological doublets in the modern Russian language there are a lot - more than 5,000 commonly used words." The variability of stress ensures a less abrupt and painful transition from the old literary norm to the new. For example, the stress cemetery was generally accepted in the literary language of the 19th century, new option the cemetery began to gradually come into use in late XIX V. Old version and is still used in poetry today. In the XVIII - XIX centuries. the norm was the emphasis turner. Oscillations (turner and turner) began at the end of the 19th century. and continued until the 30s. XX century Now everyone says turner, but you can still meet cooper and cooper.

The reasons for the change in stress are various. Sometimes dialect stress competes with the literary one (cf. lit. keta and Far Eastern keta). The stress in some little-known, exotic words fluctuates (pima - pima, unty - unty).

Stress variations are common in many borrowed words, which is due to the influence of different source languages, and in some cases, intermediary languages. So, in the 30s. The variants revolver and revolver (later - only revolver) were normative, since this word was traced back to different source languages - French and English. Borrowed in the 18th century. from German language the word alcohol was pronounced alcohol, but subsequently under the influence French alcohol began to be pronounced. Influenced Polish language, who was an intermediary in borrowing, the emphasis in the words document, department, heretic, climate fluctuated (now only document, heretic, climate).

Some accentological variants originate or persist in a professional environment: agony (among doctors), atom, atomic (among physicists), spark (among drivers), complex numbers(for mathematicians), report (for sailors), landing gear (for pilots), mania (for doctors). In the speech of miners, the obsolete "in modern literary language" accent "prey", in the speech of sailors - compass, has been preserved. Many outdated accents are preserved in poetry. From professional speech, the stresses wind, text, cutter, boy have come into the literary language. Now in the speech of teachers, the stress has become widespread teenage, although it is not recognized by spelling dictionaries.

At the same time, church pronunciation (price, endures, protects), seminarian (teacher, library, plural, catastrophe), class variants (noble principle or principle and heterogeneous, including seminarian, principle or principle) have long been forgotten.

The accentological features of borrowed words are often ignored if the borrowing is carried out using an intermediary language. So, through Latin in the 16th-18th centuries. such dissimilar names as England, France, Nor-ge were borrowed, which in Russian received the same type of structural and accentological design: England, France, Norway. In the XVIII-XIX centuries. through the French language, many words were borrowed from various Western European languages, which in Russian received an emphasis on the last syllable, characteristic of the French language, including the English Liverpool, Milton; Hamlet, Shakespeare, Newton, etc.

Words borrowed through the Turkic medium usually have stress on the last syllable, even if this stress does not correspond to the original one: Mohammed, Ahmet (cf. Arabic Ahmad, Muhammad).

For the Russian language, the stress on the last two syllables is most typical, therefore, most often the stress of the source language remains unchanged in words of French, Polish and Turkic languages. Words borrowed from Germanic, Baltic and Finno-Ugric languages, in which the stress on the first syllable predominates, are perceived as borrowed longer, and in the process of mastering the Russian language they often experience fluctuations in stress. In some borrowed words, fluctuations in stress last for centuries, as they are supported by dictionary tradition and poetic speech.

In the 20th century the number of fluctuations in stress in borrowed words compared to the 19th century. decreased, which indicates their mastery of the Russian language.

Currently, new fluctuations arise in previously borrowed words, caused by the desire to bring the stress of a foreign word closer to the stress in the source language (cf.: Hamlet -> - Hamlet, Los Angeles - Los Angeles, Peru-Peru, Newton-Newton, Bacon-Bacon, etc.).

“Newly borrowed words, as a rule, follow the stress of the source language, because in most cases the time for vibrations to arise in them has not yet come. This must be preceded by a certain period, during which the words must “take root” in the language, become known to the majority of native speakers and “find” an analogue among the words included in the vocabulary system.”

The influence of territorial and social dialects, interlingual contacts, etc. are extra-linguistic factors of change and fluctuation in stress. However, more important are the reasons of an intralingual nature: the influence of analogy, the tendency towards dissimilarity of grammatical forms and an increase in the distinctive role of word stress.

Under the influence of analogy, stress in short forms is aligned passive participles: feminine forms are increasingly pronounced with an emphasis on the stem, like all other forms, and not on the ending, as they were pronounced before: sold, taken, inclined (instead of the only previously acceptable sold, taken, inclined).

The emphasis in derived stems is increasingly moving away from the emphasis in producing ones: whirlwind - whirlwind (in dictionaries it is also indicated to whirlwind), luxury - luxurious, tiger - tiger, brake - brake (old accents luxurious, tiger, brake), think - thinker, rid - deliverer, console - comforter (in the 18th - early 19th centuries: thinker, deliverer, comforter). The emphasis has been shifted to the suffix -enie in the words calculation, straightening, appointment, melting (in 18th century dictionaries: calculation, straightening, purpose, melting). The original emphasis of the words intention, provision, concentration is retained, although violations of the literary norm are common: provision, concentration, intention. The emphasis in the words thinking, discovery, vulgarization, simplification fluctuates within the literary norm ( linguistic term) and simplification.

A very important pattern of stress changes has been established: Russian stress in polysyllabic words gravitates towards the center of the word, and the most common words do not have more than three unstressed syllables in a row.

Outdated accentological options are fixed in stable phrases, in phraseological units: run your hand over your forehead (either on the forehead or on the forehead), hang it on the wall (climb the wall), the lip is not a fool (but the lower lip), the onset of morning (from morning to morning), twelve languages (twelve languages), about versts (two versts), worried about the destinies of his sons (what destinies!), cooks porridge (the head is boiling), to the horses (command: on the horses!), bought a goose (as if from a goose water), did not know the need (no need).

At the same time, securing accentological options for different meanings polysemous words often turn out to be unstable. Increasingly, the distinction between options such as rolling a barrel and rolling on a bicycle, knocking down and snowing, breaking through the door and striking the hour, etc. is being lost, and the more productive option (rolling, knocking, punching) is expanding the scope of use.

Conclusion

The concept of orthoepy and accentology in the modern Russian language has begun to worry literary scholars and linguists.

The correctness and incorrectness of the pronunciation of certain words can be characterized by knowing the history of the Russian language, the system of influence of other linguistic schemes on the Russian language.

Accentological aspects of the development and formation of the Russian language allow us to study the dialectical side of word forms.

Usage modern techniques Linguistics allows you to form modern knowledge about the development of the Russian language. Scientific manuals devoted to this topic allow us to explore this topic in a modern context.

The historiography of the Russian language traces the centuries-old history of the formation of the Russian language, pronunciations and spellings of the symbol-sound scheme. The role of historical periods characterizing the modifications of the Russian language is traced.

The Mongol-Tatar invasions, Swedish influence, as well as the type of settlement, local dialects and colloquial forms played a huge role in the development and formation of orthoepy.

List of used literature

Avanesov R.I. Russian literary pronunciation. - 5th ed. - M-, 1972.
Bulakhovsky L. A. Russian literary language of the first half of the 19th century century - M., 1994.
Gorbachevich K. S. Norms of the modern Russian literary language. - M., 1998.
Kolesov V.V. Development of word stress in modern Russian pronunciation.— In the book: Development of the Russian language after the Great October Socialist Revolution. L., 1997.
Obnorsky S.P. Selected works on the Russian language. - M., 1990
Panov M.V. On pronunciation styles.— In the collection: Development of the modern Russian language. M., 1993.
Panov M.V. Modern Russian language: Phonetics. - M., 1999.
Development of phonetics of the modern Russian language. - M., 2001.
Russian literary pronunciation and stress: Dictionary-reference book. /Ed. R. I. Avanesova and S. I. Ozhegova. - M., 1990.
Dictionary of accents for radio and television workers. / Comp. F.L Ageenko and M.V. Zarva; edited by D. E. Rosenthal. - 4th ed. - M, 2001.
Superanskaya A.V. Stress in borrowed words in modern Russian language.—M., 1968.
Superanskaya A.V. Emphasis in proper names in modern Russian. - M., 1966.
Tekuchee A.V. Teaching the Russian language in dialect conditions.—M., 1994.
Ushakov D.N. Moscow pronunciation.—Russian. speech, 1968, No. 2.
Shcherba L.V. On the norms of exemplary Russian pronunciation.— In the book: Selected works on the Russian language. M., 1997.

The term “orthoepy” (from the ancient Greek ὀρθός “correct” and ἔπος “speech”) is used in relation to to the norms of pronunciation of sounds and significant units of language, correct placement of stress and intonation.

Relatively speaking, orthoepy dictates to us which syllable in a particular word should be emphasized, and explains why.

The concept of orthoepy as a branch of linguistics

Linguistics interprets the term “spelling” in two meanings:

a set of pronunciation norms of a literary language, pronunciation features - sound design of lexical units (words);
the name of a science, a branch of phonetics that studies pronunciation norms, their variation, and develops pronunciation recommendations (otherwise - orthoepic rules).

In modern linguistics, there are two approaches to understanding orthoepic norms: in the first case, the term is interpreted more broadly - in addition to pronunciation rules, stress placement is normalized; in a narrower sense, these norms are excluded from the scope of the study of orthoepic.

Orthoepic norms serve only the literary language, they are necessary for people to communicate and facilitate speech understanding. Norms and rules are determined by phonetic laws existing in a particular language.

IN different languages they are theirs. Thus, in many European languages, the sound [l,] is always pronounced softly, while in Russian there are two pronunciation options - [l] and [l,].

Pronunciation standards

It is orthoepy dictates the need for pronunciation:

[a] instead of [o] in an unstressed position: not v[o]da, but v[a]da, not t[o]t, but t[a]t;
[i] instead of [a], [o], [e] in syllables that are not stressed: h[a]s - h[i]sy, v[yo]dra - v[i]dro;
a dull sound instead of a soft one at the end of a word (deafening): zu[b]y – zu[p], droz[d]y-droz[t], para[d]ny – para[t];
a dull sound instead of a voiced sound before a dull consonant sound: ru[b]it - ru[p]ka, lo[d]ochka - lo[t]ka, [in] the lake - [f] park;
voiced - instead of deaf before voiced (assimilation): ko[s]it - goat, molo[t]it - molo[d]ba, etc.

If language system allows several pronunciation possibilities, orthoepy dictates the choice of option. Often this need arises when words of foreign origin enter the language. For example, in most foreign languages the consonant before the sound [e] is not softened. When a word enters the Russian language, some words require a firm pronunciation, while others, on the contrary, require a soft pronunciation.

Examples:

firm pronunciation: t[e]mp, ac[e]nt, amber[e] and others;
soft: mu[e]y, d[e]claration, d[e]kan, etc.

The rule says:

the hard consonant sound is preserved in foreign surnames (Volt[e]r, Schop[e]ngauer);
in bookish and little-used words, as well as those that have recently entered the language, a hard consonant is retained (r[e]iting, d[e]-jure, d[e]-facto), although as the word is actively consolidated in the language, it is possible to replace the hard pronunciation to soft (as, for example, now this happens with the words r[e]iting, d[e]odorant, where double pronunciation is possible).

Pronunciation may vary and on the type of consonant that comes before the vowel. IN Lately in words of foreign origin, there is a tendency to soften the consonant sound in the combination “de” (as we write, so we pronounce: d[e]claration, d[e]decree, d[e]monstration, etc.). Similar processes are observed in the combinations “not”, “re” (chin[e]l, aquar[e]l).

Thanks to the presence of orthoepic norms, it is necessary to say bulo[sh]aya, egg[sh]itsa, horse[sh]o, etc.

Stress norms

Orthoepy also normalizes stress and establishes accent norms. Many people know from the school Russian language course that you need to say ringing, not ringing, alphabet, not alphabet, but complex cases are also possible.

Many languages have a fixed accent. Russian language is considered difficult to learn also because the emphasis in it is:

free - it does not have a specific position, the stress can fall on any syllable;
movable - even when a word changes, the emphasis can move, not to mention related words.

Stress is often the only sign of the grammatical form of a word (ruki - ruki), helps to distinguish the semantics of words (atlas - atlas).

Literary and non-literary spelling norms

The basis of literary pronunciation is the Moscow dialect. Other regions have their own characteristics:

“akanye” and “yakanye” - for the southern ones;
“Okanye” – for the northern ones;
characteristic pronunciation of the sound [g] – [g].

A person who consciously strives for literary pronunciation tries to get rid of them, but in the dialect system they can be considered the norm.

With the development of the literary language Pronunciation standards may change however, a person can be considered literate only when he adheres to the traditional norm.

In linguistics there are such concepts as literary and spoken languages. The language in which intelligent people communicate with each other and write high level education is called literary. Works of fiction, articles in newspapers and magazines, and TV and radio presenters broadcast on it. The basis of the language is orthoepy and its norms. After all, orthoepy is translated from Greek as “correct (orthos) speech (epos).” Understanding the Basics oratory is also impossible without knowledge of literary norms.

What is orthoepia?

Unfortunately, today most people do not have the concept of orthoepy. Many are accustomed to speaking in the dialect that is common in the region of their residence, distorting words, placing emphasis in the wrong place. From a conversation, you can easily determine a person’s position in society. Anyone who is familiar with what orthoepy studies will never pronounce [document], instead of the correct [document]. is the first goal for someone who wants to become a respected business person.

Goals and objectives of orthoepy

The subject and tasks of orthoepy are impeccable pronunciation of sounds and learning how to correctly place stress. There are many cases where vowels and consonants in colloquial speech change from voiceless to voiced, and vice versa. For example, they pronounce mu[e]y, but they should say mu[e]y, or computer with a soft [t] instead of a hard one.

There are many cases of incorrect accent placement. All this distorts speech and makes it sound ugly.

This is most typical for people of the older generation, which grew up and was brought up in a period when intelligent, educated people were rejected by society, and a slightly distorted spoken language was in fashion.

The rules for pronunciation of orthoepy are designed to correct the situation and help all modern people (and not just writers and teachers) to speak beautiful language. And avoid mistakes in pronunciation. The main task of this science is to teach each person not only to pronounce sounds, but also to correctly place emphasis on adjectives, verbs and other parts of speech.

IN modern world When there is fierce competition in the labor market, literate people with impeccable speaking skills are most in demand. Only a person who correctly emphasizes words and pronounces sounds clearly can become a successful businessman, politician, or make a career in any other field. Therefore, orthoepy, as a branch of linguistics, is becoming increasingly important today.

Rules and regulations of orthoepy

Errors in pronunciation are especially noticeable in the speeches of prominent political figures and some other celebrities, when they, knowingly or unknowingly, pronounce words with the wrong accent. But mistakes can be easily avoided if, before a speech, you look into the rules of spelling of the Russian language or a regular spelling dictionary.

The versatility of the Russian language allows us to establish orthoepic norms that allow various options pronunciation of consonant sounds before the letter [e]. But at the same time, one of the options is considered preferable, and the other is marked in the dictionaries as acceptable.

The basic rules of spelling and spelling norms of the Russian language are developed by philologists, and before approving a particular pronunciation option, they carefully study its prevalence, connection with cultural heritage past generations and compliance with the laws of linguistics.

Orthoepy. Pronunciation styles

1. Literary style. It is spoken by ordinary educated people who are familiar with the rules of pronunciation.

2. Style book, which is characterized by clear pronunciation of phrases and sounds. Recently it has been used only for speeches in scientific circles.

3. Colloquial. This pronunciation is typical for most people in ordinary informal settings.

Pronunciation standards are divided into several sections. This is done to make it easier to master the literary language.

Orthoepy sections:

pronunciation of vowel sounds;
pronunciation of consonants;
pronunciation of specific grammatical word forms;
pronunciation of borrowed words.

Phonetics and orthoepy

The vocabulary of the Russian language contains a huge amount of information about stress in words and their pronunciation. Therefore, without special knowledge it is difficult to understand all phonetic patterns.

Pronunciation standards depend on the phonetic laws in force in the Russian language. Phonetics and orthoepy are closely related.

They study the sound of speech. What distinguishes them is that phonetics can allow for several variants of pronunciation of sounds, and the orthoepy of the Russian language determines correct option their pronunciation according to the norms.

Orthoepy. Examples

1. According to phonetic laws in borrowed words, the consonant sound before the letter [e] can be pronounced both softly and firmly. Orthoepic norms establish in which specific words a hard consonant sound should be used during pronunciation, and in which - a soft one. For example, in the words [tempo] or [decade], a hard [t] must be pronounced - t[e]mp, d[e]kada. And in the words [museum], [temperament], [declaration] the consonant sound before e is soft (mus[e]y, t[e]temperament, d[e]declaration).

2. According to the laws of phonetics, the combination [chn] in individual words can be pronounced as written, or can be replaced with the combination [shn] (kone[chn]o, kone[shn]o). And the norms of orthoepy require that they pronounce - [of course].

3. Orthoepy norms require pronouncing [ringing], not [ringing], [kitchen], not [kitchen], [alphabet], and not [alphabet].

Correct, literary pronunciation, knowledge of the norms and rules of orthoepy are an indicator of a person’s cultural level. Knowing the norms of orthoepy and regular practice will help you both in your personal life and at work.

Orthoepic norms of the Russian language- this is a whole set of rules that regulate pronunciation. It is thanks to orthoepic norms that a language acquires beauty, sonority and melody. Orthoepy (Greek orthos - correct, epos - speech) is not only a section of language that regulates and classifies everything spelling standards, these are also the very norms of the language that have developed over many centuries.

The Russian language that we first heard in childhood became so relatively recently, since modern language norms formed by the middle of the 17th century, and they were based on the norms of the Moscow urban spoken language. Since that time, despite the constant development of the Russian language, orthoepic norms have undergone relatively minor changes.

Orthoepy is a section that is required to study, as to know spelling standards is needed not only by future poets and writers - it is necessary in Everyday life. Man admitting spelling errors, can cause misunderstanding of others, or, worse, indignation and irritation. On the other hand, correct pronunciation indicates the level of education of the speaker. So, let's look at the basic rules of ideal literary pronunciation.

Pronunciation of vowel sounds.

Only those vowels that are located are pronounced clearly and distinctly in the Russian language. under stress. The pronunciation of other sounds in a word is regulated law of reduction (lat.reduce - to reduce). This law explains the less clear and precise pronunciation of unstressed vowels in a word. Let us consider the manifestation of the law of reduction.

Sounds [O] And [A] pronounced like [A] in case they are at the beginning of the word, but in an unstressed position: d[a]horns, [a]laziness, [a]gon. In other cases, when the letter "O" is in an unstressed position and follows a hard consonant, it is read as a short, unclear reduced sound, something between [s] And [A](depending on position): head, side, side, fiber. It's the sound [ъ] in transcription this reduced sound is conventionally designated. If there is a soft consonant at the beginning of a word , then the letters following it "A" , "e" and "i" reads like something between [e] And [And](the lips stretch as if to pronounce [And], but pronounced [e]): p[i e ]ro - feather, s[i e ]ro - grey, [i e ]zyk - tongue.

After a solid consonant, preposition, or in a continuous phrase, the letter "And" pronounced with a sound [s]: laughter[s]tears - laughter and tears, pedagogical institute - pedagogical institute, to [s]van - to Ivan. In the case of the phrase “laughter and tears” "And" can also be pronounced like [And], if the phrase is not pronounced together, but an intonation pause is made at the place of the conjunction.

Orthoepic norms for the pronunciation of consonants.

When pronouncing consonants, other laws apply as orthoepic norms: likening And stun. So, if a voiced consonant is at the end of a word or before a voiceless one , then he is stunned: friend[k] - friend, hand[f] - sleeve, smo[x] - smog. As you can already understand, as a result of stunning [G] pronounced like [To], [b] How [P], [V] How [f], [h] How [With]. In combinations “gk” and “gch” [g] is read as [X]: le[hk]o, le[hh]e. If the situation is radically opposite, that is, there is a voiceless consonant in front of a voiced consonant, then it, on the contrary, becomes similar to the corresponding voiced vowel: about[z"]ba, [give.

Separately, it is necessary to say about the combination "chn". This combination in Old Moscow pronunciation always sounded like [shn]. Today, in most cases it is pronounced the same as [chn], but there are a few exceptions:

In female patronymics: Lukini[sh]a, Kuzmini[sh]a.
In single words: starling[shn]ik, sku[shn]o, eggs[shn]itsa and etc.

Consonant pronunciation [h] in the words “what” and “something” is usually considered a sign of some dialect, because normally "h" is stunned and replaced by [w]. Also changing "G" on [V] in the words “whom”, “what”, “some”, etc. To the sound [ cc] the ending of the verbs “-tsya” and “-tsya” changes: dare[ts]a, return[tss]a.

Words of foreign origin.

Orthoepic norms of literary language if the word is of foreign origin, for the most part they remain the same as in the case of native Russian words. But there are still some features of the pronunciation of borrowed words:

No sound reduction [O]: model, [o]asis.
Despite the softening of most consonants before "e", in some words the softening does not occur: ant[e]nna, genetic[e]tika.
In some words of foreign origin, both options are allowed - both softening the consonant and no softening: therapist, terror, claim, etc..

Accent in Russian is not static and can change due to changes in the form of the word, case and much more. In order to find out the correct pronunciation of a particular word, as well as find out which syllable will be correctly emphasized, you can look at Russian spelling dictionary. Such dictionaries can become real helpers for those who want to learn to speak correctly and beautifully.

You can learn about what orthoepy is from dictionaries and reference books of the literary language. All languages of the world have certain lexical norms, which are examples of the correct use of words.

The science of spelling

Orthoepy studies the laws and rules of pronunciation of words. It is very similar to spelling, which deals with the laws of the correct spelling of words. The term "orthoepy" includes two greek words: orthos - “true”, “right”, “straight” (direction) and epos - “speech”, “conversation”. Therefore, to the question of what orthoepy is, one can give an answer directly translated from Greek language: correct pronunciation.

Orthoepy rules

Various deviations from the norms of use and pronunciation interfere with communication, distract the listener from the meaning of the spoken speech and significantly complicate the assimilation of the spoken text. Following the rules of pronunciation of words is just as important as adhering to the rules of spelling. Orthoepy will tell you the correct pronunciation of a particular lexical unit. The rules of this science make it possible to determine how to pronounce a particular word and the scope of its lexical application. After all, in a world where oral speech is a means of wide communication, it must be impeccable, from the point of view of the rules of spelling.

History of Russian orthoepy

Russian orthoepy took shape already in the mid-17th century. Then the rules for pronunciation of certain words were approved, and standards for constructing phrases and sentences were laid down. Moscow became the center of the new literary language. Based on North Russian dialects and southern dialects, Moscow pronunciation was formed, which was taken as the basis of the lexical norm. The science of how to correctly pronounce this or that word came from Moscow to the remote hinterlands of Russia.

At the beginning of the 18th century, the new capital of Russia, the city of St. Petersburg, became the center of the political and cultural life of the country. Gradually, pronunciation norms changed, and clear, letter-by-letter pronunciation of words became the rule among the intelligentsia. But among the general population, Moscow pronunciation continued to be considered the norm.

Orthoepy studies such norms of pronunciation of the Russian language as stress, norms of pronunciation of individual sounds and combinations, melody and intonation of spoken language.

Accent

What orthoepy is can be discussed using the rules for placing stress in Russian words. The question is not as simple as it might seem. In French speech, in the vast majority of cases, the stress is placed on the last syllable. In Russian, the stress is movable, it can fall on an arbitrary syllable, and change its location depending on the gender and case of a given word. For example, city, but cities, train, but trains, will accept, but accepted.

Sometimes incorrect pronunciation is so ingrained in spoken language that it takes a lot of effort to eradicate the error. For example, everywhere we hear calls instead of calls, contract, instead of the correct contract. The orthoepy of the word insists on: catalog, necrology, quarter instead of the established incorrect versions of these words.

Sometimes surprise helps correct stress. For example, in the mid-50s of the 20th century, the use of the word “youth” instead of the correct “youth” was widespread. The widely popular song “Anthem of Democratic Youth” helped correct the mistake. The song was created by composer Novikov based on poems by the poet Oshanin. The chorus of the anthem contained the words: “Young people sing this song.” The widespread “youth” did not fit into the rhythm or text of this musical work, so the incorrect pronunciation of the popular word was replaced by the correct one.

Transcription

The spoken word can be written down using transcription. This is the name given to recording the audible words and sounds of a language. In transcription, along with ordinary letters, special letters are also used, for example, the letter [æ] denotes an open stressed vowel, something between “a” and “e”. This sound is not used in Russian speech, but is often found when studying languages of the Germanic branch.

Nowadays, special dictionaries will help you put the correct stress in a word.

Pronunciation of individual sounds

You can explain what orthoepy is using the example of the pronunciation of vowels in words of the Russian language. For example, the norm in the Russian language is reduction - weakening of the articulation of vowels in some words. For example, in the word “box” only the third sound “o” is clearly heard, and the first one is pronounced muffled. The result is a sound that resembles both [o] and [a] at the same time.

If an unstressed [o] is at the beginning of a word, it is always pronounced as [a]. For example, in the words “fire”, “window”, “glasses”, [a] is clearly pronounced in the first case. The stressed [o] does not change its meaning: the words “cloud”, “island”, “very” are pronounced with an expressed [o] at the beginning.

The sound of some consonants

The existing rules of orthoepy say that voiced consonants at the end of spoken words sound like their paired voiceless ones. For example, the word “oak” is pronounced [dup], “eye” - [voice], “tooth” - [zup], and so on.

The consonant phrases “zzh” and “zhzh” are pronounced as a double soft [zhzh], for example, we write I’m coming, we pronounce [priezhzhyayu], rattling - [rattling] and so on.

The exact pronunciation of a particular word can be found in special spelling dictionaries.

For example, Avanesov presented quite a serious work on orthoepy. The deeply researched publications by linguists Reznichenko, Abramov and others are interesting. Spelling dictionaries can be easily found on the Internet or in special departments of libraries.