Modern journalism is far from the ideal that school graduates or students who come to journalism departments paint for themselves. The problems of journalism are much larger and more complex than it might seem, and those who are preparing to embark on this difficult path need to be prepared for dangers, misunderstandings, lack of money, and more.

Sale Hide

The problems of journalism are great and one of them is corruption, it is becoming the most important disaster that destroys many talents and deprives the public of many sensations and important news. Any information is a product, and the journalist in this case acts as the owner or seller of the product. Experienced sellers will be able to find a truly unique, exclusive product, and then sell it profitably. It is only important to save your head and life, which is especially important in view of the high mortality rate among journalists.

Therefore, many, fearing for their lives and well-being, prefer to choose an easier and safer way - the sale of information, silence, bought for goods or money. However, everyone who goes into the field of print, television or radio should also be aware of the importance of their work, their mission. Otherwise, the truth will never come to light.

Lack of money

Like a wolf, a journalist is always fed by his feet, therefore he is obliged to promptly look for new facts, always be in the thick of things, look for new information and operate it correctly. It is the corruption of all the "scribblers" that is generated by the lack of money. Difficult work, constant nervous tension and fears for their own life and well-being become the cause of many occupational diseases, drunkenness and even drug addiction.

One should be prepared for the fact that only one in a thousand or even ten thousand journalists becomes really famous and recognized, he enjoys universal respect and fame. The rest of the series, the masses are forced to conduct a constant struggle for their existence, and like jackals with the same journalists to win back information.

Pressure

Another part of the problem with journalism is pressure. Modern politicians, stars, oligarchs and even local authorities prefer to effectively control the media, because freedom of speech is becoming more conditional, but in fact it is being replaced by constant pressure on newspapers, magazines, television and radio. Everyone seeks to get their own platform for the promotion of selected people, certain opinions, thoughts, products or parties. Any thought should be controlled, and the easiest way is to do this on the pages of your own magazine or on the air of a TV channel.

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Global problems are those that can only be resolved through the concerted efforts of the entire world community. These are military threats, environmental threats, global economic, demographic, cultural and technological problems. Journalism has two main functions: information and reflection and the formation of public opinion. Global problems are a set of issues on the solution of which the essential conditions for the survival of mankind depend: 1) war and peace, 2) elimination of poverty, hunger, illiteracy, 3) narrowing the gap between developed and developing countries, 4) demographic problems, 5) environmental problems (purity of the atmosphere, availability of resources, preservation of the natural balance). Humanistic interpretations: global problems include problems of health care, education, social values. The Club of Rome - a colossal increase in the scale of human activity. Imbalance of long-term and short-term interests.

There is a discussion among scholarly journalists around the concept of global peace, globalization, global studies, global problems of mankind, urgent problems of mankind. Scientific centers have appeared on the planet that study topical problems of our time. The planetary crisis is manifested in the spheres of ecology, demography, politics, geopolitics, economics, culture and morality as topical problems of our time requiring new research approaches and solutions. The world's foremost thinkers have put forward the concept of global peace as the need to unite efforts to preserve civilizations. Journalists must realize the real state of affairs and their role in finding adequate answers to the challenges of the time. In this regard, the following main directions are put forward: 1. To acquaint the mass audience with the ideas of global studies and monitoring data for the development of the planetary crisis, obtained in research centers; 2. To acquaint the mass audience with the activities of research centers studying the possibilities of neutralizing destructive processes on Earth; 3. To acquaint the mass audience with the ideas of alternative studies - directions of futurology, developing safe parameters for the development of earthly civilization; 4. Organize disputes and discussions dedicated to the comprehension of the ideas of global studies and alternative studies; 5. To acquaint the mass audience with scientific developments aimed at solving problems within Russian, taking into account the requirements of the safe development of earthly civilizations;

There is a need for the participation of the print and electronic press in monitoring the planetary crisis in all its manifestations, as well as in managing it, which presuppose the following points: - deep problem-analytical reflection of crisis situations that have a general planetary meaning; - study of possible ways to resolve such a situation with the involvement of serious experts; - broad discussion of the most consistent recommendations as an act of self-determination of public opinion; - drawing the attention of government institutions to public opinion on a particular problem as a vector in decision-making. There is a need for a more intensive and constructive dialogue in the media between representatives of different cultures, ethnic groups, religions and different political forces in order to converge moral guidelines, on the basis of which greater coordination of actions in the world can be achieved, as well as greater mutual understanding between the institutions of power and institutions. civil society.

Factors ensuring effective participation of the media in solving pressing problems of our time: - Freedom of the press as an opportunity to carry out journalistic activities in accordance with its internal laws. Economic, political, legal foundations of freedom of the press. - The professional position of a journalist as a set of attitudes to carry out activities in accordance with its internal laws. Dependence of the professional position of a journalist on the moral climate of society and the moral climate of the journalistic community. - Professional and ethical regulators of the creative behavior of a journalist as a factor in the productive participation of the media in solving the most important concrete historical problems. The dependence of adequate reflection and deep understanding of topical issues of our time in the press on such qualities of a journalist as competence.

Problems: 1. Globalization - there are global media, concentrated horizontally and vertically. This leads to the creation of a mass information product, the expansion of the English language. Consumption is massive, standardized (popular culture), the consumer becomes passive. 2. The discrepancy between the views of the world among journalists and the audience. Often Zhur-t does not know what is interesting to his audience. This leads to separation from those for whom the media works. 3. Limited number of advertisers in the regions, which reduces the profits of the media. 4. Dependence on power structures and industrial and financial groups dominating in a given territory. 5. A large number of customized materials, a mixture of advertising and PR. 6. Undermining the financial base of the media in the context of galloping inflation in the early 90s. 7. Decrease in saturation with printed publications per capita. 8. Falling circulation compared to the Soviet period. 9. "Yellow" press. 10. Information wars. 11. Journalists believe they are infallible. 12. Cultivation of imaginary values. 13. Too much information flow, which makes it impossible to analyze the situation. 14. Commercialization of the media. 15. Loss of confidence in the media.

The question of the place of journalism and the journalist in the life of a modern person seems to me very important. A journalist is, of course, a creator of a text for the media, or rather a media text, but a media text today can be a feature film, a commercial, a game show, or a combined photo. That is why we need to understand today what makes journalism different from other writing professions. In my opinion, the main thing in journalism is reliance on fact, on real events in reality. A journalist is a literary worker who always works with really existing "raw materials" - that is, with the events of reality.

In order to understand what kind of society we live in, it is absolutely necessary to answer the question about the place of journalism and the journalist as a professional in our life and attitude, in our worldview, in the space of the life of an individual. This process is not easy and ambiguous, since a modern person in society is gradually losing his exclusivity, his uniqueness, he becomes a part of a society of mass consumption, and in politics he is less and less taken into account by those who make decisions. Experts emphasize that "deserted" technologies now rule in Russia, that is, politics can easily do without ordinary people; without taking their opinion into account, a significant part of the economy and production is bypassed. As a result, the main part of the popular media ceased to need a real person, in the most real fact, be it a political, social fact, or a fact of everyday life, which creates reality. And a person, despite the fact that he himself is a rather complex formation, falls out of the picture of such a reality. It seems to me that this is the bitter truth of our time, which manifests itself both in our country and in many others, while the crisis once again emphasizes this with its virtuality.

Of course, journalism is obliged to rely on fact, this is probably the most important thing that we have understood for ourselves in the post-Soviet era, but we must not forget that opinion is also a fact of reality. However, a journalist who begins to reason before he himself receives the facts, transfers them, relays them to the audience, who begins to reason before he informs, is a bad professional. Paradox: we live in a world where there are countless sources of information. And even by the very choice of a fact for his material, a journalist can already express a position, an attitude. The choice of a fact for journalistic material is the first step of a journalist to express his opinion on this fact.

But, on the other hand, the audience, which today can also choose the same fact from non-journalistic sources, is no longer interested in a journalist simply retelling the facts. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the Russian tradition, which presupposes not only impersonal communication of a fact, but also the transmission of a certain attitude towards it, a certain assessment of this fact. Therefore, there should be some mechanisms that, in the sea of ​​facts, make it possible to find the correct fact that meets the spirit of the journalist, which will become the basis of his journalistic material.

What are the criteria, what guidelines should a journalist have in the process of searching for this fact? In my opinion, this is professionalism and ethics. These two things are probably impossible to separate in journalism, since a journalist does not work for one person, but for a fairly large audience. Journalism seems to be a rather complex profession, given that the journalist needs to not only communicate facts and comments on them, but also need to understand the possible social effects of these messages. I think that today it is relevant to talk about journalism as a social work precisely because journalists primarily work to inform society, to achieve social effects. And therefore, journalism, in its reporting of facts to the public, must understand the broadest context of the social consequences that reporting these facts can cause. Today, it should be obvious to most practitioners that without knowledge of theoretical concepts about the effects of media and journalistic activities, the work of a journalist is impossible.

It is the crisis and the reports about it that today clearly demonstrated that people are looking for a professional presentation of complex facts of reality in the media, that the audience needs a professional journalistic analysis of these facts. Crises are inherent in the market economy all the time. The problem of our journalism turned out to be that much was written about the advantages of a market economy, but journalists did not prepare people to understand the cyclical nature of the market, to understand that the world and national economies in market conditions are developing both ascending and descending, and the crisis itself is a certain pattern of development of the existing model.

When we talk about the responsibility of a journalist, we must not forget that responsibility in the media is decomposed into many different "responsibilities": for example, responsibility to the owner and responsibility to society can directly conflict. The journalist abstractly represents his audience, the people who read him, listen to him, and he is responsible to them, but often the particular person who pays him a salary is more important to him. In addition to these forms of responsibility, others can be named. Their presence raises a natural question: how to correlate the multidimensional, multilevel responsibility of a journalist with a specific choice of a topic for a material, with a personal interest in specific topics? The issue of media responsibility is directly related to the moral choice of a journalist, as well as to the presence of moral values, restrictions and ideals in society.

From this point of view, Russian reality is ambiguous and indicative, since there are very few moral guidelines and moral authority in the country today. Russian journalism and journalists, who have every opportunity to become such reference points, are not present in this moral field, which is empty today. The idea of ​​emptiness in the relationship between journalism and the audience seems very relevant. Today, emptiness has replaced the charm of journalists, which fell on the first and second parliament, when journalists were appreciated for their articles, for their journalistic activities, because they dared to speak the truth, protect people and fight injustices. As a result, the ineffectiveness of journalists, who proved to be much more effective as journalism professionals, but not as MPs, caused some disappointment.

Of course, here you can see a real tangle of reasons: Russian journalists were at the same time the first victims in the processes of politicization and oligarchization, and they themselves became participants in these processes. What could be blamed for some of the brightest figures extended to the entire profession. Many journalists have lost respect because journalism has come too close to power, forgetting about responsibility to the common man. Thus, responsibility to "oligarchs", elites and responsibility to ordinary people "from the street" were divided, and many journalists just suffered from the fact that ordinary people were out of focus of their attention, they were not needed, not interesting.

A journalist can both calm society and stress people. Take, for example, the financial crisis. You can show the real reasons and a real way out of the crisis, or remember previous exits, show its patterns, and explain its specific manifestations, or you can drive people to panic. In this sense, journalism as an educational tool is very important, but it is only at the beginning. The definition that a modern person is a media person looks very optimistic. And the role of journalism in human life naturally increases many times over in the last decade.

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We sent this questionnaire to 113 colleagues in print, television and electronic media, and asked them not to pass up the opportunity to blow off some steam and ease their minds. We promised them anonymity in exchange for frank (which we very much hoped for) answers to our not always convenient questions. Here's what came of it.

What, in your opinion, is the biggest problem of modern media?

A broken business model that does not guarantee sufficient funding for journalists to do their job well.

A broken business model that makes the media pander to audiences.

The need to entertain readers and stir up sensations to keep them interested.

Prioritize responsiveness over accuracy.

Narrow outlook or insufficient life experience of reporters and editors.

A tendency to inflate and incite conflicts.

Inability or unwillingness to hold those in power to account.

Superficiality.

Bias.

Fear of violating corporate interests.

Ignorance.

Show off, overly aggressive journalistic style.

Excessive trust in anonymous sources and information that cannot be verified.

Bias.

Infographics:

The main reason people trust the media less is:

49.56% - Our political discourse has become more polarized.

20.35% - People these days do not trust most institutions.

5.31% - People believe that "pocket" media serve corporate interests.

5.31% - Media raises so many bad things.

19.47% - other.

Other answer options suggested by the respondents themselves:

People believe that the media serve the interests of certain parties.

The Internet has made it possible for people to define their own news agenda, regardless of the accuracy of what they see.

Republicans and conservatives have slandered the media for decades because the media reflects objective reality rather than the ignorance of politicians who cannot accept inconvenient facts.

We isolate differences, not similarities, foster disunity, but we do not build bridges.

Should newspapers and other media outlets give up in the fight to uphold political objectivity?

75.45% - no.

Respondents' comments:

Readers look for objectivity only in texture: what, where, when and how. Subjectivity is expected from any analyst.

- "Objectivity" is a bad goal. The right goal is the truth. And the search for it requires ambition and unbreakable standards, not "objectivity" at all.

There is a perception that the media are betting on bad news, and this leads to an increase in nervousness in a society that believes that the world is heading for the abyss.

57.52% disagree.

42.48% agree.

Respondents' comments:

It has always been like this, look at the newspapers of the 19th century, the world on their pages does not look rosy either.

The Internet for journalism is:

75.93% is good.

24.07% - bad.

Respondents' comments:

Good for spreading leaks, terrible for real journalism.

Good, because we have unprecedented access to sources, to information, but bad, because the Internet has contributed to the destruction of the usual business model.

It has been good for a few years, which has been the golden era of blogging. But then all the energy went into the development of new technologies and social networks.

53.27% is good.

46.73% - bad.

Respondents' comments:

None of us could cover the events in Ferguson (the riots that broke out in August 2014 after the murder of an unarmed African American by a white policeman. - Approx. "RG") without social networks.

Is the media better or worse than decades ago?

44.04% is worse.

36.7% is better.

19.27% ​​remained the same.

Respondents' comments:

The media have become more sarcastic.

Infographics: Leonid Kuleshov / Ekaterina Zabrodina

The main goal of journalism is to:

85.84% - To educate readers, to talk about what they need to know, regardless of their interest in this topic.

14.16% - Follow the interests of the readers.

Infographics: Leonid Kuleshov / Ekaterina Zabrodina

What topics and plots remained "blank spots" in the media?

Respondents' comments:

Environmental issues and climate change.

The media themselves.

Death of the middle class.

Corruption in the US Congress.

Poverty.

Racial issues.

Local news.

What's your biggest sin in journalism?

Respondents' comments:

Didn't work hard enough to find interesting and reliable sources.

I did a "reportage" from the scene, where I was not.

Didn't check the facts. I didn't "dig deep" because of the deadline, as a result the article turned out to be superficial, there was no depth and truth in it.

Timidity.

Thoughtlessly "tweeted" and made himself look like an idiot.

He preferred his own comfort (family, career) to honest and selfless service to serious journalism.

I did not hear correctly the name of the interlocutor on the phone.

As an editor, he offered insufficient creative ideas and poorly motivated young journalists.

Sloppiness.

As a news manager, he cared too much about the money side of the issue.

Copied the press release information.

Have you ever experienced pressure on yourself, because of which you had to inflate a sensation out of the material or present a topic from a perspective with which you do not agree?

55.36% - no.

Respondents' comments:

This happens all the time.

My editor had never heard of artists and made me write as if my readers had never heard of them either.

When I was working on local television, I was assigned to make a story about a storm that sweeps along the coast. When I noticed that he would not affect us, I was told that such a presentation would attract the audience.

Are journalists more cynical about what is happening in the world than their readers?

27.03% - no.

Respondents' comments:

Yes. Cynicism suggests that you will ask tough questions.

Journalists should be more skeptical than their readers, but this should not lead to hopeless cynicism.

I think many reporters are convinced that good news is bad news.

Just remember: journalists are people too.

Infographics: Anton Perepletchikov / Ekaterina Zabrodina

Name a story or storyline of the past ten years that journalists, in your opinion, have underestimated.

Respondents' comments:

Women's rights in America.

Government spending.

Woody Allen.

The consequences of the election and presidency of Obama.

American police brutality.

Few questions about the Iraqi war and criticism of this campaign.

What is the story of the past ten years that has been unnecessarily hyped in the media?

Respondents' comments:

Kim Kardashian. Gossip about "stars".

Terrorist threat in the United States.

All presidential elections.

ISIS (a group banned in the Russian Federation. - Approx. "RG"). They are not as scary as many much more mundane things.

Where did the blondes disappear (just kidding).

We often dwell on the same stories. It is enough to look at how anti-democratic, from the standpoint of the elites, our media covered Brexit, and it immediately becomes clear what is wrong with journalism today.

There was a time when the Washington Post's front page on the Watergate case was the pride of American journalism, and yesterday's visit to the same newspaper's website of the same level did not indulge in a sensation. Photo: Sergey Mikheev / The Washington post

"Journalism as such does not exist in the 21st century"

Alexey Volin, Deputy Minister of Communications and Mass Media of the Russian Federation:

Journalism as such does not exist in the 21st century. There is media communications, the media sphere, of which journalism has become an integral part, including the history of journalism, which gives an idea of ​​what was in the industry before, and practical journalism. You can learn journalism, learning without practice is impossible. Anyone who considers himself to be a ready-made professional makes those media outlets in which there is less and less confidence. Studying gives three things - basic erudition and outlook; the ability to systematize the material received; the possibility of socialization and the acquisition of connections and contacts. Further - self-development. You have to learn a profession all your life. Anyone who is not capable of this does journalism, which the American study has in fact passed a verdict of incompetence.

Vladimir Mamontov, general director of the radio station "Moscow speaking":

Unfortunately, the picture revealed by New York Magazine is similar to ours. This is another proof that we are part of the global world. Let's take a specific flaw - priority of speed over accuracy. It can be easily avoided by developing a certain technology of constant news flow: dear consumers, look how the news from the first minute develops in our clarifying messages ... And we bring it, if not to the truth, then to an objective picture. It could be an "open picture" agreed with the readers, but it does not appear. In the morning it was said "Russia is to blame", by 12 noon, when the smoke cleared, it became clear - "not only Russia", and by 6 pm - "not Russia at all." But the news is already "closed". The propaganda sharpening harms real journalism - both American and ours.

The press was put on straitjackets. There is an explanation for this - there is an information war, and in a war, as in a war. But it encourages journalism to put together a picture that is inconsistent with what people actually see.

Viktor Loshak, Director of Strategy, Kommersant Publishing House:

Yes, and our media is directed towards entertainment, yes, and our primary information comes from the networks. But when we talk about Russia, let us remember that in our country serious journalism has always been and remains the main and last bastion of democracy. Many of the principles of democracy - freedom of speech, choice, movement - that have recently become obscured for the audience or have lost their status of great value in their eyes, remain understandable, clear and valuable for journalists.

The Russian media have many problems, one of the most serious is the transformation of information into propaganda: when the mirror shows what the authorities want to see in it, and does not reflect the world today.

But even when high-quality publications turn yellow and we become part of the entertainment (entertainment), it still seems to me that the agenda of the Russian media remains very serious. It is always aimed at deep problems, attentive to the international situation of the country. Of course, "while entertaining, inform" is something that did not exist several decades ago. But even primarily by informing, we continue to be serious people.

Elena Vartanova, Dean of the Faculty of Journalism, Moscow State University:

Today, with people in many countries around the world spending more time with the media than at work or at home, journalism has great potential. Journalists only need to remember whose power they are - the mighty of this world or ordinary people.

Every government - if it wants to be a government - needs ethical standards. The concept of journalism as the fourth estate implies not only rights, but also responsibility. And therefore one must always think about the standards of the profession. One of the key ones is the power of the "quadruple power", or the power of journalism, is its reliable texts explaining the complexity of the world, objectivity, impartiality, and most importantly - respect for its audience. But the power of journalism is moral, it implies concern for society and the people for whom the media works. Therefore, trust in journalism is an emotional contact of the audience with those who take responsibility for assessing everything that happens in society.

Alexey Goreslavsky, executive director of the Rambler & Co media group:

Indeed, technology does not just strongly influence journalism, it affects so much that it is sometimes difficult to understand where the industry is developing. However, this transformation process has a simple mechanism: both the reader and the journalist often forget to answer themselves to a simple question: "Why do I need this new technology?" Journalists are especially uncritical, not even asking the question: "Why do I need this particular tool?" This blind adherence to technology leads to the fact that colleagues often do not understand the needs of the target audience, but make content according to the principle: "I am interested in this." And the person producing the content must understand what and when the media consumer can accept or reject. Technology here is just a tool for moving towards a goal. It can be achieved exclusively by a penchant for analytics. And here it is important how the university environment teaches students to think, so the professionals - to think and analyze - a rapidly changing life. Or does not teach.

Daniil Dondurei, editor of the Cinema Art magazine:

It seems to me that we are all the same. And this, on the one hand, testifies to some kind of intellectual poverty of both TV and the media in general, and on the other hand, to their incredible power. Media today is much more than a school, church, family, and even more so the street, capable of sculpting in people this or that type of consciousness, understanding of reality and orientation. And this type of consciousness is necessary for the market. A large market that has set itself the goal of quickly, a lot and with a profit to sell anything - things, events, ideas, behavioral stereotypes, actions. A person with this type of consciousness, although he does not sit on corvee and does not starve, stubbornly reminds me of a medieval man, a new serf who does not orientate himself in reality independently and depends on what he is taught and what is explained to him.

This formatting of people's consciousness with the help of rigid programs from a mixture of entertainment, pleasure, loyalty, helplessness, scandalousness, irresponsibility, and the desire to conform seems to me very dangerous. This is the brainchild of the new information time and the virtual world, where TV and Internet networks have much more influence than books, and will still grow and develop. We experience a kind of futuro-shock that gives rise to the feeling that we are moving into the world of formatted peoples and that any number of necessary types can be fashioned out of people in the right proportion. So here I would argue with the results of the study: on the one hand, the power of the media has decreased, and impeachments like Watergate are impossible, and on the other hand, if there are serious programs with the consciousness of people, you can do anything.

But everyone who today wants to understand the most important things - and the most important thing is understanding how life works, what trust, personal choice, morality, and the future depend on - go down a different road, climb a different ladder. They read expert publications. There are few of them, no more than 10 percent in all areas. But highbrow, intelligent, complex, subtle people who understand art will be able to find the answer in them.