Controversy over the history of the invasion Tatar-Mongol and the consequences of their invasion, the so-called yoke, do not disappear, probably will never disappear. Under the influence of numerous critics, including Gumilyov’s supporters, new, interesting facts began to be woven into the traditional version of Russian history Mongol yoke that I would like to develop. As we all remember from our school history course, the prevailing point of view is still the following:
In the first half of the 13th century, Russia was invaded by the Tatars, who came to Europe from Central Asia, in particular China and Central Asia, which they had already conquered by this time. The dates are precisely known to our Russian historians: 1223 - Battle of Kalka, 1237 - fall of Ryazan, 1238 - defeat of the united forces of the Russian princes on the banks of the City River, 1240 - fall of Kyiv. Tatar-Mongol troops destroyed individual squads of the princes of Kievan Rus and subjected it to a monstrous defeat. The military power of the Tatars was so irresistible that their dominance continued for two and a half centuries - until the “Standing on the Ugra” in 1480, when the consequences of the yoke were eventually completely eliminated, the end came.
For 250 years, that’s how many years, Russia paid tribute to the Horde in money and blood. In 1380, Rus' for the first time since the invasion of Batu Khan gathered forces and gave battle to the Tatar Horde on the Kulikovo field, in which Dmitry Donskoy defeated the temnik Mamai, but from this defeat all the Tatar-Mongols did not happen at all, this was, so to speak, a won battle in lost war. Although even the traditional version of Russian history says that there were practically no Tatar-Mongols in Mamai’s army, only local nomads from the Don and Genoese mercenaries. By the way, the participation of the Genoese suggests the participation of the Vatican in this issue. Today, new data, as it were, has begun to be added to the known version of Russian history, but intended to add credibility and reliability to the already existing version. In particular, there are extensive discussions about the number of nomadic Tatars - Mongols, the specifics of their martial art and weapons.
Let's evaluate the versions that exist today:
I suggest starting with a very interesting fact. Such a nationality as Mongol-Tatars does not exist, and did not exist at all. Mongols And Tatar The only thing they have in common is that they roamed the Central Asian steppe, which, as we know, is large enough to accommodate any nomadic people, and at the same time give them the opportunity not to intersect on the same territory at all.
The Mongol tribes lived at the southern tip of the Asian steppe and often raided China and its provinces, as the history of China often confirms to us. While other nomadic Turkic tribes, called from time immemorial in Rus' Bulgars (Volga Bulgaria), settled in the lower reaches of the Volga River. In those days in Europe they were called Tatars, or TatAriev(the strongest of the nomadic tribes, unbending and invincible). And the Tatars, the closest neighbors of the Mongols, lived in the northeastern part of modern Mongolia, mainly in the area of Lake Buir Nor and up to the borders of China. There were 70 thousand families, making up 6 tribes: Tutukulyut Tatars, Alchi Tatars, Chagan Tatars, Queen Tatars, Terat Tatars, Barkuy Tatars. The second parts of the names are apparently the self-names of these tribes. There is not a single word among them that sounds close to the Turkic language - they are more consonant with Mongolian names.
Two related peoples - the Tatars and the Mongols - waged a war of mutual destruction for a long time with varying success, until Genghis Khan did not seize power throughout Mongolia. The fate of the Tatars was sealed. Since the Tatars were the killers of Genghis Khan’s father, destroyed many tribes and clans close to him, and constantly supported the tribes opposing him, “then Genghis Khan (Tei-mu-Chin) ordered the general massacre of the Tatars and not leave even one alive until the limit determined by law (Yasak); so that women and small children should also be killed, and the wombs of pregnant women should be cut open in order to completely destroy them. …”.
That is why such a nationality could not threaten the freedom of Rus'. Moreover, many historians and cartographers of that time, especially Eastern European ones, “sinned” to call all indestructible (from the point of view of Europeans) and invincible peoples TatAriev or simply in Latin TatArie.
This can be easily seen from ancient maps, for example, Map of Russia 1594 in the Atlas of Gerhard Mercator, or Maps of Russia and TarTaria Ortelius.
One of the fundamental axioms of Russian historiography is the assertion that for almost 250 years, the so-called “Mongol-Tatar yoke” existed on the lands inhabited by the ancestors of the modern East Slavic peoples - Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians. Allegedly, in the 30s - 40s of the 13th century, the ancient Russian principalities were subjected to a Mongol-Tatar invasion under the leadership of the legendary Batu Khan.
The fact is that there are numerous historical facts, contradicting the historical version of the “Mongol-Tatar yoke”.
First of all, even the canonical version does not directly confirm the fact of the conquest of the northeastern ancient Russian principalities by the Mongol-Tatar invaders - supposedly these principalities became vassals of the Golden Horde (a state formation that occupied a large territory in the southeast of Eastern Europe and Western Siberia, founded by the Mongol prince Batu). They say that the army of Khan Batu made several bloody predatory raids on these very northeastern ancient Russian principalities, as a result of which our distant ancestors decided to go “under the arm” of Batu and his Golden Horde.
However, historical information is known that the personal guard of Khan Batu consisted exclusively of Russian soldiers. A very strange circumstance for the lackey vassals of the great Mongol conquerors, especially for the newly conquered people.
There is indirect evidence of the existence of Batu’s letter to the legendary Russian prince Alexander Nevsky, in which the all-powerful khan of the Golden Horde asks the Russian prince to take in his son and make him a real warrior and commander.
Some sources also claim that Tatar mothers in the Golden Horde frightened their naughty children with the name of Alexander Nevsky.
As a result of all these inconsistencies, the author of these lines in his book “2013. Memories of the Future” (“Olma-Press”) puts forward a completely different version of the events of the first half and mid-13th century on the territory of the European part of the future Russian Empire.
According to this version, when the Mongols, at the head of nomadic tribes (later called Tatars), reached the northeastern ancient Russian principalities, they actually entered into quite bloody military clashes with them. But Khan Batu did not achieve a crushing victory; most likely, the matter ended in a kind of “battle draw.” And then Batu proposed an equal military alliance to the Russian princes. Otherwise, it is difficult to explain why his guard consisted of Russian knights, and why Tatar mothers frightened their children with the name of Alexander Nevsky.
All these horror stories about the “Tatar-Mongol yoke” were composed much later, when the Moscow kings had to create myths about their exclusivity and superiority over the conquered peoples (the same Tatars, for example).
Even in the modern school curriculum, this historical moment is briefly described as follows: “At the beginning of the 13th century, Genghis Khan gathered a large army of nomadic peoples, and, subordinating them to strict discipline, decided to conquer the whole world. Having defeated China, he sent his army to Rus'. In the winter of 1237, the army of “Mongol-Tatars” invaded the territory of Rus', and subsequently defeating the Russian army on the Kalka River, went further, through Poland and the Czech Republic. As a result, having reached the shores of the Adriatic Sea, the army suddenly stops and, without completing its task, turns back. From this period the so-called “ Mongol-Tatar yoke"over Russia.
But wait, they were going to conquer the whole world... so why didn't they go further? Historians answered that they were afraid of an attack from behind, defeated and plundered, but still strong Rus'. But this is just funny. Will the plundered state run to defend other people's cities and villages? Rather, they will rebuild their borders and wait for the return of the enemy troops in order to fight back fully armed.
But the weirdness doesn't end there. For some unimaginable reason, during the reign of the House of Romanov, dozens of chronicles describing the events of the “time of the Horde” disappear. For example, “The Tale of the Destruction of the Russian Land,” historians believe that this is a document from which everything that would indicate the Ige was carefully removed. They left only fragments telling about some kind of “trouble” that befell Rus'. But there is not a word about the “invasion of the Mongols.”
There are many more strange things. In the story “about the evil Tatars” the khan from Golden Horde orders the execution of a Russian Christian prince... for refusing to worship the “pagan god of the Slavs!” And some chronicles contain amazing phrases, for example: “ Well, with God! - said the khan and, crossing himself, galloped towards the enemy.
So, what really happened?
At that time, the “new faith” was already flourishing in Europe, namely Faith in Christ. Catholicism was widespread everywhere, and governed everything, from the way of life and the system, to the state system and legislation. At that time, crusades against infidels were still relevant, but along with military methods, “tactical tricks” were often used, akin to bribing authorities and inducing them to their faith. And after receiving power through the purchased person, the conversion of all his “subordinates” to the faith. It was precisely such a secret crusade that was carried out against Rus' at that time. Through bribery and other promises, church ministers were able to seize power over Kiev and nearby regions. Just relatively recently, by the standards of history, the baptism of Rus' took place, but history is silent about the civil war that arose on this basis immediately after the forced baptism. And the ancient Slavic chronicle describes this moment as follows:
« And the Vorogs came from overseas, and they brought faith in alien gods. With fire and sword they began to implant in us an alien faith, shower the Russian princes with gold and silver, bribe their will, and lead them astray from the true path. They promised them an idle life, full of wealth and happiness, and remission of any sins for their dashing deeds.
And then Ros broke up into different states. The Russian clans retreated north to the great Asgard, and named their empire after the names of their patron gods, Tarkh Dazhdbog the Great and Tara, his Sister the Light-Wise. (They called her the Great TarTaria). Leaving the foreigners with the princes purchased in the Principality of Kiev and its environs. Volga Bulgaria also did not bow to its enemies, and did not accept their alien faith as its own.
But the Principality of Kiev did not live in peace with TarTaria. They began to conquer the Russian lands with fire and sword and impose their alien faith. And then the military army rose up for a fierce battle. In order to preserve their faith and reclaim their lands. Both old and young then joined the Ratniki in order to restore order to the Russian Lands.”
And so began the war, in which the Russian army, the lands Great Aria (motherArias) defeated the enemy and drove him out of the original Slavic lands. It drove away the alien army, with their fierce faith, from its stately lands.
By the way, the word Horde translated by initial letters ancient Slavic alphabet, means Order. That is Golden Horde, this is not a separate state, this is a system. "Political" system of the Golden Order. Under which Princes reigned locally, planted with the approval of the Commander-in-Chief of the Defense Army, or in one word they called him HAN(our defender).
This means that there was not more than two hundred years of oppression, but there was a time of peace and prosperity Great Aria or TarTaria. By the way, in modern history There is also confirmation of this, but for some reason no one pays attention to it. But we will definitely pay attention, and very closely:
The Mongol-Tatar yoke is a system of political and tributary dependence of the Russian principalities on the Mongol-Tatar khans (until the early 60s of the 13th century, the Mongol khans, after the khans of the Golden Horde) in the 13th-15th centuries. The establishment of the yoke became possible as a result Mongol invasion to Rus' in 1237-1241 and occurred for two decades after it, including in lands that were not devastated. In North-Eastern Rus' it lasted until 1480. (Wikipedia)
Battle of the Neva (July 15, 1240) - a battle on the Neva River between the Novgorod militia under the command of Prince Alexander Yaroslavich and the Swedish army. After the victory of the Novgorodians, Alexander Yaroslavich received the honorary nickname “Nevsky” for his skillful management of the campaign and courage in battle. (Wikipedia)
Don’t you think it’s strange that the battle with the Swedes is taking place right in the middle of the invasion? Mongol-Tatars"to Rus'? Burning in fires and plundered " Mongols"Rus is attacked by the Swedish army, which safely drowns in the waters of the Neva, and at the same time the Swedish crusaders do not encounter the Mongols even once. And those who win are strong Swedish army Are the Russians losing to the Mongols? In my opinion, this is just nonsense. Two huge armies are fighting on the same territory at the same time and never intersect. But if you turn to the ancient Slavic chronicles, then everything becomes clear.
Since 1237 Rat Great TarTaria began to win back their ancestral lands, and when the war was coming to an end, the losing representatives of the church asked for help, and the Swedish crusaders were sent into battle. Since it was not possible to take the country by bribery, then they will take it by force. Just in 1240 the army Hordes(that is, the army of Prince Alexander Yaroslavovich, one of the princes of the ancient Slavic family) clashed in battle with the army of the Crusaders, who came to the rescue of their minions. Having won the Battle of the Neva, Alexander received the title of Prince of the Neva and remained to reign over Novgorod, and the Horde Army went further to drive the adversary out of the Russian lands completely. So she persecuted “the church and the alien faith” until she reached the Adriatic Sea, thereby restoring her original ancient borders. And having reached them, the army turned around and went north again. Having installed 300 summer period peace.
Again, confirmation of this is the so-called end of Yig « Battle of Kulikovo"before which 2 knights took part in the match Peresvet And Chelubey. Two Russian knights, Andrei Peresvet (superior light) and Chelubey (beating the forehead, Telling, narrating, asking) Information about which was cruelly cut out from the pages of history. It was Chelubey’s loss that foreshadowed the victory of the army of Kievan Rus, restored with the money of the same “Churchmen” who nevertheless penetrated Rus' from the dark, albeit more than 150 years later. It will be later, when all of Rus' is plunged into the abyss of chaos, all sources confirming the events of the past will be burned. And after the Romanov family came to power, many documents will take on the form we know.
By the way, this is not the first time that the Slavic army defends its lands and expels infidels from its territories. Another extremely interesting and confusing moment in History tells us about this.
Army of Alexander the Great, consisting of many professional warriors, was defeated by a small army of some nomads in the mountains north of India (Alexander’s last campaign). And for some reason, no one is surprised by the fact that a large trained army that crossed half the world and redrew the world map was so easily broken by an army of simple and uneducated nomads.
But everything becomes clear if you look at the maps of that time and just even think about who the nomads who came from the north (from India) could have been. These are precisely our territories, which originally belonged to the Slavs, and where to this day the remains of civilization are found EtRusskov.
The Macedonian army was pushed back by the army Slavyan-Ariev who defended their territories. It was at that time that the Slavs “for the first time” walked to the Adriatic Sea, and left a huge mark on the territories of Europe. Thus, it turns out that we are not the first to conquer “half the globe.”
So how did it happen that even now we don’t know our history? Everything is very simple. The Europeans, trembling with fear and horror, never ceased to be afraid of the Rusichs, even when their plans were crowned with success and they enslaved the Slavic peoples, they were still afraid that one day Rus' would rise up and shine again with its former strength.
At the beginning of the 18th century, Peter the Great founded the Russian Academy of Sciences. Over the 120 years of its existence, there were 33 academic historians in the historical department of the Academy. Of these, only three were Russians (including M.V. Lomonosov), the rest were Germans. It turns out that history Ancient Rus' the Germans wrote, and many of them did not know not only the ways of life and traditions, they did not even know the Russian language. This fact is well known to many historians, but they do not make any effort to carefully study the history that the Germans wrote and get to the bottom of the truth.
Lomonosov wrote a work on the history of Rus', and in this field he often had disputes with his German colleagues. After his death, the archives disappeared without a trace, but somehow his works on the history of Rus' were published, but under the editorship of Miller. At the same time, it was Miller who oppressed Lomonosov in every possible way during his lifetime. Computer analysis confirmed that Lomonosov’s works on the history of Rus' published by Miller are falsifications. Little remains of Lomonosov's works.
This concept can be found on the website of Omsk State University:
We will formulate our concept, hypothesis immediately, without
preliminary preparation of the reader.
Let's pay attention to the following strange and very interesting
data. However, their strangeness is based only on generally accepted
chronology and the version of ancient Russian instilled in us from childhood
stories. It turns out that changing the chronology removes many oddities and
<>.
One of the main moments in the history of ancient Rus' is this:
called the Tatar-Mongol conquest by the Horde. Traditionally
it is believed that the Horde came from the East (China? Mongolia?),
captured many countries, conquered Rus', swept to the West and
even reached Egypt.
But if Rus' had been conquered in the 13th century with any
was on the sides - or from the east, as modern ones claim
historians, or from the West, as Morozov believed, then they should
remain information about the clashes between the conquerors and
Cossacks who lived both on the western borders of Rus' and in the lower reaches
Don and Volga. That is, exactly where they were supposed to pass
conquerors.
Of course, in school courses on Russian history we are intensively
convince that Cossack troops supposedly appeared only in the 17th century,
allegedly due to the fact that the slaves fled from the power of the landowners to
Don. However, it is known, although this is usually not mentioned in textbooks,
- that, for example, the Don Cossack state existed STILL IN
XVI century, had its own laws and history.
Moreover, it turns out that the beginning of the history of the Cossacks dates back to
to the XII-XIII centuries. See, for example, the work of Sukhorukov<>in DON magazine, 1989.
Thus,<>, - no matter where she came from, -
moving along the natural path of colonization and conquest,
would inevitably have to come into conflict with the Cossacks
regions.
This is not noted.
What's the matter?
A natural hypothesis arises:
NO FOREIGN
THERE WAS NO CONQUEST OF Rus'. THE HORDE DIDN'T FIGHT WITH THE COSSACKS BECAUSE
THE COSSACKS WERE AN COMPONENT PART OF THE HORDE. This hypothesis was
not formulated by us. It is substantiated very convincingly,
for example, A. A. Gordeev in his<>.
BUT WE ARE SAYING SOMETHING MORE.
One of our main hypotheses is that the Cossacks
the troops not only formed part of the Horde - they were regular
troops of the Russian state. Thus, THE HORDE WAS
JUST A REGULAR RUSSIAN ARMY.
According to our hypothesis, the modern terms ARMY and WARRIOR,
- Church Slavonic in origin, - were not Old Russian
terms. They came into constant use in Rus' only with
XVII century. And the old Russian terminology was: Horde,
Cossack, khan
Then the terminology changed. By the way, back in the 19th century
Russian folk proverbs words<>And<>were
interchangeable. This can be seen from the numerous examples given
in Dahl's dictionary. For example:<>and so on.
On the Don there is still the famous city of Semikarakorum, and on
Kuban - Hanskaya village. Let us remember that Karakorum is considered
THE CAPITAL OF GENGIZ KHAN. At the same time, as is well known, in those
places where archaeologists are still persistently searching for Karakorum, there is no
For some reason there is no Karakorum.
In desperation, they hypothesized that<>. This monastery, which existed back in the 19th century, was surrounded
an earthen rampart only about one English mile long. Historians
believe that the famous capital Karakorum was located entirely on
territory subsequently occupied by this monastery.
According to our hypothesis, the Horde is not a foreign entity,
captured Rus' from the outside, but there is simply an Eastern Russian regular
army, which was an integral part of the ancient Russian
state.
Our hypothesis is this.
1) <>IT WAS JUST A WAR PERIOD
MANAGEMENT IN THE RUSSIAN STATE. NO ALIENS Rus'
CONQUERED.
2) THE SUPREME RULER WAS THE COMMANDER-KHAN = TSAR, AND B
IN THE CITIES WERE SITTING CIVIL GOVERNORS - PRINCE WHO WERE DUTY
WERE COLLECTING TRIBUTE IN FAVOR OF THIS RUSSIAN ARMY, FOR ITS
CONTENT.
3) THUS, THE ANCIENT RUSSIAN STATE IS REPRESENTED
A UNITED EMPIRE, IN WHICH THERE WAS A STANDING ARMY CONSISTED OF
PROFESSIONAL MILITARY (HORDE) AND CIVILIAN UNITS THAT DID NOT HAVE
ITS REGULAR TROOPS. SINCE SUCH TROOPS WERE ALREADY PART OF THE
COMPOSITION OF THE HORDE.
4) THIS RUSSIAN-HORDE EMPIRE EXISTED SINCE THE XIV CENTURY
UNTIL THE BEGINNING OF THE 17TH CENTURY. HER STORY ENDED WITH A FAMOUS GREAT
THE TROUBLES IN Rus' AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 17TH CENTURY. AS A RESULT OF THE CIVIL WAR
RUSSIAN HORDA KINGS, THE LAST OF WHICH WAS BORIS
<>, — WERE PHYSICALLY EXTERMINED. AND THE FORMER RUSSIAN
THE ARMY-HORDE ACTUALLY SUFFERED DEFEAT IN THE FIGHT WITH<>. AS A RESULT, POWER IN Rus' CAME TO PRINCIPALLY
NEW PRO-WESTERN ROMANOV DYNASTY. SHE SEIZED POWER AND
IN THE RUSSIAN CHURCH (FILARET).
5) A NEW DYNASTY WAS NEEDED<>,
IDEOLOGICALLY JUSTIFYING ITS POWER. THIS NEW POWER FROM THE POINT
THE VIEW OF THE PREVIOUS RUSSIAN-HORDA HISTORY WAS ILLEGAL. THAT'S WHY
ROMANOV NEEDED TO RADICALLY CHANGE THE COVERAGE OF THE PREVIOUS
RUSSIAN HISTORY. WE NEED TO GIVE THEM WHAT THEM ARE DONE - IT WAS DONE
COMPETENTLY. WITHOUT CHANGING MOST OF THE ESSENTIAL FACTS, THEY COULD BEFORE
UNRECOGNITION WILL DISTORT ENTIRE RUSSIAN HISTORY. SO, PREVIOUS
HISTORY OF Rus'-HORDE WITH ITS CLASS OF FARMERS AND MILITARY
THE CLASS - THE HORDE, WAS DECLARED BY THEM AN ERA<>. AT THE SAME TIME, THERE IS OWN RUSSIAN HORDE-ARMY
TURNED, UNDER THE PENS OF ROMANOV HISTORIANS, INTO MYTHICAL
ALIENS FROM A DISTANT UNKNOWN COUNTRY.
Notorious<>, familiar to us from Romanovsky
history, was simply a GOVERNMENT TAX inside
Rus' for the maintenance of the Cossack army - the Horde. Famous<>, - every tenth person taken into the Horde is simply
state MILITARY RECRUITMENT. It’s like conscription into the army, but only
from childhood - and for life.
Next, the so-called<>, in our opinion,
were simply punitive expeditions to those Russian regions
who for some reason refused to pay tribute =
state filing. Then the regular troops punished
civilian rioters.
These facts are known to historians and are not secret, they are publicly available, and anyone can easily find them on the Internet. Skipping scientific research and justifications, which have already been described quite widely, let us summarize the main facts that refute the big lie about the “Tatar-Mongol yoke.”
1. Genghis Khan
Previously, in Rus', 2 people were responsible for governing the state: Prince And Khan. The prince was responsible for governing the state in peacetime. The khan or “war prince” took the reins of control during war; in peacetime, the responsibility for forming a horde (army) and maintaining it in combat readiness rested on his shoulders.
Genghis Khan is not a name, but a title of “military prince”, who, in modern world, close to the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Army. And there were several people who bore such a title. The most outstanding of them was Timur, it is he who is usually discussed when they talk about Genghis Khan.
In surviving historical documents, this man is described as a tall warrior with blue eyes, very white skin, powerful reddish hair and a thick beard. Which clearly does not correspond to the signs of a representative of the Mongoloid race, but completely fits the description of the Slavic appearance (L.N. Gumilyov - “Ancient Rus' and the Great Steppe.”).
In modern “Mongolia” there is not a single folk epic that would say that this country once in ancient times conquered almost all of Eurasia, just as there is nothing about the great conqueror Genghis Khan... (N.V. Levashov “Visible and invisible genocide").
2. Mongolia
The state of Mongolia appeared only in the 1930s, when the Bolsheviks came to the nomads living in the Gobi Desert and told them that they were the descendants of the great Mongols, and their “compatriot” had created the Great Empire in his time, which they were very surprised and happy about. . The word "Mughal" is of Greek origin and means "Great". The Greeks used this word to call our ancestors – the Slavs. It has nothing to do with the name of any people (N.V. Levashov “Visible and Invisible Genocide”).
3. Composition of the “Tatar-Mongol” army
70-80% of the army of the “Tatar-Mongols” were Russians, the remaining 20-30% were made up of other small peoples of Rus', in fact, the same as now. This fact is clearly confirmed by a fragment of the icon of Sergius of Radonezh “Battle of Kulikovo”. It clearly shows that the same warriors are fighting on both sides. And this battle is more like a civil war than a war with a foreign conqueror.
4. What did the “Tatar-Mongols” look like?
Note the drawing of the tomb of Henry II the Pious, who was killed on the Legnica field. The inscription is as follows: “The figure of a Tatar under the feet of Henry II, Duke of Silesia, Cracow and Poland, placed on the grave in Breslau of this prince, killed in the battle with the Tatars at Liegnitz on April 9, 1241.” As we see, this “Tatar” has a completely Russian appearance, clothes and weapons. The next image shows “the Khan’s palace in the capital of the Mongol Empire, Khanbalyk” (it is believed that Khanbalyk is supposedly Beijing). What is “Mongolian” and what is “Chinese” here? Once again, as in the case of the tomb of Henry II, before us are people of a clearly Slavic appearance. Russian caftans, Streltsy caps, the same thick beards, the same characteristic blades of sabers called “Yelman”. The roof on the left is an almost exact copy of the roofs of old Russian towers... (A. Bushkov, “Russia that never existed”).
5. Genetic examination
According to the latest data obtained as a result of genetic research, it turned out that Tatars and Russians have very close genetics. Whereas the differences between the genetics of Russians and Tatars from the genetics of the Mongols are colossal: “The differences between the Russian gene pool (almost entirely European) and the Mongolian (almost entirely Central Asian) are really great - it’s like two different worlds...” (oagb.ru).
6. Documents during the period of the Tatar-Mongol yoke
During the period of existence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, not a single document in the Tatar or Mongolian language has been preserved. But there are many documents from this time in Russian.
7. Lack of objective evidence confirming the hypothesis of the Tatar-Mongol yoke
At the moment, there are no originals of any historical documents that would objectively prove that there was a Tatar-Mongol yoke. But there are many fakes designed to convince us of the existence of a fiction called the “Tatar-Mongol yoke.” Here is one of these fakes. This text is called “The Word about the Destruction of the Russian Land” and in each publication it is declared “an excerpt from a poetic work that has not reached us intact... About the Tatar-Mongol invasion”:
“Oh, bright and beautifully decorated Russian land! You are famous for many beauties: you are famous for many lakes, locally revered rivers and springs, mountains, steep hills, high oak forests, clean fields, marvelous animals, various birds, countless great cities, glorious villages, monastery gardens, temples of God and formidable princes, honest boyars and many nobles. You are filled with everything, Russian land, O Orthodox faith Christian!..»
There is not even a hint of the “Tatar-Mongol yoke” in this text. But this “ancient” document contains the following line: “You are filled with everything, Russian land, O Orthodox Christian faith!”
More opinions:
The plenipotentiary representative of Tatarstan in Moscow (1999 - 2010), Doctor of Political Sciences Nazif Mirikhanov, spoke in the same spirit: “The term “yoke” appeared in general only in the 18th century,” he is sure. “Before that, the Slavs did not even suspect that they were living under oppression, under the yoke of certain conquerors.”
“In fact, the Russian Empire, and then the Soviet Union, and now the Russian Federation are the heirs of the Golden Horde, that is, the Turkic empire created by Genghis Khan, whom we need to rehabilitate, as we have already done in China,” Mirikhanov continued. And he concluded his reasoning with the following thesis: “The Tatars at one time frightened Europe so much that the rulers of Rus', who chose the European path of development, in every possible way dissociated themselves from their Horde predecessors. Today it is time to restore historical justice.”
The result was summed up by Izmailov:
“The historical period, which is commonly called the time of the Mongol-Tatar yoke, was not a period of terror, ruin and slavery. Yes, the Russian princes paid tribute to the rulers from Sarai and received labels for reign from them, but this is ordinary feudal rent. At the same time, the Church flourished in those centuries, and beautiful white stone churches were built everywhere. What was quite natural: scattered principalities could not afford such construction, but only a de facto confederation united under the rule of the Khan of the Golden Horde or Ulus Jochi, as it would be more correct to call our common state with the Tatars.”
Historian Lev Gumilyov, from the book “From Rus' to Russia”, 2008:
“Thus, for the tax that Alexander Nevsky undertook to pay to Sarai, Rus' received a reliable, strong army that defended not only Novgorod and Pskov. Moreover, the Russian principalities that accepted the alliance with the Horde completely retained their ideological independence and political independence. This alone shows that Rus' was not
a province of the Mongol ulus, but a country allied with the Great Khan, which paid a certain tax for the maintenance of the army, which it itself needed.”
(ROK - many already know that the prince of Kievan Rus, Vladimir the Bloody, did not “baptize” the Russians into Christianity, but converted them to the “Greek Faith” monks of Byzantium - the Lunar Cult, only after the death of the great knight-prince Svyatoslav Khorobre! Since the people resisted with all their might for almost 300 years the black monks of Byzantium and the mercenaries of Kyiv, the latter used GENOCIDE, burning all those who disagreed in the log houses. They decided to disguise the monstrous crimes - the murder of about 9 million victims - under the guise of the “Tatar-Mongol” yoke! But the truth is already breaking through the Judeo-Christian deceptions of the Middle Ages).
Great (Grande) i.e. Mogul Tartaria is Mogul Tartaria
Many members of the editorial board are personally acquainted with the inhabitants of Mongolia, who were surprised to learn about their supposed 300-year rule over Russia. Of course, this news filled the Mongols with a sense of national pride, but at the same time they asked: “Who is Genghis Khan?” (from the magazine “Vedic Culture No. 2”)
In the chronicles of the Orthodox Old Believers it is said unequivocally about the “Tatar-Mongol yoke”: “There was Fedot, but not the same one.” Let's turn to the Old Slovenian language. Having adapted runic images to modern perception, we get: thief - enemy, robber; Mughal - powerful; yoke - order. It turns out that the “Tata of the Aryans” (from the point of view of the Christian flock), with the light hand of the chroniclers, were called “Tatars”, (There is another meaning: “Tata” is the father. Tatar - Tata of the Aryans, i.e. Fathers (Ancestors or more the elders) Aryans) powerful - by the Mongols, and the yoke - the 300-year-old order in the State, which stopped the bloody civil war that broke out on the basis of the forced baptism of Rus' - “martyrdom”. Horde is a derivative of the word Order, where “Or” is strength, and day is the daylight hours or simply “light.” Accordingly, “Order” is the Force of Light, and “Horde” is the Forces of Light. Were there dark-haired, stocky, dark-skinned, hook-nosed, narrow-eyed, bow-legged and very angry warriors in the Horde? Were. Detachments of mercenaries of different nationalities, who, as in any other army, were driven in the front ranks, preserving the main Slavic-Aryan Troops from losses on the front line.
Hard to believe? All Scandinavian countries and Denmark were part of Russia, which extended only to the mountains, Moreover, the Principality of Muscovy is shown as an independent state, not part of Rus'. In the east, beyond the Urals, the principalities of Obdora, Siberia, Yugoria, Grustina, Lukomorye, Belovodye are depicted, which were part of the Ancient Power of the Slavs and Aryans - Great (Grand) Tartaria (Tartaria - lands under the patronage of the God Tarkh Perunovich and the Goddess Tara Perunovna - Son and Daughter of the Supreme God Perun - Ancestor of the Slavs and Aryans).
Do you need a lot of intelligence to draw an analogy: Great (Grand) Tartaria = Mogolo + Tartaria = “Mongol-Tataria”? Not only in the 13th, but until the 18th century, Grand (Mogolo) Tartary existed as real as the faceless Russian Federation now.
The “history scribblers” were not able to distort and hide everything from the people. Their repeatedly darned and patched “Trishka caftan”, covering the Truth, is constantly bursting at the seams. Through the gaps, the Truth reaches the consciousness of our contemporaries bit by bit. They do not have truthful information, so they are often mistaken in the interpretation of certain factors, but they draw the right general conclusion: what they taught school teachers to several dozen generations of Russians – deception, slander, falsehood.
The classic version of the “Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus'” has been known to many since school. She looks like this. At the beginning of the 13th century, in the Mongolian steppes, Genghis Khan gathered a huge army of nomads, subject to iron discipline, and planned to conquer the whole world. Having defeated China, Genghis Khan's army rushed to the west, and in 1223 it reached the south of Rus', where it defeated the squads of Russian princes on the Kalka River. In the winter of 1237, the Tatar-Mongols invaded Rus', burned many cities, then invaded Poland, the Czech Republic and reached the shores of the Adriatic Sea, but suddenly turned back because they were afraid to leave devastated, but still dangerous Rus' in their rear. The Tatar-Mongol yoke began in Rus'. The huge Golden Horde had borders from Beijing to the Volga and collected tribute from the Russian princes. The khans gave the Russian princes labels to reign and terrorized the population with atrocities and robberies.
Even the official version says that there were many Christians among the Mongols and some Russian princes established very warm relations with the Horde khans. Another oddity: with the help of the Horde troops, some princes remained on the throne. The princes were very close people to the khans. And in some cases, the Russians fought on the side of the Horde. Aren't there a lot of strange things? Is this how the Russians should have treated the occupiers?
Having strengthened, Rus' began to resist, and in 1380 Dmitry Donskoy defeated the Horde Khan Mamai on the Kulikovo Field, and a century later the troops of Grand Duke Ivan III and the Horde Khan Akhmat met. The opponents camped for a long time different sides the Ugra River, after which the khan realized that he had no chance, gave the order to retreat and went to the Volga. These events are considered the end of the “Tatar-Mongol yoke.”
A number of scientists, including academician Anatoly Fomenko, made a sensational conclusion based on a mathematical analysis of the manuscripts: there was no invasion from the territory of modern Mongolia! And there was a civil war in Rus', the princes fought with each other. There were no traces of any representatives of the Mongoloid race who came to Rus'. Yes, there were individual Tatars in the army, but not aliens, but residents of the Volga region, who lived in the neighborhood of the Russians long before the notorious “invasion.”
What is commonly called the “Tatar-Mongol invasion” was in fact a struggle between the descendants of Prince Vsevolod the “Big Nest” and their rivals for sole power over Russia. The fact of war between princes is generally recognized; unfortunately, Rus' did not unite immediately, and quite strong rulers fought among themselves.
But who did Dmitry Donskoy fight with? In other words, who is Mamai?
The era of the Golden Horde was distinguished by the fact that, along with secular power, there was a strong military power. There were two rulers: a secular one, called the prince, and a military one, he was called the khan, i.e. "military leader" In the chronicles you can find the following entry: “There were also wanderers along with the Tatars, and their governor was so-and-so,” that is, the Horde troops were led by governors! And the Brodniks are Russian free warriors, the predecessors of the Cossacks.
Authoritative scholars have concluded that the Horde is the name of the Russian regular army (like the “Red Army”). And Tatar-Mongolia is Great Rus' itself. It turns out that it was not the “Mongols,” but the Russians who conquered a vast territory from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Arctic to the Indian. It was our troops who made Europe tremble. Most likely, it was fear of the powerful Russians that caused the Germans to rewrite Russian history and turn their national humiliation into ours.
A few more words about names. Most people of that time had two names: one in the world, and the other received at baptism or a military nickname. According to the scientists who proposed this version, Prince Yaroslav and his son Alexander Nevsky act under the names of Genghis Khan and Batu. Ancient sources depict Genghis Khan as tall, with a luxurious long beard, and “lynx-like” green-yellow eyes. Note that people of the Mongoloid race do not have a beard at all. The Persian historian of the Horde, Rashid al-Din, writes that in the family of Genghis Khan, children “were mostly born with gray eyes and blond hair.”
Genghis Khan, according to scientists, is Prince Yaroslav. He just had a middle name - Chinggis (who had a rank called gis) with the prefix “khan”, which meant “military leader”. Batu (father) Batuhan (if you read it in Cyrillic it is given by the Vatican) - his son Alexander (Nevsky). In the manuscripts you can find the following phrase: “Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky, nicknamed Batu.” By the way, according to the description of his contemporaries, Batu had fair hair, a light beard and light eyes! It turns out that it was the Horde khan who defeated the crusaders Lake Peipsi!
Having studied the chronicles, scientists discovered that Mamai and Akhmat were also noble nobles, who, according to the dynastic ties of the Russian-Tatar families, had the right to a great reign. Accordingly, “Mamaevo’s Massacre” and “Standing on the Ugra” are episodes of the civil war in Rus', the struggle of princely families for power.
At the beginning of the 18th century, Peter 1 founded the Russian Academy of Sciences. Over the 120 years of its existence, there have been 33 academic historians in the historical department of the Academy of Sciences. Of these, only three are Russians, including M.V. Lomonosov, the rest are Germans. The history of Ancient Rus' until the beginning of the 17th century was written by the Germans, and some of them did not even know Russian! This fact is well known to professional historians, but they make no effort to carefully review what kind of history the Germans wrote.
It is known that M.V. Lomonosov wrote the history of Rus' and that he had constant disputes with German academics. After Lomonosov's death, his archives disappeared without a trace. However, his works on the history of Rus' were published, but under the editorship of Miller. Meanwhile, it was Miller who persecuted M.V. Lomonosov during his lifetime! The works of Lomonosov on the history of Rus' published by Miller are falsifications, this was shown by computer analysis. There is little left of Lomonosov in them.
MONGOL YOKE(Mongol-Tatar, Tatar-Mongol, Horde) - the traditional name for the system of exploitation of Russian lands by nomadic conquerors who came from the East from 1237 to 1480.
According to Russian chronicles, these nomads were called “Tatarov” in Rus' after the name of the most active and active tribe of Otuz-Tatars. It became known since the conquest of Beijing in 1217, and the Chinese began to call all the occupying tribes that came from the Mongolian steppes by this name. Under the name “Tatars,” the invaders entered Russian chronicles as a general concept for all eastern nomads who devastated Russian lands.
The yoke began during the years of conquest of Russian territories (the battle of Kalka in 1223, the conquest of northeastern Rus' in 1237–1238, the invasion of southern Russia in 1240 and southwestern Rus' in 1242). It was accompanied by the destruction of 49 Russian cities out of 74, which was a heavy blow to the foundations of urban Russian culture - handicraft production. The yoke led to the liquidation of numerous monuments of material and spiritual culture, the destruction of stone buildings, and the burning of monastery and church libraries.
The date of the formal establishment of the yoke is considered to be 1243, when the father of Alexander Nevsky was the last son of Vsevolod the Big Nest, Prince. Yaroslav Vsevolodovich accepted from the conquerors a label (certifying document) for the great reign in the Vladimir land, in which he was called “senior to all other princes in the Russian land.” At the same time, the Russian principalities, defeated by Mongol-Tatar troops several years earlier, were not considered directly included in the empire of the conquerors, which in the 1260s received the name Golden Horde. They remained politically autonomous and retained a local princely administration, the activities of which were controlled by permanent or regularly visiting representatives of the Horde (Baskaks). Russian princes were considered tributaries of the Horde khans, but if they received labels from the khans, they remained officially recognized rulers of their lands. Both systems - tributary (collection of tribute by the Horde - “exit” or, later, “yasak”) and issuance of labels - consolidated the political fragmentation of Russian lands, increased rivalry between the princes, contributed to the weakening of ties between the northeastern and northwestern principalities and lands from the south and southwestern Russia, which became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland.
The Horde did not maintain a permanent army on the Russian territory they conquered. The yoke was supported by the dispatch of punitive detachments and troops, as well as repressions against disobedient rulers who resisted the implementation of administrative measures conceived at the khan's headquarters. Thus, in Rus' in the 1250s, particular dissatisfaction was caused by the conduct of a general census of the population of Russian lands by the Baskaks, the “numbered”, and later by the establishment of underwater and military conscription. One of the ways to influence the Russian princes was the system of taking hostages, leaving one of the princes’ relatives at the khan’s headquarters, in the city of Sarai on the Volga. At the same time, the relatives of obedient rulers were encouraged and released, while the obstinate ones were killed.
The Horde encouraged the loyalty of those princes who compromised with the conquerors. Thus, for Alexander Nevsky’s willingness to pay a “exit” (tribute) to the Tatars, he not only received the support of the Tatar cavalry in the battle with the German knights on Lake Peipus in 1242, but also ensured that his father, Yaroslav, received the first label for the great reign. In 1259, during a rebellion against the “numerals” in Novgorod, Alexander Nevsky ensured that the census was carried out and even provided guards (“watchmen”) for the Baskaks so that they would not be torn to pieces by the rebellious townspeople. For the support provided to him, Khan Berke refused the forced Islamization of the conquered Russian territories. Moreover, the Russian Church was exempt from paying tribute (“exit”).
When the first, most difficult time of introducing the khan's power into Russian life had passed, and the top of Russian society (princes, boyars, merchants, church) found mutual language With the new government, the entire burden of paying tribute to the combined forces of the conquerors and the old masters fell on the people. The waves of popular uprisings described by the chronicler constantly arose for almost half a century, starting from 1257–1259, the first attempt at an all-Russian census. Its implementation was entrusted to Kitata, a relative of the Great Khan. Uprisings against the Baskaks repeatedly occurred everywhere: in the 1260s in Rostov, in 1275 in the southern Russian lands, in the 1280s in Yaroslavl, Suzdal, Vladimir, Murom, in 1293 and again, in 1327, in Tver. Elimination of the Baska system after the participation of the troops of the Moscow prince. Ivan Danilovich Kalita in the suppression of the Tver uprising of 1327 (from that time on, the collection of tribute from the population was entrusted, in order to avoid new conflicts, to the Russian princes and their subordinate tax farmers) did not stop paying tribute as such. Temporary relief from them was obtained only after the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380, but already in 1382 the payment of tribute was restored.
The first prince who received the great reign without the ill-fated “label”, on the rights of his “fatherland”, was the son of the winner of the Horde in the Battle of Kulikovo. Vasily I Dmitrievich. Under him, the “exit” to the Horde began to be paid irregularly, and Khan Edigei’s attempt to restore the previous order of things by capturing Moscow (1408) failed. Although during the feudal war of the mid-15th century. The Horde made a series of new devastating invasions of Rus' (1439, 1445, 1448, 1450, 1451, 1455, 1459), but they were no longer able to restore their dominion over. The political unification of the Russian lands around Moscow under Ivan III Vasilyevich created the conditions for the complete elimination of the yoke; in 1476 he refused to pay tribute at all. In 1480, after the unsuccessful campaign of the Khan of the Great Horde Akhmat (“Standing on the Ugra” 1480), the yoke was finally overthrown.
Modern researchers differ significantly in their assessments of the Horde's more than 240-year rule over Russian lands. The very designation of this period as “yoke” in relation to Russian and Slavic history in general was introduced by the Polish chronicler Dlugosz in 1479 and since then has been firmly entrenched in Western European historiography. In Russian science, this term was first used by N.M. Karamzin (1766–1826), who believed that it was the yoke that held back the development of Rus' in comparison with Western Europe: “The shadow of the barbarians, darkening the horizon of Russia, hid Europe from us at the very time when beneficial information and skills multiplied more and more in her.” The same opinion about the yoke as a restraining factor in the development and formation of all-Russian statehood, the strengthening of eastern despotic tendencies in it, was also shared by S.M. Soloviev and V.O. Klyuchevsky, who noted that the consequences of the yoke were the ruin of the country, a long lag behind Western Europe, irreversible changes in cultural and socio-psychological processes. This approach to assessing the Horde yoke also dominated in Soviet historiography (A.N. Nasonov, V.V. Kargalov).
Scattered and rare attempts to revise the established point of view met with resistance. The works of historians working in the West were critically received (primarily G.V. Vernadsky, who saw in the relationship between the Russian lands and the Horde a complex symbiosis, from which each people gained something). The concept of the famous Russian Turkologist L.N. Gumilyov, who tried to destroy the myth that nomadic peoples brought nothing but suffering to Rus' and were only robbers and destroyers of material and spiritual values, was also suppressed. He believed that the tribes of nomads from the East who invaded Rus' were able to establish a special administrative order that ensured the political autonomy of the Russian principalities, saved their religious identity (Orthodoxy), and thereby laid the foundations for religious tolerance and the Eurasian essence of Russia. Gumilyov argued that the result of the conquests of Rus' at the beginning of the 13th century. it was not a yoke, but a kind of alliance with the Horde, recognition by the Russian princes of the supreme power of the khan. At the same time, the rulers of neighboring principalities (Minsk, Polotsk, Kyiv, Galich, Volyn) who did not want to recognize this power found themselves conquered by the Lithuanians or Poles, became part of their states and were subjected to centuries-long Catholicization. It was Gumilyov who first pointed out that the ancient Russian name for nomads from the East (among whom the Mongols predominated) - “Tatarov” - cannot offend the national feelings of modern Volga (Kazan) Tatars living on the territory of Tatarstan. Their ethnic group, he believed, did not bear historical responsibility for the actions of nomadic tribes from the steppes of Southeast Asia, since the ancestors of the Kazan Tatars were the Kama Bulgars, Kipchaks and partly the ancient Slavs. Gumilev connected the history of the emergence of the “myth of the yoke” with the activities of the creators of the Norman theory - German historians who served in the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in the 18th century and distorted the real facts.
In post-Soviet historiography, the question of the existence of the yoke still remains controversial. A consequence of the growing number of supporters of Gumilyov’s concept was the appeal to the President of the Russian Federation in 2000 to cancel the celebration of the anniversary of the Battle of Kulikovo, since, according to the authors of the appeals, “there was no yoke in Rus'.” According to these researchers, supported by the authorities of Tatarstan and Kazakhstan, in the Battle of Kulikovo, united Russian-Tatar troops fought with the usurper of power in the Horde, Temnik Mamai, who proclaimed himself khan and gathered under his banner the mercenary Genoese, Alans (Ossetians), Kasogs (Circassians) and Polovtsians
Despite the debatability of all these statements, the fact of significant mutual influence of the cultures of peoples who have lived in close political, social and demographic contacts for almost three centuries is undeniable.
Lev Pushkarev, Natalya Pushkareva
Although I set myself the goal of clarifying the history of the Slavs from their origins to Rurik, I simultaneously received material that went beyond the scope of the task. I can’t help but use it to highlight an event that changed the entire course of Russian history. It's about about the Tatar-Mongol invasion, i.e. about one of the main topics Russian history, which still divides Russian society into those who recognize the yoke and those who deny it.
The dispute over whether there was a Tatar-Mongol yoke divided Russians, Tatars and historians into two camps. Famous historian Lev Gumilev(1912–1992) gives his arguments that the Tatar-Mongol yoke is a myth. He believes that at this time the Russian principalities and the Tatar Horde on the Volga with its capital in Sarai, which conquered Rus', coexisted in a single federal-type state under the common central authority of the Horde. The price for maintaining some independence within the individual principalities was the tax that Alexander Nevsky undertook to pay to the khans of the Horde.
So many scientific treatises have been written on the topic of the Mongol invasion and the Tatar-Mongol yoke, plus the creation whole line works of art that any person who does not agree with these postulates looks, to put it mildly, abnormal. However, over the past decades, several scientific, or rather popular science, works have been presented to readers. Their authors: A. Fomenko, A. Bushkov, A. Maksimov, G. Sidorov and some others claim the opposite: there were no Mongols as such.
Completely unrealistic versions
To be fair, it must be said that, in addition to the works of these authors, there are versions of the history of the Tatar-Mongol invasion, which do not seem worth serious attention, since they do not logically explain some issues and involve additional participants in the events, which contradicts the well-known rule of “Occam’s razor”: do not complicate the overall picture with unnecessary characters. The authors of one of these versions are S. Valyansky and D. Kalyuzhny, who in the book “Another History of Rus'” believe that under the guise of the Tatar-Mongols in the imagination of the chroniclers of antiquity, the Bethlehem spiritual knightly order appears, which arose in Palestine and after the capture in 1217 The Kingdom of Jerusalem was moved by the Turks to Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, Poland and, possibly, Southwestern Rus'. Based on the golden cross worn by the commanders of this order, these crusaders received the name of the Golden Order in Rus', which echoes the name Golden Horde. This version does not explain the invasion of the “Tatars” into Europe itself.
The same book sets out the version of A.M. Zhabinsky, who believes that the army of the Nicaean Emperor Theodore I Laskaris (in the chronicles under the name Genghis Khan) under the command of his son-in-law Ioann Dukas Vatatz (under the name Batu) is operating under the “Tatars”, who attacked Rus' in response to Kievan Rus' refusal to ally with Nicaea in its military operations in the Balkans. Chronologically, the formation and collapse of the Nicene Empire (the successor to Byzantium, defeated by the crusaders in 1204) and the Mongol Empire coincide. But from traditional historiography it is known that in 1241 Nicene troops fought in the Balkans (Bulgaria and Thessaloniki recognized the power of Vatatz), and at the same time the tumens of the godless Khan Batu were fighting there. It is incredible that two large armies, operating side by side, would miraculously not notice each other! For this reason, I do not consider these versions in detail.
Here I would like to present detailed substantiated versions of three authors, who each in their own way tried to answer the question of whether there was a Mongol-Tatar yoke at all. It can be assumed that the Tatars did come to Rus', but these could have been Tatars from across the Volga or Caspian Sea, long-time neighbors of the Slavs. There could only be one thing: a fantastic invasion of the Mongols from Central Asia, who rode halfway around the world in battle, because there are objective circumstances in the world that cannot be ignored.
The authors provide a significant amount of evidence to support their words. The evidence is very, very convincing. These versions are not free from some shortcomings, but they are argued much more reliably than the official history, which is not able to answer a number of simple questions and often simply make ends meet. All three - Alexander Bushkov, Albert Maksimov, and Georgy Sidorov believe that there was no yoke. At the same time, A. Bushkov and A. Maksimov disagree mainly only regarding the origin of the “Mongols” and which of the Russian princes acted as Genghis Khan and Batu. It seemed to me personally that Albert Maximov’s alternative version of the history of the Tatar-Mongol invasion was more detailed and substantiated and therefore more credible.
At the same time, G. Sidorov’s attempt to prove that in fact the “Mongols” were the ancient Indo-European population of Siberia, the so-called Scythian-Siberian Rus', which came to the aid of East European Rus' in difficult times of its fragmentation before the real threat of conquest by the Crusaders and forced Germanization , is also not without reason and may be interesting in itself.
Tatar-Mongol yoke according to school history
We know from school that in 1237, as a result of a foreign invasion, Rus' was mired in the darkness of poverty, ignorance and violence for 300 years, falling into political and economic dependence on the Mongol khans and rulers of the Golden Horde. The school textbook says that the Mongol-Tatar hordes are wild nomadic tribes that did not have their own written language and culture, who invaded the territory of medieval Rus' on horseback from the distant borders of China, conquered it and enslaved the Russian people. It is believed that the Mongol-Tatar invasion brought with it innumerable troubles, led to enormous casualties, the plunder and destruction of material assets, throwing Rus' back in cultural and economic development 3 centuries ago compared to Europe.
But now many people know that this myth about the Great Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan was invented by the German school of historians of the 18th century in order to somehow explain the backwardness of Russia and present in a favorable light the reigning house, which came from the seedy Tatar Murzas. And the historiography of Russia, accepted as dogma, is completely false, but it is still taught in schools. Let's start with the fact that the Mongols are not mentioned even once in the chronicles. Contemporaries call the unknown aliens whatever they like - Tatars, Pechenegs, Horde, Taurmen, but not Mongols.
How it really was, we are helped to understand by people who independently researched this topic and offer their versions of the history of this time.
First, let's remember what children are taught according to school history.
Army of Genghis Khan
From the history of the Mongol Empire (for the history of Genghis Khan’s creation of his empire and his young years under the real name of Temujin, see the film “Genghis Khan”), it is known that from the army of 129 thousand people available at the time of Genghis Khan’s death, according to his will, 101 thousand soldiers passed into the disposal of his son Tuluya, including the guards thousand warriors, the son of Jochi (father of Batu) received 4 thousand people, the sons Chegotai and Ogedei - 12 thousand each.
The campaign to the West was led by Jochi's eldest son Batu Khan. The army set out on a campaign in the spring of 1236 from the upper reaches of the Irtysh from Western Altai. Actually, only a small part of Batu’s huge army was Mongols. These are the 4 thousand bequeathed to his father Jochi. Basically, the army consisted of the conquered peoples of the Turkic group who joined the conquerors.
As indicated in the official history, in June 1236 the army was already on the Volga, where the Tatars conquered Volga Bulgaria. Batu Khan with his main forces conquered the lands of the Polovtsians, Burtases, Mordovians and Circassians, taking possession of the entire steppe space from the Caspian to the Black Sea and to the southern borders of what was then Rus' by 1237. Batu Khan's army spent almost the entire year 1237 in these steppes. By the beginning of winter, the Tatars invaded the Ryazan principality, defeated the Ryazan squads and took Pronsk and Ryazan. After this, Batu went to Kolomna, and then after 4 days of siege he took a well-fortified Vladimir. On the City River, the remnants of the troops of the northeastern principalities of Rus', led by Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich of Vladimir, were defeated and almost completely destroyed by Burundai’s corps on March 4, 1238. Then Torzhok and Tver fell. Batu strove for Veliky Novgorod, but the thaw and marshy area forced him to retreat south. After the conquest of northeastern Rus', he took up issues of state building and building relationships with Russian princes.
The trip to Europe continues
In 1240, Batu's army, after a short siege, took Kyiv, took possession of the Galician principalities and entered the foothills of the Carpathians. A military council of the Mongols took place there, where the issue of the direction of further conquests in Europe was decided. Baydar's detachment on the right flank of the army headed to Poland, Silesia and Moravia, defeated the Poles, captured Krakow and crossed the Oder. After the battle of April 9, 1241 near Legnica (Silesia), where the flower of German and Polish knighthood died, Poland and its ally the Teutonic Order could no longer resist the Tatar-Mongols.
The left flank moved to Transylvania. In Hungary, Hungarian-Croatian troops were defeated and the capital Pest was taken. Pursuing King Bella IV, Cadogan's detachment reached the shores of the Adriatic Sea, captured Serbian coastal cities, devastated part of Bosnia and, through Albania, Serbia and Bulgaria, went to join the main forces of the Tatar-Mongols. One of the detachments of the main forces invaded Austria as far as the city of Neustadt and only a little short of reaching Vienna, which managed to avoid the invasion. After this, the entire army, by the end of winter 1242, crossed the Danube and went south to Bulgaria. In the Balkans, Batu Khan received news of the death of Emperor Ogedei. Batu was supposed to participate in the kurultai to select the new emperor, and the entire army went back to the Desht-i-Kipchak steppes, leaving Nagai’s detachment in the Balkans to control Moldova and Bulgaria. In 1248, Serbia also recognized Nagai’s power.
Was there a Mongol-Tatar yoke? (Version by A. Bushkov)
From the book “The Russia That Never Was”
We are told that a horde of rather savage nomads emerged from the desert steppes of Central Asia, conquered the Russian principalities, invaded Western Europe and left behind sacked cities and states.
But after 300 years of dominance in Rus', the Mongol Empire left virtually no written monuments in the Mongolian language. However, letters and agreements of the great princes, spiritual letters, church documents of that time remained, but only in Russian. This means that the Russian language remained the official language in Rus' during the Tatar-Mongol yoke. Not only Mongolian written, but also material monuments from the times of the Golden Horde Khanate have not been preserved.
Academician Nikolai Gromov says that if the Mongols had really conquered and plundered Rus' and Europe, then material values, customs, culture, and writing would have remained. But these conquests and the personality of Genghis Khan himself became known to modern Mongols from Russian and Western sources. There is nothing like this in the history of Mongolia. And in our school textbooks There is still information about the Tatar-Mongol yoke based only on medieval chronicles. But many other documents have survived that contradict what children are taught in school today. They testify that the Tatars were not conquerors of Rus', but warriors in the service of the Russian Tsar.
From the chronicles
Here is a quote from the book of the Habsburg ambassador to Russia, Baron Sigismund Herberstein, “Notes on Muscovite Affairs,” written by him in the 15th century: “In 1527, they (the Muscovites) again fought with the Tatars, as a result of which the famous Battle of Hanika took place.”
And in the German chronicle of 1533 it is said about Ivan the Terrible that “he and his Tatars took Kazan and Astrakhan under their kingdom.” In the minds of Europeans, the Tatars are not conquerors, but warriors of the Russian Tsar.
In 1252, from Constantinople to the headquarters of Khan Batu, the ambassador of King Louis IX, William Rubrukus (court monk Guillaume de Rubruk), traveled with his retinue, who wrote in his travel notes: “Settlements of Rus are scattered everywhere among the Tatars, who mixed with the Tatars and adopted them clothing and lifestyle. All routes of travel in a huge country are maintained by Russians, and at river crossings there are Russians everywhere.”
But Rubruk traveled through Rus' only 15 years after the start of the “Tatar-Mongol yoke.” Something happened too quickly: the way of life of Russians was mixed with the wild Mongols. He further writes: “The wives of the Rus, like ours, wear jewelry on their heads and trim the hem of their dresses with stripes of ermine and other fur. Men wear short clothes - kaftans, chekmenis and lambskin hats. Women decorate their heads with headdresses similar to the headdresses of French women. Men wear outerwear similar to German ones.” It turns out that Mongolian clothing in Rus' in those days was no different from Western European clothing. This radically changes our understanding of the wild nomadic barbarians from the distant Mongolian steppes.
And here is what the Arab chronicler and traveler Ibn Batuta wrote about the Golden Horde in his travel notes in 1333: “There were many Russians in Sarai-Berk. The bulk of the armed, service and labor forces of the Golden Horde were Russian people.”
It is impossible to imagine that the victorious Mongols for some reason armed Russian slaves and they constituted the bulk of their troops without offering armed resistance.
And foreign travelers visiting Rus', enslaved by the Tatar-Mongols, idyllically depict Russian people walking around in Tatar costumes, which are no different from European ones, and armed Russian warriors calmly serve the Khan’s horde, without offering any resistance. There is a lot of evidence that the internal life of the northeastern principalities of Rus' at that time developed as if there had been no invasion; they, as before, assembled veche, chose princes for themselves and kicked them out.
Were there among the invaders the Mongols, black-haired, slant-eyed people whom anthropologists classify as the Mongoloid race? Not a single contemporary mentions this appearance of the conquerors. The Russian chronicler, among the peoples who came in the horde of Batu Khan, puts in first place the “Cumans,” i.e., the Kipchak-Polovtsians (Caucasians), who from time immemorial lived sedentary lives next to the Russians.
The Arab historian Elomari wrote: “In ancient times, this state (the Golden Horde of the 14th century) was the country of the Kipchaks, but when the Tatars took possession of it, the Kipchaks became their subjects. Then they, that is, the Tatars, mixed and became related to them, and they all definitely became Kipchaks, as if they were of the same kind with them.”
Here is another interesting document about the composition of the army of Khan Batu. A letter from the Hungarian king Bella IV to the Pope, written in 1241, says: “When the state of Hungary, from the Mongol invasion, was turned into a desert for the most part, like a plague, and like a sheepfold was surrounded by various tribes of infidels, namely Russians, wanderers from the east , Bulgarians and other heretics from the south...” It turns out that in the horde of the legendary Mongol Khan Batu it is mainly Slavs who fight, but where are the Mongols or at least the Tatars?
Genetic studies by biochemist scientists at Kazan University of the bones of mass graves of the Tatar-Mongols showed that 90% of them were representatives of the Slavic ethnic group. A similar Caucasoid type prevails even in the genotype of the modern indigenous Tatar population of Tatarstan. And there are practically no Mongolian words in the Russian language. Tatar (Bulgar) - as many as you like. It seems that there were no Mongols in Rus' at all.
Other doubts about the real existence of the Mongol Empire and the Tatar-Mongol yoke can be summarized as follows:
- There are remains of the allegedly Golden Horde cities of Sarai-Batu and Sarai-Berke on the Volga in the Akhtuba region. There is a mention of the existence of the capital of Batu on the Don, but its location is not known. The famous Russian archaeologist V.V. Grigoriev noted in a scientific article in the 19th century that “there are practically no traces of the existence of the Khanate. Its once thriving cities lie in ruins. And about its capital, the famous Sarai, we don’t even know which ruins can be associated with its famous name.”
Modern Mongols do not know about the existence of the Mongol Empire in the 13th–15th centuries and learned about Genghis Khan only from Russian sources.
In Mongolia there are no traces of the former capital of the empire of the mythical city of Karakorum, and if there was one, reports in chronicles about the trips of some Russian princes to Karakorum for labels twice a year are fantastic due to their significant duration due to long distance(about 5000 km one way).
There are no traces of the colossal treasures allegedly looted by the Tatar-Mongols in different countries Oh.
Russian culture, writing and the welfare of the Russian principalities flourished during the Tatar yoke. This is evidenced by the abundance of coin treasures found on the territory of Russia. Only in medieval Rus' at that time were golden gates cast in Vladimir and Kyiv. Only in Rus' were the domes and roofs of churches covered with gold, not only in the capital, but also in provincial cities. The abundance of gold in Rus' until the 17th century, according to N. Karamzin, “confirms the amazing wealth of the Russian princes during the Tatar-Mongol yoke.”
Most of the monasteries were built in Russia during the yoke, and Orthodox Church for some reason she did not call on the people to fight the invaders. During the Tatar yoke, no appeals were made by the Orthodox Church to the forced Russian people. Moreover, from the first days of the enslavement of Rus', the church provided all possible support to the pagan Mongols.
And historians tell us that temples and churches were robbed, desecrated and destroyed.
N.M. Karamzin wrote about this in “History of the Russian State” that “one of the consequences of Tatar rule was the rise of our clergy, the proliferation of monks and church estates. Church estates, free from Horde and princely taxes, prospered. Very few of the current monasteries were founded before or after the Tatars. All others serve as a monument to this time.”
Official history claims that the Tatar-Mongol yoke, in addition to plundering the country, destroying its historical and religious monuments and plunging the enslaved people into ignorance and illiteracy, stopped the development of culture in Rus' for 300 years. But N. Karamzin believed that “during this period from the 13th to the 15th centuries, the Russian language acquired more purity and correctness. Instead of the uneducated Russian dialect, the writers carefully adhered to the grammar of church books or ancient Serbian, not only in grammar, but also in pronunciation.”
No matter how paradoxical it sounds, we have to admit that the period of the Tatar-Mongol yoke was the era of the heyday of Russian culture.
7. In ancient engravings, the Tatars cannot be distinguished from Russian warriors.
They have the same armor and weapons, the same faces and the same banners with Orthodox crosses and saints.
The exposition of the art museum of the city of Yaroslavl displays a large wooden Orthodox icon of the 17th century with the life of St. Sergius of Radonezh. The lower part of the icon depicts the legendary Kulikovo battle of the Russian prince Dmitry Donskoy with Khan Mamai. But Russians and Tatars cannot be distinguished on this icon either. Both of them are wearing the same gilded armor and helmets. Moreover, both Tatars and Russians fight under the same military banners depicting the face of the Savior Not Made by Hands. It is impossible to imagine that the Tatar horde of Khan Mamai went into battle with the Russian squad under banners depicting the face of Jesus Christ. But this is not nonsense. And it is unlikely that the Orthodox Church could afford such a gross oversight on a famous, revered icon.
In all Russian medieval miniatures depicting Tatar-Mongol raids, for some reason the Mongol khans are depicted wearing royal crowns and the chroniclers call them not khans, but kings. (“The godless Tsar Batu took the city of Suzdal with a sword”) And in the 14th century miniature “The Invasion of Batu to Russian cities" Batu Khan is fair-haired with Slavic facial features and has a princely crown on his head. His two bodyguards are typical Zaporozhye Cossacks with forelocks on their shaved heads, and the rest of his warriors are no different from the Russian squad.
And here is what medieval historians wrote about Mamai - the authors of the handwritten chronicles “Zadonshchina” and “The Tale of the Massacre of Mamai”:
“And King Mamai came with 10 hordes and 70 princes. Apparently the Russian princes treated you well; there are no princes or governors with you. And immediately the filthy Mamai ran, crying, bitterly saying: We, brothers, will no longer be in our land and will no longer see our squad, neither the princes nor the boyars. Why are you, filthy Mamai, coveting Russian soil? After all, the Zalessk horde has now beaten you. The Mamaevs and the princes, the esauls and the boyars beat Tokhtamysha with their foreheads.”
It turns out that Mamai’s horde was called a squad in which princes, boyars and governors fought, and the army of Dmitry Donskoy was called the Zalesskaya horde, and he himself was called Tokhtamysh.
- Historical documents give serious reasons to believe that the Mongol khans Batu and Mamai are doubles of the Russian princes, since the actions of the Tatar khans surprisingly coincide with the intentions and plans of Yaroslav the Wise, Alexander Nevsky and Dmitry Donskoy to establish central power in Rus'.
There is a Chinese engraving that depicts Batu Khan with the easy-to-read inscription "Yaroslav". Then there is a chronicle miniature, which again depicts a bearded man with gray hair wearing a crown (probably a grand ducal crown) on a white horse (like a winner). The caption reads “Khan Batu enters Suzdal.” But Suzdal is the hometown of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. It turns out that he enters his own city, for example, after the suppression of a rebellion. In the image we read not “Batu”, but “Father”, as A. Fomenko assumed was the name of the head of the army, then the word “Svyatoslav”, and on the crown the word “Maskvich” is read, with an “A”. The fact is that on some ancient maps of Moscow it was written “Maskova”. (From the word “mask”, this is what icons were called before the adoption of Christianity, and the word “icon” is Greek. “Maskova” is a cult river and a city where there are images of gods). Thus, he is a Muscovite, and this is in the order of things, because it was a single Vladimir-Suzdal principality, which included Moscow. But the most interesting thing is that “Emir of Rus'” is written on his belt.
- The tribute that the Russian cities paid to the Golden Horde was the usual tax (tithe) that existed in Rus' at that time for the maintenance of the army - the horde, as well as the recruitment of young people into the army, from where the Cossack warriors, as a rule, did not return home, devoting themselves to military service . This military recruitment was called "tagma", a tribute in blood that the Russians allegedly paid to the Tatars. For refusal to pay tribute or evasion from recruiting recruits, the military administration of the Horde unconditionally punished the population with punitive expeditions in the offending areas. Naturally, such pacification operations were accompanied by bloody excesses, violence and executions. In addition, internecine disputes constantly occurred between individual appanage princes, with armed clashes between princely squads and the capture of cities of warring parties. These actions are now presented by historians as supposedly Tatar raids on Russian territories.
This is how Russian history was falsified
Russian scientist Lev Gumilyov (1912–1992) argues that the Tatar-Mongol yoke is a myth. He believes that at that time there was a unification of the Russian principalities with the Horde under the primacy of the Horde (according to the principle “a bad world is better”), and Rus' was, as it were, considered a separate ulus that joined the Horde by agreement. They were a single state with their own internal strife and struggle for centralized power. L. Gumilyov believed that the theory of the Tatar-Mongol yoke in Rus' was created only in the 18th century by German historians Gottlieb Bayer, August Schlozer, Gerhard Miller under the influence of the idea of the allegedly slave origin of the Russian people, according to a certain social order of the ruling house of the Romanovs, who wanted look like Russia's saviors from the yoke.
An additional argument in favor of the fact that the “invasion” is completely fictitious is that the imaginary “invasion” did not introduce anything new into Russian life.
Everything that happened under the “Tatars” existed before in one form or another.
There is not the slightest trace of the presence of a foreign ethnic group, other customs, other rules, laws, regulations. And examples of particularly disgusting “Tatar atrocities”, upon closer examination, turn out to be fictitious.
A foreign invasion of a particular country (if it was not just a predatory raid) was always characterized by the establishment of new orders, new laws in the conquered country, a change of ruling dynasties, a change in the structure of the administration, provincial boundaries, a fight against old customs, the inculcation of a new faith, and even a change country names. None of this happened in Rus' under the Tatar-Mongol yoke.
In the Laurentian Chronicle, which Karamzin considered the most ancient and complete, three pages that told about Batu’s invasion were cut out and replaced with some literary cliches about the events of the 11th–12th centuries. L. Gumilev wrote about this with reference to G. Prokhorov. What was so terrible that they resorted to forgery? Probably something that could give food for thought about the strangeness of the Mongol invasion.
In the West, for more than 200 years, they were convinced of the existence in the East of a huge kingdom of a certain Christian ruler, “Presbyter John,” whose descendants in Europe were considered the khans of the “Mongol Empire.” Many European chroniclers “for some reason” identified Presbyter John with Genghis Khan, who was also called “King David.” A certain Philip, a priest of the Dominican Order, wrote that “Christianity dominates everywhere in the Mongolian east.” This “Mongolian east” was Christian Rus'. The conviction about the existence of the kingdom of Prester John lasted for a long time and began to be everywhere displayed on geographical maps of that time. According to European authors, Prester John maintained warm and trusting relations with Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, the only European monarch who did not feel fear at the news of the “Tatar” invasion of Europe and corresponded with the “Tatars.” He knew who they really were.
A logical conclusion can be drawn.
There was never any Mongol-Tatar yoke in Rus'
There was a specific period internal process unification of Russian lands and strengthening of the Tsar's power in the country. The entire population of Rus' was divided into civilians, ruled by princes, and a permanent regular army, called a horde, under the command of governors, who could be Russians, Tatars, Turks or other nationalities. At the head of the horde army was a khan or king, who held supreme power in the country.
At the same time, A. Bushkov in conclusion admits that an external enemy in the person of the Tatars, Polovtsy and other steppe tribes living in the Volga region (but, of course, not the Mongols from the borders of China) was invading Rus' at that time and these raids were used by the Russian princes in their struggle for power.
After the collapse of the Golden Horde, on its former territory in different time there were several states, the most significant of which are: the Kazan Khanate, the Crimean Khanate, the Siberian Khanate, the Nogai Horde, the Astrakhan Khanate, the Uzbek Khanate, the Kazakh Khanate.
As for the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380, many chroniclers wrote (and rewrote) about it, both in Rus' and in Western Europe. There are up to 40 duplicate descriptions of this very large event, different from each other, since they were created by multilingual chroniclers from different countries. Some Western chronicles described the same battle as a battle on European territory, and later historians puzzled over where it happened. Comparison of different chronicles leads to the idea that this is a description of the same event.
Near Tula, on the Kulikovo Field near the Nepryadva River, no evidence of a great battle has yet been found, despite repeated attempts. There are no mass graves or significant weapons finds.
Now we already know that in Rus' the words “Tatars” and “Cossacks”, “army” and “horde” meant the same thing. Therefore, Mamai brought to the Kulikovo field not a foreign Mongol-Tatar horde, but Russian Cossack regiments, and the Battle of Kulikovo itself, in all likelihood, was an episode of internecine war.
According to Fomenko, the so-called Battle of Kulikovo in 1380 was not a battle between Tatars and Russians, but a major episode of civil war between Russians, possibly on a religious basis. Indirect confirmation of this is the reflection of this event in numerous church sources.
Hypothetical options for “Muscovy Pospolita” or “Russian Caliphate”
Bushkov examines in detail the possibility of adopting Catholicism in the Russian principalities, uniting with Catholic Poland and Lithuania (then in a single state “Rzeczpospolita”), creating on this basis a powerful Slavic “Muscovy Pospolita” and its influence on European and world processes. There were reasons for this. In 1572, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, Sigmund II Augustus, died. The gentry insisted on electing a new king, and one of the candidates was the Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible. He was Rurikovich and a descendant of the Glinsky princes, that is, close relative Jagiellonians (whose founder was Jagiello, also three-quarters Rurikovich).
In this case, Rus' would most likely become Catholic, uniting with Poland and Lithuania into a single powerful Slavic state in eastern Europe, whose history could have gone differently.
A. Bushkov also tries to imagine what could change in world development if Russia accepted Islam and became Muslim. There were reasons for this too. Islam in its fundamental basis does not carry negative character. Here, for example, was the order of Caliph Omar (Umar ibn al-Khattab (581–644, second caliph of the Islamic Caliphate) to his soldiers: “You must not be treacherous, dishonest or intemperate, you must not maim prisoners, kill children and old people, or burn palms or fruit trees, kill cows, sheep or camels. Do not touch those who devote themselves to prayer in their cell."
Instead of baptizing Rus', Prince Vladimir could well have circumcised her. And later there was a possibility of becoming an Islamic state even by someone else’s will. If the Golden Horde had existed a little longer, the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates could have strengthened and conquered the Russian principalities that were fragmented at that time, just as they themselves were later conquered by united Russia. And then the Russians could be converted to Islam voluntarily or by force, and now we would all worship Allah and diligently study the Koran in school.
There was no Mongol-Tatar yoke. (Version by A. Maksimov)
From the book “The Rus' That Was”
Yaroslavl researcher Albert Maksimov in the book “The Rus' That Was” offers his version of the history of the Tatar-Mongol invasion, mainly confirming the main conclusion that there was never any Mongol-Tatar yoke in Rus', but there was a struggle between Russian princes for the unification of Russian lands under single power. His version differs somewhat from A. Bushkov’s version only in terms of the origin of the “Mongols” and which of the Russian princes acted as Genghis Khan and Batu.
Albert Maksimov's book makes a strong impression with scrupulous evidence of its conclusions. In this book, the author examined in detail many, if not most, issues related to the falsification of historical science.
His book consists of a number of chapters devoted to individual episodes of history, in which he contrasts the traditional version of history (TV) with his alternative version (AV) and proves it with specific facts. Therefore, I propose to consider its contents in detail.
In the preface, A. Maksimov reveals facts of deliberate falsification of history and how historians interpreted what did not fit into the traditional version (TV). For brevity, we will simply list the groups of problems, and those who want to know the details will read for themselves:
- About tensions and contradictions in traditional history according to the famous Russian historian Ilovaisky (1832–1920).
About the chronological chain of certain historical events, taken as the basis to which all historical documents were strictly tied. Those that contradicted it were declared false and were not considered further.
About the discovered traces of editing, erasure and other late changes to the text in chronicles and other historical documents, both domestic and foreign.
About many ancient historians, imaginary eyewitnesses of historical events, whose opinions are unconditionally accepted by modern historians, but who, to put it mildly, were people with imagination.
About a very small percentage of all books written in those days that have survived to this day.
About the parameters by which a written source is recognized as authentic.
About the unsatisfactory situation with historical science and in the West.
The fact that initially there was only one Roman Empire - with its capital in Constantinople, and the Roman Empire was invented later.
About conflicting data about the origin of the Goths and events related to them after their appearance in Eastern Europe.
About the vicious methods of studying history by our academic scientists.
About doubtful moments in the works of Jordan.
The fact that Chinese chronicles are nothing more than translations of Western chronicles into Chinese characters with the substitution of Byzantium for China.
About the falsification of the traditional history of China, and about the actual beginning of Chinese civilization in the 17th century AD. e.
About the deliberate distortion of history on the part of E. F. Shmurlo, a pre-revolutionary historian recognized in our time as a classic.
About attempts to raise questions about changing dating and radically revising ancient history by American physicist Robert Newton, N.A. Morozov, Immanuel Velikovsky, Sergei Valyansky and Dmitry Kalyuzhny.
About the new chronology of A. Fomenko, his opinion about the Tatar-Mongol yoke and the principle of simplicity.
Part one. Where was Mongolia located? Mongolian problem.
On this topic, over the past decade, several popular science works by Nosovsky, Fomenko, Bushkov, Valyansky, Kalyuzhny and some others have been presented to readers with a significant amount of evidence that no Mongols came to Rus', and with this A. Maximov completely agree. But he does not agree with the version of Nosovsky and Fomenko, which is as follows: medieval Rus' and the Mongol Horde are one and the same. This Rus' = Horde (plus Turkey = Atamania) was able to conquer Western Europe in the 14th century, and then Asia Minor, Egypt, India, China and even America. Russians settled throughout Europe. However, in the 15th century, Rus' = Horde and Turkey = Atamania quarreled, a split of the single religion into Orthodoxy and Islam occurred, which led to the collapse of the “Mongol” Great Empire. Ultimately Western Europe imposed her will on her former overlords, placing her proteges, the Romanovs, on the Moscow throne. History has been rewritten everywhere.
Then Albert Maksimov consistently examines different versions of who the “Mongols” were and what the Tatar-Mongol invasion actually was and gives his opinion.
- He does not agree with A. Bushkov that the Tatars are nomads of the Trans-Volga region, and believes that the Tatar-Mongols were a warlike alliance of various kinds of fortune seekers, mercenary soldiers, simply bandits from various nomadic, and not only nomadic, tribes of the Caucasian steppes, the Caucasus, Turkic tribes of the regions of Central Asia and Western Siberia. Residents of the conquered regions also joined the Tatar troops, therefore, among them there were also residents of the Volga region (according to the hypothesis of A. Bushkov), but there were especially many Cumans, Khazars and warlike representatives of other tribes of the Great Steppe.
The invasion was truly an internecine struggle among the various Rurikovichs. But Maksimov does not agree with A. Bushkov that Yaroslav the Wise and Alexander Nevsky act under the names of Genghis Khan and Batu, and proves that the role of Genghis Khan is Yuri Andreevich Bogolyubsky, the youngest son of his brother Vladimir Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky, who was killed by Vsevolod the Big Nest, after the death of his father who became an outcast (like Temuchin in his youth) and early disappeared from the pages of Russian chronicles.
Let us consider his arguments in more detail.
In Dixon’s “History of Japan” and in Abulgazi’s “Genealogy of the Tatar Khans” one can read that Temujin was the son of Yesukai, one of the princes from the Kyoto Borjigin clan, who was expelled by his brothers and their followers to the mainland in the middle of the 12th century. “Icon cases” have a lot in common with the people of Kiev, and then Kyiv was still formally the capital of Rus'. In these authors we see that Temujin was an alien stranger. Again, Temujin’s uncles were found to be responsible for this expulsion. Everything is the same as in the case of Prince Yuri. Strange coincidences.
The homeland of the Mongols is the Karakum.
Historians have long been faced with the question of determining the location of the homeland of the legendary Mongols. Historians had little choice in determining the homeland of the conquering Mongols. They settled on the Khangai region (modern Mongolia), and modern Mongols were declared descendants of the great conquerors, fortunately they maintained a nomadic lifestyle, did not have a written language, and had no idea what “great deeds” their ancestors had accomplished 700–800 years ago. And they themselves did not object to this.
Now re-read point by point all the evidence of A. Bushkov (see previous article), which Maksimov considers a real textbook of evidence against the traditional version of the history of the Mongols.
The homeland of the Mongols is the Karakum. This conclusion can be reached if you carefully study the books of Carpini and Rubruk. Based on a scrupulous study of travel notes and calculations of the speed of movement of Plano Carpini and Guillaume de Rubruck, who visited the capital of the Mongols Karakorum, which in their notes is the “only Mongolian city of Karakaron,” Maksimov convincingly proves that “Mongolia” was located in ... Central Asia in the sands of the Karakum desert.
But there is a message about the discovery of Karakorum in Mongolia in the summer of 1889 by an expedition of the East Siberian Department (Irkutsk) of the Russian Geographical Society under the leadership of the famous Siberian scientist N. M. Yadrintsev. (http://zaimka.ru/kochevie/shilovski7.shtml?print) How to approach this is unclear. Most likely this is a desire to pass off the results of their research as a sensation.
Yuri Andreevich Genghis Khan.
- According to Maksimov, under the name of the sworn enemies of Genghis Khan, the Jurchens, Georgians are hiding.
Maksimov gives considerations and comes to the conclusion that Yuri Andreevich Bogolyubsky plays the role of Genghis Khan. In the struggle for the Vladimir table, by 1176, Andrei Bogolyubsky’s brother, Prince Vsevolod the Big Nest, won, and after Andrei’s murder, his son Yuri became an outcast. Yuri flees to the steppe, because relatives from his grandmother’s side, the daughter of the famous Polovtsian Khan Aepa, live there and can give him shelter. Here, the matured Yuri puts together a strong army - thirteen thousand people. Soon, Queen Tamara invites him to join her army. Here is what the Georgian chronicles write about this: “When they were looking for a groom for the famous Queen Tamari, Abulazan, the Emir of Tiflis, appeared and said: “I know the son of the Russian sovereign, Grand Duke Andrei, to whom 300 kings in those countries obey; Having lost his father at a young age, this prince was expelled by his uncle Savalt (Vsevolod the Big Nest), ran away and is now in the city of Svindi, the king of Kapchak.”
By Kapchaks we mean the Cumans who lived in the Black Sea region, beyond the Don and in the North Caucasus.
A brief history of Georgia during the time of Queen Tamara is described and the reasons that prompted her to take as her husband an exiled prince, who combined courage, talent as a commander and thirst for power, that is, to enter into a marriage clearly of convenience. According to the proposed alternative version, Yuri (who received the name Temujin in the steppes) provides Tamara, along with his hand, with 13 thousand nomadic warriors (traditional history claims that Temujin had so many warriors before the Jurchen captivity), who now, instead of attacking Georgia and especially its allied Shirvan take part in hostilities on the side of Georgia. Naturally, at the conclusion of the marriage, Tamara’s husband is declared not to be some nomad Temuchin, but the Russian Prince George (Yuri), the son of Grand Duke Andrei Bogolyubsky (but, nevertheless, all power remained in the hands of Tamara). It is also not beneficial for Yuri to talk about his nomadic youth. That is why Temujin disappeared from the sight of history for 15 years of his captivity by the Jurchens (on TV), but Prince Yuri appeared precisely during this period of time. And Muslim Shirvan was an ally of Georgia and it was Shirvan along the AB that was attacked by nomads - the so-called Mongols. Then, in the 12th century, they roamed just in the eastern part of the spurs of the North Caucasus, where Yuri-Temuchin could live in the possessions of Queen Tamara's aunt, the Alan princess Rusudana, in the area of the Alan steppes.
- Ambitious and energetic Yuri, a man with an iron character and the same will to power, of course, could not come to terms with the role of the “husband of the mistress,” the Queen of Georgia. Tamara sends Yuri to Constantinople, but he returns and starts an uprising - half of Georgia comes under his banner! But Tamara’s army is stronger and Yuri is defeated. He flees to the Polovtsian steppes, but returns and, with the help of Agabek Arran, again invades Georgia, here he is again defeated and disappears forever.
And in the Mongolian steppes (on TV), after an almost 15-year break, Temujin appears again, who in an incomprehensible way gets rid of Jurchen captivity.
- After being defeated by Tamara, Yuri is forced to flee Georgia. Question: where? The Vladimir-Suzdal princes are not allowed into Rus'. It is also impossible to return to the North Caucasian steppes: punitive detachments from Georgia and Shirvan will lead to one thing - execution on a wooden donkey. Everywhere he is superfluous, all the lands are occupied. However, there are almost free territories - the Karakum Desert. By the way, the Turkmen raided Transcaucasia from here. And it was here that Yuri left with 2,600 of his comrades (Alans, Cumans, Georgians, etc.) - all that was left - and became Temujin again, and a few years later he was proclaimed Genghis Khan.
The traditional history of Genghis Khan’s life from the moment of birth, the genealogy of his ancestors, the first steps in the formation of the future Mongol power are based on a number of Chinese chronicles and other documents that have survived to this day, which were actually rewritten Chinese characters from Arab, European and Central Asian chronicles and are now passed off as originals. It is from them that those who firmly believe in the birth of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan in the steppes of modern Mongolia draw “true information”.
- Maksimov examines in detail the history of the conquests of Genghis Khan (on TV) before the attack on Rus' and comes to the conclusion that in the traditional version, of the forty nations conquered by the Mongols, there are none of their geographical neighbors (if the Mongols were in Mongolia), but according to AV, all this points to the Karakum Desert as the place from which the “Mongol” campaigns began.
In 1206, the Yasa was adopted at the Great Kurultai, and Yuri Temuchin, already in adulthood, was proclaimed Genghis Khan - the khan of the entire Great Steppe, which is how, according to scientists, this name is translated. A phrase has been preserved in Russian chronicles that gives a clue to the origin of this name.
“And the King of Books came, made a great war from Kiyata, and after the dying, and the Book of the King sent his daughter Zaholub for Burma.” The text is badly damaged due to a poor translation of the document in the 15th century, which was originally written in Arabic in one of the languages of the peoples of the Golden Horde. Later translators, of course, would have translated it more correctly: “And Genghis came...”. But luckily for us, we didn’t have time to do this, and in the name Chinggis=Knigiz you can clearly see the fundamental principle: the word PRINCE. That is, the name Genghis Khan is nothing more than “Prince Khan” spoiled by the Turks! And Yuri was a prince.
- And two more interesting facts: many sources called Temujin in his youth Gurguta. Even when the Hungarian monk Julian visited the Mongols in 1235–1236, he, describing the first campaigns of Genghis Khan, called him by the name of Gurguta. And Yuri, as you know, is George (the name Yuri is a derivative of the name George; in the Middle Ages this was one name). Compare: George and Gurguta. In the comments to the “Annals of the Bertin Monastery” Genghis Khan is called Gurgatan. In the steppe, from time immemorial, Saint George was revered, who was considered the patron saint of the steppe people.
Genghis Khan, naturally, harbored hatred both for the Russian usurper princes, through whose fault he became an outcast, and for the Polovtsy, who considered him a stranger and treated him accordingly. The thirteen-thousandth army that Temujin assembled in the North Caucasian steppes consisted of various kinds of “well done”, lovers of military profit, and probably included in its ranks various Turks, Khazars, Alans and other nomads. After the defeat in Georgia, the remnants of this army also consisted of Georgians, Armenians, Shirvans, etc. who joined Yuri in Georgia. Therefore, it is not necessary to talk about the purely Turkic-Polovtsian origin of Genghis Khan’s “guard,” especially since in the steppes adjacent to the Karakum desert many locals joined Genghis Khan tribes, mainly Turkmen. This entire conglomerate in Rus' began to be called Tatars, and in other places Mongols, Mongals, Moguls, etc.
In Abulgazi we read that the Borjigins have blue-green eyes (the Borjigins are the family from which Genghis Khan allegedly came). A number of sources note Genghis Khan's red hair and his lynx pattern, i.e. red-green eyes. Andrei Bogolyubsky (father of Yuri = Temuchin), by the way, was also red-haired.
We know the appearance of modern Mongols, and the appearance of Genghis Khan is noticeably different from them. And the son of Andrei Bogolyubsky Yuri (that is, Genghis Khan) could well stand out with his semi-European (since he himself is a mestizo) features among the mass of Mongoloid nomads.
- Temujin took revenge on both the Cumans and the Georgians for the insults of his youth, but did not have time to deal with Russia, because he died in 1227. But GENGISH KHAN DIED IN 1227 THE GRAND DUKE OF Kyiv. But more on that later.
What language did the Mongols speak?
- Traditional history is uniform in its statement: in the Mongolian language. But there is not a single surviving text in the Mongolian language, not even charters and labels. There is no real evidence of the linguistic affiliation of the conquerors to the Mongolian group of languages. And negative ones, although indirect, do exist. It was believed that the famous letter of the Great Khan to the Pope was originally written in Mongolian, but in the translation into Persian the first lines, preserved from the original, turned out to be written in Turkic, which gives reason to consider the entire letter to be written in the Turkic language. And this is quite natural. The Naimans, neighbors of the Mongols (on TV), are classified as Mongol-speaking tribes, but recently information has appeared that the Naimans are Turks. It turns out that one of the Kazakh clans was called Naiman. And Kazakhs are Turks. The army of the “Mongols” consisted mainly of Turkic-speaking nomads, and in Rus' at that time the Turkic language was used along with Russian.
Interesting information is provided by D.I. Ilovaisky: “But Jebe and Subudai... sent to tell the Polovtsians that, being their COMPANIONS, they did not want to have them as their enemies.” Ilovaisky understands WHAT he said, so he immediately explains: “Turkic-Tatar detachments made up the majority of the troops sent to the west.”
In conclusion, we may recall that Gumilyov writes that two hundred years after the Mongol invasion, “the history of Asia went as if Genghis Khan and his conquests did not exist.” But there was neither Genghis Khan nor his conquests in Central Asia. Just as scattered and few shepherds grazed their cattle in the 12th century, so everything remained unchanged until the 19th century, and there is no need to look for either the tomb of Genghis Khan or “rich” cities where THEY NEVER HAPPENED.
What were the steppe people like in appearance?
For many hundreds of centuries, Rus' was constantly in contact with steppe tribes. Avars and Hungarians, Huns and Bulgars passed along its southern borders, brutal devastating raids were carried out by the Pechenegs and Cumans, for three centuries Rus' was, according to TV, under the Mongol yoke. And all these steppe inhabitants, some to a greater extent, others to a lesser extent, flowed into Rus', where they were assimilated by the Russians. People settled on Russian lands not only in clans and hordes, but also in entire tribes and peoples. Remember the tribes of Torok and Berendey, who settled entirely in the southern Russian principalities. Descendants from mixed marriages of Russians and Asian nomads should look like mestizos with a clear Asian admixture.
If, suppose, several hundred years ago the proportion of Asians in any nation was 10%, then even now the percentage of Asian genes should remain the same. Take a look at the faces of passers-by in the European part of Russia. There is not even 10% Asian blood in Russian blood. This is clear. Maksimov is sure that 5% is too much. Now remember the conclusion of British and Estonian geneticists published in the American Journal of Human Genetics from Chapter 8.16.
- Next, Maksimov examines the issue of the relationship between light and brown eyes among different peoples of Russia and comes to the conclusion that Russians will not have even 3–4% Asian blood, despite the fact that dominant genes are responsible for brown eye color, suppressing the regressive genes of light eyes in the offspring eye. And this despite the fact that for centuries in the steppe and forest-steppe places, as well as further to the north of Rus', there was a strong assimilation process between the Slavs and the steppe people, who flowed and flowed into the Russian lands. Maksimov thus confirms the opinion expressed more than once that the majority of the steppe inhabitants were not Asians, but Europeans (remember the Polovtsians and the same modern Tatars, who are practically no different from the Russians). They are all Indo-Europeans.
At the same time, the steppe people who lived in Altai and Mongolia were clearly Asians, Mongoloids, and closer to the Urals they had an almost pure European appearance. In those days, light-eyed blond and brown-haired people lived in the steppes.
- There were many Mongoloids and mestizos among the steppe people, often entire tribes, but most of the nomads were still Caucasoid, many were light-eyed and fair-haired. That is why, despite the fact that, from century to century, the steppe inhabitants who constantly poured into the territory of Rus' in large numbers were assimilated by the Russians, the latter remained Europeans in appearance. And again, this once again indicates that the Tatar-Mongol invasion could not have begun from the depths of Asia, from the territory of modern Mongolia.
From the book by German Markov. From Hyperborea to Rus'. Unconventional history of the Slavs
how long did the Tatar-Mongol yoke last in Rus'!! ! definitely necessary
- there was no yoke
- thank you very much for the answers
- they bullied Russians for their sweet souls....
- there were no Mongol mengu manga from the Turkic eternal glorious manga Tatars
- from 1243 to 1480
- 1243-1480 Under Yaroslav Vsevolodovich it is considered to have begun when he received the label from the khans. And it ended in 1480, it is believed. The Kulikovo field took place in 1380, but then the Horde took Moscow with the support of the Poles and Lithuanians.
- 238 years (from 1242 to 1480)
- judging by the numerous facts that there were inconsistencies with history, everything is possible. For example, it was possible to hire the nomadic “Tatars” to any prince, and it seems that the “yoke” is nothing more than an army hired by the Kyiv prince to change the faith from Orthodox to Christian... it did work out.
- from 1243 to 1480
- There was no yoke; the civil war between Novgorod and Moscow was covered up under this. This has been proven
- from 1243 to 1480
- from 1243 to 1480
- MONGOL-TATAR IGO in Rus' (1243-1480), the traditional name for the system of exploitation of Russian lands by Mongol-Tatar conquerors. Established as a result of Batu's invasion. After the Battle of Kulikovo (1380) it was nominal in nature. Finally overthrown by Ivan III in 1480.
In the spring of 1238, the Tatar-Mongol army of Khan Batu, which had been ravaging Rus' for many months, ended up on Kaluga land under the walls of Kozelsk. According to the Nikon Chronicle, the formidable conqueror of Rus' demanded the surrender of the city, but the residents of Kozel refused, deciding to “lay down their heads for the Christian faith.” The siege lasted for seven weeks and only after the destruction of the wall with battering guns did the enemy manage to climb onto the rampart, where “there was a great battle and a slaughter of evil.” Some of the defenders went beyond the walls of the city and died in an unequal battle, destroying up to 4 thousand Tatar-Mongol warriors. Having burst into Kozelsk, Batu ordered to destroy all the inhabitants, “sucking milk until they were children,” and ordered the city to be called “Evil City.” The feat of the Kozel residents, who despised death and did not submit to the strongest enemy, became one of the bright pages of the heroic past of our Fatherland.
In the 1240s. Russian princes found themselves politically dependent on the Golden Horde. The period of the Tatar-Mongol yoke began. At the same time, in the 13th century. under the rule of the Lithuanian princes, a state began to take shape, which included Russian lands, including part of the “Kaluga” lands. The border between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Principality of Moscow was established along the Oka and Ugra rivers.
In the XIV century. The territory of the Kaluga region became a place of constant confrontation between Lithuania and Moscow. In 1371, the Lithuanian prince Olgerd, in a complaint to the Patriarch of Constantinople Philotheus against the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus' Alexei, among the cities taken from him by Moscow “against the kiss of the cross”, named Kaluga for the first time (in domestic sources, Kaluga was first mentioned in the will of Dmitry Donskoy, who died in 1389 .) . It is traditionally believed that Kaluga arose as a border fortress to protect the Moscow Principality from attack from Lithuania.
The Kaluga cities of Tarusa, Obolensk, Borovsk and others took part in the struggle of Dmitry Ivanovich (Donskoy) against the Golden Horde. Their squads took part in the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380. The famous commander Vladimir Andreevich Brave (appanage prince of Serpukhov and Borovsk) played a significant role in the victory over the enemy. The Tarusa princes Fyodor and Mstislav died in the Battle of Kulikovo.
A hundred years later, Kaluga land became the place where the events that put an end to the Tatar-Mongol yoke took place. Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilyevich, who during the years of his reign transformed from a Moscow appanage prince into the sovereign-autocrat of all Rus', in 1476 stopped paying the Horde the annual monetary “exit” collected from Russian lands since the time of Batu. In response, in 1480, Khan Akhmat, in alliance with the Polish-Lithuanian king Casimir IV, set out on a campaign against Russian soil. Akhmat's troops moved through Mtsensk, Odoev and Lyubutsk to Vorotynsk. Here the khan expected help from Casimir IV, but he never received it. The Crimean Tatars, allies of Ivan III, distracted the Lithuanian troops by attacking the Podolsk land.
Having not received the promised help, Akhmat went to the Ugra and, standing on the bank opposite the Russian regiments that Ivan III had concentrated here in advance, attempted to cross the river. Several times Akhmat tried to break through to the other side of the Ugra, but all his attempts were stopped by Russian troops. Soon the river began to freeze. Ivan III ordered all troops to be withdrawn to Kremenets, and then to Borovsk. But Akhmat did not dare to pursue the Russian troops and on November 11 retreated from Ugra. The last campaign of the Golden Horde against Rus' ended in complete failure. The successors of the formidable Batu turned out to be powerless before the state united around Moscow.
