Cuba is a unique country. No matter how sophisticated a tourist is, this island will always remain a dream. The amazing history of this country, its location, fauna, culture - everything here is fascinating, everything is exciting.

People come here with children; adventure lovers are looking for extreme sports here; people stop here in couples and one at a time with the goal of seclusion, living away from civilization, in harmony with nature.

But, of course, today’s youth are most attracted to Cuba. Free, noisy, cheerful, it is simply created for those who cannot imagine their life without wild parties, dancing, and all kinds of entertainment.

Moreover, the myth that living costs in Cuba are higher than in other countries is slowly dissipating Caribbean. By having dinner at an inexpensive restaurant and renting a not-so-expensive room, you can easily get by 50 $ per day. But you will have enough impressions to last a lifetime.

Capital	Havana
Population	11.5 million people
	110,860 thousand m²
Population density	102 inhabitants per 1 km²
	Spanish
Religion	Catholicism
Form of government	parliamentary socialist republic
	Cuban Peso (CUP)
Timezone
International dialing code
Internet domain zone
Electricity	110/220V/60Hz, socket type: A, B, C

Climate and weather

The tropical, trade wind climate of the island of Cuba provides fairly high temperatures throughout the year. The average annual temperature here is approximately +25.5 °C. The coldest month is January (+22.5 °C), the hottest - August (27.8 °C). The water off the coast remains warm almost all year round: from +22 °C – in winter and from +28 °C - in summer. The average annual precipitation is also quite high - about 1500 mm. Mostly it's rain. However, very dry years are not so rare in Cuba.

In general, the climatic seasons on the island are quite clearly defined: May-September is the rainy season, October-April is dry. The autumn-summer period is characterized by heavy rainfall, often with strong winds.

Humidity is very high all year round.

Nature

Cuba is rich in man-made attractions, which millions of people from around the world dream of touching. However, natural ensembles that amaze with their beauty are no less valuable: heavenly beaches tens of kilometers long, fabulous uninhabited islands with palm groves and mangroves, karst caves and low picturesque mountains.

The relief of Cuba is flat, but the bizarre shapes of the highest Sierra Maestra mountain range, stretching along the southeastern coast for hundreds of kilometers, impresses even seasoned travelers.

Cuba has a rich fauna and flora. Some plant species you will not find anywhere else in the world. And the variety of exotic species of butterflies and birds is simply amazing!

Attractions

Some of the cities and regions that you need to visit when traveling around Cuba include:

• Havana;
• Santiago de Cuba;
• Holguin.

In the capital alone there are about 1000 buildings of architectural value! Among the most famous are the cathedral square and Cathedral of St. Christopher(XVII century), building of the former governor's palace Cubes, fortresses La Cabaña and La Fuerza(XVI century). Is extremely popular among tourists Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, and Ernest Hemingway House Museum. Of course, Cuba's nightlife is also concentrated here in the capital.

Getting into Santiago de Cuba- the second largest city in Cuba - tourists usually head to the picturesque city Cespedes Park. This is perhaps one of the main attractions of the city. Besides, Santiago de Cuba, Once the capital, it can be considered the center of the cultural life of the island: numerous museums, theaters, and cathedrals attract those who want not only to enjoy the beauty of Cuba, but also to learn more about its history.

The most popular resort on the island is Varadero(province of Matanzas). The local beaches are among the top three in the world, and their surroundings are an ideal place for tourists with a wide variety of tastes and hobbies. There is also a dolphinarium here - an integral attribute of any resort - where anyone can not only admire the local inhabitants, but also swim with them.

The second most important resort region is Holguin. This is where the most beautiful in Cuba is located Playa Esmeralda beach. The riches of the region also include six waterfalls and a rich fauna. In addition, Holguin is often called the city of public gardens. Walking here is not only pleasant, but also interesting: the city is very diverse in terms of architecture.

Nutrition

The gastronomic preferences of Cubans are quite diverse. The cuisine of this country mixes the traditions of Spain, Africa, and the Caribbean islands. Here they treat meat with respect and cannot do without vegetables and fruits. A separate culinary topic - bananas. Cubans have dozens of options for preparing it and hundreds of options for dishes that include banana. They are fried, baked, used as an ingredient in sauce, and served as dessert.

By the way, desserts in Cuba are distinguished by their sweetness. Popular here mousses, puddings, ice cream. Many amazing dishes are made from tropical fruits and sugar cane. syrups.

Coffee is held in special esteem by local residents. It is drunk very strong and sweet throughout the day. Among the alcoholic drinks, the favorite among Cubans is rum. It is customary to serve table wine with lunch and dinner.

The best food in Cuba is in restaurants located in private homes. They're called paladares. Lunch at such a restaurant will cost you approximately 7 $ , which is two times less than in a state restaurant. You can also get a bite to eat in the city by buying pizza or a sandwich from street vendors.

In Cuban restaurants, it is customary to tip based on 10% from the order cost. It is better to give the money personally to the waiter.

Accommodation

Most hotels located in Cuban resorts have five-star status. The beaches adjacent to such hotels are, as a rule, very well equipped with everything necessary for relaxation. Meals are most often organized according to the buffet principle, less often - according to the menu. The cost of an all-inclusive room in such a hotel will be close to 100 $ . For comparison: the same room in a middle-class state hotel will cost approximately 35 $ , and in private - in 15-25 $ .

Almost all hotels in Cuba have a car rental department.

Entertainment and relaxation

Of course, when it comes to entertainment in Cuba, the first thing you want to talk about is the island’s nightlife. In terms of the number of clubs, bars, and discos, Liberty Island ranks first in Caribbean. Music and dance lovers come here simply to immerse themselves in this environment. Particularly rich nightlife in the capital. Havana is ready to satisfy any requests. Cabarets, jazz clubs, Latin American shows - the nightlife of the Cuban capital is varied in rhythm. By the way, anyone can learn Afro-Cuban dances: dance lessons are organized right at the hotels.

Clubs and restaurants are not the only way of leisure for Cubans and guests of the island. Diving, fishing and hunting are extremely popular here. There is also something for speleology lovers to do here: the huge karst caves captivate both professionals and simply curious tourists.

Throughout the year, Cuba hosts many holiday events and festivals. The Fire Festival and Carnival in Santiago de Cuba (take place in the summer) are particularly spectacular. In August, the island hosts a Cuban music festival.

Purchases

It is better to buy food in Cuba in supermarkets or stores. In shops INTUR tiendas you can buy clothes, food, medicines, souvenirs for foreign currency. By the way, about souvenirs. You'll probably want to buy a bottle or two Cuban rum and cigars. You can also choose rum in the store (a bottle costs from 5 $ ), but to buy good cigars, it’s better to contact Real Fabrica de Tabaco Partagas. On the ground floor of the factory there is a store that sells all types of cigars.

Surely in the first days of your stay in Cuba you will want to buy a T-shirt with the image of the symbol of all revolutions - Che Guevara. Although it would be better if you follow the example of the locals and buy Guyabera shirt, in which you can easily endure any heat.

Not only rum and cigars, but also other exclusively “ Cuban» accessories: straw hats, wicker shoes, hammock. Audio CDs purchased in Havana with recordings of spirited local music will help prolong the festive mood (there is no other way in Cuba!).

When going shopping, do not forget that Cubans sacredly honor traditions: a four-hour rest in the afternoon is a must. However, it's not just about tradition: scorching sun It just doesn’t allow me to work fully.

One more thing important note. Icon $ on the price tag means nothing more than the word “ price" But the real cost of the goods is most often indicated in pesos.

When buying products made from crocodile skin, ask the seller for an export license, otherwise the souvenir may be seized at customs.

Transport

The main airport in Cuba is International Airport Jose Marti, located 18 km from Havana. As for municipal transport, then, alas, its condition is deplorable. There are very few city buses, and they often break down. There is no schedule as such at all. If you plan to move around the city, rent a bicycle: this type of transport is common here.

Communication between cities is also poorly established. Buses and minibuses are almost always crowded and run poorly. Tickets for these must be purchased in advance.

In general, a tourist in Cuba cannot do without a car. And, fortunately, there are no particular problems with this. All that is required to rent a car is a driver’s license and at least a year of driving experience. True, this service is quite expensive - 60 $ per day. But believe me, there is simply no better way to see Cuba.

As for the quality of roads, then, as you may have guessed, there are problems. The traffic rules are standard, but there are practically no signs and markings. Service stations are also, in general, rare. Therefore, when renting a car, do not be lazy to check if everything is in order with the car. Including check whether the tank is full.

The only plus is that “tourist” cars (they have special colored license plates) enjoy benefits, and the police simply do not pay attention to minor violations.

Connection

Today Cuba is served by a single telecom operator - the company ETECSA. The current standard is GSM 900, in some areas - GSM 850. You can buy a phone card at any hotel or store.

Calling from a pay phone abroad is cheaper than calling from a hotel room (approximately 5 $ per minute of conversation with Moscow). And not every hotel has a telephone with international access.

Today there are 2 Internet providers on the island.

Safety

As for the safety of your stay on the island, threats of various kinds can await you everywhere, despite the fact that Cuba is quite safe country. First tip: don't walk around Old Havana after 10 pm. If only because at this time the city lights are turned off. It is better to store documents in your room, in a special safe (if there is one, of course).

Smoking in public places is strictly prohibited. It is not recommended to give alms to the poor: this is punishable by law.

Beware of the Cuban sun: you can get burned even in cloudy weather. Use protective equipment and be sure to cover your head. Be careful when swimming: you can easily get injured in the sea sea ​​urchin or sharp coral. Jellyfish can be extremely dangerous.

Business climate

The country's two main sources of income are sugar production and tourism. The tourism industry is developing rapidly, attracting more and more foreign investors. In addition, Cuba is a global leader in biotechnology and pharmaceuticals.

IN this moment Cuba is in the spotlight of the world business community. Liberty Island amazes with its prospects, but at the same time, it is one of the most closed countries in the world. A huge advantage is the absence of taxes for foreign entrepreneurs. Among the disadvantages are poor infrastructure and the possibility of opening a business exclusively in partnership with state enterprise. It is not yet possible to register your company in Cuba.

Real estate

One of the most pressing problems in Cuba is housing. Most of the housing stock has long been in need of reconstruction and overhaul. As for buying a home on the island, such an operation is generally impossible for an ordinary foreigner. Even if you have millions of dollars in your pocket, you will not be able to buy housing here. Of course, there is an unofficial real estate market, but, of course, such a purchase has no guarantees. Although the prices are quite reasonable: an apartment in an old panel house can cost from 15 000 $ . And in the provinces it is several times less.

• Cubans are generally very cheerful, talkative, sociable and hospitable. But they are very proud. They will, of course, try to speak to you in English, but if you say at least a few phrases in bad Spanish, the Cuban will definitely love you.
• You should also know some of the Cuban traditions if you are planning to visit Liberty Island. In order not to offend a good-natured Cuban, you should never refuse an offer for a drink or dinner. It is advisable to accompany requests with special appeals: "mi amor", "mi corazon"- when talking to a woman, "amigo", "viejo"- when talking to a man.
• Photograph industrial building And military equipment prohibited in Cuba, but Cubans themselves, as a rule, willingly pose for the camera. Of course, before you capture the colorful appearance of an island resident, you need to ask permission.

Visa information

Tourists from Russia do not require a visa to Cuba if the period of visiting the country does not exceed 30 days. In order to cross the state border, you need to present a passport valid for the duration of your stay in Cuba, 2 copies of a migration card (one of which must be kept until departure from the country), as well as return tickets. You must have funds at the rate of $50 per day per person. This does not apply to tourists who used the services of travel agencies.

However, you can take care of a visa in advance by contacting the consular department of the Embassy of the Republic of Cuba in Moscow. Among the documents submitted to the visa department must be a foreign passport (its validity must not expire earlier than 6 months from the date of arrival in the country), copies of round-trip tickets, confirmation of a hotel room reservation (a travel agency voucher or an invitation from a specific person), as well as a photo in size 3x4 cm. The consular fee will be $30, and the visa will be valid for one month.

For more specific information on obtaining a visa to the Republic of Cuba, please contact: 119017, Moscow, st. Bolshaya Ordynka, 66.

"Cuba libre", or Island of Freedom. White sand sunny beaches, endless ocean expanses, vibrant nature, unique architecture, rum and cigars - all this and a little more will tell you Well THERE about Cuba.

General information about Cuba

Location

The free Republic of Cuba is located near the shores of the North and South American continents, separated from them by the waters of the Strait of Florida. The state occupies the islands of Cuba, Juventud and about 1,600 smaller islands with a total area of ​​110,860 km².

The southern coast of the country's main island faces the waters Caribbean Sea, and the northwestern and northeastern beaches are washed by the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean.

Population

According to the population department of the Department of Economic and social issues UN”, the population of the republic for 2017 is 11.4 million people.

Currency

The national currency is the Cuban peso CUP, CUC. At the rate of 1 peso = 1 US dollar.

Useful phone numbers

Country dialing code: 53
Havana telephone code: 7
Call from Cuba: 119 – your country code – area code – phone number.
Call to Cuba: 8 – international call code – Cuba code – area code – phone number.
Russian Embassy: (+53 7) 204-10-85
Consulate of the Russian Federation: (+53 2) 268 61 46

Emergency services(Havana):

• Police: 116
• Honey. help: 40-50-93
• Firefighters: 78-85-41

On the territory of the country:

• National police: 82-01-16
• Firefighters: 81-11-15
• Honey. help: 24-28-11

Payment and exchange in Cuba

In areas intended for tourists, convertible pesos are in circulation. Because of the warm relations between the island communist state and the Empire of Good, which is jealous from the other end of the Florida Strait, it is better not to fly with the evergreen presidents on vacation. When exchanging American dollars, you may be charged a commission of 10 to 20%. Therefore, experienced tourists recommend coming here with Euros. Interestingly, it is almost impossible for a tourist to come across a non-convertible Cuban peso (CUP).

If it is more convenient for you to use Visa/MasterCard cards, please note that:

• Visa is accepted in more establishments than Mastercard;
• When visiting small shops or cafes, it is better to have cash with you, as there may not be a payment terminal;
• Card transactions are subject to a tax of 11.24%.

Tourist reminder

Your stay in Cuba should be as colorful as possible, and you may need to add some color to your everyday wardrobe. You have every chance to become a fan of Cuban cigars after visiting their homeland, but smoking in public places is prohibited.

If you encounter a cow on the way to the beach or during an excursion, be extremely careful. This animal is sacred to Cubans, and the death of a cow in your presence can lead to unpleasant conversations with the local police.

It is also important for tourists to know that photographing government institutions, military equipment, soldiers, and police officers is prohibited. In addition, before taking a photograph of a Cuban, you should definitely ask his permission.

What are the Cuban people like?

Cuba is a multinational and multicultural country, where the blood and traditions of the peoples of Africa, Spain, Italy, Britain, Germany, Cuban and American Indian tribes, immigrants from China, France, as well as Jews resettled during the First and Second World Wars, are mixed.

Local, friendly people. Do not rush to refuse an offer to play dominoes or share a meal. Don’t be surprised if they ask you to drink in a cafe at your expense. And if hotel or hostel employees ask you to leave personal hygiene products (razors, shaving foam, etc.), remember that this is due to the high cost and inaccessibility of the latter for poor citizens.

Security on Cuban soil

The people in the communist republic are friendly, but poor. It is better not to show cash and expensive accessories. Keep an eye on your belongings to avoid becoming a victim of petty scammers and pickpockets. It is not recommended to walk in poor areas at night due to the high likelihood of being attacked.

Climate in Cuba, when is the best time to go?

The most favorable time for relaxation is from November to April.

Windsurfers will love it in the summer, when the rainy season brings the biggest waves. The dominance of hurricanes between October and November can overshadow your vacation, but in fact you can plan a vacation in Cuba at any time of the year.

Thanks to its small area, you can travel around Cuba in just a few weeks of vacation. So that you don’t miss anything important, our website has prepared for you a list of cities and resorts that you must visit.

Capital Havana is a city of opposites. Here, modern skyscrapers stand next to colonial pre-revolutionary mansions in which ordinary people live. The city is full of architectural monuments, and interesting places. Havana dazzles with white beaches, treats you to exquisite cuisine and entices you with the sounds of salsa. The El Floridita bar, one of Ernest Hemingway’s favorite places, is especially worth a look. If you're not interested in a bar, visit the writer's house museum and then head to the Roma Museum. For those who are not tired of daytime excursions, it is important to know that closer to night the city turns into one big disco filled with unbridled energy. It's time to visit the Tropicana cabaret show, which has been famous throughout the world since 1939.

Santa Clara

Santa Clara A memorable place for the Cuban revolution, where Comandante Che Guevara derailed the armored train of the dictator Batista. The wreckage of that same train remains at the crash site to this day, they are a pride and attraction for the residents of the country. In addition, a mausoleum named after Ernesto Che Guevara was erected here, and if you are an American citizen, you may not be allowed into it.

Santiago de Cuba

The birthplace of street culture – Santiago de Cuba. Music on the streets of the town sounds on every corner. This place is rightfully considered the cradle of Cuban melodies and rum, because Don Facundo Bacardi was born here.

Trinidad

If you are interested in seeing the island as it was in the 18th century, then the city Trinidad– the best place for this. The authentic ambience of this place is amazing. Cobblestone roads, colonial-style houses, sugar plantations and slave cabins that remain reminiscent of times gone by.

Matanzas

Matanzas the capital of the province of the same name is known for its large number of bridges, for which it was nicknamed the “Cuban Venice.” The province of Pinar del Rio is an interesting place to visit, where you can visit tobacco plantations and admire the views of the Viñales Valley, which received the title of “Cultural Landscape of Humanity” in 1999.

Cuban resorts

Varadero

Varadero- the oldest of the resorts, a popular and truly heavenly place with turquoise ocean waters and snow-white beaches. The resort can be called a classic holiday in Russian style, everything is always included here. 24-hour bars, buffet in a restaurant with cuisines from all over the world.

Holguin

Holguin– elite business VIP class resort. The hotels are mostly five star. People visit this place for luxury, tranquility and sophistication.

Guardavalaka

Guardavalaka, one of the best diving resorts, famous for its coral reef. Esmeralda is a place of emerald beaches. For lovers of original parties, it will be interesting to find yourself in a cave disco on the island of Cayo Coco.

Juventud

Juventud, known as the Island of Youth (located 100 km from the island of Cuba) is interesting for its natural reserves. They say that R. L. Stevenson described the image of “Treasure Island” precisely from the landscapes of Juventud.

Cayo Largo

Speaking about pirates, it’s hard not to mention La Yana - this is an ancient tree located on the island Cayo Largo. According to legend, it served as a landmark for pirates of the Caribbean when they buried their stolen gold.

This is just a small part of the places you can visit during your stay in this country. Even if you come to Cuba several times a year for several years, this country will always find something to surprise and entice you.

Entertainment and relaxation on Liberty Island

The very thing for which thousands of tourists come on vacation every year is diving. The underwater world is interesting not only for its beautiful coral reefs, but also for the many shipwrecks off the coast. Windsurfers can catch waves off the sandy shores, while those who don’t want to (or don’t know how to swim) dive into the ocean’s embrace in a submarine.

The main monuments of Cuban architecture are concentrated in several of the most famous cities among tourists. In the capital of Cuba, Havana, you can see many cathedrals, including the Cathedral of St. Christopher. And it is better for you not to brag that you have been to Cuba without visiting the Armory, Cathedral and Old Squares of the capital of the state.

Che Guevara Memorial in Santa Clara, cigar factory " Francisco Donatien» in Pinar del Rio, caves with rock paintings of Mantanas. There is a prison on the island of Juventud Presidio Modelo", which is a copy of the former place of detention of F. Castro, the prison " Joliet"(Illinois). Natural landscapes and National parks more than make up for the small number of architectural attractions; many natural areas of Cuba are under the protection of UNESCO.

When you come on vacation from July 15 to August 15, be sure to visit the carnivals that take place in Havana and Santiago de Cuba, as these are unforgettable colorful events full of music, dances and colorful costumes. And smokers will be interested to know about the international festival of Cuban cigars taking place at the end of February.

Where would we be without shopping?, because you need to buy something truly Cuban - cigars, rum and coffee. Black corals and products made from them are popular among tourists. In shopping centers in Havana or in the Casa del Habano chain stores you will not be deceived and will sell goods of good quality.

National Cuban cuisine

Creole cuisine predominates in Cuba. Basic National dishes prepared from pork and chicken. The meat is prepared in a variety of ways different ways. Among the national dishes cuisines – “Creole ajiaco” is one of the main ones. It is prepared from pork and vegetables with the addition of a good portion of spices. Also you should try:

• lobster with lemon;
• crocodile meat;
• turtle meat and eggs.

Fresh fruit slices are often served with each dish. They brew delicious and strong coffee. The main national drink is rum, which is included in almost all local cocktails.

Restaurants are mainly concentrated in resort and tourist areas; it is recommended to visit them with cash. The cost of a meal for one person in a good establishment is from 30 to 40 pesos, simpler establishments will cost no more than 15 pesos, and in an eatery you will leave a maximum of 5 Cuban coins. The tip is 10% of the check amount and it is better to give it to the waiters. And if you decide to eat at a bar, you are unlikely to succeed. In colorful Cuban bars you need to drink, and from food you will get the most nuts, or chips.

Cuban hotels

The most common hotels in Cuba are 4-star hotels, although for those who do not particularly plan to stay within four walls, there are a sufficient number of 2 and 3-star hotels. But for lovers of luxury, there is not much to choose from; there are literally only a few 5-star hotels. Most of the hotels on Liberty Island represent well-known global chains that operate on an “all inclusive” system. Check-in at a hotel in Cuba is at 15:00, check-out is at 12:00. Cunning Cubans leave themselves three hours to clean the room before the arrival of the next guests, so you can safely make a claim if you find unwanted traces of previous guests.

How to get to Cuba

For a convenient and comfortable flight to Cuba, Good THERE recommends using the services of Aeroflot, which organizes regular, direct flights Moscow-Havana. If residents of Russia fly non-stop, then citizens of the CIS countries are recommended to fly through Moscow, or through Europe on appropriate flights.

A direct flight from Moscow lasts about 12 hours, a flight with transfers through Europe from 16 to 20 hours. Ticket prices start from 55,000 rubles per adult. It can be cheaper by purchasing a voucher. So, with accommodation in a three-star hotel for 7 days and nights, the cost of a trip on average is from 60,000 rubles.

Pros and cons of holidays on the Cuban island

No matter how heavenly a place Cuba may seem to you, Okay THERE recommends paying attention to negative sides holidays in this beautiful country:

• the sun is much more intense and brighter than residents of the CIS countries and Russia are used to; to avoid sunburn, stock up on sunscreen;
• Evening beach holidays can be spoiled by small insects; it is a must to have protective sprays and creams with you;
• do not drink raw water, and ask for chilled alcoholic drinks without ice, since Cuban water contains a lot of bacteria that are harmful to an unaccustomed tourist;
• beware of marine life: moray eels, sea snakes and urchins and “Portuguese man-of-war”;
• Remember the poverty of the population, which may provoke the desire of some individuals to rob you if you openly display your valuables and cash.

All these are just warnings, because it is better to prepare in advance so that your vacation is not overshadowed by anything and you can enjoy positive aspects trips:

• feel the atmosphere of freedom;
• enjoy the snow-white beaches;
• absorb the cultural spirit of Cuba by visiting festivals and carnivals;
• admire the beauty of Cuban nature;
• try cigars and rum in their homeland;
• dive into the depths of the ocean to explore its treasures;
• meet and communicate with new people.

A video about Cuba will complement our article

There is something interesting for everyone in Cuba. Expand your borders, the world is not in our apartments and phones. Travel, feel, learn new things. Fine THERE wishes you a pleasant stay on Liberty Island.

Cuba is a country where everything bright, fragrant, and temperamental is intertwined. Those who like to collect contrasting impressions will find on Liberty Island many things at once, skillfully combined into one unique palette. Sun and sea, flowers and colors, rhythms and dances. The exotic nature of small islands and the diversity of urban architecture. A mixture of eras and styles, a cocktail of tastes and colors, a combination civilization with an idyll of wild coasts. For more than one generation of travelers different languages says “Cuba is my love,” euphorically trying to retell what he saw and heard in this country through his books, music, and films.
Cuba has long captivated the world not only with its natural beauty, but also with its tourism opportunities. World-famous resorts, magnificent hotels, more than 300 beautiful beaches, interesting excursion routes invite travelers here to take a break from European life, make an unforgettable voyage with friends, and spend a truly sweet honeymoon. More and more Russians are coming to discover such a distant and so close-in-spirit island.

Wherever you want to go, you can choose the most convenient flight options, find a hotel that suits you both in price and quality, and you can book all this online on our website.

Population

The country's population is more than 11,120,000 people

Language

The official language is Spanish

Geography

Cuba is located in the Caribbean Sea, at the entrance to the Gulf of Mexico, at a distance of 77 km from Haiti, 140 km from the Bahamas, 146 km from Jamaica, 180 km from Florida and 210 km from Cancun. Administratively and politically, the Republic of Cuba consists of 14 provinces, which are located in the direction from west to east in the following order: Pinar del Rio, Havana, Havana City, Matanzas, Cienfuegos, Villa Clara, Sancti Spiritus, Ciego de Avila , Camagüey, Las Tunas, Holguin, Granma, Santiago de Cuba and Guantanamo Bay. To the south of the province of Havana there is a special municipality: Isla Juventud.

Money

The official currency is the Cuban Peso. There are banknotes in circulation in denominations of 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 pesos and coins in denominations of 1 and 3 pesos. There are coins in 1, 5 and 20 centavos.
In Cuba, all goods and services are paid for in Cuban Convertible Pesos (CUC). Exchange for CUC can be made at hotels, airports, banks and currency exchange offices (CADECA S.A.). There is a 10% tax charge when exchanging US dollars into Cuban Convertible Pesos (CUC).
Traveler's checks and credit cards are accepted, except those issued by US banks and their affiliates. You can pay in euros at the resorts: Varadero, Cayo Largo, Cayo Coco and Cayo Guillermo, on the beaches of Santa Lucia in Camagüey and Covarrubias in Las Tunas, as well as on the beaches of Holguin (Guardalavaca, Don Lino, Esmeralda and Pesquero).

Climate in Cuba

Moderate tropical, trade wind. There are only two seasons here: wet and hot “summer” (May-October) and dry “winter” (November-April). Maximum temperature up to +35 C in August, in January it can drop to +19 C. The average annual water temperature does not fall below + 24 C. The number of sunny days per year is about 330.
The tourist season lasts almost all year round. Inconvenience is possible during the hurricane season from October to November, although hurricanes are infrequent. The likelihood of good weather in autumn is very high. The sky in Cuba is rarely gloomy. Those who like to spend a lot of time on the beach should be careful with the trade winds - the winds, although bringing coolness, do not reduce the “persistent” impact of the sun.

Cloth

Mainly cotton and other natural fabrics are recommended. Durable sport shoes recommended for those planning to engage in eco-tourism. For some winter days, mountainous areas with a microclimate, warmer clothing is recommended - a thin woolen sweater or jacket. A light raincoat can be useful during the rainy season (May to October). For theaters, concert halls, cabaret, expensive restaurants More formal (evening) attire is recommended.
Restaurants
Like many things in Cuba, restaurants are municipal. Cuban cuisine, like the Cuban nation, is eclectic: a mixture of Spanish, African, Indian. At noon, a good lunch of fresh seafood in a restaurant by the sea. Cuba is famous for its desserts: sweet dishes are always present on the table. A lot of fruit. It is worth trying gaurapo - sugar cane juice, which turns into a refreshing cocktail with white rum and ice. Cuba as a whole is a country of all kinds of cocktails. A good accord at any time of the day is a cup of strong, sweet Cuban coffee.

Purchases

At airports, tourist complexes, hotels, and just in cities there are shops where you can buy souvenirs, Cuban cigars, rum and coffee, international drinks, juices, water, canned food and other food products, arts and crafts, perfumes, books, magazines, CDs, audio and video cassettes, postcards, maps, posters, T-shirts and other goods. There are various chains of specialty stores, boutiques, jewelry stores, international perfume stores and brand stores. Several sports ports have specialized sales points. Each hotel has an information desk where you can get all the information you need.

Renting a car in Cuba

Renting a car is not difficult; for this you need to pay the rental cost (approximately 55-65 USD per day) and a deposit (up to 100 USD). The choice of cars is varied, but agencies cannot always provide even a pre-reserved car. The cost of gasoline is high (about 1 USD per liter).
The road rules are standard, traffic is on the right, there are few cars on the roads. Lots of cyclists. Quality The roads leave much to be desired, there are practically no markings or signs, and service stations are also rare.
Car license plates in Cuba come in different colors. “Tourist” brown license plates enjoy certain benefits (often there are not even speed limits, parking in the wrong places, etc.); the traffic police usually look leniently on minor violations by drivers of such cars.

At customs

The import and export of foreign currency is not limited, but national currency is prohibited. Duty-free import of up to 200 pieces is allowed. cigarettes or up to 250 gr. tobacco, perfumes, medicines and household items within the limits of personal needs.

Mains voltage

110 V, 60 Hz. Electrical appliances use plugs with flat pins. It is recommended to have an adapter to charge phones and cameras. Most hotels have the ability to use 220 V.

Healthcare

Most Cuban hotels have a medical service that guarantees first aid. There are more than 500 clinics and 300 hospitals throughout the country, some of which have departments for tourists. There are international clinics in Pinar del Rio, Havana, Varadero, on Cayo Largo, V Cienfuegose, Trinidad, on Cayo Coco, V Santa Lucia, Guardalavaque And Santiago de Cuba. There are international pharmacies in the main tourist areas.

Photography and videography of Cuba

Photography and video recording can be taken anywhere, except in places where there are instructions about the prohibition, for example, at military installations. Museums have their own rules in this regard, about which tourists are informed by special stands.

Cuban traditions

January 1-2 – Liberation Day (victory of the Cuban revolution in 1959).
May 1 – International Workers' Day, Labor Day.
July 26 is National Uprising Day (July 25 and 27 are also days off).
October 10 – Anniversary of the beginning of the wars for independence from Spanish rule, Cuban Culture Day.
December 25 – Christmas.

Transport in Cuba

The main route of communication with Cuba is by air. is connected by direct regular flights to more than 40 cities around the world. The country has 17 airports, 11 of which are international, serving more than 50 airlines from 28 countries. There are weekly flights from Moscow (2 times a week) by Aeroflot together with Kubana. You can also use the services of other airlines such as AirFrance, Lufthansa and Iberia. In May, August, November and New Year Charter flights are organized.
It is possible to get to Cuba by sea on private ships through the yacht port in Havana, through the sea towns of Chapelin and Gaviota in Varadero, Cayo Coco, Cayo Guillermo archipelago Jardines del Rey and Bahia de Naranjo in the province of Holguin. All of them are located on the northern coast of the island.
The length of roads is about 50 thousand km, of which about 20 thousand are motorways and highways that connect everything settlements and tourist areas of the country. Numerous companies provide taxi services and rental cars, minibuses, jeeps and motorcycles. There is a system of tourist buses serving domestic routes to holiday destinations, as well as bus companies for interprovincial travel, special branches for rail travel and charter airlines for domestic flights and air taxi services.
To travel in cities and resorts, it is recommended to use tourist taxis, which are fairly modern cars with a radiotelephone and air conditioning. Payment is made only in dollars (approximately 2 USD for 1.5-2 km). A tourist taxi can be ordered from any hotel by phone, and the movement of the car is constantly monitored by operators, which ensures safety.
Regular taxis, which pay in pesos, use fairly old cars.

5 (100%) 1 vote

Physiographic characteristics

Geographical position

Relief of Cuba

Relief

The relief of Cuba is predominantly flat. Hills and mountains occupy about a third of the territory. The highest mountain range, the Sierra Maestra, stretches along the southeastern coast for 250 km. Its highest point is Turkino Peak (1972 m). The picturesque low mountains located in the west of the island are intricately dissected and sparsely populated.

Minerals

Cuba occupies one of the leading places in the world in nickel mining (2nd place in the world in reserves and 3rd in production), has significant reserves of chromium, manganese, iron and copper ores, asbestos, rock salt, and phosphorites. Oil and gas fields have been discovered in the west of the country.

Climate

The climate of Cuba is tropical, trade wind. The average annual temperature is 25.5 °C. The average temperature of the coldest month (January) is 22.5 °C and the hottest (August) is 27.8 °C. The temperature of surface waters off the coast in winter is 22-24 °C, in summer - 28-30 °C. The average annual precipitation, usually in the form of showers, is 1400 mm, but dry years often occur.

Cuba has clearly defined two climatic seasons: rainy (May-October) and dry (November-April). The rainy season accounts for 3/4 of the total annual precipitation.

A feature of Cuba's climate is its typical high humidity throughout the year. The combination of high humidity and high temperature has a generally unfavorable effect on people's lives. However, on the coast, the wind from the sea moderates the heat, brings freshness, and in the evenings, coolness. In any place, the winds are characterized by a certain constancy, so you can often see trees whose trunks have a corresponding slope.

Cuba is exposed to tropical cyclones, which originate in the summer-autumn period (June - mid-November) east of the Lesser Antilles and in the west of the Caribbean Sea, then moving towards Florida. Typhoons are accompanied by heavy rainfall and strong winds that can cause great damage to the economy and population of the island. The rivers in Cuba are short and shallow. Forests, covering about 10% of the territory, are preserved only in mountainous and swampy areas. The fauna of the land is relatively poor. At the same time, in the waters surrounding Cuba there are valuable commercial fish, shellfish, lobsters, shrimp, and sponges.

Administrative division

Cuba is a federation. The national territory is divided for political and administrative purposes into 14 provinces and the special municipality of Isla Juventud.

Isle of Juventud (Spanish) Isla de la Juventud) Pinar del Rio (Spanish) Pinar del Rio) Havana (Spanish) La Habana) City of Havana (Spanish) Ciudad de La Habana) Matanzas (Spanish) Matanzas)

Cienfuegos (Spanish) Cienfuegos) Villa Clara (Spanish) Villa Clara) Sancti Spiritus (Spanish) Sancti Spiritus) Ciego de Avila (Spanish) Ciego de Avila) Camagüey (Spanish) Camagüey)

Las Tunas (Spanish) Las Tunas) Granma (Spanish) Granma) Holguin (Spanish) Holguin) Santiago de Cuba (Spanish) Santiago de Cuba) Guantanamo Bay (Spanish) Guantanamo)

Transport

Cuban railway map

There is a railway on the island of Cuba (Cuban Railway in Spanish. Ferrocarriles de Cuba), a network of roads. Sea and air communications have been established with other countries. Cuba's leading airline, Cubana de Aviación, has offices in 32 countries.

Connection

After Castro came to power, the development of telecommunications on the island turned out to be extremely difficult. Cuba, however, was greatly helped by the Soviet Union, which provided some resources, such as communication channels.

In 2003, there were 2 Internet providers operating on the island. National domain Raul Castro abolished the rules for the use of mobile phones in the country, the national telecom operator - the company ETECSA - began providing communication services for ordinary citizens on April 14, 2008. In Cuba the GSM 900 standard is currently in use, and in some areas of Havana and the resort of Varadero - GSM 850.

Population

Story

The first European to arrive here was Columbus, who landed in the east of the archipelago in October. In Diego Velazquez de Cuellar subdued the indigenous population of the islands, built Fort Baracoa and became the first Spanish governor of Cuba. By this time, seven settlements had been founded. In Cuellar he moved his headquarters to Santiago de Cuba, which became the first capital of Cuba. Colonization took place in the context of a struggle with the indigenous population of the island - the Taino Indians, who made up 75% of the population.

• The first uprising for independence was suppressed in the city.

• The Ten Years' War for Cuban Independence began in the city; the rebels were supported by the United States. Hostilities reached a climax in 1872-73, but then the rebels fought only in the eastern provinces of Camagüey and Oriente. A peace agreement was signed, eliminating the most unpleasant legislative acts for the inhabitants of the island.

• A detachment of Cuban patriots under the leadership of Jose Marti landed in the city of Cuba. This event was the starting point new war with the Spaniards, during which the Cubans achieved control over almost the entire territory of the island, excluding large cities (see War of Cuban Independence).

• In the city, the United States began a war with Spain, in which they won. Cuba becomes dependent on the United States. The Constitution stipulated the right of the United States to send troops into the country. This clause was canceled in

• In the city, as a result of a coup organized by revolutionaries led by Sergeant Fulgencio Batista, dictator Gerardo Machado y Morales was overthrown and a democratic regime was established.

• On March 10, Mr. Fulgencio Batista carried out a coup d'etat and established a personal dictatorship.

• On July 26, a group of revolutionaries led by Fidel Castro attempted to seize the Moncada barracks. The attempt was unsuccessful, and the participants in the assault ended up in prison, but this event became the starting point of the Cuban Revolution. In the city, the revolutionaries were amnestied. On December 2, a new group of revolutionaries disembarked from the yacht Granma in the east of the island and began military operations against the Batista government.

• On January 1, dictator Batista fled Cuba. At this point, rebel forces occupied the city of Santa Clara in the center of the island and controlled large swathes of terrain to the east, although the capital was not in immediate danger and Batista still had significant military forces at his disposal. In the conditions of the power vacuum that arose as a result of Batista's flight, on January 8, a column of rebels entered Havana, where they were greeted with popular jubilation.

As a result of the victory of the revolution, power in Cuba was given to a left-wing government led by Fidel Castro, which then leaned towards the path of building socialism and is in power to the present day. The country's ruling and only permitted party is the Communist Party of Cuba. The government of Fidel Castro carried out agrarian reform, nationalized industrial assets, and launched broad social reforms, which alienated many groups of the population; the result of the process was the mass emigration of the dissatisfied, mainly to the United States, where a large diaspora of opponents of Castro and his policies was created.

• In April, Cuban emigrants, with the active support of the United States, landed an armed force on the southern coast of the island with the goal of eventually organizing a mass uprising against the policies of the new government, but the intervention was quickly stopped, and the expected social explosion never occurred. Subsequently, emigrant organizations repeatedly organized terrorist attacks and small-scale landings on Cuba, but without much results.

From the early 1960s to the early 1990s, Cuba was an ally of the USSR, which provided significant financial, economic and political support, actively supported Marxist rebels and Marxist regimes in Latin America (Puerto Rico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama, Bolivia, Peru , Brazil, Argentina, Chile), Africa (Ethiopia, Angola) and Asia, and also pursued a policy of providing humanitarian assistance various countries peace. In the late 1980s, more than 70 thousand Cubans were abroad as part of military and humanitarian missions.

Executive power belongs to the Chairman of the State Council (head of state) and the Chairman of the Council of Ministers (head of government).

The ruler of Cuba since 1959, Fidel Castro, announced his resignation as Chairman of the State Council and Commander-in-Chief of Cuban troops. Castro's address to the people was published on Tuesday, February 19, 2008 by the Granma newspaper. “To my dear fellow citizens, who have given me the immeasurable honor of electing me as a member of Parliament, in which the most important decisions for the fate of the revolution will be taken, I inform you that I do not intend and will not give my consent to take the post of Chairman of the State Council and Commander-in-Chief,” it says in an address by Fidel Castro published on the newspaper’s website.

Economy

Advantages: The tourism industry attracts foreign investors. Export of sugar and nickel. Elite cigars. The banking sector is strengthening.

Weak sides: Due to the US embargo, lack of access to important markets and investments. Acute shortage of foreign currency. Fluctuations in world prices for sugar and nickel. Complicated trade restrictions and lack of legal regulations hinder investment. Poor infrastructure. Shortage of fuel, fertilizers and spare parts. Hurricane damage in 2001

There are different points of view regarding the level of development of Cuba before the revolution. According to a number of sources, in terms of GNP per capita, Cuba was ahead of Spain and Japan at that time. Robin Blackburn also wrote that Cuba was one of the richest countries in the underdeveloped category. Professor Maurice Halperin, who worked in Cuba immediately after the revolution, objected to the application of the term “underdeveloped” to pre-revolutionary Cuba, which, in his words, caused false associations with truly backward countries, and proposed calling it “moderately developed”. On the other hand, the Groningen Growth and Development Center, having conducted its own retrospective calculations using a special methodology, received data stating that Cuba was inferior to these countries and a number of Latin American countries.

Source	Robin Blackburn	Humberto (Bert) Corzo	NationMaster	Angus Maddison
Units	U.S. dollars	US dollars at PPP	U.S. dollars	Geary-Khamis dollars
Year	1953-1954	1958	1960	1960	1953	1960
Cuba	360	356	4399	1900	2363	2052
Spain	250	180	396	396	2528	3150
Mexico		284	353	353	2439	3025
Chile		360	551	551	4112	4392
Costa Rica		230	381	381	2353	2605
Japan	254		471	471	2474	3289
USA			2881	2793	10613	11328

According to statistics, in 1951 in Cuba there were 122 thousand cars for a population of 5.5 million, that is, 1 car for 41 people. At the same time, according to the authors of the Area Handbook for Cuba, “all this, as a fact, does not matter at all, since there were de facto two Cubas, in one the elite lived beautifully and comfortably, and in the other the most necessary things for life were not available ".

In 1960, a massive nationalization of the private sector was carried out. Currently, Cuba has one of the most nationalized economies in the world. In the second half of the 60s. the government is trying to abandon central planning in favor of sectoral planning and is moving towards experiments involving moral incentives and the widespread use of free forced labor. Falling production levels and avoidance of forced labor forced a return to Soviet-style central planning. In the 1970s - 80s. With the help of the countries of the socialist bloc, the basis of the industry is being created in Cuba.

The main sector of the Cuban economy is the sugar industry. The capacity of Cuba's sugar factories is capable of processing 670 thousand tons of sugar cane per day (production of 9-9.5 million tons of sugar per year). In the past, the industry developed extensively thanks to the support of the CMEA.

The Cuban government is creating free economic zones (FEZ) in order to attract foreign investment. In 1996, a law was adopted on the procedure for the creation and functioning of free economic zones. The validity period of the concession for the right to operate in the SEZ is 50 years. In 1997, three SEZs began operating (Mariel, Havana City and Vahay).

Exports nickel, sugar, tobacco, seafood, medical products, citrus fruits, coffee. The main export partners are the Netherlands, Canada, China. In November 2004, during a visit to Cuba by Chinese President Hu Jintao, an agreement was reached that China would invest $500 million in the Cuban nickel industry. In January 2008, Brazilian President Lula da Silva and the head of the state oil company Cuba visited Cuba and imported petroleum products, food products, industrial equipment, chemical products. The main import partners are Venezuela, China, Spain.

The Cuban banking system consists of the Central Bank, 8 commercial banks, 13 non-banking financial institutions, 13 representative offices of foreign banks and 4 representative offices of foreign financial organizations. There are 2 types of currency in Cuba. Citizens of Cuba receive black and white Cuban pesos, foreigners receive colored (convertible) pesos when exchanging currency. Western media reported on currency manipulations by the top Cuban leadership and the F. Castro family.

Since 1962, a card system has been in effect in Cuba; products are issued according to the same standards for the entire country. According to Cuban experts, the population currently receives from 40 to 54 percent of the minimum required calories from food distributed on ration cards. Milk is provided free of charge by the state to children under 6 years of age or purchased by the population at the market. Throughout the post-revolutionary years, a black market existed in Cuba. A number of goods, the distribution of which by cards is carried out irregularly or are intended only for beneficiaries, are still purchased on the black market.

In 2008, residents of Cuba were allowed to buy Cell Phones, computers and DVD players, as well as 19- and 24-inch TVs, electric pressure cookers and electric bicycles, car alarms and microwave ovens (but only for convertible currency).

According to the BBC television company, there is an increase in prostitution and corruption in Cuba. The average monthly salary in Cuba is $12, but there are many government benefits. For example, free clothing is provided to workers. There is a free system medical care and free higher and secondary education.

Foreign policy

Russia

From the very beginning of the revolution in Cuba, the attitude of the CPSU leadership towards Liberty Island was ambiguous, in some ways similar to the position regarding the SFRY. First, neither the Castro brothers nor their associates were formally Leninists. Their theoretical basis was limited to the legacy of Marx and Engels. Secondly, among other things, Cuba, in principle, was not part of the military blocs. Highly valuing freedom, Cuba, since the Belgrade Conference (Yugoslavia, September 1-6, 1961), has been one of the most active participants in the Non-Aligned Movement. It joined the CMEA only in 1972.

Participation in international organizations

Immediately after the revolution, about 3 thousand doctors left the country. However, this deficiency was compensated for by the organization of the medical education system. Currently, the Cuban health care system is considered one of the best in the world and has extensive primary health care and scientific development programs. Cuba has the lowest Latin America infant mortality rate. All types of medical care are free.

Education

Cuba has a traditionally high educational level of the population. Since the beginning of the 20th century, there has been a system of state free 9-grade elementary education for children from 6 to 14 years old (the ninth grade was optional, the rest are compulsory). In 1932, 90% of children attended elementary schools (state and church) school age. In 1951, illiterates accounted for 22% of the adult population, which was lower than in Spain and pre-war Italy. In 1961, a massive literacy campaign began. As a result, in 1980 the number of illiterate people was only 2%, and in 1990 Cuba became a country of complete literacy. A public secondary and higher school was created. During the 60s. the number of students doubled (from 717 to 1.5 million) with a population growth of 1-2% per year. In total, counting all stages of education, the number of people covered by them increased threefold.

Currently, Cuba has compulsory nine-grade education (the average is 12-grade education). There are 50 centers of higher education. Education at all levels is free.

Main educational institution country is the University of Havana, located in different parts capital Cities. Until 1999, Russian was taught there as the main foreign language (faculty of the Pais brothers). The work of this faculty was supervised by the Moscow State University Center for Education. After 1999, English became such a language. Other universities in Cuba: Agricultural University of Havana.

The science

Art

Cuba in music

• Muslim Magomaev . Cuba, my love
• Guantanamera - song

Cuba in literature

Religion

In Cuba, church and state are separated, and the Cuban Constitution guarantees the population freedom of religion. The most common religion is Catholic.

Despite the peculiarities of socialism as a socio-political system that has dominated the country for many decades, Cubans are quite religious. Even members of the Cuban Communist Party are not prohibited from attending churches. Catholic churches exist throughout the country. Even after the victory of the revolution, masses are celebrated daily and solemn services are held on national or local religious holidays.

With the arrival of black slaves on the island, various beliefs of African origin spread. Over time, three main movements emerged from them, existing and popular to this day. This is Regla de Ocha (Spanish) Regla de Ocha) or Santeria (Spanish) Santeria), Las Reglas de Palo (Spanish) Las Reglas de Palo) and La Sociedad Secreta Abakua (Spanish. La Sociedad Secreta Abacua). As a result of the historical process, a mixture of Catholic dogmas and African cults also formed. For example, most pure virgin The Merciful of Cobre is considered by Catholics to be the patroness of Cuba. In Santeria she goes by the name Ochun.

In recent years, Protestant churches have begun to appear, especially in the provinces.

Sport

Armed forces

Guard at the mausoleum of Jose Marti

The Cuban Army (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias - FAR) is the main armed formation of Cuba, ensuring its national defense.

mass media

The Liberty Island daily newspaper Granma bears the name of the yacht of the same name, on which a group of revolutionaries led by Fidel Castro landed in Cuba to carry out guerrilla warfare against the Batista regime. The newspaper is the official conductor and popularizer of the policies pursued by the Communist Party of Cuba (CPC). Once a week on English language Granma Internacional is released. The Cuban press is also represented by such publications devoted to the problems of economics, tourism, finance, culture, politics, as “Opciones”, “Bohemia”, “Juventud Rebelde”, “Trabajadores”.

Notes

1. As a result of the Spanish-American War.
2. http://www.echo.msk.ru/news/425116.html
3. http://som.csudh.edu/cis/lpress/devnat/nations/cuba/cuba3.htm
4. Raul Castro: Between Deng Xiaoping and Gorbachev
5. Robin Blackburn
6. “Semidevelopment”, “Intermediate stage of development” - Maurice Halperin. The Rise and Decline of Fidel Castro. An Essay in Contemporary History by Maurice Halperin. University of California Press. Berkley/Los Angeles/London., 1972, p. 25
7. Robin Blackburn. The economies oh the Cuban revolution // Fidel Castro’s Personal Revolution in Cuba: 1953-1973. Edited with an Introduction by James Nelson Goodsell, The Christian Science monitor. Consulting Editor Lewis Hanke, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. New York, 1975, p. 134
8. TSB, 2nd ed., vol. 23, p. 581.
9. Area Handbook for Cuba. p. 185

The taiga biome, also known as a fascinating ecological phenomenon, spans the northern latitudes globe from North America to Eurasia. The taiga is a difficult place to live, so plants and animals must be adapted to harsh climatic conditions, soil and terrain to survive. The soil of the boreal forest is cold, marshy and poorly suited for plant growth.

Surprisingly, it exists whole line a variety of plants that can withstand the long, harsh winters and short, fleeting summers of the taiga, and they range from large trees to tiny lichens. The taiga flora plays a certain role in this unique ecosystem.

Due to the harsh weather conditions and climate, not many plants survive in the Taiga. The main threats to the flora are forestry, forest fires, insects and pesticides. The species composition of boreal forest trees consists of black spruce, white spruce, banks pine, American larch, paper birch, aspen, balsam poplar, etc. Below is an expanded list of taiga plants, which includes trees, shrubs, herbs, berries, flowers and lichens, growing in boreal forests.

Flora of the taiga:

Balsam fir

Balsam fir is a coniferous tree from the pine family, common in the taiga of North America. Their relatively small height and branches growing from top to bottom make balsam fir well adapted to heavy snowfalls. These trees are a favorite shelter for.

Menzies's Pseudo-tsuga

Pseudosuga Menzies, or Douglas fir, or Pseudosuga thyssolifolia is a species of coniferous trees growing in the western part of the North American continent. These evergreen trees are an incredibly valuable source of food for animals. Pseudotsuga Menzies are tall, thick-trunked trees that can grow up to 100 m in height, with a trunk diameter of 4-5 m.

White fir

White fir, also known as comb fir, European white fir and Norway fir, is a tree of the pine family, common in South and Central Europe. White fir got its name because of its light-colored bark. The height of the trees varies from 30 to 50 m (in rare cases up to 60 m), and the average trunk diameter is 1.5 m.

Black spruce

Black spruce, like Pseudohemlock mensis, is a much narrower coniferous tree with drooping branches that give it a pyramid-like shape. Black spruce is a very durable tree and it has special features that are very well adapted to the difficult climatic conditions of the taiga.

Gray spruce

Gray spruce, or Canada spruce, or white spruce is an evergreen coniferous tree similar to black spruce, but with a much lighter trunk and leaves. White spruce is native to North America, where it grows from northern Alaska to Newfoundland.

Siberian spruce

Siberian spruce is a tall coniferous tree, with branches hanging down like a black spruce from top to bottom. Widely distributed in the Siberian taiga regions, it is one of the main sources of wood for the Russian logging industry.

Banks Pine

Banks pine is a species of coniferous tree in the pine family, native to Canada and the northeastern regions of the United States. Often found on mountain slopes, well adapted to drought, severe frosts and undemanding to soil.

Scots pine

Scots pine is a widespread coniferous tree in Europe and Asia, easily recognizable by its reddish-orange bark. The average height of the trees is 35 m, and the trunk diameter is about 1 m. Scots pine is regularly used in the timber industry.

Red cedar

Juniperus virginiana is a small coniferous tree from the cypress family, growing in various climatic zones of North America from Florida to the Canadian taiga. Externally, Virginia juniper looks more like a large bush, rather than a tree.

Paper birch

Paper birch is a plant in the birch family that gets its name from its bark, which resembles paper when peeled off. It is found in the wild in the northern part of North America, and is also cultivated in Europe and Russia. These trees are used for a variety of purposes, ranging from boat building to making birch syrup.

Gmelin larch

Gmelin larch is a species of coniferous tree, a member of the pine family. It is one of the most durable trees in the world, found in most of the coldest northern regions of the planet, and is especially abundant in the Siberian taiga.

Tamarack

American larch is a coniferous tree from the pine family native to the North American taiga region. These trees love the cold and also prefer wet and swampy areas, which are available in many parts of the taiga. North American taiga regions. It is the most commonly used wood for making snowshoes.

White poplar

White poplar is a fast-growing deciduous tree from the willow family. Loves moisture, which is more than abundant in the taiga. The average height of the tree is 16-27 m (sometimes more), and the trunk thickness is up to 2 m.

Hemlock

Hemlock - evergreen coniferous trees the pine family, which especially thrives in the cool, humid regions of Asia and North America. The genus includes 10 species of trees, 4 of which grow in North America and 6 in Asia.

The dwarf pine, or dwarf cedar, is a low bush-like tree from the pine family, which is found in the Far East, Eastern Siberia, northeastern Mongolia, northeastern China, North Korea and Japan. Elf cedar is capable of reaching 4-5 m in height, but this can take hundreds or thousands of years (Yes! These plants can live that long!).

Willow

Don't expect to see the classic willow in the taiga, but there are many species that are adapted to harsh climates. Unlike their tall counterparts, taiga willows are usually short, and sometimes there are specimens only a few centimeters in height.

Rose hip

Rosehip is a genus of shrubby plants from the Rosaceae family. Many types of rose hips are common in temperate and subtropical zones, but there are species that prefer more northern regions. These are low plants, about 2-3 m, which are well protected by thorns from attacks by animals on the beautiful flowers.

Kalmia angustifolia

Kalmia angustifolia is an evergreen shrub plant common in the taiga. The height of the plant varies from 15 cm to 1.5 m. Kalmia angustifolia blooms in the summer, the flowers are raspberry-pink in color, and the leaves are green throughout the year.

Green alder

Green alder is a shrub tree from the birch family. Despite its name, the leaves and branches of the plant may have a reddish tint. Green alder blooms in the warm season. Widely distributed in the taiga zone of North America and Eurasia, loves regions with high humidity.

Ivan-tea angustifolia

This small herbaceous plant loves taiga regions, which have a heavy upper canopy cover, and grows among forest clearings in dark, damp places.

Cranberry

The taiga is rich in swamps and wetlands, which attracts plants such as cranberries that thrive in similar conditions.

Cowberry

Lingonberries are an integral part of the diet of many animals. It's exceptionally hardy evergreen, which makes lingonberries a typical representative of the taiga flora.

Ledum

Ledum is a shrubby plant with relatively small white flowers and fuzzy leaves. Often found around wetlands.

Common waxweed

Another type of low-growing shrub that loves the humid environment of the taiga, and has a number of amazing adaptations - such as long creeping roots, which allow it to live in areas unsuitable for other flora.

Cotton grass

Cotton grass - perennial flowering plant, preferring wetlands. Distributed in the northern regions of North America, Europe, Russia and Asia.

Lichens

Trees plus moisture equals thriving lichens, and lots of lichens equals lots of happy animals! As in other ecosystems, lichens play an important role in the taiga, providing valuable nutrients for animals living in the harshest climatic conditions.

Sphagnum

Sphagnum, also known as peat moss, is a genus of moss widespread in the Northern Hemisphere around bogs and boggy areas of the taiga. Peat moss is a very hardy plant that contributes to waterlogging.