How to draw the main view.  Descriptive geometry. Self-test of knowledge on descriptive geometry. Rational arrangement of species

Complex drawing are called images of an object, composed of two or more interconnected orthogonal projections of the depicted geometric image (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Visual representation of the item

The frontal projection is called front view, or main view. The main view obtained on the frontal projection plane is the initial one; it should give the most complete idea of ​​the shape and size of the object.The object is positioned so that in the drawing most of its elements are depicted as visible. Body parts (brackets, headstocks and tailstocks, housings of taps and valves, pipelines, pumps, gearboxes) are shown in the main image (view) in working position, i.e. in the position that the part occupies during operation. Parts that are in different positions when working are drawn in the position that prevails during the manufacturing process. Therefore, parts such as shafts, axes, spindles, pulleys, pins, etc., which have a cylindrical or conical shape and are processed on lathes in a horizontal position, are depicted with a horizontal axis. (You can look).As was said in the last lesson, the horizontal projection (top view) is located under the frontal one, and the profile one (left view) is to the right of the frontal one and on the same level with it. This rule for the location of projections cannot be violated. . This arrangement of projections is called projection connection.


Fig.2. Complex drawing

The projection connection is shown in Fig. 2 thin solid lines called communication lines. When drawing communication lines between horizontal and profile projections, it is convenient to use auxiliary line, which is carried out under angle 45° from the axes in the lower right quarter. The connection lines coming from the top view are brought to the auxiliary straight line. From the points of intersection with it, perpendiculars are constructed to construct the view on the left.

This is how drawings are made in rectangular projections. Using the dimensions of the part and transferring them from existing views to the one being added, you can create a drawing of a part of any complexity.

Construction of a drawing

In educational practice, sometimes you have to perform tasks related to increasing or decreasing the number of images in a drawing, for example, constructing a third view based on two existing ones.

Construction of the third type of an object is reduced to the construction of third types of its individual elements (points, lines, flat figures) And individual parts. For this purpose, by studying the drawing, the shape, size and position of these parts on the object are determined. Thus, the drawing is read first. After this they begin graphic constructions, drawing sequentially one after another certain elements of the subject.

Figure 3 shows the sequence of constructing a view on the left according to two given ones: main and top. The transfer of dimensions from the top view to the view being completed is carried out using a constant straight line drawing.

Rice. 3

Sometimes, when constructing a view that is not on the drawing, the use of a constant straight line is not necessary. To transfer dimensions from one type to another, you can use a compass or ruler (see Fig. 3, size indicated with an asterisk).

Finally, you need to remove the construction lines and trace the drawing.

Drawing Layout

Drawing layout (or drawing composition) is expressed in harmonious combination individual image elements in a selected scale with a given paper format. The layout of the drawing also refers to the placement of images, dimensions and inscriptions on the drawing field (i.e. inside the frame).

Novice draftsmen build a drawing, as a rule, without taking into account the area of ​​a sheet of paper. As a result, the drawing either does not fit in the field allocated to it, or only occupies part of it.

Since we perceive the image not by itself, not in isolation, but together with the sheet on which it is located, there must be a certain proportional relationship between the sizes of the image and the sheet, or, as artists say, compositional balance.

The simplest way achieving balance in the drawing is a uniform distribution of projections (but not due to disruption of the projection connection!). From Figure 4 it is easy to understand the essence of this requirement.

Fig.4. Layout of projections in the drawing

But there may be surprises here. In Figure 5, the projection of the roller is placed strictly in the middle of the sheet. Despite this, the image appears to be shifted downwards.

Fig.5. The part in the drawing appears to be misaligned

This is explained by the peculiarity of image perception by our eyes: horizontal lines seem to us longer than the vertical ones, the upper half of the object- more than the bottom. Therefore, the image of the roller should be positioned slightly above the middle of the sheet. For the same reason, the upper parts of some typographic signs are made smaller than the lower ones, but we see them as equal (Fig. 6).

Fig.6. Layout of typographic characters

Rotate the picture and you will see this (look).

This also applies to a number of letters and numbers in the drawing font. Take a look at Figure 7.

Fig.7. Circle-in-square layout

It seems as if a small black circle is located in the depths of the square, a large circle is highlighted and only the third circle lies in the plane of the square. This example will help you determine the ratio of the thickness and size of lines, numbers, inscriptions and other elements of the drawing when completing it, that is, maintain a balance between black and white.

In Figure 8 it is easy to see which layout of the drawing is compositionally correct.


Fig.8. Layout of dimension lines in the drawing

Arrows of drawings in Fig. 8, a) and c) are incommensurable with the projections: the first ones are large, the second ones are too small, and so are the numbers. In addition, in Fig. 8, a) they are “pressed” to their projections, in Fig. 8, c), on the contrary, are “cut off” from them. The drawing in Fig. is correctly executed. 8, b). Everything is visually balanced in it and creates favorable conditions for the eye as it moves across the image.

The laws of composition are manifested in all types of art: architecture, sculpture, painting, music, photography, etc.

Number of images

The choice of the number of images is important stage execution of drawings. It consists of finding the position of the part in the main image and the required number of views that will allow you to fully and accurately display the external and internal shape, as well as the dimensions of the object.

The number of types should be the smallest, but fully revealing the shape of the object.

The choice of the position of the part in the main image should give the most complete picture of the shape and dimensions of the part: the main view should provide as much information about the shape as possible.

Usually the part is shown in the position it occupies during processing. Therefore, the axis of parts produced by turning (for example, shafts) is positioned horizontally. This makes it easier for the worker to manufacture the part according to the drawing, since he sees it in the same position both on the drawing and on the machine.

Choosing the position of the part on the main image largely determines the number of images in the drawing. They try to place the object so that most of its elements were depicted as visible in the main view.

The shape of the part presented in Figure 9 is revealed by one view when making the right choice main image (main view).

Rice. 9.

To convey the shape of the part (Fig. 10), two views are needed. It is not possible to show the depth of the grooves of the thickened part of the part with one main view.

Rice. 10.

The shape of the part shown in Figure 11 is revealed by three images. Even two types of parts will not fully define the shape.

Date of introduction 01.01.71

This standard establishes the rules for depicting objects (products, structures and their components) in drawings of all industries and construction. The standard fully complies with ST SEV 363-88. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 2).

1. BASIC PROVISIONS AND DEFINITIONS

1.1. Images of objects should be made using the rectangular projection method. In this case, the object is assumed to be located between the observer and the corresponding projection plane (Fig. 1).

1.2. The six faces of the cube are taken as the main projection planes; the edges are combined with the plane, as shown in Fig. 2. Face 6 may be placed next to face 4. 1.3 The image on the frontal plane of projections is taken as the main one in the drawing. The object is positioned relative to the frontal projection plane so that the image on it gives the most complete idea of ​​the shape and size of the object. 1.4. The images in the drawing, depending on their content, are divided into types, sections, sections.

Crap. 2 Damn. 3

1.5. View - an image of the visible part of the surface of an object facing the observer. To reduce the number of images, it is allowed to show the necessary invisible parts of the surface of an object in views using dashed lines (Fig. 3).

1.6 Section - an image of an object mentally dissected by one or more planes, while the mental dissection of an object relates only to this section and does not entail changes in other images of the same object. The section shows what is obtained in the secant plane and what is located behind it (Fig. 4). It is allowed to depict not everything that is located behind the cutting plane, if this is not required to understand the design of the object (Fig. 5).

1.7. Section - an image of a figure obtained by mentally dissecting an object with one or more planes (Fig. 6). The section shows only what is obtained directly in the cutting plane. It is allowed to use a cylindrical surface as a secant, which is then developed into a plane (Fig. 7).

(Changed edition, Amendment No. 2). 1.8. The number of images (types, sections, sections) should be the smallest, but providing a complete picture of the subject when applying those established in the relevant standards symbols, signs and inscriptions.

2. TYPES

2.1. The following names of views obtained on the main projection planes are established (main views, drawing 2): 1 - front view ( main view); 2 - top view; 3 - left view; 4 - right view; 5 - bottom view; 6 - rear view. In construction drawings, if necessary, the corresponding views may be given other names, for example, “facade”. The names of types on the drawings should not be inscribed, except as provided in clause 2.2. In construction drawings it is allowed to inscribe the name of the type and assign it an alphabetic, numerical or other designation. 2.2. If the views from above, left, right, below, from behind are not in direct projection connection with the main image (the view or section shown on the frontal plane of projections), then the direction of projection should be indicated by an arrow next to the corresponding image. The same capital letter should be placed above the arrow and above the resulting image (view) (Fig. 8).

Drawings are designed in the same way if the listed views are separated from the main image by other images or are not located on the same sheet with it. When there is no image that can show the direction of view, the name of the species is inscribed. In construction drawings, it is allowed to indicate the direction of view with two arrows (similar to indicating the position of cutting planes in sections). In construction drawings, regardless of the relative position of the views, it is allowed to inscribe the name and designation of the view without indicating the direction of view with an arrow, if the direction of view is determined by the name or designation of the view. 2.3. If any part of an object cannot be shown in the views listed in paragraph 2.1 without distorting the shape and size, then additional views are used, obtained on planes not parallel to the main planes of projections (Fig. 9-11). 2.4. The additional view must be marked on the drawing with a capital letter (Fig. 9, 10), and the image of an object associated with the additional view must have an arrow indicating the direction of view, with the corresponding letter designation(arrow B, drawing 9, 10).

When an additional view is located in direct projection connection with the corresponding image, the arrow and view designation are not applied (Fig. 11).

2.2-2.4. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 2). 2.5. Additional types are arranged as shown in Fig. 9- 11. Location of additional views along the lines. 9 and 11 are preferable. An additional view can be rotated, but with, as a rule, maintaining the position adopted for a given item in the main image, and the designation of the view must be supplemented with a conventional graphic designation. If necessary, indicate the angle of rotation (Fig. 12). Several identical additional types related to one subject are designated by one letter and one type is drawn. If, in this case, the parts of the object associated with the additional type are located at different angles, then the designation of the type is conditional graphic designation do not add. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 1, 2). 2.6. The image of a separate, limited area of ​​the surface of an object is called a local view (type D, figure 8; view E, figure 13). The local view may be limited to the cliff line, if possible in smallest size(type D, drawing 13), or not limited (type D, drawing 13). The local view should be marked on the drawing as additional view. 2.7. The ratio of the sizes of the arrows indicating the direction of view must correspond to those shown in Fig. 14. 2.6, 2.7. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 2).

3. CUT

3.1. The cuts are divided depending on the position of the cutting plane relative to horizontal plane projections onto: horizontal - the cutting plane is parallel to the horizontal plane of projections (for example, section A-A, Fig. 13; section B-B, crap. 15). In construction drawings, horizontal sections may be given other names, such as "plan"; vertical - the cutting plane is perpendicular to the horizontal plane of projections (for example, a section at the site of the main view, Fig. 13; cuts A-A, V-V, G-G, damn. 15); inclined - the secant plane makes an angle with the horizontal projection plane that is different from a straight line (for example, section B-B, crap. 8). Depending on the number of cutting planes, the sections are divided into: simple - with one cutting plane (for example, Fig. 4, 5); complex - with several cutting planes (for example, section A-A, Fig. 8; section B-B, Fig. 15). 3.2. A vertical section is called frontal if the cutting plane is parallel to the frontal plane of projections (for example, section, Fig. 5; section A-A, Fig. 16), and profile if the cutting plane is parallel to the profile plane of projections (for example, section BB, Fig. 16 . 13).

3.3. Complex sections can be stepped if the cutting planes are parallel (for example, a stepped horizontal section B-B, Fig. 15; a stepped frontal section A-A, Fig. 16), and broken if the cutting planes intersect (for example, sections A-A, drawings 8 and 15). 3.4. The cuts are called longitudinal if the cutting planes are directed along the length or height of the object (Figure 17), and transverse if the cutting planes are directed perpendicular to the length or height of the object (for example, cuts A-A and B-B, Figure 18). 3.5. The position of the cutting plane is indicated in the drawing by a section line. An open line must be used for the section line. In case of a complex cut, strokes are also made at the intersection of the cutting planes. Arrows should be placed on the initial and final strokes indicating the direction of view (Fig. 8-10, 13, 15); arrows should be applied at a distance of 2-3 mm from the end of the stroke. The starting and ending strokes must not intersect the outline of the corresponding image. In cases like the one indicated in Fig. 18, arrows indicating the direction of view are drawn on the same line. 3.1-3.5. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 2). 3.6. At the beginning and end of the section line, and, if necessary, at the intersection of the cutting planes, the same capital letter of the Russian alphabet is placed. The letters are placed near the arrows indicating the direction of view, and at the intersection points from the side external corner. The cut must be marked with an inscription like “A-A” (always two letters separated by a dash). In construction drawings, near the section line, it is allowed to use numbers instead of letters, as well as write the name of the section (plan) with an alphanumeric or other designation assigned to it. 3.7. When the secant plane coincides with the plane of symmetry of the object as a whole, and the corresponding images are located on the same sheet in direct projection connection and are not separated by any other images, for horizontal, frontal and profile sections the position of the secant plane is not marked, and the cut is inscribed are not accompanied (for example, a section at the site of the main species, Fig. 13). 3.8. Frontal and profile sections, as a rule, are given a position corresponding to that accepted for a given item in the main image of the drawing (Fig. 12). 3.9. Horizontal, frontal and profile sections can be located in place of the corresponding main views (Fig. 13). 3.10. A vertical section, when the cutting plane is not parallel to the frontal or profile planes of projections, as well as an inclined section must be constructed and located in accordance with the direction indicated by the arrows on the section line. It is allowed to place such sections anywhere in the drawing (section B-B, Fig. 8), as well as with rotation to a position corresponding to that accepted for this item in the main image. In the latter case, a conventional graphic designation should be added to the inscription (section Г-Г, drawing 15). 3.11. For broken cuts, the secant planes are conventionally rotated until they are aligned into one plane, and the direction of rotation may not coincide with the direction of view (Fig. 19). If the combined planes turn out to be parallel to one of the main projection planes, then a broken section can be placed in the place of the corresponding type (sections A-A, drawings 8, 15). When rotating the secant plane, the elements of the object located on it are drawn as they are projected onto the corresponding plane with which the alignment is made (Fig. 20).

Crap. 19 Damn. 20

3.12. An incision that serves to clarify the structure of an object only in a separate, limited place is called local. The local section is highlighted in the view by a solid wavy line (Figure 21) or a solid thin line with a break (Figure 22). These lines must not coincide with any other lines in the image.

3.13. Part of the view and part of the corresponding section can be connected by separating them with a solid wavy line or a solid thin line with a break (Fig. 23, 24, 25). If in this case half of the view and half of the section are connected, each of which is a symmetrical figure, then the dividing line is the axis of symmetry (Fig. 26). It is also possible to separate the section and view by a thin dash-dotted line (Fig. 27), coinciding with the trace of the plane of symmetry not of the entire object, but only of its part, if it represents a body of rotation.

3.10-3.13. (Changed edition, Rev. № 2). 3.14. It is allowed to combine a quarter of a view and quarters of three sections: a quarter of a view, a quarter of one section and half of another, etc., provided that each of these images is individually symmetrical.

4. SECTIONS

4.1. Sections that are not part of the section are divided into: external sections (Fig. 6, 28); superimposed (Fig. 29).

Extended sections are preferable and can be placed in a section between parts of the same type (Fig. 30).

(Changed edition, Amendment No. 2). 4.2. The contour of the extended section, as well as the section included in the section, is depicted with solid main lines, and the contour of the superimposed section is depicted with solid thin lines, and the contour of the image at the location of the superimposed section is not interrupted (Fig. 13, 28, 29). 4.3. The axis of symmetry of the extended or superimposed section (Fig. 6, 29) is indicated by a thin dash-dotted line without letters and arrows, and the section line is not drawn. In cases like the one indicated in Fig. 30, with a symmetrical sectional figure, the section line is not drawn. In all other cases, an open line is used for the section line, indicating the direction of view with arrows and denoted by the same capital letters of the Russian alphabet (in construction drawings - uppercase or lowercase letters of the Russian alphabet or numbers). The section is accompanied by an inscription like “AA” (Fig. 28). In construction drawings it is allowed to inscribe the name of the section. For asymmetrical sections located in a gap (Fig. 31) or superimposed (Fig. 32), the section line is drawn with arrows, but not marked with letters.

Crap. 31 Damn. 32

In construction drawings, for symmetrical sections, an open line is used with its designation, but without arrows indicating the direction of view. 4.4. The section in construction and location must correspond to the direction indicated by the arrows (Fig. 28). It is allowed to place the section anywhere in the drawing field, as well as with a rotation with the addition of a conventional graphic designation 4.5. For several identical sections related to one object, the section line is designated by one letter and one section is drawn (Fig. 33, 34). If the cutting planes are directed at different angles (Fig. 35), then the conventional graphic designation is not applied. When the location of identical sections is precisely determined by the image or dimensions, it is allowed to draw one section line, and indicate the number of sections above the section image.

Crap. 33 Damn. 34

Crap. 35 Damn. 36

4.6 Cutting planes are chosen so as to obtain normal cross sections (Fig. 36). 4.7. If the secant plane passes through the axis of the surface of rotation that bounds the hole or recess, then the contour of the hole or recess in the section is shown in full (Fig. 37). 4.8. If the section turns out to consist of separate independent parts, then cuts should be used (Fig. 38).

Crap. 37 Damn. 38

4.4-4.8. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 2).

5. REMOTE ELEMENTS

5.1. A detachable element is an additional separate image (usually enlarged) of any part of an object that requires graphic and other explanations regarding shape, size and other data. The detail element may contain details not indicated on the corresponding image, and may differ from it in content (for example, the image may be a view, and the detail element may be a section). 5.2. When using an extension element, the corresponding place is marked on the view, section or section with a closed solid thin line - a circle, an oval, etc. with the designation of the extension element in a capital letter or a combination capital letter with an Arabic numeral on a leader line shelf. Above the image of the extension element, indicate the designation and scale in which it is made (Fig. 39).

In construction drawings, the extension element in the image can also be marked with a curly or square bracket or not marked graphically. On the image from which the element is being taken out, and on the extension element, it is also allowed to apply the alphabetic or numeric number assigned to the extension element ( Arabic numerals) designation and name. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 2). 5.3. The remote element is placed as close as possible to the corresponding place in the image of the object.

6. CONVENTIONS AND SIMPLIFICATIONS

6.1. If the view, section or section represents a symmetrical figure, it is allowed to draw half of the image (View B, Drawing 13) or slightly more than half of the image, drawing a break line in the latter case (Drawing 25). 6.2. If an object has several identical, evenly spaced elements, then the image of this object shows one or two such elements in full (for example, one or two holes, Fig. 15), and the remaining elements are shown in a simplified or conditional manner (Fig. 40). It is allowed to depict a part of an object (Fig. 41, 42) with appropriate instructions on the number of elements, their location, etc.

Crap. 40 Damn. 41 Damn. 42

6.3. In views and sections, it is allowed to depict in a simplified manner the projections of the lines of intersection of surfaces, if their precise construction is not required. For example, instead of pattern curves, circular arcs and straight lines are drawn (Fig. 43, 44).

6.4. A smooth transition from one surface to another is shown conditionally (Fig. 45-47) or not shown at all (Fig. 48-50).

Simplifications similar to those indicated in Fig. 51, 52.

6.5. Parts such as screws, rivets, keys, non-hollow shafts and spindles, connecting rods, handles, etc. are shown uncut in a longitudinal section. The balls are always shown uncut. As a rule, nuts and washers are shown uncut on assembly drawings. Elements such as spokes of flywheels, pulleys, gear wheels, thin walls such as stiffeners, etc. are shown unshaded if the cutting plane is directed along the axis or long side such an element. If such elements of the part have local drilling, recess, etc., then do local incision, as shown in Fig. 21, 22, 53. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 2).

Crap. 53 Damn. 54 Damn. 55

6.6. Plates, as well as elements of parts (holes, chamfers, grooves, recesses, etc.) with a size (or difference in size) in the drawing of 2 mm or less are depicted with a deviation from the scale adopted for the entire image, in the direction of enlargement. 6.7. It is permissible to depict a slight taper or slope with magnification. In those images in which the slope or taper is not clearly visible, for example, the main view of the devil. 54a or top view of the devil. 54b, draw only one line corresponding to the smaller size of the element with a slope or the smaller base of the cone. 6.8. If it is necessary to highlight the flat surfaces of an object in the drawing, diagonals are drawn on them with solid thin lines (Drawing 55). 6.9. Objects or elements that have a constant or naturally changing cross-section (shafts, chains, rods, shaped steel, connecting rods, etc.) may be depicted with breaks. Partial images and images with breaks are limited in one of the following ways: a) a continuous thin line with a break, which can extend beyond the contour of the image by a length of 2 to 4 mm. This line may be inclined relative to the contour line (Fig. 56a);

B) a solid wavy line connecting the corresponding contour lines (Fig. 56b);

C) hatching lines (Fig. 5bv).

(Changed edition, Rev. № 2). 6.10. In drawings of objects with a continuous mesh, braiding, ornament, relief, knurling, etc., it is allowed to depict these elements partially, with possible simplification (Drawing 57).

6.11. To simplify drawings or reduce the number of images, it is allowed: a) the part of the object located between the observer and the cutting plane is depicted with a dash-dot thick line directly on the section (superimposed projection, Fig. 58); b) use complex cuts (Fig. 59);

C) to show holes in the hubs of gear wheels, pulleys, etc., as well as for keyways, instead of a full image of the part, give only the outline of the hole (Fig. 60) or groove (Fig. 52); d) depict in section the holes located on the round flange when they do not fall into the secant plane (Fig. 15). 6.12. If a top view is not necessary and the drawing is compiled from images on the frontal and profile planes of projections, then with a stepped section, the section line and inscriptions related to the section are applied as shown in the drawing. 61.

6.11, 6.12. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 2). 6.13. Conventions and simplifications allowed in permanent connections, in drawings of electrical and radio engineering devices, gears, etc., are established by the relevant standards. 6.14. The conventional graphic designation “rotated” must correspond to the line. 62 and “expanded” - damn. 63.

(Introduced additionally, Amendment No. 2). APPENDIX according to GOST 2.317-69.

INFORMATION DATA

1. DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED by the Committee of Standards, Measures and Measuring Instruments under the Council of Ministers of the USSR DEVELOPERS V.R. Verchenko, Yu.I. Stepanov, Ya.G. Old-timer, B.Ya. Kabakov, V.K. Anopova 2. APPROVED AND ENTERED INTO EFFECT by the Resolution of the Committee of Standards, Measures and measuring instruments at the Council of Ministers of the USSR in December 1967 3. The standard fully complies with ST SEV 363-88 4. INSTEAD GOST 3453-59 in terms of section. I - V, VII and appendices 5. EDITION (April 2000) with Amendments No. 1, 2, approved in September 1987, August 1989 (IUS 12-87, 12-89)

1. Basic provisions and definitions. 1 2. Types.. 3 3. Sections.. 6 4. Sections. 9 5. Detailed elements.. 11 6. Conventions and simplifications. 12

Drawing a side view of an object seems the simplest and most intuitive - without “perspective” it’s easy and fun to draw. However, due to their simplicity, side view drawings are also quite boring, and they are very problematic in conveying the character and qualities of the subject. In this short tutorial, I'll show you how to turn them into an interesting, 3D drawing using a simple Photoshop trick.

1. Prepare a side view drawing

Step 1

Open Adobe Photoshop. Create new document(Ctrl/Cmd-N) and draw a side view of your character on a new layer (Ctrl/Cmd-Shift-Alt-N).

Step 2

Install Opacity(Opacity) of the layer by 20%. Then create a new layer.


Step 3

On this new layer, draw a simplified version of the character. Keep the shapes as simple as possible, forget about the details for a second.


2. Build a binding box

Step 1

Every three-dimensional object, regardless of the level of detail, can be enclosed in a so-called box. Likewise, the side view (2D) can be enclosed within one side of this box - a rectangle. Let's build it!

Select Rectangle Tool(Rectangle Tool (U)) and change its settings as shown below.

Step 2

Draw any rectangle. Don't bother creating a new layer - for shapes they are created automatically.


Step 3

Use the tool Free Transform Tool(Free Transform (Ctrl/Cmd-T)) to resize the rectangle and fit the character tightly inside. Hide the character (click on the "eye" icon next to the corresponding layer in the layers panel).


Step 4

Duplicate ( Ctrl/ cmd- J) rectangle and hide the original.

Now we need some rules of perspective. You can find them in my other lessons on perspective - they are not as difficult as you might think. Here's an example!

  • If you want to see the front of the character, make the rectangle narrower to the left.
  • If you want to see the back of the character, make the rectangle narrower to the right.


  • If you want to see the top of the character, make the rectangle shorter at the top.
  • If you want to see the bottom of the character, make the rectangle shorter at the bottom.


Step 5

The side view must be distorted to transform into a 3D view. Restore the visibility of the layer with the original rectangle and lower it Opacity(Opacity). Use Direct Selection Tool(Node Selection Tool (A)), hold Shift and click on the dots on the side near the “space”.


When both points are selected, click the down arrow to move them down. We now have one side of the binding box!


Step 6

The side view carries information about the height and length of the character, but 3D is three measurements.

Create a new layer. Remove the visibility of the rectangle, but return the visibility of the character layer. Turn on the rulers (Ctrl/Cmd-R) and drag them horizontally towards the picture to measure out the most important parts of the character. Use these lines to draw a simple top view.

Hint: you can draw only half of the top view and then duplicate it (Ctrl/Cmd-J) and Edit > Transform > Flip Vertical(Edit > Transform > Flip Vertical).

Step 7

Create a connecting rectangle for the top view as before.


Step 8

Return to the distorted rectangle. We can create the second part of our “box” from it. Drag it while holding Alt to duplicate it. Move it according to the rules of perspective:

If you want to see the front, move to the right.

If you want to see the back, move to the left.

If you want to see the top, move down.

If you want to see the bottom, move it to the top.

Regarding the distance:

The narrower the length, the greater the horizontal distance.

The lower the height, the greater the vertical distance.

The distance cannot be greater than the width in the top view.


Step 9

Connect the sides using Pen Tool(Pen (P)) (using the same settings as the rectangle). Our box is ready!


3.Adjust side view for 3D link box

Step 1

Now we need to fit the character inside the box. First, use Free Transform Tool(Free Transform (Ctrl/Cmd-T)) while holding down the Shift key to adjust the height of the character to the height of the box.


Step 2

Hold Ctrl/Cmd and drag the bottom point to the bottom corner of the far side. Do the same with top point. Our goal is to "attach" the character to the distorted side.


Step 3

Hold Alt and drag the character to place a copy on the other side.


Step 4

The problem is that not every body element is the same width. Let's look at the example of a muzzle. Create a new layer to draw a line between the bases of the face on both sides.


Now draw the same line between both sides in the top view.


Step 5

As you can see, the muzzle starts a little deeper rather than right near the sides.


Try to simulate similar proportions on this line:


Step 6

Select a face on one side using Lasso Tool(Lasso (L)). Cut and paste it into place on a new layer.

Execution order

1. Carefully familiarize yourself with the design of the part using its visual image and identify the main geometric bodies of which it consists.

2. Select the main image. According to GOST 2.305-2008, the image on the frontal projection plane is taken as the main one in the drawing. The part is positioned relative to the frontal projection plane so that the image on it gives the most complete idea of ​​the shape and size of the object. Wherein maximum amount geometric shapes, forming the part, has axes of rotation parallel to the front plane, and the plane the base of the part is located parallel to the horizontal projection plane.

Depending on the content, the main image can be a view, a section, or a combination of half a front view and half a frontal section. The work image is a front view.

3. Select on a sheet of whatman paper the appropriate area for each of the three views (front view - main image, top view and left view). At the same time, pay attention to the fact that the images of the part (views) should be located evenly on the sheet, and not concentrated in one corner. The distances between individual images and the images themselves from the frame lines must be chosen such as to provide conditions for applying dimensions, symbols and inscriptions. Draw dash-dot lines: axes of surfaces of rotation, axes of symmetry of images. The center lines should extend beyond the outline of the image no further than five mm.

4. Construct three types of parts in thin lines, observing the projection relationship. Show with dashed lines inner circuit details.

5. Apply extension and dimension lines, arrows, put down dimensional numbers, signs of diameters, radii, slopes and tapers (GOST 2.307-2011).

When completing task No. 2, a simplified geometric principle is used for specifying dimensions in the drawing.

The distances between the extreme points of the part along the length, height and width are called overall dimensions. dimensions must be included on each drawing.

Check that the images taken are correct.

6. Circle the drawing with lines of the required thickness (GOST 2.303-68). The visible contour lines must be at least 0.5 mm thick. The lines of the invisible contour and the axial ones should be 2...3 times thinner.

7. Fill in the main inscription of the drawing in accordance with GOST 2.104-2006.

Rice. 22. A visual representation of one of the possible details



Rice. 23. Example of drawing “Views”

Options






Using two given projections of a part, construct three images of it. Apply vertical and horizontal cuts. Apply dimensions.

Execution order

1. Carefully familiarize yourself with the design of the part using two given projections of the part and determine the main geometric bodies of which it consists.

2. Select the appropriate area on a sheet of Whatman paper for each of the three images (see figure below). The main image is a combination of half of the front view and half of the frontal section. In place of the top view there is a connection between half the view and half the horizontal section. In place of the view on the left, connect half of the view with half of the profile section. At the same time, pay attention to the fact that the images of the part should be located evenly on the sheet, and not concentrated in one corner. The distances between individual images and the images themselves from the frame lines should be chosen such as to provide conditions for applying dimensions, symbols and inscriptions. Draw dash-dot lines: axes of surfaces of rotation, axes of symmetry of images.

3. Construct three images of the part in thin lines, observing the projection relationship. When connecting half of the view with half of the section, do not show the internal contour of the part with dashed lines.

4. Draw extension and dimension lines, arrows, put down dimensional numbers, signs of diameters, radii, slopes and tapers (GOST 2.307-2011.

5. Check the accuracy of the completed images.

6. Circle the drawing with lines of the required thickness (GOST 2.303-68).

7. Fill in the main inscription of the drawing in accordance with GOST 2.104-2006.

In Fig. 25 shows two projections of one of the possible parts, and in Fig. 26 shows an example of its drawing. In the main image, the view is separated from the frontal section by a wavy line drawn to the right of the axis of symmetry, since the edge of the prism hits the boundary.



In place of the view on the left, a full profile section was made, since relative to P3 the part is not a symmetrical figure.


Options

Building views begins with the mental selection of the position of the part in front of the projection planes. Then select the number of views necessary and sufficient to identify the shape of the part, as well as the method of their construction.

The choice of the position of the part in the system of projection planes depends on its working position, manufacturing method in production, and shape. For example, if a part is made on a lathe, then in the drawing its axis of rotation should be located horizontally.

Types of drawing can be done different ways. Let's look at some of them.

Construction of views based on sequential drawing of geometric bodies that make up the shape of an object. In order to complete a drawing in this way, it is necessary to mentally divide the part into its simple geometric bodies, finding out how they are located relative to each other. Then you need to select the main type of part and the number of images that allow you to understand its shape and sequentially depict one geometric body after another until the object’s shape is completely displayed. It is necessary to observe the dimensions of the form and correctly orient its elements relative to each other (Table 8).

The construction of views based on element-by-element drawing of geometric bodies that make up the shape of an object is carried out using the techniques of deletion and increment.

When drawing a geometric body using the deletion technique, the shape of the workpiece is successively changed in the drawing by removing volumes similar to the methods of processing it by turning, drilling, milling, etc.

When drawing a geometric body using the increment technique, the volumes of the product elements seem to complement each other and are incremented.

8. Element-by-element drawing of geometric bodies that make up the shape of an object



Constructing views using a constant straight line drawing (external coordination method). A constant straight line in a drawing is a line drawn from the center of coordinates (point O) down to the right at an angle of 45° (Fig. 86).

The object is mentally placed in a system of projection planes. The axes of the projection planes are taken as coordinate axes. The projection connection between the top view and the left view is carried out using projection connection lines, which are drawn until they intersect with the constant straight line of the drawing and are built at an angle of 90° to each other.

The constant line of the drawing is, as a rule, used in cases where, based on two given views, it is necessary to construct a third view of the part (see Fig. 86). Having redrawn two types of parts, construct a constant straight line of the drawing and draw projection connection lines parallel to the OX axis until they intersect with the constant straight line of the drawing, and then parallel to the OZ axis.

The considered method of construction is called the method of external coordination, since the object is fixed in space relative to the axes of the projection planes, which are located outside the depicted object.

(If the drawing does not show the projection axes and it is necessary to perform a third view of the part, then you can build a constant straight line of the drawing anywhere with right side from the top view.)

Constructing views using internal object coordination. Internal coordination consists in the mental introduction of additional coordinate axes tied to the projected object.


Rice. 86. Construction of the third projection from two given ones using a constant line drawing


Rice. 87. Constructing views using a method of internal coordination of an object

Read also