So, in order, the information is confirmed by test reports from leading manufacturers of polystyrene concrete, I drew a conclusion for myself and wrote it at the end of the commentary. MOISTURE RESISTANCE and HYGROSCOPICITY This is the most important property of any building material, especially in areas with high humidity. The higher the moisture resistance of the material, the more durable, stable and warmer it is. Polystyrene concrete absorbs no more than 6% moisture from the atmosphere; it can be exposed to open air almost unlimited time. STRENGTH Due to the super-strong cement-polystyrene matrix, polystyrene concrete has unique strength characteristics. This material is so durable that a fall from a five-story building will not cause significant damage to the block. FIRE RESISTANCE Polystyrene concrete does not burn; it is able to withstand enormous temperatures caused by fire, due to its unique thermal conductivity coefficient, and does not allow heat to penetrate deep into the wall. Flammability class NG. Fire resistance class EI180. DURABILITY The service life of a house made of polystyrene concrete is at least 100 years. Over the years, the strength of polystyrene concrete only increases. FROST RESISTANCE Tests for frost resistance and the amplitude of temperature fluctuations from + 75°C to - 30°C were carried out on 150 freeze-thaw cycles without loss of integrity and heat-insulating ability. THERMAL INSULATION It has long been recognized that polystyrene (foam) is the best thermal insulator in the world; it is warmer even than wood! A house made of polystyrene concrete does not require insulation: it is cool in summer and warm in winter. SOUND INSULATION Polystyrene concrete provides best indicator in terms of noise absorption, 18-20 cm dampens 70 decibels of sound. Consequently, a house made of polystyrene concrete has special comfort: noise from the street and inside is not disturbed. neighboring rooms and bathrooms. ECONOMICAL Cost square meter finished wall cheaper than other materials. Due to high level heat preservation, walls made of polystyrene concrete can be built 25% thinner than from alternative materials(aerated concrete and foam concrete) and 4 times thinner than brick. Saving on wall thickness leads to overall savings on the construction of the box (foundation, roof and walls) of up to 50%. At the same time, the quality of the house will be even higher, and the house itself will be warmer. EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE Seismic resistance 9-12 points. Polystyrene concrete has not only compressive strength, but also the highest tensile and bending strength. Therefore, polystyrene concrete is considered the most reliable and earthquake-resistant material. LIGHTWEIGHT A large-sized block of 200x300x600 mm does not exceed a weight of 17 kg, which facilitates the work of a mason and reduces the time for laying walls: it replaces 20 bricks in volume, and is almost three times lighter in weight. ANTISEPTICITY The additive used in the production of polystyrene concrete does not allow insects and rodents to enter the walls, and prevents the formation of mold and mildew, which have negative impact to your health. VAPTOR PERMEABILITY Walls made of polystyrene concrete “breathe” similarly to walls made of wood, and there is no danger for them from condensation and waterlogging. This ensures a comfortable environment in houses made of polystyrene concrete. PLASTICITY Plasticity is the only material from cellular concrete, allowing the production of window and door lintels, its bending strength is 50-60% of the compressive strength, for concrete this parameter is 9-11%. CRACK RESISTANCE Polystyrene concrete, due to its elasticity, is incredibly resistant to cracks. And this guarantees a long period of preservation of the interior decoration and durability of the entire house. TECHNOLOGY High speed of construction of wall structures due to the lightness and convenient geometry of the blocks. Easy to saw and groove, the ability to give building material any geometric shape. ENVIRONMENTAL International building code(IRC) classifies polystyrene as one of the most energy-efficient and environmentally friendly insulation materials. Thus, polystyrene concrete has a lot of undeniable advantages over materials such as expanded clay concrete, autoclave and non-autoclaved aerated concrete, foam concrete, wood concrete, etc. The disadvantages of polystyrene concrete only appear if the brand is chosen incorrectly and the technology of masonry and preparation for construction is violated. interior decoration. We can say with absolute certainty that there is not a single significant advantage for materials such as aerated concrete and foam concrete over polystyrene concrete. At the same time, polystyrene concrete significantly surpasses them in key characteristics.
Bitumen emulsion. Processing, impregnation, priming. Price 11 rub. m2. (EBA-2). Strengthening the layers of road pavements. Modern environmentally friendly material for road work.
Types of work and material | Unit measurements | price, rub. | Emulsion consumption gr. on m 2 |
Surface treatment with emulsion (EBA-2) | |||
Surface treatment of asphalt bases with anionic bitumen emulsion (EBA-2) | m 2 | ||
Treatment of concrete and crushed stone bases with anionic bitumen emulsion (EBA-2) | m 2 | ||
Treatment (strengthening) of road pavement layers by impregnation with anionic bitumen emulsion (EBA-2) | m 2 | 1200 |
|
EBA-2 is indispensable, modern and environmentally friendly material for road construction and pothole repair. The most common use of bitumen emulsion is foundation waterproofing, asphalt treatment, and processing. Bitumen road emulsion is a low-viscosity liquid Brown. Everyone knows that the road surface gains final strength as the mixture cools. As alternative solution bitumen is diluted with petroleum solvents (kerosene) until it becomes liquid, and the final strength of the material is achieved only when the solvent evaporates. In this case, bitumen emulsion provides an alternative approach in which the bitumen is liquefied by dispersing it in water. 
Bitumen emulsions can be used with wet and cold stone materials, and due to this, the final process of “hardening” the road material occurs, when the emulsion breaks down - returns to the continuous bitumen phase - the water disappears. In other words, bitumen emulsion is used as a binding material that provides comfortable conditions for processing road surfaces. It is used for different types coatings: asphalt, crushed stone and concrete. Bitumen emulsion is divided into two types: anionic (EBA) and cationic (EBC). The main difference between the above types of emulsions is the interaction with the materials being processed. 
APPROVED by Glavdortekh (letter dated 05.26.87 N GPTU-1-2/332)
The initial stage of disruption of the smoothness of the roadway is single potholes. To prevent their development, timely ongoing (pothole) repair of road surfaces is necessary. Carrying out repair work is difficult in the cold, wet period of the year, when damage to coatings occurs and progresses most intensively. A method for pothole repair of coatings using the simplest means under adverse weather conditions is proposed.
Recommendations for repairs were developed taking into account copyright certificate N 834303 based on research conducted at the Rostov Civil Engineering Institute. The recommendations were confirmed during experimental production work and introduced into the practice of road repair in the DRSU of the production management of Rostovavtodor, the North Caucasus Highway and other organizations in the country.
The recommendations were developed in accordance with the research plan of the Ministry of Road Transport of the RSFSR on the topic SD-02-76 “Improving the technology and organization of repair and maintenance work highways"in the development and addition of the "Technical Rules for the Repair and Maintenance of Highways" (VSN 24-75*) / Ministry of Roads of the RSFSR - M.: "Transport", 1976 in terms of organizing and performing routine repairs of road surfaces.
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*Here and further. “Methodological recommendations for the repair and maintenance of public roads” are in effect. - Note "CODE".
The recommendations were developed by Associate Professor, Candidate of Technical Sciences A.P. Matrosov. with the participation of engineers Shostenko N.G. and Zolotareva K.V.
1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
1.1. Routine (pothole) repair of road surfaces is subject to areas of single destruction and deformation of the roadway: potholes, subsidence, breaks, spots, wide cracks, collapse of edges. In order to prevent intensive disruption of the evenness of coatings, routine repairs of damage and deformations should be carried out at an early stage of their development. Untimely (belated) Maintenance leads to an increase in labor and material costs required for repairs, shortens the service life of coatings, reduces the speed and increases the cost of road transportation, and negatively affects the provision of traffic convenience and safety.
1.2. Most of the destruction and deformation of road surfaces occurs in the cold, wet autumn-spring period of the year, when routine repair of pavements with heating or cutting down defective areas and filling the cuttings with asphalt concrete mixtures is difficult due to unfavorable weather conditions for the work and the preparation of repair materials.
1.3. The method proposed by these recommendations for routine (pothole) repair of coatings with crushed stone reverse impregnation bitumen is applicable for improved lightweight and permanent coatings and is advisable at low positive air temperatures in both dry and wet weather using the simplest means of mechanization and working equipment.
1.4. Repairs are mainly carried out on small-sized (up to 0.5-1.5 m) damage and deformations, mainly with steep edges, with a traffic intensity of less than 5-7 thousand cars per day. With greater traffic intensity, the proposed repair method should be considered as a temporary repair measure, followed, if necessary, by repeated repairs under favorable weather conditions using known methods provided for " Technical rules repair and maintenance of highways" (VSN 24-75), including the use of special road repair machines such as DE-5, DE-5A, MTRDT, MTRD, road repairman 5320, road master 4101, etc.
1.6.* Reverse impregnation of crushed stone with bitumen (from bottom to top, as opposed to impregnation from top to bottom) is based on the foaming effect that occurs when hot bitumen interacts with the cold, damp (natural humidity) surface of repair crushed stone and the coating being repaired. Foaming of bitumen is accompanied by partial displacement of moisture from the surface of the coating and mineral material, which helps ensure the adhesion of the binder material to them.
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*Numbering corresponds to the original. - Note "CODE".
1.7. Reverse impregnation allows the use of ordinary stone material, unsuitable for top-down impregnation where clean one-dimensional crushed stone is needed.
1.8. The service life of areas repaired by reverse impregnation depends on the materials used, the intensity and composition of traffic and exceeds 2-5 years. The cost of repairing coatings with crushed stone with reverse impregnation with bitumen is on average 1 ruble. by 1 m (Appendix 1).
2. MATERIALS USED
2.1. For repairing coatings with crushed stone with reverse impregnation binder material It is advisable to use petroleum road viscous bitumen: BND 130/200; BND 90/130. In the absence of bitumen, coal tar and resin are used as an exception (experience of Rostovavtodor).
The temperature of bitumen when pouring it onto the repaired coating in order to increase the intensity of foaming should be close to the upper limit of the operating temperature (180-200 ° C).
2.2. As a mineral material, crushed stone should be used, obtained by crushing massive rocks, boulder stones, coarse gravel and non-disintegrating metallurgical slags. The grade of crushed stone must be at least 600 in terms of crushability, in terms of wear in the shelf drum no less than I-IV, and in terms of frost resistance no less than Mr3 50.
2.3. Crushed stone can be one-dimensional with a fraction size of 5-15; 10-15; 15-20 mm. You can use crushed stone mixtures of optimal granulometric composition intended for porous asphalt concrete with a crushed stone size of no more than 20 mm. In the absence of these materials, in some cases it is allowed to use ordinary crushed stone, no more than 20 mm in size, containing dust and clay particles in an amount of less than 3% by weight. The crushed stone used does not need to be dried, but it should not be wet or contain free water.
2.4. When there is a shortage of quality mineral materials As an exception, it is possible to use sand and gravel materials (experience of Rostovavtodor).
2.5. To repair roads with a traffic intensity exceeding 7 thousand cars per day, it is advisable to use durable blackened crushed stone with a fraction size of 15-20 mm (experience of Sevkavavtorog).
3. MEANS OF MECHANIZATION AND TOOLS
3.1. Truck with a three-seater cabin or a special repair vehicle is equipped with a bitumen boiler-thermos, a hopper or compartment for mineral material, and a place for tools. Working equipment can be placed on a trailer to a transport vehicle. The bitumen boiler can be installed on a separate trailer.
3.2. The boiler, filled with hot bitumen at the base, is equipped with a gas or liquid fuel nozzle for heating the binder. Heating is possible using a dropper and a flame pipe mounted in the boiler (improvement proposal from the Salsky DRSU of Rostovavtodor). It is also possible to use an asphalt distributor.
3.3. A distribution hose with a nozzle for pouring bitumen, and in its absence, a distribution nozzle, is placed in a hot chamber built into the boiler tank.
3.4. The crushed stone compartment or hopper is installed so as to provide good access to the material.
3.5. Placed in the back of the car hand tool: scrapers, brooms, shovels, smoothers, tamper, lath, ruler-feel, as well as signal barriers (two 1.23" signs Men at work", enclosing a barrier with signs 3.24 "Maximum speed limit" and 4.22 "Avoiding obstacles" attached to it. To ensure fire safety, the car is equipped with an additional fire extinguisher, and for labor safety purposes - with an additional first aid kit.
4. TECHNOLOGY AND WORK ORGANIZATION
4.1. When repairing coatings with crushed stone with reverse impregnation of bitumen, the following technological operations are performed: cleaning the defective area from dust, dirt and free water; pouring bitumen heated to the upper limit of operating temperature; distribution of mineral material; additional pouring of bitumen and scattering of crushed stone (if necessary); compaction
4.2. The work is performed by a team of three people: the driver of the car and two road workers moving in the cab of the car.
4.3. The technological scheme of repair provides for a short-term stop of the link at the place to be repaired, indicated to the driver by the link worker with the obligatory installation of signaling barriers.
4.4. After preparing the equipment, materials and tools, the defective area is cleaned of dust, dirt and free water with a scraper and broom. Using a manual dispenser, or in its absence, a watering can, the first worker (link) pours hot bitumen onto the surface to be repaired at the rate of 1-1.2 l/m per 1 cm of unevenness depth. Pouring is carried out along the edge of a pothole or subsidence so that the bitumen flows into its deep part.
The second worker, immediately after pouring the bitumen with a shovel, fills the unevenness with crushed stone in an amount of 0.012 m/m per 1 cm of depth. Then the crushed stone is leveled (if necessary) with a trowel and compacted with a hand tamper. If the bitumen foam has not risen to the surface of the crushed stone, refill the bitumen at the rate of up to 0.5 l/m and fill thin layer crushed stone and compacted. Compaction is also possible with the wheel of a vehicle used during the work.
Requires reliable waterproofing. Particular care must be taken in waterproofing buildings with a basement and ground floor. After all groundwater, which are located below the surface of the earth, can penetrate into the basement. Constantly acting on the unprotected foundation of the structure, they will gradually destroy it.
To avoid this phenomenon and protect the basement and plinth from moisture, a waterproofing method using bitumen is used. And it doesn’t matter at all how deep the groundwater lies. In any case, you need to protect the basement from water. For horizontal waterproofing The premises are waterproofed using crushed stone poured with bitumen.
Bitumen is a hydrocarbon compound obtained during the distillation of petroleum. Essentially it's a waste oil production. Bitumen can be liquid or solid. Solid bitumen must be heated in a special boiler before waterproofing.
Waterproofing technology
In the pit, which is prepared for the future basement, a not very large crushed stone 20 40 mm. can be supplemented with small crushed stone to maximally fill the voids between individual stones. The crushed stone layer is carefully compacted to achieve uniform thickness and uniform density. The layer thickness should be about 40 mm.
After this, the layer is shed with bitumen, which fills all the voids in the crushed stone layer. Bitumen strengthens crushed stone and protects it from water penetration. Then, on top of a layer of crushed stone with bitumen, cement strainer. This waterproofing technology has existed for a long time. As shown many years of experience, this method of waterproofing is very reliable and effective.
SECTION 2. CONSTRUCTION OF ROAD BASES AND COVERINGS
See technical data sheets for the device roadbed and road pavement (General part)
Technological map N 13
CONSTRUCTION OF CRUCCHED STONE COVERING (BASE) OF HIGHWAYS BY METHOD OF IMPREGNATION WITH BITUMEN
1 AREA OF USE
1.1. The technological map has been developed for the installation of a crushed stone covering (base) 20 cm thick and 9 m wide using the method of impregnation with viscous bitumen to a depth of 10 cm using a distributor of road building materials DS-54 (for the main fraction of crushed stone) and DS-49 (for subsequent fractions crushed stone).
To construct a coating (base) 20 cm thick, crushed stone fractions are used: 40-70 mm (main), 20-40 mm, 10-20 mm and 5-10 mm.
Crushed stone must meet the requirements of GOST 8267-93.
Bitumen must meet the requirements of GOST and GOST.
1.2. The design of the coating (base) is adopted in accordance with the album "Typical building construction, products and components" series 3.503-71/88 "Road pavements for public roads". Issue 0. Materials for design."
1.3. When installing a crushed stone coating using the impregnation method, perform following works: transportation and distribution of a layer of crushed stone; compaction of the crushed stone layer; pouring bitumen over the surface of the layer; distribution of crushed stone proppant fraction; compaction of the proppant fraction of crushed stone.
1.4. Work on the installation of crushed stone covering (base) using the impregnation method is carried out in dry weather at an air temperature of at least +5 °C.
1.5. In all cases of application technological map it is necessary to link it to local operating conditions, taking into account the availability of road construction machines and mechanisms, clarifying the scope of work and calculating labor costs.
2. ORGANIZATION AND TECHNOLOGY OF WORK
2.1. Before installing a crushed stone covering (base) using the impregnation method, you must:
Ensure the readiness of the subgrade (or underlying layer of road pavement) in accordance with the requirements of current building codes and regulations;
Prepare temporary access roads for the delivery of materials to the work site;
Carry out alignment work to ensure compliance with the design thickness, width of the base (covering) and transverse slopes;
Provide drainage.
2.2. Crushed stone is delivered to the site by dump trucks in the volume necessary to install a structural layer of a given thickness, taking into account a compaction safety factor of 1.25.
Bitumen is transported to the filling site using an asphalt distributor, and by the time of distribution it is brought to the required temperature.
2.3. Work on the installation of crushed stone covering using the impregnation method (Fig. 1) is carried out using the in-line method on two grips, each 200 m long (Fig. 2).
Fig.1. Pavement design
Fig.2. Technological flow plan for the construction of crushed stone
coating layer (10 cm thick) using the method of impregnation with viscous bitumen
2.4. On the first takeover The following technological operations are performed:
Delivery of the main fraction of crushed stone (40-70 mm) for the construction of the base (covering) by KamAZ 55118 dump trucks;
Distribution of crushed stone of the main fraction with a universal distributor DS-54;
Compaction of a layer of crushed stone with a fraction of 40-70 mm.
With a total thickness of the crushed stone base (covering) using the impregnation method of 20 cm, the layer from the main crushed stone fraction should be taken taking into account a coefficient of 0.9 to the design thickness of the base (covering) and an increase in the volume of the crushed stone fraction by 1.25 times for its compaction.
Crushed stone is delivered to the laying site using a KamAZ-55118 dump truck and distributed with a universal distributor DS-54.
To ensure the evenness of the edges and the specified width of the coating (base), temporary stops are installed in the form of curbs, beams, etc. The height of the stops must correspond to the thickness of the layer.
The distributor, equipped with a mounted working body of the crushed stone paver, ensures the necessary evenness of the laid layer and preliminary compaction of the crushed stone with a vibrating plate. Before starting work, the valves of the distributor hopper must be located above the starting point for laying crushed stone. The distributor blade is installed in the working position, taking into account the thickness of the layer being laid and the safety factor for compaction (1.25).
When the distributor is in a stationary position, the dump truck drives onto special ramps and unloads crushed stone into the receiving hopper. After unloading and driving off the dump truck ramps, they begin distributing the material in strips 3 m wide.
As the distributor moves, the crushed stone flows to a plow-type blade, which distributes it evenly across the entire width of the laid strip, ensuring the specified layer thickness. When leaving the dump, the crushed stone is compacted by vibrating plates.
After spreading the crushed stone across the entire width of the base, it is prepared for rolling. Correct, if necessary, the edges of the laid layer, carefully align the mating strips of the coating (base).
Due to the fact that the crushed stone is pre-compacted by vibrating plates of the crushed stone paver, rolling with light rollers is excluded, and compaction of crushed stone is carried out with heavy rollers with smooth rollers DU-98 weighing 10.5 tons.
Rolling of crushed stone begins from the side of the road to the axis of the road, covering the previous track from the roller by 1/3 of its width in 5 passes along one track. After two or three passes of the roller, subsidence areas are eliminated, crushed stone is added, leveled and left for further compaction.
At the beginning of compaction, when creating the necessary rigidity of the crushed stone layer due to inter-jamming of crushed stone, the speed of the roller should be 1.5-2 km/h, at the end of compaction it can be increased to a maximum speed (6.5 km/h), at which productivity increases and the motor does not overload.
To ensure better compaction, crushed stone should be watered at air temperatures above 20 °C. The amount of water should be 8-10 l/m. In this case, bitumen should be poured only after the crushed stone has dried.
A sign of completed compaction is the absence of mobility of crushed stone, the cessation of wave formation in front of the roller and the absence of a trace from the roller. In this case, crushing of the crushed stone placed on the surface of the layer should occur (if compaction is insufficient, it is pressed into the layer).
2.5. On the second takeover The following technological operations are performed (Table 1):
Delivery of crushed stone proppant fractions by ZIL-MMZ dump truck;
Delivery and filling of viscous bitumen using an asphalt distributor SD-203;
Distribution of crushed stone proppant fractions with a stone fines distributor;
Compaction of the distributed crushed stone layer with heavy rollers.
Table 1
Technological sequence of processes with calculation of volumes of work and required resources
Source of justification
development of production standards (ENiR and calculations)
Description of work processes in their order technological sequence with calculation of work volumes
traitor
quality of work
number per shift
The need for machinery
* In the territory Russian Federation GOST R 12.3., SNiP, SNiP apply. - Database manufacturer's note.
2. SNiP. Occupational safety in construction. Part 1. General requirements.
3. TOI R. Standard instructions on labor protection for the skating rink operator.
4. TOI R. Standard instructions on labor protection for the operator of a watering machine.
5. Spelman safety during the operation of construction machines and small-scale mechanization equipment. - M.: Stroyizdat, 19 p.: ill.
Electronic document text
prepared by Kodeks JSC and verified against:
official publication
Technological maps for the device
ground and road pavement
/ Rosavtodor. - M., 2004
