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Debarked round timber (logs) is a very popular material. Unlike a rounded log, a debarked log has a significant advantage, because it retains the top splint layer, which effectively protects interior wood from various pests and bacteria. Thanks to this, a log house made from debarked logs will last much longer and will require less costs for antiseptics than a house made of rounded logs. When purchasing logs for building a house, it is necessary to determine not only their quantity, but also their volume, because all suppliers sell logs by volume. You can convert quantity to volume manually, remembering school lessons algebra and geometry, and with the help of tables or special tools. In this article we will talk about various techniques calculation, which will help you correctly determine the required volume when ordering and purchasing logs.
Calculating log volume manually
The methodology for determining the volume of a log is described in detail in two documents adopted back in the Soviet Union - GOST 2292-88 And GOST 2708-75. Since then, no changes have occurred in this technology, so all the recommendations set out in GOSTs are still relevant today. Here are the basics for both measuring an individual log and determining the volume of stacked logs:
- the diameter is determined by the upper (thin) edge of the log using mechanical measuring forks (analogous to a caliper);
- the diameter of the top part of the log is measured twice, with a deviation of 90 degrees; if the values differ, then they are averaged;
- when determining the diameter of the log, the thickness of the bark is not taken into account;
- diameter is rounded to half a centimeter;
- the volume of logs for building houses is determined by multiplying the average volume of a log by the number of logs in the stack;
- Measuring the volume of logs by multiplying the height, width and length of the stack is unacceptable.
After determining the diameter and length of the log, its volume is calculated using the formula. For example, the volume of a log 10 meters long and 15 centimeters in diameter is 0.176 m³. Therefore, there will be 5.5 logs in one cubic meter.
Video - Calculator - cubaturnik
Determining the volume of a log using a computer caliper
The computer caliper determines the volume of each log by measuring the diameter and entering the length. Using this tool allows you to avoid tedious work with tables and numerous calculations. After determining the thickness and entering the length of the log, the fork independently determines its volume and displays the data on the display. Due to its high cost, this tool is used only at wood processing enterprises.
The cubic capacity of a log is a certain volume of lumber, the unit of measurement of which is a cubic meter. m. This parameter is used when constructing wooden houses to calculate the required volume round timber. The determined indicator is very important when calculating payment for sold lumber for building a house, since it is necessary to know the cost of each cubic meter. m of wood.
Round timber is very convenient and practical for building houses, bathhouses and other residential and non-residential premises.
Method for correctly counting lumber
Exist various options, allowing you to calculate the cubic capacity of a log, which is a round cylindrical lumber. This estimate is indicative. The methods used include initial geometric parameters, on the basis of which calculations are made.
Industrial harvesting of lumber involves quite complex calculations that are carried out to determine the cubic capacity of the forest. For accurate calculations, use a special truncated cone formula. It is built on the basis of determining the main diameters of each of the two cuts of wood and the length of the logs.
In practice, this complex method is rarely used, since world standards that determine the cubic capacity of roundwood require the use of special tables. Calculating the cubic capacity of the forest when building a house in this way is not particularly difficult. The result is quite accurate, and the calculations are based on the volume of material in the shape of a parallelepiped and the average value of the cut thickness of the log in its upper part.
How to calculate the cubic capacity of a log in a single version correctly?
Until now, the calculation of cubic capacity single tree was determined by multiplying its length by the arithmetic mean of the total area of all cuts. This method involved the use of special measuring instrument, resembling a caliper.
- Roulettes.
- Calculation tables indicating the final cubic capacity.
Before calculating the cubic capacity of the log, the size of its diameter in the middle part was increased three times, obtaining a certain value for the cross-sectional area. It had to be multiplied by the length of the workpiece to obtain the resulting volume of material. This method was not accurate because the thickness of the tree bark was not taken into account.
The value of Pi in the circle formula was used with a very large deviation, so the distorted form of the formula did not allow accurate calculations to be made without errors. In practice they use the following formula: diameter divided by 2 round tree squared, then the result is multiplied by Pi and the length of the tree.
It cannot be argued that it is correct to calculate the cubic capacity of forest for building a house only on the basis of tables, special measurements and corresponding formulas. The simplest method is to determine the density of wood species.
If we calculate the cubic capacity of round timber by measuring the thickness of the bark of lumber for building houses, then it is impossible to determine the diameter of the logs without possible errors. The calculated parameters will be inaccurate. To correctly calculate the volume of a unit wooden material, measure its length with a tape measure, then measure the diameter of the cut at the top, not taking into account the thickness of the bark.
Next, you should look at a special table in which, at the intersection of rows and columns with the given values of the length of the tree, as well as its diameter, the volume of the material is determined. This method is reliable. Before calculating the cubic capacity of a forest in this way, you should know that it is not perfectly accurate, since the shape of the trunk and the conditions associated with growing forest for building houses are not taken into account. However, these little things are usually ignored.
How to calculate the cubic capacity of stockpiled round timber?
Image 1. Calculation of cubic capacity of round stockpiled timber.
If we consider the industrial volumes of round logs, then other tables and parameters are used here round log, allowing you to calculate cubic capacity. As shown in the figure (IMAGE 1), round timber in storage conditions has the shape of a parallelepiped in the form of a rectangle.
The method for calculating this volume is simple and known from school knowledge. In practice, the use of this method does not give an accurate result, since the size of the voids between individual logs is not taken into account. The dimensions of the voids depend on the diameter of the logs and can be calculated mathematical method. It will not be possible to calculate exact values in case of inaccurate stacking of log blanks. This procedure is not carried out during the assessment of a forest located on warehouse storage, since the volume occupied by round timber in the warehouse itself is estimated.
If you carry out a preliminary weighing of the forest, then calculating the cubic capacity will not be difficult, since it is not completely filled with wood material. The required value should be reduced using the void ratio. When carrying out construction calculations, the value of the void ratio is 0.8, which is 20% of the area of the space that is occupied by air voids, and 80% is the volume of wood.
The sequence of actions when determining the cubic size comes down to the following main steps:
- Measuring the width, length, height of a space that is rectangular.
- Multiplying certain quantities together to calculate the volume result.
- Multiplying the result by a factor of 0.8, which takes into account the number of voids between the logs, which is approximate.
- Taking the resulting value as the result.
Using this method, the cubic capacity of roundwood, which is heterogeneous in size, is calculated.
Carrying out calculations depending on the type of material
To calculate the volume of lumber by dividing the mass of the forest by its density, it is necessary to take into account the type of wood.
Image 2. Table for calculating cubic capacity of unedged and edged boards, bars, linings, slats, etc.
The result obtained will be far from ideal, since the forest may have different degrees of maturity, hence different deviations in density. the main role belongs to wood moisture content.
The woodworking industry is characterized by concepts associated with dense cubic meters and folding. The price list for such lumber will contain information about the volume in its dense mass; it will be necessary to convert the folded cubic meter into a dense mass. For this purpose, conversion factors are used.
The volume of coniferous or hardwood two methods:
- By measuring all units of the tree.
- Through the use of a standard, that is, a cube-turner developed in accordance with GOST.
The cubeturner is designed to calculate the volume of trimmed wood material based on standard tables. In one you can find the volume of a meter of wood, and in the second - units, which allows you to calculate the cost of the forest.
The proposed table (IMAGE 2) contains calculations of the cubic capacity of unedged and edged boards, bars, linings, slats, etc. The measurement has its own specifics, that is, the size of the width of any board is equal to half the size of the width of the narrow and wide layers, measured in the middle part of the board. Volume calculation round material is done correctly if every log is measured.
By mathematical standards, a round timber is a cylinder. The volume of a cylinder is calculated as the area of its circumference multiplied by the length of the cylinder itself (read logs).
where: number Pi- 3,14159265358979; R- radius of the circle; H- the length of the cylinder. But since the comparison of a log with a cylinder is purely conditional, in real calculations the diameter of the log is measured at its midpoint. Naturally, without bark. 
From school we were taught that the area of a circle is calculated as the number Pi (3.14159) multiplied by the radius of the circle squared. Or another option is, again, the number Pi multiplied by the diameter of the circle to the fourth power. These are purely theoretical calculations of the volume (cubic capacity) of one individual log. And if we're talking about about large volumes of timber, the so-called timber stacks, where there are hundreds of cubes of round timber? In this case, of course, no one will calculate m3 of each log. To simplify the work of storekeepers, raters, technologists and other employees of woodworking enterprises, who, as part of their duties, have to deal with wood measurements, they use a round timber cube. This is nothing more than tables approved by GOST, containing calculations of the volume of round timber, depending on the thickness of its top. Experienced loggers and woodworkers poke the timber in increments of 2 cm, usually in even sizes. It is worth noting that specialists who constantly deal with forests can, by eye, with great accuracy, determine the diameter of a log without using rulers or tape measures. And then they are already moving on mathematical calculations forest points:
- there are so many logs of this diameter,
- so much different diameter
- and so on.
For example, a log with a diameter of 20 mm has a volume of 0.23 m3, and there were 100 such logs 6 m long in a stack. Thus, the result is obtained based on the cube size of the lumber: V = 0.23 m3 * 100 pieces = 23 m3 - i.e. the stack will contain 23 m3 with a top diameter of 20 mm.The volume of logs of other diameters is calculated in a similar way, using the values of a 6-meter-long round timber cube.
Round timber cube table
Part I - the length of the measured timber log ranging from 4 to 8.5 linear meters.| Diameter/cm | Length/m | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Part II - the length of the measured timber log ranging from 9 to 13.5 linear meters.
| Diameter/cm | Length/m | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Converting warehouse cubic meter of timber to dense
Timber stored in piles in open areas is counted in cubic meters (m3). This is the so-called warehouse cubic meter of timber, measured with all the voids and gaps between the logs.
Essentially, folded m3 is measurements of the stack according to its external dimensions: width, height and length. When implemented, round lumber a concept such as dense cubic meter wood What it is? This can be thought of as a stack of timber without voids or any gaps between the logs. That is, like a solid volume of wood. How is the volume of round timber converted into a dense cubic meter? A stack of timber, sorted by length, is measured by its outer dimensions. The values are multiplied and the resulting warehouse m3 is obtained. Next, a special conversion factor is used (see table). As a result of multiplying the resulting volume of folded cubic capacity by the coefficient from the table, the value of the dense forest cube * is obtained.
Selecting a volume measurement method
Selecting methods for recording and measuring wood volume
regulated by the following regulatory documents
(GOST):
- for firewood and non-grade (fuel) wood
GOST 3243-88
Firewood. Specifications
Download (downloads: 6871) - for round timber
GOST 2292-88
ROUND TIMBER
measurement methods and acceptance
Download - You can read more generally and in detail in the reference book:
UNION-ALL STANDARDS FOR FOREST TAXATION
GOST requirements read:
- Round timber over 2m in length and fuel wood (firewood) over 3m in length are subject to piecemeal measurement and accounting in full, according to the roundwood volume tables (). In special cases (specified in GOST 2292-88, clause 1.2), round timber up to 2 m long is also subject to piecemeal measurement and accounting in a dense measure, in . Special cases are wood valuable species, raw materials for plywood production, aviation materials, etc.
- The volume of all other wood that is not included in the above categories is measured by converting the folded measure into a dense one.
(from warehouse meters -> to cubic meters)
(download for free)
Thus, from the requirements of GOST, the following follows:
- A dense measure, () is the main way to take into account the volume of any wood material, including firewood. Measuring the volume of wood in a dense measure is a very cumbersome and time-consuming way of making measurements and calculations, since this involves measuring the end diameter and length of each log piece by piece.
Cubic meter (solid measure)
Dense measure- the main method of measuring and recording the volume of wood.
Dense measure- this is the net volume of wood pulp, which is defined as the volume of the cylinder of each log, taking into account the average depth of the trunk.Wherein:
- Each log is measured individually and
- when measuring the diameter of the end -
select the top cut (smaller end) - when measuring the diameter of the end -
the thickness of the bark and sapwood layer is not taken into account - when measuring the diameter of the end -
the diameter of the oval end is assumed to be equal to
arithmetic mean
between its largest and smallest value - the value correction is always made minus the gradation according to GOST
(for example, an end diameter of 18.8 cm is taken to be 18 cm, not 19 cm, a log length of 4.47 m/p is taken to be 4 linear meters, not four and a half, etc.) - The measurement methodology for round timber is regulated by
GOST 2292-88
ROUND TIMBER
Labeling, sorting, transportation,
measurement methods and acceptance
Download (downloads: 5442) - After the measurements have been made,
the volume of each log is determined
according to roundwood volume tables (by )
Unit of measurement of dense measure - cubic meter(cubic meter)
To speed up and simplify the determination of the amount of round timber, a special method of counting it is used - timber pointing. The forest method is not regulated in any way normative document and, in essence, is a variant of shorthand writing
Pointing the forest
“Dotting” (dotting) of the forest is a shorthand writing method for recording the number and parameters of logs and logs, used to take into account when inventorying tree trunks stacked or “standing”. At the same time, a table is compiled in any form in which the measured (taken into account) parameters of round timber are recorded. Most often, these are the diameters and lengths of the logs, less often - the type of wood, sometimes - combinations of other required values (age, species, etc.).
The term “forest pointing” was born in those distant times when there were no computers and calculators. In ancient times, foresters used this prototype of shorthand calculation. This, however, does not detract from the advantages of this method of accounting today. Its essence is that each number corresponds to its own picture, a kind of hieroglyph that denotes this number.
The term “dotting” itself comes from the words “dots”, which are placed in the accounting process
The first point is symbol, which is applied to the end of the counted and measured log in order to avoid its re-counting. The concept of a “point” on the end of a log is purely a convention. This can be any visible sign, the meaning of which is chosen depending on the circumstances. For example, this could be a special forester’s mark, the diameter of a log, or simply a slash drawn with chalk.
. The second point is entered into the table in a special way and participates in further calculations of the amount of forest
It happens like this:
- the first four logs are four points at the corners of an imaginary square,
- the next four logs are the lines connecting these points to each other into a square
- and finally, logs 8 and 9 are the diagonals of the square
Total - 10 logs symbolizes a square with crossed out diagonals
- Then everything is repeated until the end of the calculation.Roundwood volume
The volume of round timber is determined after pointing the round timber, when it becomes known how many and what diameter of logs are contained in the stack. To determine the volume of round timber, open the cubeturner and, by simple multiplication, find out the volume of accounted timber.
Cubaturnik- a special table for calculating the volume of round timber. Along the vertical axis of the cubature are the diameters, and along the horizontal axis are the lengths of the logs. At the intersection of the vertical and horizontal - the volume for each log of the specified length and diameter.Round timber volume tables (cubic)
Cubaturnik is colloquially called GOST 2708-75
TIMBER ROUND Tables volumes: "(link-category)"
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