The reasons for the death of Peter III. Peter III in the assessments of historians and contemporaries. Prussian influence. Instruction of Chancellor A.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin. The guardian is Bishop Adolf Friedrich. A worthless monarch who had a negative attitude towards everything Russian - Catherine II, S.M. Soloviev, V.O. Klyuchevsky. At the age of 11, in the care of an uncle - Indifference Rudeness Ignorance. Life in Russia. Events of Peter III. Childhood. The reign of Peter III.
"Russia in the era of palace coups" - The period of the reign of Peter II. A coup in favor of the daughter of Peter I. She suppressed any attempts by the Russian nobility to limit the dominance of foreigners. The Izmailovsky Guards Regiment was created. Decree on the attachment of peasants to factories. Formation of the nobility. Decree on the abolition of internal customs duties. Change of rulers on the throne. Died son of Peter I. A.G. Orlov. Coup. Daughter of the sovereign Petra. Elizabeth abolished the death penalty.
"The era of palace coups 1725-1762" - Conditions - conditions for an invitation to the throne. Palace coups 1725 - 1762 Peter Alekseevich II (1727 - 1730). Check yourself. Palace coups 1725-1762 Lesson plan. Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740). Ernst Biron. The guards played a decisive role in the coups. Palace coups. Who is the contender for the throne. Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761). Homework... Working with teaching material Fill the table.
"The era of palace coups" - Rulers. Peter. Written conditions. Battle of the village of Kunersdorf. John VI Antonovich. Domestic policy. Palace coup. Polish heritage. Battle of the village of Gross-Jägersdorf. The era of palace coups. Catherine. Elizaveta Petrovna. Anti-Biron coalition. Anna Ivanovna. Russian - Swedish war. Menshikov. Battle of the village of Zorndorf. Favorism in the era of palaces. The main favorites. Supreme Privy Council.
"Peter 3" - Heir to the throne. Prince Peter Fedorovich. By a decree on February 21, 1762, Peter III abolished the Secret Chancellery. Conspiracy. Emperor Peter III. Death of Peter III. The Manifesto on the Liberty of the Nobility was the first to create in Russia a layer of free people, independent of the state. Empress Elizabeth seriously considered declaring her grand-nephew the heir. Refusal of discrimination on religious grounds, equality of religions are the natural principles of existence.
"Internal Policy 1725-1762" - Requirements of the standard. Anna Ioannovna (1730 -1740). Policy towards the Cossacks. Table shape. Peter III Fedorovich (1761-1762). Domestic policy in the years 1725-1762. Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761). Lesson plan. Compare the nature of the reign of Peter I and his successors. Find manufactories on the map. Peter II (1727-1730). Changes in the city government system. Catherine (1725-1727). Lesson objectives. Manufacturing Policy.
186 days of a strange emperor This reign was the shortest in the history of the Romanov dynasty. Emperor Peter III reigned for only 186 days. During this time, the most important laws were adopted and serious political mistakes were made, which ended in the loss of the throne as a result of a palace coup. Let's try to understand the history of the strange emperor who ruled Russia for only six months.
The heir to the throne Almost immediately after her accession, Elizabeth removed from Holstein the nephew of Karl Peter Ulrich, the son of Anna Petrovna. According to Catherine I's Testament, he had more rights to the throne than Elizabeth. The early orphaned Karl Peter Ulrich was brought up with the expectation of accession to the Swedish throne (the grandson of Peter I was also a grand-nephew Charles XII). Fearing that the nephew will become a portrait of the Grand Duke Peter Fedorovich. king of Sweden and lay claim to the Russian throne in 1743, Elizabeth Hood. G.K. Groot. hurried to bring him to Russia and proclaim her heir.
Grand Duke Peter Fedorovich Karl Peter Ulrich was baptized into Orthodoxy, became known as Peter Fedorovich and lost his rights to the Swedish throne. The heir disappointed Elizabeth: he was lazy, undeveloped, infantile, openly despised Russia, Orthodoxy, but idolized Prussia and its king Frederick II. But Elizabeth did not have another heir: Portrait of the Grand Duke Peter was the last representative of Peter Fedorovich. 1758 of the Romanov dynasty Hood. F.S. Rokotov. at least on the female side.
Grand Duke Peter Fyodorovich Portrait of Grand Duke Peter Fyodorovich and Grand Duchess Ekaterina Alekseevna. Hood. G.K. Groot. Elizabeth picked up a bride for her nephew - the Anhalt-Zerbst princess Sophia-Augusta-Frederica. In 1745, a 14-year-old girl came to Russia and stayed here forever, adopting a new name - Ekaterina Alekseevna. The young couple turned out to be deeply alien people to their friend: Peter was still playing with soldiers, and Catherine, at the age of 15, read serious philosophical and political books. Peter, according to Catherine, "did not need a wife, but an attorney for his childishness."
Emperor Peter III After the birth of both Peter and Catherine's son Paul, Empress Elizabeth seriously considered declaring her grand-nephew the heir, and sending his parents out of Russia. There is information that the Shuvalovs pushed Elizabeth to such a decision. However, Elizabeth did not dare (or did not have time) to take such a step, and after her death the Shuvalovs chose not to risk it. Emperor Peter III. December 25, 1761 Peter III Coronation portrait. became the emperor of Russia. Hood. L.K. Pfanzelt.
Foreign policy of Peter III At the beginning of 1762, Russia withdrew from the Seven Years War. ? Peter III gives Frederick, King of Prussia, an olive branch. Allegorical picture. Beginning 1760s Unknown painter. How was the war against Prussia ended? Russia returned East Prussia to Frederick II, refused indemnity and reimbursement of costs. The Russian army began preparations for a war against Denmark for the interests of Holstein.
Foreign policy of Peter III? Portrait of Emperor Peter III in a military camp. OK. 1762 Hood. A.P. Antropov. How did this end of the war affect the attitude towards Peter III in Russia? Peace with Frederick II was perceived by the army and the nobility as treason, the attitude towards the tsar, which was already hostile, sharply deteriorated. The preparation of a completely unnecessary war for Russia with Denmark and the intention to remove the guard from St. Petersburg finally turned the officers against the emperor.
Domestic policy of Peter III The most important document of the reign of Peter III was the Manifesto "on the granting of liberty to the Russian nobility" published on February 18, 1762. The nobles received the right to retire from military and civil service, and with an increase in rank by 1 rank. Those who retired could return to service at will or enter service in other states. The children of the nobles were required to receive Emperor Peter III. education, but on completion of his hood. A.P. Antropov. had the right to independently decide whether to enter the service. ? What is the significance of the Manifesto?
Domestic policy of Peter III Emperor Peter III. Hood. F.S. Rokotov. The Manifesto on the Liberty of the Nobility was the first to create in Russia a layer of free people, independent of the state. Probably, the entourage of Peter III hoped in this way to raise the popularity of the emperor in the eyes of the nobility. This failed: the nobles rejoiced over the Manifesto, but did not associate it personally with Peter III. Indeed, the idea of abolishing the compulsory noble service was already outlined in the draft Code of Elizaveta Petrovna.
Domestic policy of Peter III By a decree on February 21, 1762, Peter III abolished the Secret Chancellery. At the same time, it was prescribed: "Hateful expression, namely: word and deed should not mean anything from now on." The very use of these words was prohibited, and violators were supposed to be punished as "mischievous and outrageous". Emperor Peter III. Hood. A.P. Antropov. ? What was the significance of the prohibition of the secret office and "words and deeds"?
Domestic policy of Peter III Emperor Peter III. Hood. F.S. Rokotov. Peter III stopped persecuting schismatics. He issued a decree on the secularization of ecclesiastical lands and transferring them to the disposal of the College of Economics. A decree was sent to the Senate on the equalization of all religions. Peter III even sent a decree to the Synod ordering Orthodox priests to shave their beards and put on frock coats instead of robes. ? How should these decrees be assessed?
Domestic policy of Peter III B modern society rejection of discrimination on religious grounds, equality of religions are the natural principles of existence. But in the 18th century. in an Orthodox country such as Russia, they caused extreme irritation. The secularization of church lands is long overdue, but the attempt to carry it out by Peter III, who did not hide his contempt for Orthodoxy, also aroused discontent. In addition, it was suspected in Russia that the emperor was simply preparing the ground for the introduction of Lutheranism in Russia. This suspicion was only confirmed by an attempt to change the outward appearance of the clergy. In other words, the religious policy of Peter III was unprepared, tactless and therefore dangerous.
Conspiracy against Peter III Portrait of Elizabeth Romanovna Vorontsova. Unknown painter. The growing irritation against Peter III was taken advantage of by his wife Ekaterina Alekseevna. After accession to the throne, Peter, who had not got along with his wife before, openly preferred her favorite, Elizaveta Vorontsova. Catherine could seriously fear divorce and expulsion from Russia, or even imprisonment in a monastery. Meanwhile, Catherine was able to establish wide contacts both among the dignitaries and among the guards officers.
Conspiracy against Peter III Portrait of Grand Duchess Ekaterina Alekseevna. Hood. I.P. Argunov. Catherine, smart, stubborn, domineering, deeply despising her husband for a long time, actually led a conspiracy against him. The Orlov brothers became her support (the eldest of them, Grigory, was Catherine's favorite). An active role in the conspiracy was played by the tutor of the heir N.I. Panin and the sister of Elizaveta Vorontsova, Princess Yekaterina Dashkova. The conspirators were supported by the hetman of Ukraine K. G. Razumovsky.
Overthrow of Peter III Portrait of G. G. and A. G. Orlov. On June 28, 1762, when Peter III was in Peterhof, the conspirators raised the guards regiments and proclaimed her empress. Peter almost immediately surrendered, abdicated the throne and asked only to let him go to Holstein. Hood. J.L. Develly. 1770s ? Could Catherine agree to this request? Abroad, a deposed emperor would be dangerous, because he had incomparably greater rights to the throne than his wife.
The death of Peter III The murder of Peter III in Ropsha. Peter III was arrested and kept under guard in the castle in Ropsha. On July 17, Peter died. The main guard, Aleksey Orlov, wrote to Catherine that it all happened by accident: "He argued at the table with Prince Fyodor, we did not have time to separate him, but he was gone." But the day before he wrote another note: "Our freak is very ill ... As if this day or night he died." Historians speculate only about whether Catherine ordered to kill her husband or whether her comrades-in-arms guessed her unspoken desire.
Summing up the results? What do you consider the most important achievements of the reign of Peter III? ? Explain the statement of Catherine II about Peter III: "He had no more fierce enemy than himself."
Sources of illustrations Slide number 3. http: // www. artsait. ru / foto. php? art = g / groot / img / 12 & n =% 20% C 3% F 0% EE% EE% F 2% 20% C 3% E 5% EE% F 0% E 3% 20% CA% F 0% E 8% F 1% F 2% EE% F 4% EE% F 0.% 20% CF% EE% F 0% F 2% F 0% E 5% F 2% 20% E 2% E 5% EB% E 8% EA% EE% E 3% EE% 20% EA% ED% FF% E 7% FF% 20% CF% E 5% F 2% F 0% E 0% 20% D 4% E 5% E 4% EE% F 0% EE% E 2% E 8% F 7% E 0.% 201743. Slide number 4. http: // triumfy. ru /? p = 1373 Slide number 5. http: // www. liveinternet. ru / users / romanovskaya_galina / post 147274678 / Slides No. 6, 9–11. http: // www. liveinternet. ru / users / 3342196 / post 127459694 / Slide number 7. Heroes and villains of Russian history. // Russian Museum. S. 212. Slide number 8. http: // kontrol. uer. varvar. ru / arhiv / gallery / baroque / antropov 11. html Slide number 12. http: // www. nearyou. ru / rokotov / 3 piter 3 a. html Slide number 14. http: // valeryanna. dreamwidth. org / 71593. html Slide 15 http: // de. academic. ru / dic. nsf / dewiki / 867681 Slide number 16. http: // i-grappa. livejournal. com / 101205. html Slide 17 http: // alert-dog. livejournal. com / 121471. html
Sovereign
After the death of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna on December 25, 1761 (January 5, 1762 in a new style), he was proclaimed emperor. I ruled for 186 days. He was not crowned.
In assessments of the activities of Peter III, two different approaches... The traditional approach is based on the absolutization of his vices and blind trust in the image, which are created by memoirists - the organizers of the coup (Catherine II, E. R. Dashkova). He is characterized as ignorant, feeble-minded, accentuated by his dislike of Russia.
Rokotov Fedor Stepanovich. Portrait of Peter III. 1758 Nizhny Novgorod Art Museum
V recent times attempts have been made to more objectively consider his personality and activities.
It is noted that Peter III was energetically involved in state affairs.
“Already in the morning he was in his office, where he listened to reports, then he hurried to the Senate or the Collegium. In the Senate he took over the most important matters himself energetically and energetically. "
His policy was quite consistent; he, in imitation of his grandfather Peter I, intended to carry out a series of reforms.
Lucas Konrad Pfanzelt Coronation portrait of Emperor Peter III Fedorovich 1761
Aleksey Antropov Portrait of Grand Duchess Ekaterina Alekseevna 1760s Saratov Art Museum
Among the most important cases of Peter III are the abolition of the Secret Chancellery of Investigative Affairs (Manifesto of February 16, 1762), the beginning of the process of secularization of church lands, the encouragement of commercial and industrial activities by creating the State Bank and issuing banknotes (the Decree of May 25), the adoption of a decree on freedom of foreign trade (Decree of March 28); it also contains the requirement for a careful attitude towards forests, as one of the most important riches of Russia.
Among other measures, researchers note a decree that allowed the establishment of factories for the production of sailing linen in Siberia, as well as a decree that qualified the killing of peasants by landowners as "tyrannical torment" and provided for lifelong exile. He also stopped persecuting Old Believers.
Peter III is also credited with intending to reform the Russian Orthodox Church according to the Protestant model.
In the Manifesto of Catherine II on the occasion of his accession to the throne of June 28, 1762, Peter was accused of this: "Our Greek Church was already extremely exposed to its last danger by the change of ancient Orthodoxy in Russia and the adoption of a law of another faith."
Legislative acts adopted during the short reign of Peter III largely became the foundation for the subsequent reign of Catherine II.
Georg Christopher Groot Portrait of Peter Fyodorovich, the future Peter III 1753
Snuffbox with miniature Portrait of Peter III Hermitage
(Peter III is depicted on horseback among a group of military men. The emperor is presented with the orders of St. Andrew the First-Called and St. Anna)
The most important document of the reign of Peter Fedorovich is the "Manifesto on the Liberty of the Nobility" (Manifesto of February 18, 1762), thanks to which the nobility became an exclusive privileged estate Russian Empire.
The legislative activity of the government of Peter III was extraordinary. During the 186-day reign, judging by the official "Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire", 192 documents were adopted.
Immediately after accession to the throne, Pyotr Fedorovich returned to the court most of the disgraced nobles of the previous reign, who were languishing in exile.
The Holstein relatives of the emperor were summoned to Russia: princes Georg Holstein-Gottorp and Peter August Friedrich of Holstein-Beck. Both were promoted to field marshal generals in the prospect of a war with Denmark; Peter August Friedrich was also appointed Governor-General of the capital. Alexander Vilboa was appointed Field-General (that is, the commander of artillery). These people, as well as the former educator Jacob Stehlin, appointed as a personal librarian, were the inner circle of the emperor.
The emperor did not forget about his "dear Lizavette". After accession to the throne, Peter III granted her a chamber-maid of honor, gave her rooms next to his own in the Winter Palace, and on June 9, 1762 solemnly laid on her the Catherine's ribbon (Order of St. Catherine).
Once in power, Peter III immediately ceased military operations against Prussia and concluded the Petersburg Peace with Frederick II on conditions extremely unfavorable for Russia, returning the conquered East Prussia.
Peter III easily sacrificed the interests of Russia for the sake of his German duchy and friendship with the idol Frederick.
Unknown artist Emperor Peter III 1762
"The society felt in the actions of the government a prank and a whim, a lack of unity of thought and a certain direction."
The intention to withdraw the guard from St. Petersburg and send it on an incomprehensible and unpopular Danish campaign served as a powerful catalyst for the conspiracy that arose in the guard in favor of Ekaterina Alekseevna.
Palace coup
The first beginnings of a conspiracy date back to 1756, that is, to the time of the beginning of the Seven Years War and the deterioration of Elizabeth Petrovna's health.
The Empress had no illusions about her successor to the throne and later thought about replacing her nephew with Paul's grand-nephew.
“During Elizabeth Petrovna's illness, I heard that everyone was afraid of her heir; that he is not loved and disregarded by anyone; that the empress herself laments who to entrust the throne; that they find a tendency in her to alienate an incapable heir, from whom she herself had annoyance, and to take his seven-year-old son and entrust the administration to me (that is, Catherine).
F.Burov Peter III visits John Antonovich in the Shlisselburg fortress 18th century
Over the next three years, Catherine, who also fell under suspicion in 1758 and almost ended up in a monastery, did not take any noticeable political action, except that she stubbornly multiplied and strengthened personal ties in high society.
In the ranks of the guards, a conspiracy against Pyotr Fedorovich took shape in the last months of Elizabeth Petrovna's life, thanks to the activities of the three Orlov brothers, officers of the Izmailovsky regiment of the Roslavlev and Lasunsky brothers, the Transfigurations Passek and Bredikhin. Among the highest dignitaries of the Empire, the most enterprising conspirators were N.I. Panin, educator of the young Pavel Petrovich, M.N. Volkonsky and K.G. Razumovsky, Little Russian hetman, president of the Academy of Sciences, favorite of his Izmailovsky regiment.
Unknown artist Portrait of Peter III
Elizaveta Petrovna died without daring to change anything in the fate of the throne. Catherine did not consider it possible to carry out a coup immediately after the death of the Empress: she was at the end of her fifth month of pregnancy (from Grigory Orlov; in April 1762 she gave birth to her son Alexei).
In addition, Catherine had political reasons not to rush things, she wanted to attract as many supporters as possible to her side for complete triumph. Knowing well the character of her husband, she rightly believed that Peter would soon enough turn the entire metropolitan society against himself. To carry out the coup, Catherine preferred to wait for the right moment.
"Everyone agreed that the blow should be struck when His Majesty and the army are ready to leave for Denmark."
Peter III openly said that he was going to divorce his wife in order to marry his favorite Elizaveta Vorontsova. He treated his wife rudely, and on April 30, during a gala dinner on the occasion of the conclusion of peace with Prussia, there was a public scandal. The emperor, in the presence of the court, diplomats and foreign princes, shouted "folle" (fool) to his wife across the table; Catherine burst into tears. The reason for the insult was Catherine's unwillingness to stand up to the toast proclaimed by Peter III. The enmity between the spouses reached its climax. In the evening of the same day, he gave the order to arrest her, and only the intervention of Field Marshal Georg Holstein-Gottorp, the uncle of the emperor, saved Catherine.
By May 1762, the change in mood in the capital became so obvious that the emperor was advised from all sides to take measures to prevent a catastrophe, there were denunciations of a possible conspiracy, but Pyotr Fedorovich did not understand the seriousness of his situation.
Rokotov Fyodor Stepanovich Portrait of Grand Duke Peter Fyodorovich no later than 1758
Rokotov Fedor Stepanovich. Portrait of Peter Fedorovich, in the future Peter III 1763
In May, the court, headed by the emperor, as usual left the city, to Oranienbaum. There was a lull in the capital, which greatly facilitated the final preparations of the conspirators.
The Danish campaign was planned for June. The emperor decided to postpone the performance of the troops in order to celebrate his name day. On the morning of June 28, 1762, on the eve of Peter's day, Emperor Peter III with his retinue set off from Oranienbaum, his country residence, to Peterhof, where a gala dinner was to take place in honor of the emperor's namesake.
The day before, there was a rumor in St. Petersburg that Catherine was being held under arrest. The strongest confusion began in the guards; one of the participants in the conspiracy, Captain Passek, was arrested; the Orlov brothers feared that there was a threat of disclosure of the conspiracy.
In Peterhof, Peter III was supposed to be met by his wife, who was the organizer of the festivities by the duty of the empress, but by the time the court arrived, she had disappeared. After a short time, it became known that Catherine had fled to St. Petersburg early in the morning in a carriage with Alexei Orlov (he arrived in Peterhof to Catherine with the news that events had taken a critical turn and it was no longer possible to hesitate). In the capital, the “Empress and Autocrat of the All-Russia” in a short time swore allegiance to the guard, the Senate and the Synod, and the population.
Peter's further actions show an extreme degree of confusion. Rejecting Minich's advice to immediately go to Kronstadt and fight, relying on the fleet and an army loyal to him stationed in East Prussia, he was going to defend himself in Peterhof in a toy fortress, built for maneuvers, with the help of a detachment of Holsteins.
However, upon learning of the approach of the guards led by Catherine, Peter abandoned this thought and sailed to Kronstadt with the entire court, ladies, etc. But Kronstadt had already sworn allegiance to Catherine by that time. After that, Peter completely lost heart and, again rejecting Minich's advice to go to the East Prussian army, returned to Oranienbaum, where he signed his abdication.
Benois A. Palace of Peter III in Oranienbaum
“Somewhere they got wine, and a general drinking party began. The roaming guards were clearly going to inflict reprisals on their former emperor. Panin forcibly gathered a battalion of reliable soldiers to surround the pavilion. Peter III was hard to look at. He sat powerless and weak-willed, constantly crying. Seizing a moment, he rushed to Panin and, catching his hand for a kiss, whispered: "I ask one thing - leave Lizaveta (Vorontsova) with me, I conjure the name of the merciful Lord!"
Arrested together with Peter III, Elizabeth, after the coup, despite her requests to follow Peter to Holstein, was sent to her father's village near Moscow. Catherine II herself undertook to arrange the further fate of Vorontsova, "so that she no longer had anything to do with anyone and lived in silence, not giving people many reasons to talk about herself." In 1765 Elizaveta Romanovna married A.I. Polyansky (1721-1818) and moved to St. Petersburg, where she lived until the end of her days. Without appearing at court, she was in the world and even saw a close friend of Catherine II, Countess A.S. Protasova. Elizaveta Romanovna had two children - daughter Anna and son Alexander.
END FOLLOWS ...
186 days of the strange emperor
This reign was the shortest in the history of the Romanov dynasty.
Emperor Peter III reigned for only 186 days.
During this time, the most important laws were adopted and serious political mistakes were made, which ended in the loss of the throne as a result of a palace coup.
Let's try to understand the history of the strange emperor who ruled Russia for only six months.
Heir to the throne
Almost immediately after her accession, Elizabeth took out of Holstein the nephew of Karl Peter Ulrich, the son of Anna Petrovna.
According to Catherine I's Testament, he had more rights to the throne than Elizabeth.
The orphaned early Karl Peter Ulrich was brought up with the expectation of accession to the Swedish throne (the grandson of Peter I was also the grand-nephew of Charles XII).
Fearing that her nephew would become king of Sweden and lay claim to the Russian throne, Elizabeth hastened to bring him to Russia and proclaim her heir.
Grand Duke Peter Fedorovich
Karl Peter Ulrich was baptized into Orthodoxy, became known as Peter Fedorovich and lost his rights to the Swedish throne.
The heir disappointed Elizabeth: he was lazy, undeveloped, infantile, openly despised Russia, Orthodoxy, but idolized Prussia and its king Frederick II.
But Elizabeth did not have another heir: Peter was the last representative of the Romanov dynasty, at least in the female line.
Grand Duke Peter Fedorovich
Elizabeth picked up a bride for her nephew - the Anhalt-Zerbst princess Sophia-Augusta-Frederica.
In 1745, a 14-year-old girl came to Russia and stayed here forever, adopting a new name - Ekaterina Alekseevna.
The young couple turned out to be deeply alien people to each other: Peter was still playing with soldiers, and Catherine, at the age of 15, read serious philosophical and political books.
Peter, according to Catherine, "did not need a wife, but an attorney for his childishness."
Emperor Peter III
After the birth of both Peter and Catherine's son Paul, Empress Elizabeth seriously considered declaring her grand-nephew the heir, and sending his parents out of Russia.
There is information that the Shuvalovs pushed Elizabeth to such a decision.
However, Elizabeth did not dare (or did not have time) to take such a step, and after her death the Shuvalovs chose not to risk it.
December 25, 1761 Peter III became the emperor of Russia.
Foreign policy of Peter III
At the beginning of 1762, Russia withdrew from the Seven Years War.
How was the war against Prussia ended?
Russia returned East Prussia to Frederick II, refused indemnity and reimbursement of costs.
The Russian army began preparations for a war against Denmark for the interests of Holstein.
Foreign policy of Peter III
How did this end of the war affect the attitude towards Peter III in Russia?
Peace with Frederick II was perceived by the army and the nobility as treason, the attitude towards the tsar, which was already hostile, sharply deteriorated.
The preparation of a completely unnecessary war for Russia with Denmark and the intention to remove the guard from St. Petersburg finally turned the officers against the emperor.
Domestic policy of Peter III
The most important document of the reign of Peter III was the Manifesto "on the granting of liberty to the Russian nobility" published on February 18, 1762.
The nobles received the right to retire from military and civil service, and with an increase in rank by 1 rank. Those who retired could return to service at will or enter service in other states. The children of the nobility were obliged to receive an education, but upon completion they had the right to independently decide whether to enter the service.
What is the significance of the Manifesto?
Domestic policy of Peter III
The Manifesto on the Liberty of the Nobility was the first to create in Russia a layer of free people, independent of the state.
Probably, the entourage of Peter III hoped in this way to raise the popularity of the emperor in the eyes of the nobility.
This failed: the nobles rejoiced over the Manifesto, but did not associate it personally with Peter III.
Indeed, the idea of abolishing the compulsory noble service was already outlined in the draft Code of Elizaveta Petrovna.
Domestic policy of Peter III
By a decree on February 21, 1762, Peter III abolished the Secret Chancellery.
At the same time, it was prescribed: "Hateful expression, namely: word and deed should not mean anything from now on."
The very use of these words was prohibited, and violators were supposed to be punished as "mischievous and outrageous".
What was the significance of the prohibition of the secret office and "words and deeds"?
Domestic policy of Peter III
Peter III stopped persecuting schismatics.
He issued a decree on secularization church lands and transfer them to the disposal of the college of economy.
A decree was sent to the Senate on the equalization of all religions.
Peter III even sent a decree to the Synod ordering Orthodox priests to shave their beards and put on frock coats instead of robes.
How should these decrees be assessed?
Domestic policy of Peter III
In modern society, rejection of discrimination on religious grounds, equality of religions are the natural principles of existence.
But in the 18th century. in an Orthodox country such as Russia, they caused extreme irritation.
The secularization of church lands is long overdue, but the attempt to carry it out by Peter III, who did not hide his contempt for Orthodoxy, also aroused discontent.
In addition, it was suspected in Russia that the emperor was simply preparing the ground for the introduction of Lutheranism in Russia.
This suspicion was only confirmed by an attempt to change the outward appearance of the clergy.
In other words, the religious policy of Peter III was unprepared, tactless and therefore dangerous.
Conspiracy against Peter III
The growing irritation against Peter III was taken advantage of by his wife Ekaterina Alekseevna.
After accession to the throne, Peter, who had not got along with his wife before, openly preferred her favorite, Elizaveta Vorontsova.
Catherine could seriously fear divorce and expulsion from Russia, or even imprisonment in a monastery.
Meanwhile, Catherine was able to establish wide contacts both among the dignitaries and among the guards officers.
Conspiracy against Peter III
Catherine, smart, stubborn, domineering, deeply despising her husband for a long time, actually led a conspiracy against him.
The Orlov brothers became her support (the eldest of them, Grigory, was Catherine's favorite).
An active role in the conspiracy was played by the tutor of the heir N.I. Panin and Elizabeth Vorontsova's sister, Princess Yekaterina Dashkova.
Supported by the conspirators, the hetman of Ukraine K.G. Razumovsky.
Overthrow of Peter III
On June 28, 1762, when Peter III was in Peterhof, the conspirators raised the guards regiments and proclaimed her empress.
Peter almost immediately surrendered, abdicated the throne and asked only to let him go to Holstein.
The death of Peter III
Peter III was arrested and kept under guard in the castle in Ropsha.
On July 17, Peter died.
The main guard, Aleksey Orlov, wrote to Catherine that it all happened by accident: "He argued at the table with Prince Fyodor, we did not have time to separate him, but he was gone."
But the day before he wrote another note: "Our freak is very ill ... As if this day or night he died."
Historians speculate only about whether Catherine ordered to kill her husband or whether her comrades-in-arms guessed her unspoken desire.
Summing up
What do you consider the most important achievements of the reign of Peter III?
Explain the statement of Catherine II about Peter III: "He had no more fierce enemy than himself."
Sources of illustrations
Slide number 3. http://www.artsait.ru/foto.php?art=g/groot/img/12&n=%20%C3%F0%EE%EE%F2%20%C3%E5%EE%F0%E3%20 % CA% F0% E8% F1% F2% EE% F4% EE% F0.% 20% CF% EE% F0% F2% F0% E5% F2% 20% E2% E5% EB% E8% EA% EE% E3% EE% 20% EA% ED% FF% E7% FF% 20% CF% E5% F2% F0% E0% 20% D4% E5% E4% EE% F0% EE% E2% E8% F7% E0. % 201743.
Slide number 4. http://triumfy.ru/?p=1373
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Highlights of life:
Russian emperor (1761-1762 - 6 months);
Childhood, upbringing:
The mother of the boy, named at birth Karl-Peter-Ulrich, died shortly after his birth, and at the age of 11 he also lost his father. His educators O. F. Brummer and F. V. Berkhgolts did not differ in high moral qualities, more than once they severely punished the child and cared little about his education: by the age of 13 he had only a little French... Peter grew up nervous, impressionable, loved music and painting, and at the same time adored everything military. It was with military joys that all his ambitious dreams were connected. By nature, he was more good-natured than evil. According to some reports, he became addicted to wine as a child.
In 1742, Peter was brought to Russia by his aunt empress Elizaveta Petrovna proclaimed heir to the throne. He was baptized by Orthodox custom under the name of Peter Fedorovich, and in 1745 they married the princess of Anhalt-Zerbst, the future empress Catherine II .
His educator and teacher was Academician J. Shtelin, who considered his student quite capable, but lazy, while at the same time noting in him such features as cowardice, cruelty towards animals, a tendency to boast.
Domestic policy
V December 1761 Peter III ascended the throne. Reveling in his autocratic power, the emperor developed a frenzied activity, the main purpose of which was to prove that he was able to govern the country better than his deceased aunt. However, he did not have any specific political program. During the six months of his reign, he managed to issue a significant number of legislative acts, among which it is necessary to note the Manifesto on the Liberty of the Nobility and the decree on the secularization of ecclesiastical landed property.
Undoubtedly, a liberal step on the part of Peter was the liquidation of the Secret Investigative Affairs of the Chancellery. The emperor's policy was distinguished by religious tolerance, he stopped persecuting the Old Believers and was going to carry out a reform of the Russian Orthodox Church. In the army, he began to consistently introduce the Prussian order, which did not add to his popularity.
Foreign policy
The foreign policy activity of Peter III was of a more definite character. He made peace, and then a military alliance with Prussia, thereby nullifying all Russia's efforts in Seven Years War... His main goal there was a war with Denmark for the Duchy of Schleswig, which had previously belonged to his ancestors on his father's side. War was declared in August 1762, and the emperor himself was going to march from Petersburg at the head of the guards regiments. But the implementation of these plans was hampered by the events in the capital of Russia.
Deposition from the throne, death
The indiscriminate, ill-conceived actions of Peter in the domestic political arena deprived him of any broad support of any social stratum of Russian society, and his foreign policy was regarded by many as a betrayal of national interests. Peter's policy, which created political instability, in court circles gave rise to uncertainty about the future.
All this led to a coup on June 28, 1762, as a result of which the empress was proclaimed Catherine II ... Peter, accompanied by a guard of guards led by A.G. Orlov, was sent to Ropsha, 30 miles from St. Petersburg, where he died under unclear circumstances. According to the official version, the cause of death was an attack of hemorrhoids, aggravated by prolonged alcohol use. According to another version, Peter was either deliberately or accidentally (during the ensuing fight) killed by the guards guarding him, and possibly two days earlier announced then the date. There is also speculation that he died of a stroke caused by shock.
Initially, he was buried in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, but in 1796, by order of Paul I, his body was transferred to the Peter and Paul Cathedral.
Interesting to know:
Peter III Fedorovich (Peter-Ulrich) (1O. (21) .2.1728-7.7.1762), All-Russian Emperor (from 1761). The son of the Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp Karl-Friedrich (son of the sister of the Swedish king Charles XII) and Anna Petrovna, daughter of Peter I (thus, he was the grandson of two rival sovereigns and could, under certain conditions, be a contender for both Russian and to the Swedish thrones). In 1741, after the death of Eleonora-Ulrika, he was elected the successor of her husband Frederick, who received the Swedish throne, and on November 15, 1742, he was declared heir to the Russian throne by Empress Elizabeth Petrovna. Peter Fedorovich was raised by the knight marshal Brummer, who prepared him mainly for the occupation of the Swedish throne and, therefore, brought up in the spirit of the Lutheran religion and Swedish patriotism. In 1742, Peter-Ulrich, by order of Elizabeth Petrovna, was brought to Russia, where he was baptized under the name Pyotr Fedorovich. Elizaveta Petrovna chose the daughter of Christian-August Anhalt of Zerbst and Johannes-Elizabeth - Sofia Augusta Frederica (in Orthodoxy - Ekaterina Alekseevna) as his bride. The Prussian king Frederick P. also insisted on this marriage. The wedding took place on August 21, 1745. Pyotr Fedorovich was not interested in Russia and superstitiously thought that he would find his death here. The new mentor of the heir to the throne, academician J. Shtelin, in spite of all efforts, could not inspire him with love for the new fatherland. Pyotr Fedorovich was mainly interested in military affairs, and his reverence for Frederick II turned into a desire to imitate him even in small things. The question of the fate of the Russian throne seriously occupied Elizaveta Petrovna and her courtiers, and they came to various combinations. Some wanted the empress, bypassing her nephew, to transfer the throne to his son Pavel Petrovich, and to appoint Grand Duchess Ekaterina Alekseevna as regent until he came of age. On December 25, 1761, Peter Fedorovich ascended the Russian throne under the name of Emperor Peter III after the death of Elizabeth Petrovna. Soon after accession to the throne in 1762, he concluded the St. Petersburg peace with Prussia, which nullified the results of the victories of the Russian troops in the Seven Years War. Despite the brevity of his reign, only 186 days, Peter III issued many manifestos, nominal and senate decrees, and resolutions. The "verbal highest decrees" became widespread. On February 18, 1762, he issued a decree "On the granting of liberty and freedom to the entire Russian nobility", which removed compulsory service from the nobility and was, as it were, a direct predecessor of the Catherine's letter of grant to the nobility (1785), measures were subject to strict regulation). At the same time, measures were envisaged to exclude various kinds of libel. Peter III proclaimed freedom of religion and stopped the persecution of schismatics. At the same time, he intended to put the church hierarchs under control not only political (which was done by Peter I), but also economic, through the secularization of church-monastery lands (this intention was carried out by Catherine II in 1764). Naturally, this provoked the most implacable opposition from the church. Surrounded by the Holsteins, Peter III began to remake the Russian army in the Prussian way and thus set the guard against himself. At the end of his reign, he began a war with Denmark over Schleswig, which he wanted to acquire for Holstein. This aroused the people against him, who remained indifferent when the nobility, represented by the guards, openly opposed Peter III and proclaimed Catherine II empress (June 28, 1762). Peter was arrested and removed to Ropsha, where he was killed on July 7. 34 years later, Paul I transported the ashes of his father Peter III from the Lazarevsky cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra and buried with all the honors in the Peter and Paul Cathedral. Disputes about the personality and role of Peter III in Russian history do not subside to this day.
