A group of bacteria, which includes about three dozen species, has a common name - staphylococci. Most representatives do not cause harm to the human body. There are only 3 species capable of causing the disease. Of these, the most harmful is Staphylococcus aureus. It can attack any human organ. Often this type of bacteria begins to multiply in the nose, not only causing discomfort to the person, but also creating real threat his life..

What is Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus colonies have yellow tint, which is why this type of bacteria is called golden

Routes of transmission

The most common routes of infection with staphylococcus:

• airborne. A human carrier just needs to sneeze. Inhalation of contaminated air causes infection;
• from mother to child. This can happen when the fetus is developing intrauterinely. Transmission is possible when passing through the birth canal or during breastfeeding;
• contact. Infection can occur during direct contact with a carrier (for example, through a handshake), or through the use of someone else's toothbrushes, washcloths and other personal hygiene items.

Video: Staphylococcus aureus - what is its danger

Symptoms of Staphylococcus aureus in the nose in children and adults

Damage to the mucous membrane by this disease can be recognized immediately, since a number of manifestations occur that are specific to this microorganism:

At further development Staphylococcus aureus firmly clogs the sinuses, which contributes to the development.

Other symptoms characteristic of staphylococcal infection:

• redness and swelling of the eyelids;
• muscle pain on the face (on the cheekbones and under the eyes);
• toothache.

Staphylococcus aureus infection is especially dangerous for children. In addition to the main symptoms, they may have:

Of course, these conditions do not arise immediately, but in the absence of timely treatment or its incorrect treatment regimen.

Why is staphylococcus in the nose dangerous?

Intensive proliferation of microorganisms provokes the development of frontal sinusitis - inflammation of the frontal sinuses. This process is always accompanied severe pain in the area of ​​the brow ridges. When you bend forward slightly, the pain becomes unbearable. This condition is accompanied by dizziness and a feeling of heaviness in the eyes.

With frontal sinuses, the frontal sinuses become inflamed

The number of harmful microbes is increasing at a rapid rate. The immune system does not have time to resist. The formation of purulent masses begins.

Some pus breaks into the gastrointestinal tract, as the nasopharynx communicates with the esophagus, provoking the development of other diseases, such as gastritis, colitis, enteritis.

Diagnostic methods

To determine the nature of the disease, the doctor prescribes a series of studies. Usually blood is taken for analysis. The inflammatory process is manifested by an increase in the level of leukocytes and an increase in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate ().

A specific diagnostic method is a swab from the nose and throat. It is used to determine the presence of a pathogen. Do not be afraid of conducting research, since a smear is a completely painless event. It goes like this:

General treatment regimens

Therapy should be prescribed exclusively by a doctor. Self-medication can lead to staphylococcus developing its own immunity to drugs, which will complicate the process of further combating it.

Drug therapy

Drug treatment includes the following groups of drugs:

• antibiotics selected in the laboratory, among the drugs of choice:
  • Cephalexin;
  • Ciprofloxacin;
  • Amoxiclav;
  • Co-trimoxazole;
• immunomodulatory agents:
• Bronchomunal;
• Derinat;

vitamins and minerals:

Vitamax;

anti-allergy medications that help relieve swelling:

Zodak.

In addition, the doctor prescribes treatment for ailments that have developed as a result of a staphylococcal attack.

Taking an antibiotic is one of the most important elements of treatment. If the drug is selected incorrectly or the wrong dosage is prescribed, complications cannot be avoided. The patient's condition will be aggravated. A secondary infection may develop.

To enhance the effect of the prescribed treatment, it is recommended to use the following means:

• antiseptic solutions for rinsing the nasal cavity:
  • Furacilina;
  • Dioxidine;
• Chlorhexidine;

vasoconstrictor drops or aerosols for the nasal cavity with an antibacterial effect:

• Isofr;
• Septisol;
• IRS-19;

antibacterial ointments for the appearance of ulcers in the nose:

• Tetracycline;
• Erythromycin;

Fusidine;

hydrogen peroxide 3%, which is diluted with water in a ratio of 1:10, for rinsing the nose;

oil-based drops:

Pinovit.

It is worth considering that ulcers large sizes are opened by surgery.

To prevent infection of the pharynx, rinsing procedures with furatsilin solution are carried out.

I had to deal with a staphylococcal infection in the nose when we could not cure my daughter’s runny nose for two months. The discharge was very thick and not even green, but yellow color. After taking a nasal swab, we learned that we were dealing with a staph infection. Our study immediately clarified which antibiotics the bacterium is sensitive to. One of the components of the treatment that the doctor prescribed for us was Tetracycline ointment. We simply lubricated the nasal mucosa with it using a cotton swab three times a day. We finally got rid of the runny nose. I am glad that during the search for the cause we did not have any complications, because Staphylococcus aureus is a very dangerous infection.

Photo gallery: drugs for the treatment of staphylococcal infections in the nose

Immunal – vegetable medicinal product, which has antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulating properties Alphabet - vitamins that maximally provide all necessary substances Cetrin - antiallergic drug Miramistin has a wide spectrum of antimicrobial action Isofra - antibiotic for topical use Baneocin is a drug with an antibacterial effect for external use. Hydrogen peroxide - an antiseptic Pinosol is a drug with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects for topical use in ENT practice

Folk recipes

People have been suffering from this disease for so long, that’s why traditional methods fight against it, which have proven themselves with positive side. But these methods cannot replace therapy prescribed by a doctor and can only alleviate the patient’s condition.

So, at home you can use the following types of help:

1. Steam inhalations. Add to boiling water Apple vinegar(1:1). The solution vapors must be inhaled for 2 minutes.
2. Compresses. Used to reduce purulent discharge. To prepare a compress, you need to use comfrey infusion:
   1. 4–5 tbsp. l. comfrey is poured with 250 ml of boiling water.
   2. Let it cool.
   3. Moisten cotton pads with the infusion and insert them into the nasal passages for 10 minutes. Compresses are made 4 times a day.
3. By burying. An infusion of burdock roots is used as drops:
   1. 1 tbsp. l. crushed burdock roots are poured with a glass of boiling water.
   2. Leave for 30 minutes.
   3. After complete cooling, instill 2-3 drops into each nostril.
4. By washing. A decoction is made from chamomile flowers. They undergo the procedure of gargling, rinsing the nasopharynx, and take orally:
   1. Dried chamomile flowers are crushed.
   2. 2 tbsp. l. pour 250 ml of boiling water, boil in a steam bath for 3–5 minutes.
   3. Allow to cool and set for at least an hour.
   4. The decoction is filtered before use.
5. Rinse. Calendula is used. Calendula flowers are brewed and used for rinsing:
   1. Take 1 tbsp. l. raw materials per 250 ml of boiling water.
   2. The decoction is prepared in a steam bath for 3–5 minutes, then infused for about an hour.
   3. The strained broth is used to gargle. The liquid should be warm.

Also, using folk recipes, you can boost your immunity. Apply:

• Echinacea tincture (a ready-made preparation is sold at the pharmacy; use it according to the instructions);
• half a glass of rosehip decoction twice a day (2 tablespoons of crushed berries per 400 ml of boiling water, simmered in a water bath for 20 minutes, infused and filtered before use).

Photo gallery: components of folk recipes for staphylococcal infections

Comfrey - a natural antibiotic A decoction of burdock root strengthens local immunity Chamomile flower infusion has anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties
Calendula preparations have a bactericidal effect on a number of dangerous microorganisms, including streptococci and staphylococci Rosehip decoctions strengthen the immune system The general strengthening and tonic properties of echinacea are achieved due to the presence of antioxidants - echinocin, echinolone

Physiotherapy in the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus

The main goal of physiotherapy in the treatment of staphylococcal infections is the stabilization and regression of inflammatory processes.

In cases of nasopharyngeal disease due to infection by Staphylococcus aureus, physiotherapeutic procedures are prescribed, such as:

• EF in the nose (treatment with short ultraviolet waves, which have bactericidal and antiviral properties) - helps to completely remove microorganisms, partially restoring the mucous membrane;
• inhalations with Dioxidin, an alcohol solution of Chlorophyllipt - have an antibacterial effect, preventing the colony of Staphylococcus aureus from increasing.

Contraindications to procedures

Physiotherapeutic procedures cannot be carried out in the acute stage, when the nasal discharge is purulent. Warming and steam are indicated only at the final stage of recovery, when nasal discharge becomes transparent.

Complications

All measures to treat staphylococcal infections must be taken as early as possible. Otherwise, the development of the disease can lead to serious complications, for example:

• development of meningitis - inflammation of the membranes of the brain;
• the occurrence of TSS (toxic shock syndrome) - a serious disease that affects almost all organs at the same time;
• the development of sepsis - the spread of infection throughout the body through the bloodstream;
• endocarditis - inflammation of the inner lining of the heart.

Prevention of infection by Staphylococcus aureus

To prevent infection, you must follow some rules:

• you need to keep the house clean. At least once every 7 days it is necessary to carry out wet cleaning;
• Children's toys should be washed in a warm soapy solution; this procedure should most often be performed if there are children under three years who can put objects in their mouth;
• you should avoid eating food of which you are not sure of its quality;
• You need to constantly strengthen your immune system.

All these rules should be instilled in a child from a very young age. If one of your loved ones develops a staphylococcal infection, then each family member should be examined and treated.

Most people carry Staphylococcus aureus in their nose. The pathogenic phase begins when a person's immunity weakens. The infection progresses quickly. Treatment is prescribed by a doctor. This process includes taking antibiotics, immunomodulators and other auxiliary drugs. To avoid becoming a victim of Staphylococcus aureus, you need to monitor your health, promptly treat viral diseases and follow the rules of hygiene.

Having encountered problems with the nose face to face or simply having had a culture test, the results of which showed the presence of staphylococci, an ordinary person immediately thinks about how to treat staphylococcus in the nose and throat.

But is this always necessary? And if so, what means are best to use?

On the skin, mucous membranes and even in the cavities of some organs human body There are many bacteria that, when the immune system is fully functioning, don't put pressure on him negative influence or even help to cope with certain tasks.

These include bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus. In total there are more than 20 species.

One of the most dangerous representatives of the genus is Staphylococcus aureus. It is this that in most cases causes the development of diseases of the ENT organs.

At the same time, it is considered the most harmless, which is still capable of causing inflammatory processes with a significant weakening of the immune system.

Symptoms in adults

The intensity of symptoms depends on which types of staphylococcus have the opportunity to actively reproduce and where. If staphylococcus has taken root in the nasal mucosa, this is often accompanied by:

• which cannot be treated;
• temperature increase to 38–39 °C;
• secretion of mucopurulent snot of yellow-green color;
• redness of the skin and rash above the lip;
• signs of intoxication: nausea, vomiting, stool disorders.

Attention

A pustular rash is a typical manifestation of a staphylococcal infection, but it does not always appear. Elements of the rash may have various sizes and numbers.

If the infection is not diagnosed in time, bacteria can provoke the development of complications, in particular sinusitis. In this case, patients will, among other things, be annoyed by:

• headaches that get worse when tilting the head;
• general weakness;
• rapid onset of fatigue;
• discomfort when pressing on the affected paranasal sinuses, etc.

Also, microorganisms can sink lower and cause inflammation in the oral cavity, resulting in:

• tonsillitis;
• pharyngitis;
• angina;
• adenoiditis;
• gingivitis;
• stomatitis, etc.

This is accompanied by a sore throat when swallowing, but a typical sign of a bacterial infection is the formation of a white or yellowish coating on the tonsils.

Since the activation of staphylococci mainly occurs against the background of decreased immunity, the symptoms of the disease are often superimposed on the signs of other diseases, such as ARVI, bronchitis, etc.

Trying to cope with the disease on their own, without realizing its seriousness, people often start using vasoconstrictor drops, doing warming procedures, etc.

But improper treatment often leads to the spread of germs throughout the body. They often penetrate through the auditory tubes from the nasal cavity into the ears, provoking the development of otitis media.

This is accompanied by severe pain and sometimes the formation of pus.

In advanced cases, bacteria can enter the bloodstream, causing the development of sepsis. This life-threatening condition requires immediate medical attention. Its main manifestations are:

• rash all over the body;
• tremendous chills and fever;
• sweating;
• weakness;
• episodes of loss of consciousness;
• pale skin.

Thus, these bacteria can be quite dangerous. Therefore, if signs of bacterial rhinitis appear, you should consult a doctor.

Especially if self-medication is not accompanied by positive dynamics within a week or if a short-term improvement is replaced by a deterioration in the condition.

What should be treated?

The fight against infection with medications begins only if staphylococcus has been inoculated in larger quantities than normal. For different types it varies, and for golden (Staphylococcus aureus) it is 0.

The doctor should always decide how to kill pathogenic microorganisms, and always on the basis of bacterial culture data, since many microbes have developed resistance to most modern drugs.

This test involves taking a swab from the mucous membranes of the nose and throat.

If there are deviations from the norm, the sensitivity of the detected staphylococcus colonies to various antibacterial drugs is studied, and based on their reaction, conclusions are drawn about the effectiveness of a particular agent.

Therefore, given that many are interested in how to treat their nose before testing for staphylococcus, it should be noted that when going to the laboratory for testing, Not only should you not bury anything, but you should not even brush your teeth, so as not to distort the results of the study.

The main medications that can destroy the infection are:

Antibiotics. Properly selected, these medications can destroy any microorganisms, so they are the first weapon used in how to quickly cure a staphylococcal infection.

The antibiotic can be taken orally, it can be dropped into the nose and sprayed into the throat, and if there is a rash, ointments can be used. Bioparox, Isofra and Polydexa sprays are often used.
Source: website In medium-heavy and severe cases Patients are recommended to take medications internally, the names of which are difficult to fit on paper.

The most common are drugs based on amoxicillin (Augmentin, Ospamox), azithromycin (Hemomycin, Sumamed), vancomycin (Vanmiksan, Vancoled), neomycin (Neomin, Mycerin, Actilin), etc.

Sulfonamides. Medicines in this group are necessary to increase the effectiveness of antibiotics, since they have a bactericidal effect. These include Ofloxacin, Unazin, Biseptol and others.

Bacteriophages. This term refers to special viruses that are highly specific to bacteria of a certain kind. They are able to penetrate the microorganism and destroy it.

Staphylococcal bacteriophage is injected into the nose by soaking cotton swabs in it. The duration of the application is 15–20 minutes. They are repeated daily for 21 days.

This remedy is used mainly when infected with strains of staphylococcus that are resistant to antibiotics, or when you are unable to take antibiotics due to an allergy to them or for other reasons.

There are also special vaccines and staphylococcal toxoids,

All other medications perform secondary tasks and are used to enhance the body's natural defenses and eliminate unpleasant symptoms. This:

Immunomodulators. The drugs Galavit, Bronchomunal, IRS-19, Taktivin, Immudon, Immunorix are prescribed to strengthen the immune system, which significantly speeds up recovery.

Antiseptics. The drugs in this group used in the fight against staphylococcal infections are various alcohol solutions, for example, Furacilin, Chlorophyllipt, Chlorhexidine, propolis tincture (diluted), etc.
They are used to rinse the nasal cavity. But when treating a disease with bacteriophages, use any means containing alcohol are not allowed, since ethanol neutralizes them.

They also resort to an oil solution of Chlorophyllipt, vitamin A, and Protargol, which are instilled in a few drops up to 3 times a day into each nostril. These nasal drops increase the effectiveness of antibacterial therapy.

NSAIDs. Paracetamol (Efferalgan, Panadol) and ibuprofen (Nurofen, Imet, Ibufen) are prescribed as antipyretic and anti-inflammatory drugs.

Sorbents. To actively absorb microbial waste products and improve the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, patients are prescribed Atoxil, Polysorb, Smecta, Enterosgel, Sorbex, etc.

Antihistamines. Medicines in this group are prescribed to prevent the development of allergic reactions to a large number of medications used. These include Erius, Loratadine, Tavegil, Zyrtec, L-cet, Diazolin and others.

Saline solutions(Physiomer, Quicks, No-sol, Aqualor, Humer, Marimer) are used to cleanse the nasal cavity of mucus and the microbes it contains. But on the recommendation of a doctor, they can be replaced with decoctions or infusions of medicinal herbs.

• water;
• rosehip decoction;
• Blackcurrant or apricot fruit drinks.

Despite the wide range of remedies used, you should not hope for a quick recovery. How much treatment is required depends on the strength of the immune system and the degree of neglect of the disease.

During the first 7 days, symptoms disappear, but this is not a reason to stop therapy.

The rest of the time, you must take all medications prescribed by a specialist in order to consolidate the achieved result and avoid the development of a relapse.

It is imperative that, in parallel with the treatment of staphylococcal infection, treatment of diseases that can cause its development is carried out.

Evaluate the effectiveness of the therapy on based on the results of repeated bacterial culture tests.

If the number of staphylococci still exceeds normal levels, the doctor may decide on the need to undergo a new course of treatment, but with different medications.

Ointment for staphylococcus in the nose

Against staphylococcal infections, especially those accompanied by the formation of a purulent rash, topical medications are often prescribed.

But when purchasing medications, it is necessary to accurately describe the scope of its use, since some medications are produced not only in the form of classic ointments, but also special nasal ones. This:

• • Mupirocin– broad-spectrum antibiotic. It is part of such ointments as Bactroban, Supirocin, Bonderm.

• • Baneocin– a combined antibacterial agent containing neomycin and bacitracin.

Staphylococcus is a facultative anaerobic bacterium that can live anywhere, including in the human body. Many staphylococci are absolutely harmless, only three types provoke the development of diseases. The most common among them is Staphylococcus aureus. It does not pose a danger to humans until their immunity is weakened. Quite often staphylococcus is found in the nose.

The presence of Staphylococcus aureus in the nose is manifested by the appearance of a runny nose, redness of the mucous membrane and the appearance of pustules on it.

Treatment of staphylococcus in the nose involves the use of antibiotics, bacteriophages, and immunomodulators.

Causes of Staphylococcus aureus in the nose

Staphylococcus aureus in the nose is a completely natural phenomenon. It can be part of the healthy microflora of the nasopharynx, and many people simply carry it for a long time.

When immunity is weakened, rapid growth and reproduction of the microorganism occurs on the nasal mucosa. In this case, bacteria begin to produce special enzymes that have a destructive effect on cells and lead to the development of chronic rhinitis, frontal sinusitis, sinusitis, and atrophy of the nasal mucosa.

Infection with staphylococcus occurs through contact with carriers of this microorganism in various medical institutions.

Staphylococcus has high level stability and remains even in a dried state for up to 3.5 years; in direct sunlight it is active for more than 12 hours, at a temperature of 150 º - 10 minutes, at 60 º - at least an hour. Staphylococcus aureus is resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics. But he is hypersensitive to the effects of brilliant green.

The following factors can provoke the activity of staphylococcus in the nose:

• Long-term use of vasoconstrictor nasal drops;
• Hypothermia;
• Infections of viral etiology;
• The use of nasal drops based on antibacterial agents;
• Insufficient level of adaptation;
• The use of broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs.

Symptoms of staphylococcus in the nose

Symptoms of staphylococcus in the nose include:

• Redness of the mucous epithelium lining the nasopharynx;
• Atrophy of the mucous epithelium of the nasopharynx;
• Runny nose, insensitive to treatment;
• Increased body temperature;
• General intoxication;
• The appearance of pustular formations on the nasal mucosa.

The presence of staphylococcal infection quite often leads to the development of chronic rhinitis. In this case, the symptoms of staphylococcus in the nose are manifested by difficulty in nasal breathing, severe congestion of one half of the nose, moderate intensity mucous discharge, which in case of exacerbation intensifies and becomes purulent in nature.

When sinusitis develops against the background of a staphylococcal infection, the patient feels general malaise, has nasal congestion, sneezing, and a runny nose. As the disease progresses, painful sensations appear in the face, which radiate to the head, jaw, and the eyelids become swollen and red. When pressed, the pain spreads to the infraorbital region.

Staphylococcus aureus often leads to the development of frontal sinusitis. Then the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in the nasal mucosa is expressed in the form of severe headaches, which are localized, as a rule, in the forehead and above the eyebrows and intensify when the head is tilted. The patient experiences general weakness and dizziness. Nasal discharge is especially severe in the morning.

With the development of atrophy of the nasopharyngeal mucosa caused by the presence of staphylococcus, the patient experiences congestion, dryness and itching in the nasal cavity; expansion of the lumens of the nasal passages; anosmia caused by atrophy of the olfactory receptors.

Staphylococcus in the nose causes the development of a purulent process. In this case, some of the pus may enter the digestive tract, which increases the load on its organs and can lead to the development of gastritis, enteritis, colitis, duodenitis, cholecystitis, toxic hepatitis, cholangitis, kidney inflammation and Bladder(especially with improper or inadequate nutrition, constant stress, long-term use of medications).

Diagnosis of staphylococcus in the nose

To determine whether a staphylococcal infection is present, these bacteria must be isolated in pure culture. To do this, the discharge from the nasopharynx is inoculated onto solid nutrient media.

Treatment of staphylococcus in the nose

Treatment of staphylococcus in the nose is resorted to only in cases where the presence of infection causes the development of inflammation in the mucous membrane or the appearance of diseases such as sinusitis, otitis, chronic rhinitis, frontal sinusitis.

The difficulty of treating staphylococcus in the nose is that this microorganism is resistant to many antibiotics and is activated only when general immunity decreases.

Therefore, before starting therapy, it is necessary to take into account a number of circumstances:

• Incorrect selection of an antibacterial agent can lead to the development of the opposite effect: the infection can intensify and spread throughout the body through the bloodstream;
• Staphylococcus aureus easily develops resistance to certain antibacterial drugs, and their frequent use can provoke the development of a super-resistant strain of this bacterium;
• Incomplete or incorrectly selected treatment can cause complications such as purulent skin lesions, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, staphylococcal sepsis, intestinal intoxication, and meningitis.

If Staphylococcus aureus is detected in the nose, there is no need to delay its treatment. For therapy to be effective, it must be carried out comprehensively.

First, it is necessary to establish the sensitivity of the patient’s body to certain antibiotics. Only after this the doctor prescribes sulfonamide and antibacterial drugs. As a rule, dicloxacillin, vancomycin, ceftriaxone, oxacillin, and ofloxacin are used in the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus. Amoxiclav and unasin have proven themselves well. The advantages of their use include the fact that, in addition to the antibiotic, they contain a substance that suppresses the antibiotic resistance of the pathogenic microorganism.

If pustules form in the nose, an alcohol solution of brilliant green is used to eliminate them.

Bacteriophages, a liquid medium populated by viruses that neutralize pathogenic bacteria, are also used to suppress staphylococcal infections.

To increase the patient’s immunity, he is prescribed immunomodulatory agents, vitamin and mineral complexes; Particular attention is also paid to correcting sleep and rest patterns and diet.

Staphylococcus aureus in the nose is a rather intractable disease, since the pathogenic nature of this infection involves the rapid acquisition of resistance to the antibiotics taken. Therefore, the appearance of symptoms of a staphylococcal infection in the nose is a reason to immediately consult a doctor, who, after conducting all the necessary research, will give recommendations for effective treatment of the disease.

It is safe to say that there is not a single person in the world who has not encountered ulcers, pimples or boils at least once in their life. And since all these annoying troubles for any person are caused by the same microorganism called Staphylococcus aureus, it can be argued that every inhabitant of our planet has encountered this bacterium at least once in their life. Moreover, once on the surface of human skin, this microorganism settles there forever.

Staphylococcus aureus is called a real “killer”, since it has two traits of a real killer: it knows how to camouflage itself very well and never misses. But the fact that you wear this on your skin dangerous neighbor does not mean that you are sick. Staphylococcus aureus is our neighbor, with whom we coexist quite peacefully. For the time being. And only a combination of a number of factors can lead to a staphylococcal infection.

Staphylococci are spherical bacteria that are collected in beautiful clusters. They are found everywhere: in the air, water, earth, on the surface of the body and in the bodies of people and animals and are the cause of a large number of chronic and acute diseases of an infectious nature, ranging from single pustules to severe sepsis. The most dangerous of them is Staphylococcus aureus, which got its name because of its beautiful glow under a microscope when sown on a nutrient medium. The bacterium settles on the surface of the skin and mucous membranes of the body. In the vast majority of cases, the bacterium is localized on the nasal mucosa.

With strong immunity and normal conditions, the bacterium may not manifest itself in any way throughout life, and a person usually does not even suspect that he is a virus carrier. But once a person gets into a stressful situation or get very cold, as the virus immediately makes itself known. Other factors can also contribute to this, such as sudden temperature changes, diseases caused by viruses, prolonged treatment with antibiotics, long-term use of vasoconstrictors and antibacterial nasal agents. The most vulnerable place in the body in this case is the nasal cavity. How to determine the presence of staphylococcus in the nose and how to treat it?

Symptoms of nasal disease

What are the symptoms of having staphylococcus in the nose? There may be no symptoms at all. But when the microorganism turns into an infection, the following symptoms appear:

• -Elevated temperature
• -redness of the skin and nasal mucosa
• -nasal congestion
• -purulent nasal discharge
• - itching in the nose
• - impaired sense of smell
• - mucosal atrophy
• -symptoms of general intoxication of the body

Sometimes pustular rashes appear on the nasal mucosa. But these symptoms are not always signs of a staphylococcal infection.

Such symptoms may also occur with other diseases of the nasopharynx. The following symptoms indicate infection with Staphylococcus aureus: acute abdominal pain, diarrhea, headache and general intoxication of the body.

Treatment of staphylococcus in the nose

The first thing to do if you suspect staphylococcus is consult a doctor. Self-medication and traditional medicine without medication support can contribute to the worsening of the disease and cause serious consequences. It is especially undesirable to treat staphylococcus in the nose with antiviral drugs, as they promote the proliferation of the bacterium.

• The consequences of improper treatment of staphylococcus in the nose can be infection entering the bloodstream and further spreading throughout the body. And also severe complications: pustular skin lesions, intestinal intoxication, and in especially severe cases - meningitis.

Treatment of staphylococcal infection should be comprehensive, as well as examination. The doctor will order a full examination, and based on the results obtained, medications will be prescribed. Several tests are required. Among them: tank culture, smear examination. If necessary, the doctor will prescribe an enzyme immunoassay. It is very important to laboratory determine the nature of the pathogenic microorganism. Staphylococcus is not treatable with most modern antibiotics, and frequent treatment antibiotics causes the development of a special unique resistant strain of bacteria.

How to treat staphylococcus in the nose?

After identifying staphylococcus in the nose, treatment should be immediate.

Firstly, antibiotics. This insidious microorganism exhibits extreme vitality and immunity to many antibiotics, especially the penicillin series. So how to treat? The following antibiotics perfectly cure staphylococcus.

• Oxacillin
• Vancomycin
• Dicloxacillin
• Amoxiclav
• Cefriaxon
• Unazine
• Ofloxacin

Lincosamides also work well: lincomycin and clindamycin.

Antibiotics are prescribed in the form of tablets or intramuscular injections. How else can you cure staphylococcus in the nose? In addition, local treatment is prescribed:

Bactroban ointment ( Mupirocin) for the treatment of the nasal cavity. This product contains unique substances that destroy protein synthesis in bacterial cells, which disrupts the process of their division and growth.

A good effect is obtained by irrigating the nose with an alcohol solution of chlorophyllipt or instilling its oil solution into the nose. You can rinse your nose Miramistin, Chlorhexidine or hydrogen peroxide, after diluting it with water in a ratio of 1:11.

Nasal drops Protargol, Polydex, Isofra are also very effective. The area around the nose is treated rithromycin or tetracycline ointment. To prevent the infection from penetrating deeper, you need to treat the throat and pharynx with furatsilin or soda.

You can also be treated with staphylococcal bacteriophages, which are injected into the nasal cavity using cotton wool for 15 minutes. Must be remembered that treatment with bacteriophages should not be carried out simultaneously with chlorophyllipt: they neutralize each other. The pustules should be lubricated with brilliant green.

Very important component complex treatment is the restoration of immunity. Immunomodulators such as Taktivin, Imunorix or Poludan. You can take a course of vitamin therapy. The Alphabet, Vitrum, and Supradin complexes are especially recommended.

Under no circumstances should heating be used - this microorganism loves heat very much. Therefore, actions such as warming compresses, etc. are contraindicated.

Washing with alcohol solutions will not bring any effect. The microbe is very resistant to alcohol and hydrogen peroxide.

Quite a lot important has complete and proper nutrition. Exclude dairy products, honey, and juices from the diet. Complete rest and sleep also play a significant role in recovery. It is very important to maintain a good mood and avoid stressful situations.

In the most severe cases, blood transfusion is indicated.

Things to remember

It must be remembered that treatment must be completed. Otherwise, life-threatening complications may occur. The most severe of them are pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis. Infections of the nasal cavity can result in sinusitis or sinusitis.

You should also not delay starting treatment. The more advanced the disease, the more difficult it is to treat. Necessary prepare for that that the treatment will be delayed, because staphylococcus is unusually tenacious and very difficult to treat. And this is the first microorganism that managed to “eat up” penicillin. Therefore, you need to remember that treatment will be difficult and long.

How else to treat staphylococcus?

Drug treatment can be accompanied by folk remedies:

• 1 tbsp. l chamomile (you can take sage or calendula), pour 1 glass of boiling water, leave for an hour. Rinse your nose
• 2 tbsp. l burdock root per glass of water. Heat in a water bath for 20 minutes. Drop 5 drops into the nose, 3 rubles. in a day. Comfrey is also used.
• Drink rosehip and echinacea as tea to restore immunity.
• 0.5 g mumiyo per 1 glass of water. Drink 50 ml on an empty stomach 4 times. in a day.

To complete the treatment, take local immunomodulators to strengthen the immune system: IRS-19 and Immudol.

If swelling of the mucous membrane is observed, then you need to take antihistamines Tavegil, Diazolin, Zyrtec.

Cefataxime is effective in treating staphylococcus. You need to dilute a bottle of boiled water. Drop half a bottle into both nostrils using a syringe without a needle. Then plug the nostrils with cotton balls for 20-30 minutes. In total, you need 4 vials for 8 instillations, 1 time per day.

In conclusion, I would like to say the following: no matter how scary Staphylococcus aureus may seem, every adult can coexist peacefully with it for a very long time, and maybe even their entire life. . Cure him completely It’s impossible, but we can make sure that this insidious bacterium doesn’t wake up and infect our body. Maintain your immunity, strengthen it, eat well, always be in a good mood and take care of yourself. And Staphylococcus aureus will remain an unwanted but peaceful neighbor for you. Every adult must remember: it is easier to prevent any disease than to treat it later. And only a doctor knows exactly how to treat staphylococcus in the nose.

β-toxin or sphingomyelinase is detected in approximately a quarter of all pathogenic staphylococci. β-toxin is capable of causing the destruction of red blood cells ( red blood cells), and also lead to the proliferation of fibroblasts ( migration of fibroblasts into the inflammatory focus). This toxin becomes most active at low temperatures.

γ-toxin is a two-component hemolysin that has moderate activity. It is worth noting that the bloodstream contains substances that block the action of γ-toxin ( sulfur-containing molecules are capable of inhibiting one of the components of the γ-toxin).

δ-toxin is a low molecular weight compound with detergent properties. Exposure of a cell to δ-toxin leads to disruption of cell integrity by various mechanisms ( basically there is a disruption of the relationship between the lipids of the cell membrane).

• Exfoliative toxins. In total, there are 2 types of exfoliative toxins – exfoliant A and exfoliant B. Exfoliative toxins are detected in 2–5% of cases. Exfoliants are capable of destroying intercellular connections in one of the layers of the skin ( granular layer of the epidermis), and also lead to detachment of the stratum corneum ( the most superficial layer of skin). These toxins can act locally and systemically. In the latter case, this can lead to scalded skin syndrome ( the appearance of areas of redness on the body, as well as large blisters). It is worth noting that exfoliants are able to bind several molecules involved in the immune response at once ( exfoliative toxins exhibit properties of superantigens).
• Toxic shock syndrome toxin (formerly called enterotoxin F) is a toxin that causes the development of toxic shock syndrome. Toxic shock syndrome refers to acutely occurring multisystem organ damage ( several organs are affected at once) with fever, nausea, vomiting, stool disorders ( diarrhea), skin rash. It is worth noting that toxic shock syndrome toxin can only be produced in rare cases by Staphylococcus aureus.
• Leukocidin or Panton-Valentine toxin capable of attacking some white blood cells ( neutrophils and macrophages). The effect of leukocidin on the cell leads to disruption of the water-electrolyte balance, which increases the concentration of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in the cell ( cAMP). These disorders underlie the mechanism of occurrence of staphylococcal diarrhea in food poisoning from products infected with Staphylococcus aureus.
• Enterotoxins. In total, there are 6 classes of enterotoxins - A, B, C1, C2, D and E. Enterotoxins are toxins that attack human intestinal cells. Enterotoxins are low molecular weight proteins ( proteins), which are well tolerated elevated temperature. It should be noted that it is enterotoxins that lead to the development food poisoning by type of intoxication. In most cases, these poisonings can be caused by enterotoxins A and D. The effect of any of the enterotoxins on the body is manifested in the form of nausea, vomiting, pain in the upper abdomen, diarrhea, fever and muscle spasms. These disorders are caused by the superantigenic properties of enterotoxins. In this case, excessive synthesis of interleukin-2 occurs, which leads to this intoxication of the body. Enterotoxins can lead to an increase in the tone of intestinal smooth muscles and increase motility ( contractions of the intestines to move food along) gastrointestinal tract.

Enzymes

Staphylococcal enzymes have a diverse effect. Also, the enzymes that staphylococci produce are called “aggression and defense” factors. It should be noted that not all enzymes are pathogenicity factors.

The following staphylococcal enzymes are isolated:

• Catalase is an enzyme that can destroy hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide is capable of releasing the oxygen radical and oxidizing the cell wall of the microorganism, leading to its destruction ( lysis).
• β-lactamase is able to effectively combat and neutralize β-lactam antibiotics ( a group of antibiotics that are united by the presence of a β-lactam ring). It is worth noting that β-lactamase is very common among the population of pathogenic staphylococci. Some strains of staphylococci exhibit increased resistance to methicillin ( antibiotic) and other chemotherapy drugs.
• Lipase is an enzyme that facilitates the attachment and penetration of bacteria into the human body. Lipase is capable of destroying fat fractions and, in some cases, penetrating through sebum into the hair follicle ( location of the hair root) and into the sebaceous glands.
• Hyaluronidase has the ability to increase tissue permeability, which contributes to the further spread of staphylococci in the body. The action of hyaluronidase is aimed at the breakdown of complex carbohydrates ( mucopolysaccharides), which are part of the intercellular substance of connective tissue, and are also found in bones, in the vitreous body and in the cornea of ​​the eye.
• DNAase is an enzyme that cleaves double-stranded DNA molecule ( Deoxyribonucleic acid) into fragments. When exposed to DNAse, the cell loses its genetic material and the ability to synthesize enzymes for one’s own needs.
• Fibrinolysin or plasmin. Fibrinolysin is a staphylococcal enzyme that is capable of dissolving fibrin threads. In some cases, blood clots are performed protective function and prevent bacteria from entering other tissues.
• Staphylokinase is an enzyme that converts plasminogen to plasmin ( when exposed to staphylokinase, the proenzyme plasminogen transforms into active form- plasmin). Plasmin can extremely effectively break down large blood clots, which act as an obstacle to the further advancement of staphylococci.
• Phosphatase is an enzyme that accelerates the breakdown of phosphoric acid esters. Staphylococcal acid phosphatase is generally responsible for the virulence of the bacterium. This enzyme can be located on the outer membrane, and the location of the phosphatase depends on the acidity of the environment.
• Proteinase staphylococcus is capable of breaking down proteins into amino acids ( protein denaturation). Proteinase has the ability to inactivate certain antibodies, suppressing the body's immune response.
• Lecithinase is an extracellular enzyme that breaks down lecithin ( fat-like substance that is part of the cell wall) into simpler components ( phosphocholine and diglycerides).
• Coagulase or plasmacoagulase. Coagulase is the main factor in the pathogenicity of staphylococcus. Coagulase can cause blood plasma clotting. This enzyme can form a thrombin-like substance that interacts with prothrombin and envelops the bacterium in a fibrin film. The formed fibrin film has significant resistance and serves as an additional capsule for staphylococcus.

Groups of staphylococci depending on the presence of coagulase

Pathogenicity	Coagulase-positive staphylococci	Coagulase-negative staphylococci
Opportunistic staphylococci that live on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals	S. intermedius, S. hyicus	S. capitis, S. warneri, S. cohnii, S. xylosis, S. sciuri, S. simulans, S. arlettae, S. auricularis, S. carnosus, S. caseolyticus, S. gallinarum, S. kloosii, S. caprae, S. equorum, S. lentus, S. saccharolyticus, S. schleiferi, S. lugdunensis, S. chromogenes.
Pathogenic staphylococci that cause diseases in humans	S. aureus ( Staphylococcus aureus)	S. saprophyticus ( saprophyticstaphylococcus), S. epidermidis ( epidermalstaphylococcus), S. haemolyticus ( hemolytic staphylococcus).

Adhesins

Adhesins are surface layer proteins that are responsible for attaching staphylococcus to mucous membranes and connective tissue ( ligaments, tendons, joints, cartilages are some of the representatives of connective tissue), as well as to the intercellular substance. The ability to attach to tissues is associated with hydrophobicity ( property of cells to avoid contact with water), and the higher it is, the better these properties are manifested.

Adhesins have specificity for certain substances ( tropism) in organism. So, on the mucous membranes this substance is mucin ( a substance that is part of the secretion of all mucous glands), and in connective tissue – proteoglycan ( intercellular substance of connective tissue). Adhesins are capable of binding fibronectin ( complex extracellular substance), thereby improving the process of attachment to tissues.

It is worth noting that most components of the cell wall of pathogenic staphylococci, as well as their toxins, can lead to allergic reactions delayed and immediate type ( anaphylactic shock, Arthus phenomenon, etc.). Clinically this manifests itself in the form of dermatitis ( inflammatory disease skin ), bronchospastic syndrome ( spasm of bronchial smooth muscles, which manifests itself as shortness of breath) etc.

Method of infection with staphylococcus

Diseases caused by staphylococci can be of the nature of autoinfection ( entry of bacteria into the body through damaged areas of the skin and mucous membranes), since staphylococci are permanent inhabitants of human skin and mucous membranes. Infection can also occur through contact with household items or by eating contaminated food. This method of infection is called exogenous.


It is worth noting that the carriage of pathogenic staphylococci plays an important role in the mechanism of transmission of staphylococci. The term “carrier” refers to the presence of pathogenic bacteria in the body that do not cause any clinical manifestations of the disease. There are two types of carriage of pathogenic staphylococci - temporary and permanent. The main danger is posed by people who are constant carriers of pathogenic staphylococcus. This category of persons is identified in large quantities pathogenic staphylococci, which are present for a long time on the mucous membranes and in the skin. It is still not entirely clear why long-term carriage of pathogenic staphylococcus occurs. Some scientists associate this with a weakening of local immunity with a decrease in the titer of immunoglobulin A ( a decrease in the concentration of one of the types of antibodies that are responsible for the immune response). There is also a hypothesis that explains the long-term carriage of pathogenic staphylococcus with impaired functioning of the mucous membrane.

The following mechanisms of transmission of staphylococci are distinguished:

• contact and household mechanism;
• air-droplet mechanism;
• air-dust mechanism;
• nutritional mechanism;
• artificial mechanism.

Contact and household mechanism

The contact-household mechanism of transmission of infection occurs due to the transfer of bacteria from the skin and mucous membranes to various household and household items. This route of transmission of infection is associated with the use of common household items ( towel, toys, etc.). To implement the contact-household route of transmission, a susceptible organism is required ( When bacteria are introduced, the human body reacts with a clinically significant disease or carriage). The contact-household mechanism of transmission is a special case of the contact route of transmission of infection ( direct contact with skin).

Airborne mechanism

The airborne transmission mechanism is based on inhalation of air containing microorganisms. This transmission mechanism becomes possible when bacteria are isolated in environment along with exhaled air ( for organ disease breathing apparatus ). Pathogenic bacteria can be released through breathing, coughing and sneezing.

Air-dust mechanism

The airborne dust mechanism of transmission of staphylococcal infection is a special case of the airborne droplet mechanism. The air-dust mechanism is realized when bacteria remain in dust for a long time.

Nutritional mechanism

With the alimentary mechanism ( fecal-oral mechanism) transmission, the release of staphylococci occurs from an infected organism through bowel movements or vomiting. Penetration of bacteria into a susceptible organism occurs through the oral cavity when consuming contaminated food ( presence of microorganisms in food). After this, the staphylococcus again colonizes the digestive tract of the new host. As a rule, contamination of food products with staphylococci occurs due to non-compliance with personal hygiene rules - insufficient hand cleaning. Also this mechanism may be carried out as a result of carriage of a staphylococcal infection in a food industry worker.

Artificial mechanism

The artificial transmission mechanism is characterized by the penetration of pathogenic staphylococcus into the human body through insufficiently sterilized ( sterilization is a method of processing medical instruments and equipment to completely destroy all microorganisms) medical instruments. As a rule, this can occur during the use of various instrumental diagnostic methods ( for example, bronchoscopy). Also, in some cases, the penetration of staphylococcus into the body is observed during surgical operations.

It is worth noting that medical equipment and instruments may not be completely sterile due to the fact that staphylococcus is resistant to some types of disinfectants ( chemical substances with antimicrobial action). Also, the cause of the artificial transmission mechanism may be the incompetence or negligence of medical personnel.

What diseases does Staphylococcus aureus cause?

Staphylococcus aureus is capable of infecting most tissues of the human body. In total, there are more than a hundred diseases that are caused by staphylococcal infection. Staphylococcal infection is characterized by the presence of many different mechanisms, routes and transmission factors.

Staphylococcus aureus can extremely easily penetrate through minor damage to the skin and mucous membranes into the body. Staphylococcal infection can lead to various diseases– starting from acne ( acne) and ending with peritonitis ( inflammatory process peritoneum), endocarditis ( inflammation of the inner lining of the heart) and sepsis, which has a mortality rate of around 80%. In most cases, staphylococcal infection develops against the background of a decrease in local or general immunity, for example, after an acute respiratory viral infection ( ARVI).

The following symptoms are characteristic of staphylococcal sepsis:

• increase in body temperature to 39 – 40°C;
• intense headache;
• loss of appetite;
• nausea;
• vomit;
• increased sweating;
• skin pustular rash;
• increase in heart rate to 140 beats per minute;
• an increase in the size of the liver and spleen;
• loss of consciousness;
• rave.

In sepsis caused by staphylococcal infection, purulent lesions of the intestines, liver, membranes of the brain, and lungs are often observed ( abscesses). Mortality in adults can reach significant numbers in the case of inadequate antibiotic therapy without taking into account the antibiogram.