Founder of Psychoanalysis, 11 once nominated for Nobel Prize but did not receive it.

In 1896 Sigmund Freud expelled from the Vienna Medical Society for allegations that sexual problems are at the root of mental disorders ...

Sigmund Freud about himself (from letters to the bride):“... Is it really true that outwardly I look pretty? Frankly speaking, it seems to me that there is something unusual in me, maybe even strange. This is probably because in my youth I was too serious, and in my mature years I was restless. There was a time when only curiosity and ambition spoke in me. I often resented the fact that nature, apparently, was not very supportive of me, rewarding me with the appearance of a genius. Since then, long ago, I know that I am not a genius, and I myself do not understand why I so want to become one. Maybe I'm not even very gifted. However, some features of my personality, character traits predetermined the ability to work. So my success is not due to outstanding intelligence. But I am sure that such a combination of properties and qualities is very fruitful for a slow ascent to the truth. » .

Sigmund Fryed, Letters to the Bride, M., "Moscow Worker", 1994, p. 131-132.

Gradually ideas Sigmund Freud captured the minds of intellectuals, a circle of students began to form, who in 1902 formed the Vienna Psychoanalytic Circle, which after 6 years transformed into the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society.

« Freud explained art, science and culture in general as repression of instinctive life and the subsequent more or less successful transformation of sexual energy into creative work... Objective appraisal and criticism of art is giving way to pathographic analyzes like the one he carried out in relation to Leonardo.
Freud was engaged in speculative constructions until his death. In 1939, at the age of 83, he published his last book"Moses and Monotheism". In this book, Freud argued that Moses was an Egyptian, not a Jew, and that he was a type of a father killed by the tribes of Israel. Due to remorse over this act, he was later deified and became the only god of Judaism.

According to Freud, this is the origin of monotheism. Freud, who was 40 years old when he “discovered” psychoanalysis, spent another 43 years, first developing psychoanalysis, and then developing his metapsychology and applying it to the “human race”. During these years, he won many followers to his side, although at the same time, many scientists betrayed him. The main apostates were Alfred Adler and Carl Jung who broke away from it and created their own versions of this theory. But in the last years of Freud's life, the psychoanalysis movement actually swept the entire world, and Freud ruled it with dogmatic jealousy.
Freud lived in the Vienna ghetto - Leopoldstadt - from the age of four, first in poverty, and then with relative bourgeois comfort. In the last years of his life, he received few patients, devoting his time to literary work and the training of psychoanalysts. During the last fifteen years of his life, he suffered from oral cancer; infection of the larynx was prevented only as a result of a series of operations.

In 1938, shortly before Freud's death, the Nazis invaded Austria. They confiscated all of his property, his publishing house and library. The most serious thing was that his passport was taken away. He became a prisoner Hitler in the ghetto. The International Psychoanalytic Society began to petition for his release. A ransom was demanded for him; one of his patients and followers, Princess Marie Bonaparte, paid 100 000 shillings for his release. Freud's family moved to England, where he spent the last year of his life. His four sisters, who remained in Vienna, were killed in the Nazi gas ovens... Freud died on September 23, 1939. "

Harry Wells, Pavlov and Freud, M., Foreign Literature Publishing House, 1959, p. 317-318.

Strictly speaking, Sigmund Freud and not claimed priority in the discovery of the unconscious. At the jubilee meeting dedicated to his 70th birthday, in response to the enthusiastic speeches of his admirers, he remarked: “Poets and philosophers discovered the unconscious before me. I only discovered scientific method through which the unconscious can be studied. "

Lionel Trilling, The Liberal Imagination: essays on literature and society, New York, 1950, p. 34.

Work Sigmund Freud: Leonardo da Vinci, published in 1910, was the first psychoanalytic biography of a creative person.

The three main achievements of Sigmund Freud:

« First. After his work, it became clear that unconscious structures form a special ontological layer of the psyche and a layer accessible to scientific analysis. It is here that psychological reality, objective in the above sense, is.

Second. Having given your description of these structures, Z. Freud for the first time built a single, internally interconnected picture of the psyche, as Newton built a picture of the physical world.

Third. Freud's picture of the psyche was completely new and unusual. Art and literature described “ inner man"," Man in man "- described in their human language. Science described "a machine in a person" (a reflex machine, an associative machine, etc.) - described in a strict, logically consistent machine language. Freud blew up the walls between the first and the second. He tried strictly, in a scientific language, to describe the "inner man", to describe not a dead, but a "hot" psychological reality. For this he created a new, special language - the language of psychoanalysis. "

Radzikhovsky L.A., Freud's theory: change of attitude, journal "Questions of Psychology", 1988, N 6, p. 103-104.

“Since 1897 Freud Five times underwent introspection (according to the first biographer, Ernst Jones, this introspection lasted a lifetime). Since 1902, the first detachment of his immediate students, psychoanalysts of the first generation, has been formed. training analysis from Freud himself (since then the condition has been accepted that the psychoanalyst can only go on to practice when he himself undergoes didactic psychoanalysis). This condition has been strictly fulfilled to this day. "

Name: Sigmund Freud

Age: 83 years old

Place of Birth: Freiberg

A place of death: London

Activity: psychoanalyst, psychiatrist, neurologist

Family status: was married to Martha Freud

Sigmund Freud - biography

Trying to find ways to treat mental illness, he literally broke into the forbidden territory of the human subconscious and achieved some success - and at the same time became famous. And it is still unknown what he wanted more: knowledge or fame ...

Childhood, Freud's family

The son of a poor wool merchant Jacob Freud, Sigismund Shlomo Freud was born in May 1856 in the Austrian Empire, in the town of Freiberg. Soon the family hastily departed for Vienna: according to rumors, the boy's mother Amalia (Jacob's second wife and the same age as his married sons) had an affair with the youngest of them, causing a loud scandal in society.

At a tender age, Freud had a chance to experience the first loss in his biography: in the eighth month of his life, his brother Julius died. Shlomo did not like him (he demanded too much attention to himself), but after the death of the baby he began to feel guilt and remorse. Subsequently, Freud, relying on this story, will deduce two postulates: first, every child looks at his brothers and sisters as rivals, which means he has “evil desires” for them; secondly, it is the feeling of guilt that becomes the cause of many mental illnesses and neuroses - and it does not matter how a person's childhood was, tragic or happy.

By the way, Shlomo had no reason to be jealous of his brother: his mother loved him madly. And she believed in his glorious future: a certain old peasant woman predicted to a woman that her firstborn would become a great man. And Shlomo himself did not doubt his own exclusivity. He had outstanding abilities, was distinguished by his erudition, he went to the gymnasium a year earlier than other children. However, for his insolence and arrogance, teachers and classmates did not favor him. The ridicule and humiliation that fell on the head of the young Sigmund - psychotrauma - led to the fact that he grew up a closed person.

After graduating from high school with honors, Freud thought about choosing a further path. As a Jew, he could only engage in trade, craft, law, or medicine. The first two options were immediately rejected, the legal profession was in doubt. As a result, in 1873 Sigmund entered the medical faculty of the University of Vienna.

Sigmund Freud - biography of personal life

The profession of a doctor did not seem interesting to Freud, but, on the one hand, it opened the way to research activities, which he liked, and on the other hand, gave in the future the right to private practice. And it guaranteed material well-being, whom Sigmund wished with all his heart: he was going to marry.

He met Martha Bernays at home: she went to visit his younger sister. Every day Sigmund sent his beloved a red rose, and in the evenings he went for a walk with the girl. Two months after the first meeting, Freud confessed his love to her - in secret. And he received a secret consent to the marriage. Officially, he did not dare to ask Martha's hand in marriage: her parents, rich Orthodox Jews, did not even want to hear about her half-impoverished atheist son-in-law.

But Sigmund was serious and did not hide his passion for "a little gentle angel with emerald eyes and sweet lips." On Christmas Day, they announced their engagement, after which the bride's mother (her father had died by that time) took her daughter to Hamburg - out of harm's way. Freud could only wait for a chance to raise his authority in the eyes of future relatives.

The case turned up in the spring of 1885. Sigmund took part in the competition, the winner of which was entitled not only to a solid prize, but also the right to a scientific internship in Paris with the famous hypnotist-neurologist Jean Charcot. His Viennese friends approached the young doctor - and he, elated, set off to conquer the capital of France.

The internship did not bring Freud any fame or money, but he was finally able to take up private practice and marry Martha. The woman who loving husband often repeated: "I know that you are ugly in the sense that painters and sculptors understand it", gave birth to him three daughters and three sons and lived in harmony with him for more than half a century, only occasionally arranging "culinary scandals about cooking mushrooms."

Freud's cocaine story

In the fall of 1886, Freud opened a private doctor's office in Vienna and focused on the problem of curing neuroses. He already had experience - he got it in one of the city hospitals. There were also tried ones, although not too much effective techniques: electrotherapy, hypnosis (Freud almost did not own it), Charcot's shower, massage and baths. And more cocaine!

After reading a couple of years ago in a report by a certain German military doctor that water with cocaine "poured new strength into the soldiers", Freud tried this remedy on himself and was so pleased with the result that he began to take small doses of the drug every day. Moreover, he wrote enthusiastic articles in which he called cocaine "a magical and harmless substitute for morphine," and advised it to friends and patients. Needless to say, there was no particular benefit from this "treatment"? And when hysterical disorders the condition of the patients even worsened.

Trying one thing or the other, Freud realized that it is almost impossible to help a person suffering from neurosis with manipulations and pills. You need to look for a way to "get" into his soul and find the cause of the disease there. And then he came up with the "method of free association." The patient is invited to freely express thoughts on the topic proposed by the psychoanalyst - what comes to mind. And the psychoanalyst can only interpret the images. .. The same should be done with dreams.

And it went! Patients gladly shared their innermost (and money) with Freud, and he analyzed. Over time, he discovered that the problems of most neurotics are associated with their intimate sphere, or rather, with problems in it. True, when Freud made a report on his discovery at a meeting of the Vienna Society of Psychiatrists and Neurologists, he was simply expelled from this society.

The neurosis began already in the psychoanalyst himself. However, following catch phrase"Doctor, heal yourself!", Sigmud managed to correct his mental health, and discover one of the causes of the disease - the Oedipus complex. The scientific community also accepted this idea with hostility, but there was no end to the patients.

Freud became known as a successful practicing neurologist and psychiatrist. Colleagues began to actively refer to his articles and books in their works. And on March 5, 1902, when the Emperor of Austria François-Joseph I signed an official decree conferring the title of assistant professor to Sigmund Freud, there was a turn to real glory. The exalted intelligentsia of the early 20th century, suffering from neuroses and hysteria at a crucial time, rushed to the office on Bergasse 19 for help.

In 1922, the University of London honored the great geniuses of mankind - the philosophers Philo and Maimonides, the greatest scientist of modern times Spinoza, as well as Freud and Einstein. Now the address "Vienna, Bergasse 19" was known practically to the whole world: patients from different countries, and the appointment was made for many years in advance.

"Adventurer" and "conquistador from science", as Freud himself liked to call himself, found his Eldorado. However, health failed. In April 1923, he was operated on for cancer. oral cavity... But they could not defeat the disease. The first operation was followed by three dozen others, including the removal of part of the jaw.

The most famous Austrian psychoanalyst, psychiatrist and neurologist Sigmund Freud became a pioneer in the field of psychoanalysis. His ideas laid the foundation for a real revolution in psychology and cause heated discussions even to this day. Let's turn to short biography Sigmund Freud.

History

Freud's story began in the city of Freiberg, which today is called Pribor and is located in the Czech Republic. The future scientist was born on May 6, 1856 and became the third child in the family. Freud's parents had a good income from the cloth trade. Sigmund's mother is the second wife of Jacob Freud's father, who already had two sons. However, a sudden revolution destroyed the bright plans, and the Freud family had to say goodbye to their home. We settled in Leizpig, and after a year went to Vienna. Freud was never attracted to talking about family and childhood. The reason for this was the atmosphere in which the boy grew up - a poor, dirty area, constant noise and unpleasant neighbors. In short, Sigmund Freud at that time was in an environment that could negatively affect his learning.

Childhood

Sigmund always avoided talking about childhood, although his parents loved their son and pinned great hopes on his future. That is why hobbies for literature and philosophy were encouraged. In spite of adolescence, Freud gave preference to Shakespeare, Kant and Nietzsche. In addition to philosophy, a serious hobby in the life of a young man was foreign languages, especially Latin. The personality of Sigmund Freud truly left a serious mark on history.

The parents did everything so that nothing would interfere with his studies, and this allowed the boy to enter the gymnasium ahead of time and successfully finish it without any problems.

However, at the end educational institution the situation was not as rosy as expected. Unjust legislation provided a meager choice of future professions. In addition to medicine, Freud did not consider any other options, considering industry and commerce to be unworthy branches for human activity with education. However, medicine did not inspire Sigmund's love, so after school the young man spent a lot of time thinking about his future. Ultimately psychology became Freud's choice. A lecture on Goethe's work "Nature" helped him make a decision. Medicine was left on the sidelines, Freud was carried away by the study nervous system animals and published worthy articles on this topic.

Graduation

After graduation, Freud dreamed of delving into science, but the need to earn a living took its toll. For some time I had to practice under the guidance of quite successful therapists. Already in 1885, Freud decided to make an attempt and discover Personal Area neuropathology. Good recommendations from the therapists under whom Freud worked, helped him obtain the coveted work permit.

Cocaine addiction

Little known fact about psychoanalyst known - cocaine addiction. The effect of the drug impressed the philosopher, and he published many articles in which he tried to reveal the properties of the substance. Despite the fact that a close friend of the philosopher died from the destructive effect of the powder, this did not bother him at all, and Freud continued to enthusiastically study the secrets of the human subconscious. These studies led Sigmund himself to addiction. And only long years of persistent treatment helped to get rid of the addiction. Despite the difficulties, the philosopher never dropped out of school, wrote articles and attended various seminars.

The development of psychotherapy and the formation of psychoanalysis

Over the years of working with famous therapists, Freud managed to make many useful acquaintances, which in the future led him to an internship with the psychiatrist Jean Charcot. It was during this period that a revolution took place in the consciousness of the philosopher. The future psychoanalyst studied the basics of hypnosis and personally observed how the condition of Charcot's patients improved with the help of this phenomenon. At this time, Freud began to practice in treatment such a method as light conversation with patients, giving them the opportunity to get rid of the thoughts accumulated in their heads and change the perception of the world. This method of treatment has become truly effective and allowed not to use hypnosis on patients. The whole process of recovery took place exclusively in the clear consciousness of the patient.

After the successful application of the method of conversation, Freud concluded that any psychosis is the consequences of the past, painful memories and experienced emotions, from which it is quite difficult to get rid of on your own. In the same period, the philosopher presented to the world the theory that most of human problems are the consequences of the Oedipus complex and infantilism. Freud also believed that sexuality is the basis of many psychological problems in people. He substantiated his assumptions in Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality. This theory created a real sensation in the world of psychology, heated discussions between psychiatrists continued for a long time, sometimes reaching the most real scandals. Many were even of the opinion that the scientist himself became a victim. mental disorder... Such a direction as psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud explored until the end of his days.

Freud's works

One of the most popular works of the psychotherapist today is the work called "The Interpretation of Dreams." Initially, the work did not receive recognition among colleagues, and only in the future, many figures in the field of psychology and psychiatry appreciated Freud's arguments. The theory was based on the fact that dreams, as the scientist believed, have a strong influence on the physiological state of a person. After the book was published, Freud was invited to give lectures at various universities in Germany and the United States. For a scientist, this was truly a great achievement.

After the "Interpretation of Dreams" the world saw next job- “Psychopathology of everyday life. It became the basis for the creation of a topological model of the psyche.

The fundamental work of Freud is considered to be a work called "Introduction to Psychoanalysis." this work- the basis of the concept, as well as ways of interpreting the theory and methods of psychoanalysis. The work clearly traces the philosophy of the scientist's thinking. In the future, this base will serve as the basis for the creation of a set of mental processes and phenomena, the definition of which is "Unconscious".

They haunted Freud and social phenomenon, the psychoanalyst expressed his opinion about what influences the consciousness of society, the behavior of the leader, privileges and respect given by the power in the book "Psychology of the Masses and Analysis of the Human Self". Sigmund Freud's books do not lose their relevance to this day.

Secret Society "Committee"

1910 brought discord to the team of followers and disciples of Sigmund Freud. The opinion of the scientist that psychological disorders and hysteria are suppression of sexual energy did not find a response among the students of the philosopher, disagreement with this theory and led to controversy. Endless discussions and debates drove Freud mad, and he decided to leave only those who adhered to the foundations of his theory nearby. Three years later, a virtually secret society emerged, which received the name "The Committee". Sigmund Freud's life is full of great discoveries and interesting research.

Family and Children

For decades, the scientist had no contact with women, one might even say that he was afraid of their society. This strange behavior caused a lot of jokes and assumptions, which put Freud in awkward situations. For a long time, the philosopher argued that he would do just fine without female intervention in his personal space. But Sigmund still did not manage to hide from the feminine charm. The love story is quite romantic: on the way to the printing house, the scientist almost fell under the wheels of a carriage, a frightened passenger sent Freud an invitation to the ball as a sign of apology. The invitation was accepted, and already at the event, the philosopher met Martha Beirnays, who became his wife. All the time from engagement to start life together Freud also spoke with Martha's sister Minna. On the basis of this, frequent scandals happened in the family, the wife was categorically opposed and urged her husband to stop all communication with her sister. Sigmund was tired of the constant scandals, and he followed her instructions.

Martha gave birth to six children to Freud, after which the scientist decided to completely abandon sex life. The last child in the family was Anna. It was she who spent the last years of his life with her father and, after his death, continued his work. The Children's Psychotherapy London Center is named in honor of Anna Freud.

last years of life

Continuous research and painstaking work greatly influenced the state of Freud. The scientist was diagnosed with cancer. After receiving news of the disease, a series of operations followed, which did not bring the desired result. Sigmund's last wish was to ask a doctor to relieve him of his suffering and help him die. Therefore, in September 1939, a large dose of morphine interrupted Freud's life.

The scientist made a truly great contribution to the development of psychoanalysis. In his honor, museums were built, monuments were erected. The most important museum dedicated to Freud is located in London, in the house where the scientist lived, where due to circumstances he moved from Vienna. An important museum is located in the hometown of Pribor, in the Czech Republic.

Facts from the life of a scientist

In addition to great achievements, the biography of the scientist is full of many interesting facts:

• Freud avoided the numbers 6 and 2, thus he avoided the "hellish room", which number is 62. Sometimes the mania reached the point of absurdity, and on February 6, the scientist did not appear on the streets of the city, thereby hiding from the negative events that could occur that day ...
• It's no secret that Freud considered his point of view to be the only correct one and demanded the utmost attention from the listeners of his lectures.
• Sigmund had a phenomenal memory. He memorized any notes without any problem, important facts from books. That is why learning languages, even those as complex as Latin, was relatively easy for Freud.
• Freud never looked people in the eye; many drew attention to this feature. It is rumored that it was for this reason that the famous couch appeared in the psychoanalyst's office, which helped to avoid these awkward looks.

Sigmund Freud's publications are the subject of discussion and in modern world... The scientist literally turned the concept of psychoanalysis upside down and made an invaluable contribution to the development of this field.

The birth of psychoanalysis

The history of psychoanalysis dates back to the 1890s in Vienna, when Sigmund Freud worked to develop more effective way treatment of neurotic and hysterical diseases. Somewhat earlier, Freud faced the fact that part of the mental processes was not recognized by him as a result of his neurological consultations in a children's hospital, and at the same time he discovered that many children with speech disorders do not have organic reasons for the occurrence of these symptoms. Later in 1885, Freud underwent an internship at the Salpetriere clinic under the guidance of the French neurologist and psychiatrist Jean Martin Charcot, who had a strong influence on him. Charcot drew attention to the fact that his patients often suffered from such somatic diseases as paralysis, blindness, tumors, while not having any organic disorders characteristic of such cases. Before Charcot's work, it was believed that women with hysterical symptoms had a vagus uterus ( hystera in Greek it means "womb"), but Freud found that men, too, could have similar psychosomatic symptoms. Freud also got acquainted with the experiments in the field of treatment of hysteria, carried out by his mentor and colleague Joseph Breuer. This treatment was a combination of hypnosis and catharsis, and later such processes of discharge of emotions were called "abreaction".

Despite the fact that most scientists considered dreams to be either a set of mechanical memories of the past day, or a meaningless set of fantastic images, Freud developed the point of view of other researchers that a dream is an encrypted message. Analyzing the associations that arise in patients in connection with one or another detail of the dream, Freud made a conclusion about the etiology of the disorder. Realizing the origin of their disease, patients, as a rule, were cured.

In his youth, Freud became interested in hypnosis and its use to help the mentally ill. He later gave up hypnosis, preferring free association method and analysis of dreams. These methods became the foundation of psychoanalysis. Freud was also interested in what he called hysteria, and is now known as conversion syndrome.

Symbols, in contrast to the usual elements of an explicit dream, have a universal (the same for different people) and a stable value. Symbols are found not only in dreams, but also in fairy tales, myths, everyday speech, and poetic language. The number of objects depicted in dreams with symbols is limited.

Dream interpretation method

The method that Freud used to interpret dreams is as follows. After he was told the content of the dream, Freud began to ask the same question about the individual elements (images, words) of this dream - what does the narrator come to mind about this element when he thinks about it? The person was required to communicate all the thoughts that come into his head, despite the fact that some of them may seem ridiculous, irrelevant or obscene.

The rationale behind this method is that mental processes are strictly determined, and if a person, when asked to say what comes to his mind regarding a given element of a dream, comes to mind, this thought can in no way be accidental; it will certainly be associated with this element. Thus, the psychoanalyst does not interpret someone's dream himself, but rather helps the dreamer in this. In addition, some special elements of dreams can still be interpreted by the psychoanalyst without the help of the owner of the dream. These are symbols - elements of dreams that have a constant, universal meaning, which does not depend on in whose dream these symbols appear.

last years of life

Freud's books

• "The Interpretation of Dreams", 1900
• Totem and Taboo, 1913
• "Lectures on Introduction to Psychoanalysis", 1916-1917
• "I and It", 1923
• Moses and Monotheism, 1939

Literature

1. Brian D. Freud's Psychology and Post-Freudians. - Refl-book. - 1997.
2. Zeigarnik. "Theories of personality in foreign psychology." - Publishing house of Moscow University. - 1982.
3. Lacan J. Seminars. Book 1. Works of Freud on the technique of psychoanalysis (1953-1954) M: Gnosis / Logos, 1998.
4. Lacan J. Seminars. Book 2. "I" in the theory of Freud and in the technique of psychoanalysis (1954-1955) M: Gnosis / Logos, 1999.
5. Marson P. 25 Key Books on Psychoanalysis. Ural Ltd. - 1999
6. Freud, Sigmund. Collected works in 26 volumes. SPb., Publishing house "VEIP", 2005 - ed. continues.
7. Paul FERRIS. "Sigmund Freud"

Freud, Sigmund - Austrian psychiatrist, neurologist, psychologist, founder of psychoanalysis.

Biography

Sigmund Freud (Sigismund Shlomo Freud) was born on May 6, 1856 in the village of Freiberg, which was then part of Austro-Hungarian Empire... The village was located 240 km from Vienna. Father, Jacob Freud, was a wool dealer. Mother, Amalia Malka Natanson, came from Odessa. The family lived in one big room rented from a drunken tinsmith.

In the fall of 1859, the family decided to seek their fortune elsewhere. Freuds move to Leipzig, then to Vienna. True, even in the capital, the family did not manage to improve their financial situation. Later, Sigmund recalled that his childhood was constantly associated with poverty.

In Vienna, Sigmund entered a private gymnasium and began to demonstrate great academic success. He learned English, French, Italian well, Spanish languages, was fond of philosophy. At the age of 17 he graduated from high school with honors and was recognized as the best in the class.

After graduating from high school, Sigmund decided to link his future life with medicine. He enters the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Vienna. Experiencing serious difficulties due to her nationality. Anti-Semitic sentiments reigned in Austria-Hungary at that time, and many classmates did not forget to laugh at the Jewish young man.

In 1881, after graduating from the university, he could not yet open a private practice. He had theoretical knowledge, but no practical knowledge. The choice fell on the Vienna City Hospital. They paid a little here, but you could get valuable experience. Freud began working as a surgeon, but after two months decided to focus on neurology. Despite advances in this area, Freud is tired of working in the hospital, he finds it too tedious and boring.

In 1883, Sigmund transferred to the Department of Psychiatry. Here he felt that he had found his true calling. Despite this, he feels dissatisfied, largely due to the inability to earn enough money to get married. In 1884, Freud was lucky. Many doctors go to Montenegro to fight cholera, the head of Zygmund is on vacation, so he is appointed the chief doctor of the department for quite a long time.

In 1885, Freud wins a competition that allows him to go to Paris to study with the then famous psychiatrist Jean Charcot. Here Sigmund works on the study of neuropathology, finds a connection between sexual problems and psychological disorders.

In 1886, Freud returned to Vienna, opened a private practice here. In the same year he marries Martha Bernays.

In 1895, after many disappointments in different methods research of the psyche, Freud discovered own method- free association. The essence of the method was as follows: the patient had to relax and say whatever comes to mind. Sigmund found out that soon patients begin to talk about past events, experiencing them emotionally. Soon Freud learned to understand which events took place that caused certain disorders of the patient. In 1886 new method was called "psychoanalysis".

After that, Freud focused on dream research. He noticed that during the free-association storytelling, patients often talk about dreams. As a result, Sigmund was able to discover that for secret meaning hides behind any dream. In 1900, Freud's book "The Interpretation of Dreams" was published, which many consider the best work of the Austrian researcher.

In 1905, a new book was published - Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality. Its essence is the study of links between sexual problems and mental disorders. Colleagues did not accept Freud's ideas, which was not surprising: then such thoughts were simply considered obscene. Nevertheless, after a few years, Siegmund's ideas begin to become more and more popular.

In 1921, the University of London began lecturing five scholars: Einstein, Spinoza, the Kabbalist Ben-Baimonide, the mystic Philo and Sigmund Freud. Psychiatrist nominated for the Nobel Prize. It was a confession.

When Vienna fell to the Nazis, Freud decided to stay in the city, although his nationality posed a serious problem. He had every chance to go to Auschwitz, but almost the whole world began to defend the scientist. The Danish queen and the Spanish king protested particularly strongly against the scholar's oppression. Franklin Roosevelt tried to get Freud to be deported. But the fate of the scientist was decided after Mussolini's call to Hitler. The psychiatrist once cured one of the good friends of the fascist leader, and now he is asking for help for Freud. Himmler agreed to release Freud, but for a ransom. Maria Bonaparte, the granddaughter of Napoleon himself, agreed to give any amount for Freud. The Austrian Gauleiter requested two of Mary's palaces - practically all of her fortune. Napoleon's granddaughter agreed. In Paris, the psychiatrist was met by Maria Bonaparte and Prince George. Soon Freud travels to the UK, where he meets with Bernard Shaw.

On September 23, 1939, Freud's friend, at his request, injects him with a triple dose of morphine. Sigmund suffered greatly from oral cancer, so he decided to euthanize. The body was cremated three days later.

Freud's main achievements

• Creator of the method of free association and psychoanalysis.
• Through his research, he proved that unconscious structures are quite accessible to analysis. As a result, Freud built an interconnected picture of the human psyche.

Important dates in the biography of Freud

• May 6, 1856 - Born in the village of Freiberg.
• 1873 - entered the University of Vienna.
• 1876 ​​- the beginning scientific work at the Institute of Zoological Research.
• 1881 - graduation from the university. Start of work at the Vienna City Hospital.
• 1885 arrives in Paris and works with Jean Charcot.
• 1886 Returns to Vienna. Marriage. For the first time the term "psychoanalysis" was used.
• 1895 - publication of the book "Studies of Hysteria".
• 1900 - publication of the book "The Interpretation of Dreams".
• 1908 - Founding of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society by Freud's associates.
• 1909 arrives in the United States to give lectures.
• 1833 - A series of brochures "Continuing Lectures on Introduction to Psychoanalysis" is published.
• 1938 - becomes a hostage of the Nazis. He was able to leave Austria thanks to the intercession of Maria Bonaparte and a number of heads of state.
• September 23, 1939 - euthanasia.

• For some time he used cocaine, wanting to study its effect on the human body. Recognized cocaine as an extremely dangerous drug.
• He was a heavy smoker. He considered smoking to be the greatest pleasure in life.
• He left behind 24 volumes of works.
• Afraid of the number 62.
• He lost his virginity at the age of 30 because he was afraid of women.
• Hated music. Threw out my sister's piano and didn't go to restaurants with an orchestra.
• Possessed a phenomenal photographic memory.