Ministry of Education, Science and Youth Policy of the Komi Republic
State professional educational institution
"Sosnogorsk Technological College"
Research
"The Chernobyl accident is a global catastrophe of our time"
Completed work:
Zaitsev Andrey Yurievich, Novoseltsev Alexander Sergeevich, 2-year students by profession
01/15/15 Welder (manual and partially mechanized welding (surfacing)),
Head: Tatiana Zaets, teacher of physics of the first qualification category
Sosnogorsk, 2018
Introduction
On the night of April 26-27, 1986. the most terrible man-made disaster occurred - the explosion of the 4th power unit at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The Chernobyl disaster turned out to be not only the main event of 1986 in the Soviet Union and in the world, it became one of the most important events of the last quarter of the 20th century. After Chernobyl, the term “peaceful atom” was no longer used in literature. This accident affected the economy and scientific and technological policy of all developed countries, changing people's perceptions of dangers and threats. The designs of nuclear power plants were revised everywhere, and in some countries it was decided to abandon nuclear power plants in the future for generating heat and electricity. The lessons of Chernobyl continue to be studied and discussed to this day.
The disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant was the largest and most destructive disaster in the entire history of nuclear power. Manyvillages, 27 cities are located on the territory contaminated from the accident. They are home to 2 million people. They live and love there, they raise children there. There they hope and believe, remember and cherish, believing in themselves, their strengths, in humanity, Humanity. May this faith never again be trampled underfoot by a new disaster and a new Chernobyl. It depends on you and me. From our responsibility, from our desire to remain a Human always and in everything.
The pain caused by the consequences of the disaster continues to this day. The feat that was accomplished by ordinary people doing their job is almost forgotten. With this work, we want to remind you of those who took part in the elimination of the consequences of the Chernobyl accident
While conducting the research, we studied the reference “materials on the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant and its consequences” (“Vienna”, August 25 ... 29, 1986), etc.
We managed to talk with the liquidator of that terrible accident.
In our work, we would like to find answers to the questions:
"Why did this tragedy happen?"
"What are its consequences?"
"What needs to be done so that something like this never happens again?"
"The total number of liquidators of the Chernobyl accident living in the city of Sosnogorsk of the Komi Republic?"
Relevance:
In recent years, the events of 1986 are remembered less and less often, the heroic actions of the liquidators of the Chernobyl accident are forgotten, conditions are created for the population living in the contaminated territories to be unaware of the seriousness of the radiation situation and the danger of radiation in general. The literature on radiation safety is poor, with no publications at the popular level accessible to most people.
With a huge man-made component of possible emergencies, the awareness of the population on the action and elimination of the consequences of accidents is lower than in the 20s - 30s. Often the scale and danger of an emergency (as in the case of the Chernobyl accident) are deliberately hushed up. Skills and skills, for example, the use of personal protective equipment, disinfection of food, water is not at all necessary.
Over the past 100 years, the nature of the Earth has suffered the same damage as in the entire prehistory of mankind. Russia is the leader in many indicators of pollution of its territory, water resources, air environment. The country's environmental problems are directly related to the health of the nation, its economy and defense capability.
Recent events in Japan (the Great Japanese earthquake of 2011, tsunami, radiation contamination of the territory as a result of the operation of the Fukushima NPP) put the world on the brink of a global catastrophe. The result of the production and testing of nuclear weapons, the rapid development of atomic energy, the growing use of ionizing radiation sources in the national economy and medicine has resulted in widespread radioactive contamination of the biosphere. As a result, the average human exposure doses reach double the natural background and come very close to the value that is defined as radiation hazardous. Therefore, in modern conditions, additional human exposure is unacceptable, since it can dramatically increase the risk of diseases.
Research object is one of the largest man-made disastersXXcentury - this is the explosion of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
Target :
To study in detail all aspects of the Chernobyl accident, its consequences and impact on the environment and the human body.
Tell about the liquidators of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant living in Sosnogorsk, the Komi Republic;
To reveal the meaning of the feat of liquidators of consequencesaccident.
Hypothesis : man is the main cause of man-made disasters, which he himself has to correct. Therefore, a person should be responsible and be grateful to people who save humanity as a whole.
Tasks :
Study the material on this topic;
Consider the fate of Chernobyl: past, present, future;
Describe the consequences of the accident on a global scale;
To get acquainted with the liquidators of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Sosnogorsk, Komi Republic;
Conduct a sociological survey - a questionnaire survey among students and teachers of the "Sosnogorsk Technological College"
In the course of the study, periodicals were used - magazines and newspapers, books and the means of the Internet. Memories are presented as documents in the workparticipant - liquidator of the accident. (see Appendix 5.1.)
Mresearch methods :
Theoretical, that is, the study and analysis of literary sources,documents published in the media;
Consultation with employees of the regional library named afterYa.M. Rocheva, Sosnogorsk, Komi Republic;
Consultation with the Chairman of the House of Veterans of Sosnogorsk, Komi Republic;
Conversation and analysisinformation obtained in the process of personal communication with the liquidator of the Chernobyl accident;
Drawing up questions and conducting a sociological survey - questionnaires among teachers studying full-time and part-time departments of the "Sosnogorsk Technological College";
Processing and analysis of survey results using the programMicrosoft Excel;
Photographing of liquidators of consequences at the Chernobyl NPP in Sosnogorsk, Komi Republic;
Systematization of material in the form of a booklet;
Booklet issue;
Creation of a multimedia presentation for a class hour.
Chapter 1. Theoretical part.
The city of Chernobyl is one of the provincial towns of our country. Founded in 1193. In the 1970s, the first nuclear power plant in Ukraine was built 10 km from Chernobyl. Just like Chernobyl, for the inhabitants of this nuclear power plant, the city of Pripyat was created on April 14, 1972. The city of Chernobyl and Pripyat are the same cities as Balakovo.
The night of April 25-26, 1986 became a watershed that split the lives of many people into unequal parts. Many years ago the concepts "before the war" and "after the war" came into use, now the words "before Chernobyl" and "after Chernobyl" entered the hearts and souls of the population. The tragedy of Chernobyl has become an unprecedented test not only for hundreds of thousands of people, but for the entire country.
On April 25, the fourth power unit was to be shut down for scheduled preventive maintenance. Then it was decided to conduct an experiment, which was repeatedly carried out both at the units of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant and at other nuclear power plants: testing one of the turbine generators in the mode, in the language of specialists, run out with the load of the unit's own needs.
The essence of the experiment is to simulate a situation when a turbine generator can be left without its driving force, that is, without steam supply. For this, a special mode was developed, according to which, when the steam was turned off due to the inertial rotation of the rotor, the generator for some time continued to generate electricity necessary for its own needs, in particular for powering the main circulation pumps.
On April 25, at 1:00, the personnel began to reduce the reactor power, at 13:05 they disconnected the turbine generator from the network, and at 14:00 they turned off the emergency cooling system of the reactor. At 23:09, the reactor's power was drastically reduced, and its intense poisoning with decay products - iodine and xenon (an element of the periodic system of chemical elements of D.I.Mendeleev) began. April 26 came, and the air above the fourth reactor lit up, dull blows were heard from below, turning into a prolonged hum. People began to behave inappropriately. Some were close to hysterics, shouted at their subordinates and ran around the control panel, while others, on the contrary, became lethargic and sleepy. The underground rumble intensified, the glow above the block reached a height of 700 m, acquired blue, blue and purple hues, by one in the morning it became clear that the reactor required an immediate shutdown, and although the personnel could no longer objectively assess the situation, they decided to conduct the experiment. The experiment began on April 26 at 1:23:04 am. The recorders (instruments) of a seismic station located nearby at that moment recorded seismic activity. A minute before the explosion, the operator who was in the reactor hall felt a strong vibration, and 2 thousand cast iron plates, each of which weighed 350 kg - they constituted the biological protection of the reactor - began to bounce, as if someone had thrown them from below. A few seconds later, a strong hum was heard from the side of the water intake station on the cooling pond. The vibration of the units has increased. The multicolored glow has become even stronger. The walls shook.
20 seconds before the explosion, namely at 1:23:40 am, the operator still pressed the emergency protection button, but the absorbing rods stopped halfway, at which moment the recorders noted the main seismic impact.
It is not difficult to imagine the horror that gripped the personnel of the fourth power unit: they were professionals and understood well what was happening to the reactor and what was about to follow. Their courage and consistent and accurate performance of duty are striking. They had to write down everything that happened in a special log, and instead of running, they kept a detailed record of the events. Here is one of their last records, we can say that this letter is from the other world, because these people were among the first to die: “1 hour 23 minutes. 59 sec. Strong blows. The walls are shaking. Paul is shaking. 1 hour 24 minutes 00 sec. Explosion of the reactor ". The regulating and emergency rods began to move downward, plunging into the reactor core, but after a few seconds the thermal power of the reactor jumped to an unknown value (the power went off scale in all measuring instruments). The power unit building partially collapsed. A fire broke out in various rooms and on the roof. Subsequently, the remains of the core melted. A mixture of molten metal, sand, concrete and fuel particles spread over under the reactor rooms.
As a result of this accident, about 50 tons of nuclear fuel evaporated and was released into the atmosphere in the form of small particles of uranium dioxide, highly radioactive radionucleides of iodine, plutonium, cesium, strontium and other radioactive isotopes. About 70 more tons are scattered on the territory of the nuclear power plant. The atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima contained only a few kilograms of enriched uranium, and the exploded reactor of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant released into the atmosphere as many radionucleides as several thousand atomic bombs could produce.
Causes of the disaster.
In April 1985, the new Soviet leadership proclaimed a course to accelerate the country's socio-economic development. Its main levers were seen as scientific and technological progress, technical re-equipment of mechanical engineering and the activation of the "human factor".
In September 1985 M.S. Gorbachev called for the widespread use of "hidden reserves", among which he attributed the maximum utilization of production capacities by organizing a multi-shift mode of their work, strengthening labor discipline, using the proposals of rationalizers, improving product quality, and developing social competition.
The traditional reliance not on economic incentives, but on the enthusiasm of workers has not brought success. At the same time, the increased operation of equipment, not supported by technical innovations and a new level of training of specialists, resulted in an increase in the number of accidents. One of which was the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
Determination of the causes of the accident at the fourth unit of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant is one of the most controversial issues today. There are at least two different approaches to explaining the cause of the Chernobyl accident, which can be called official, as well as several alternative versions of varying degrees of reliability.
Initially, the blame for the disaster was attributed exclusively, or almost exclusively, to personnel. This position was taken by the State Commission formed in the USSR to investigate the causes of the disaster, the court, as well as the KGB of the USSR, which was conducting its own investigation.
According to this version, gross violations of the NPP operation rules committed by the ChNPP personnel were as follows:
conducting an experiment "at any cost", despite the change in the state of the reactor;
decommissioning of serviceable technological protections, which would simply stop the reactor even before it got into a dangerous mode;
the silence of the scale of the accident in the early days by the leadership of the Chernobyl NPP.
In modern terms, the causes of the accident are as follows:
the reactor was improperly designed and dangerous;
personnel were not informed of the dangers;
the personnel made a number of mistakes and inadvertently violated existing instructions, in part due to a lack of information about the hazards of the reactor;
disconnection of protections either did not affect the development of the accident, or did not contradict the regulatory documents.
Igor Nikolayevich Yanitskiy, Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, believed that the Chernobyl nuclear power plant was located in the area of a whole cluster of faults and seismic activity.
What do the witnesses say? During the investigation and the trial, the witnesses who were at the control panel at the time of the accident were actually divided into two groups. Those legally responsible for the safety of the reactor said that the reactor exploded after pressing the emergency button. Those who were not legally responsible for the safety of the reactor said that the reactor exploded either before or immediately after pressing the emergency button. Naturally, in their memoirs and testimonies, both of them tried to justify themselves in every possible way. We will quote below some of the indications.
"The chief engineer for the operation of the second stage of the nuclear power plant ... who conducted the experiment, reported to me that, as is usually done, to shut down the reactor in the event of any emergency, he pressed the emergency protection button AZ-5"
This quote is from the memoirs of B.V. Rogozhkin, who worked as a shift supervisor at the station on the night of the emergency, clearly shows that at the 4th unit, an “emergency situation” first arose, and only then the personnel began to press the AZ-5 button (emergency button). And an "emergency" during a thermal explosion of a reactor arises and passes very quickly - within seconds. If it has already arisen, then the staff simply does not have time to react.
“All events took place within 10 ... 15 seconds. There was some kind of vibration. The rumble was growing rapidly. The reactor power first dropped, and then began to increase, not giving in to regulation. Then - a few sharp claps and two "water hammer". The second is more powerful - from the side of the central hall of the reactor. The lighting on the block board went out, the false ceiling slabs fell, all the equipment was turned off "
So he also describes the course of the accident itself. Naturally, without reference to the timeline. And here is another description of the accident, given by N. Popov.
“… A roar of a completely unfamiliar character was heard, of a very low tone, similar to a human groan (eyewitnesses of earthquakes or volcanic eruptions usually told about such effects). The floor and walls shook strongly, dust and small crumbs fell from the ceiling, the fluorescent lighting went out, then immediately there was a dull blow, accompanied by thunderous rumblings ... "" I. Kirshenbaum, S. Gazin, G. Lysyuk, who were present at the control panel, testified that they heard the command to shut down the reactor immediately before the explosion or immediately after it. "
“At that time I heard Akimov's command to jam the device. Literally immediately there was a strong roar from the direction of the turbine hall ”(From the testimony of A. Kukhar).
But what kind of explosion are we talking about in the testimony of witnesses, the first or the second? The answer to this question is contained in both seismograms and readings.
If the seismic station registered only one out of two weak explosions, it is natural to assume that they registered a stronger one. And this, according to the testimony of all witnesses, was precisely the second explosion. Thus, we can confidently assume that it was the second explosion that occurred in the period from 01 h 23 min 38 s… 01 h 23 min 40 s.
“The reactor operator L. Toptunov shouted about an emergency increase in the reactor power. Akimov shouted loudly: "Turn off the reactor!" and rushed to the reactor control panel. Everyone has already heard this second command to jam. It was, apparently, after the first explosion ... ".
It follows that by the time the AZ-5 button was pressed for the second time, the first explosion had already occurred. And this is very important for further analysis. This is where it will be useful to make a simple timing calculation. It is reliably known that the first press of the AZ-5 button was made at 01 h 23 min 39 s, and the second - at 01 h 23 min 41 s. The time difference between clicks was 2 seconds. And in order to see the emergency readings of the device, to realize them and to shout "about the emergency increase in power", it is necessary to spend at least 4 ... 5 s. To listen, then make a decision, give the command "Shut down the reactor!" So, we already have a margin of 8 ... 10 seconds before the second pressing of the AZ-5 button. Recall that by this time the first explosion had already occurred. That is, it took place even earlier and obviously before the first pressing of the AZ-5 button.
And here is the testimony of the employees of the Chernobyl NPP, Romantsev O.A., and Rudyk A.M., who were fishing on the emergency night on the shore of the cooling pond.
“I saw very well a flame above block # 4, which was shaped like a candle flame or a torch. It was very dark, deep purple, with all the colors of the rainbow. The flame was at the cut-off level of the block # 4 pipe. It kind of went backwards and there was a second pop, like a bursting bubble of a geyser. 15 ... 20 seconds later another torch appeared, which was narrower than the first one, but 5 ... 6 times higher. The flame also slowly rose, and then disappeared, like the first time. The sound sounded like a cannon shot. Boomy and harsh. We went. ”True, in the testimony of AM Rudyk. a slightly different time elapsed between two explosions is indicated, namely 30 s. But this spread is easy to understand if we consider that both witnesses observed the picture of the explosion without a stopwatch in their hands. Therefore, their personal temporal sensations can be objectively characterized as follows - the time interval between two explosions was quite noticeable and amounted to a time measured in tens of seconds. All testimonies of witnesses differ to some extent in their content. And this is understandable, because it is impossible to remember, understand and analyze everything to the smallest detail in a matter of seconds, when something extraordinary happens.
Consequences of the accident.
Directly during the explosion at the fourth power unit, one person died, another one died on the same day from his burns. 134 Chernobyl NPP employees and members of the rescue teams who were at the station during the explosion developed radiation sickness, 28 of them died.
Soon after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, units of the fire brigades for the protection of the nuclear power plant arrived and began extinguishing the fire, mainly on the roof of the turbine hall.
Of the two available devices for 1000 roentgens per hour, one was out of order, and the other was inaccessible due to the blockages that had arisen. Therefore, for the first time the clock of the accident, no one knew for sure the real levels of radiation in the premises of the unit and around it. The state of the reactor was also unclear.
In the first hours after the accident, many, apparently, did not realize how badly the reactor was damaged, so the erroneous decision was made to supply water to the reactor core to cool it. These efforts were useless, since both the pipelines and the core itself were destroyed, but they required work in areas with high radiation. Other actions of the station personnel, such as extinguishing local fires in the premises of the station, measures aimed at preventing a possible explosion of hydrogen, etc., on the contrary, were necessary. Perhaps they prevented even more serious consequences. When performing these works, many of the station's employees received large doses of radiation, and some even lethal. Among them were the unit shift supervisor A. Akimov and the operator L. Toptunov, who controlled the reactor during the accident.
Some experts argue that the firefighters who arrived at the scene of the accident did not extinguish the fire that arose on the roof of the block correctly. "This is not just a fire, but an ignited radioactive oily liquid, it cannot be extinguished with water, since when extinguished with water, it is formed exactly into the vapor that was thrown out by the explosion." It turns out that while they were extinguishing the fire, the firefighters themselves were breathing harmful emissions.
Subsequently, to eliminate the consequences of the accident and to create a protective shell over the destroyed reactor, a sarcophagus-object "Shelter" was erected over the 4th block of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
One of the most significant, both in terms of the resources spent and the amount of work performed at the ChNPP industrial site, is the creation of a deep reinforced concrete wall in the ground to the east of the station. In the first days of the accident, when the scale of the catastrophe became obvious, many experts believed that the lower tier of building structures would not withstand the temperature loads and additional pressure from the 5 thousand tons of materials poured by helicopters. Experts expressed concern that if the fuel falls down, it will cause groundwater pollution. Such assumptions served as a rationale for the creation of a kind of barrier that would block the path of movement of fuel masses from a molten nuclear reactor into groundwater. It was decided to create a huge reinforced concrete monolith under the destroyed reactor of the 4th power unit. The uniqueness of this structure was that the slab under the reactor had to be not only a foundation, but also have the property of a refrigerator. Inside this monolith, it was planned to arrange a system of pipelines for supplying water in order to cool the space under the reactor. In addition, during the construction of a reinforced concrete slab, it was planned to mount measuring equipment for various purposes. A wall up to 100 meters deep and about three kilometers long was created in compressed lines. From May to December 1986, in the sky above the exclusion zone and at the distant approaches to these territories, a unique set of works was implemented to prevent precipitation from falling on radioactively contaminated lands. In a short time, the entire technical and scientific potential of the country in the field of meteorology was mobilized to suppress rain clouds and actively prevent their appearance over the Chernobyl zone. In the first weeks of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the main source of air pollution with radionuclides was the destroyed reactor, but over time (after the cessation of the release from the reactor), the formation of radioactive pollution of the atmosphere began to take place due to the formation of dust and wind transport of radionuclides from the adjacent territories of the radioactive trace zone.
The problem required a prompt solution. To fix dust in areas of intense dust formation, scientists proposed to use the technology of applying polymer compositions. In accordance with the decision of the Government Commission dated 05/07/86, extensive work was carried out on dust suppression of aerosol pollution in the indicated territories. All these measures were of great importance for reducing the impact of the negative factors of the accident on the environment.
However, there is no 100% guarantee that the release of radioactive substances will not be repeated. The hastily erected sarcophagus over the reactor, the height of a 24-storey building, may be unstable to tremors. A reactor damaged by an explosion is also unpredictable in behavior.
"Union - Chernobyl".
To eliminate the consequences of the accident, a government commission was created. The liquidators worked in shifts in the danger zone: those who had reached the maximum allowable dose of radiation left, and others came in their place. The main part of the work was carried out in 1986-1987, about 240 thousand people took part in them. The total number of liquidators (including subsequent years) was about 600 thousand. Every year they become less and less. I think they deserve respect and attention from the state. But, unfortunately, this respect is not enough to bring their health back to normal.
On the part of the state for the liquidators of the Chernobyl accident, there are the following measures of social support:
Ensuring the protection of the rights and interests of citizens exposed to radiation as a result of the Chernobyl accident in accordance with the Law.
Provision of additional paid leave in the amount of 14 calendar days.
Monthly cash payment and compensation payments for housing and communal services payments, payment for travel on suburban railway transport and for sanatorium treatment.
In recent years, there has been a decrease in the level of medical, drug and sanatorium services for citizens exposed to radiation. The flow of letters and phone calls increased after the speech of the head of the Chernobyl Union of Russia in the media: - if in 2006 57 citizens applied to the Chernobyl Union of Russia, then in 2007 after his speech - 176 citizens calls increased tenfold. A large number of applications came from Moscow, Krasnodar Territory, Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions.
The government is gradually phasing out all social protection programs for Chernobyl victims.
Chernobyl today
Today, about 6,000 people work here, who came here from all over Ukraine. They work in shifts - 15 days are in the zone, 15 days - outside it. They are brought to the zone from Slavutich by a special train. In Chernobyl itself, only the workers' dormitories are located. It is officially forbidden to live in the zone, although a year after the accident, 1,000 people returned to their former homes, which is why they were called self-settlers. Some of them even live alone in the villages. In total, today there are about 300 self-settlers left - the average age is from 60 and above, the postman goes to them, the doctor examines them once a month, the administration of the zone pays a pension. Also, 130 organizations operate on the territory of the ChEZ, 30 of them are large - this is the Chernobyl nuclear power plant itself, Chernobylles (in charge of all plantations), Chernobylservice (public services), Chernobylmetal (decontamination and disposal of metal) and others.
Everything that happens at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant today can be conditionally divided into three intersecting directions :
final decommissioning of the enterprise;
work on international projects;
transformation of the Shelter Object into an ecologically safe system, or, if very simplified, the construction of the "Arch".
The first direction assumes active activity at the industrial site until 2065. To date, from all shutdown reactors and spent fuel pools, all nuclear fuel (more than 20 thousand spent fuel assemblies) has been unloaded and moved for temporary storage in the spent nuclear fuel storage facility (with the exception of 53 damaged fuel-emitting assemblies located in the spent fuel pools of the 1st and 2 blocks, they will be removed over the next year and placed in ISF-1 in special channels). Until 2022, it is planned to finally close and conserve all reactors and the most "dirty" equipment, after which a long period of "waiting" is planned for more than 20 years (until 2045), during which, according to calculations, the natural half-life of radionuclides will occur, and hence a decrease radioactivity of equipment and structures. At this time, the external structures will be dismantled. Then, for another 20 years, all the equipment inside the premises, and at the same time the unstable elements of buildings, will also be dismantled, which can be decontaminated and taken out of regulatory control, scrapped, which cannot be buried, the tents of the blocks will be lowered, the site will be cleaned. Initially, it was planned that the most correct thing is to turn the industrial site into a "Brown Spot" by 2065 and "forget" about this territory. However, taking into account the specifics of the exclusion zone, personnel potential and other factors, now we are talking about the most optimal integration of the ChNPP site into the industrial complex of Ukraine. Those. to create there "near-nuclear" production facilities - for example, for the processing and storage of radioactive waste, spent fuel, etc., which is already partially implemented within the framework of the second mentioned direction "international projects".
At the moment, within the framework of international technical assistance projects (which implies joint financing by the West and Ukraine), more than 10 projects are being implemented at the Chernobyl NPP, without which it is simply unrealistic to remove the power units from operation. For example, during the operation at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, about 20 thousand meters of cubic liquid radioactive waste and more than 300 thousand meters of cubic solid radioactive waste have been accumulated. As mentioned above, it is necessary to dismantle and decontaminate equipment, core structures, including graphite, sand, metal, etc. In order to somehow deal with all these lakes and mountains of radioactive materials, a liquid radioactive waste processing plant (LRTP) and a solid radioactive waste management complex (SSRWM) were built. In the first, it is planned to pack more than forty 200-liter barrels per day, in the second - 20 meters of cubic maintenance per day. In order to have something to pack RO, a complex for the production of barrels and containers was built on the site (about 35 thousand metal barrels and 700 reinforced concrete containers per year). In order to grind “oversized” waste, the long waste cutting unit is being modernized. In order to store the spent nuclear fuel removed from the reactors, a storage facility was built (ISF-2, 21 thousand spent fuel assemblies). Separately, it is worth mentioning the construction of the Centralized Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage Facility (CSFSF), which was launched on August 26 this year. First of all, the construction of such a facility will strengthen the energy independence of Ukraine. Until recently, all spent fuel from Ukrainian nuclear power plants was exported for considerable sums - about $ 200 million a year - to Russia for further processing. Russia extracted all valuable elements from the spent nuclear fuel, and returned the fuel back in the form of radioactive waste. Meanwhile, today all countries have taken the “deferred solution” path - they do not reprocess spent nuclear fuel, but temporarily store it in storage in the hope that in the near future the development of progress will lead to the emergence of technologies that make it possible to reuse spent fuel as efficiently as possible. Presumably, the costs of construction and operation of the CSFSF will be almost four times less than the total costs incurred by Ukraine today, exporting spent nuclear fuel to Russia. After the construction of the start-up complex (it is assumed that this will happen in 2017), the spent fuel of the Khmelnytsky, Rivne and South-Ukrainian NPPs will be sent to its own CSFSF. The design capacity of the storage facility is expected to be 16.53 thousand spent fuel elements, and the operating period will be 100 years. And this is only part of the work on international projects.
Finally, the third direction of the Chernobyl NPP activity is the New Safe Confinement, better known as "Arka". Hardly anyone else has not heard that the “Sarcophagus”, erected after the accident in a heroic haste (in 206 days), is extremely leaky and shitiks are looking at you with sad glowing eyes through the holes in the roof at night. There is some truth in this myth.
First, about 180 tons of fuel remained inside the destroyed reactor, which turned into fuel-containing masses, as a result of which the radiation levels inside today reach thousands of roentgens.
Secondly, indeed, the tightness of the structure always left much to be desired, the total area of the cracks in the roof and walls at the time of its commissioning was 1000 sq. M. After the stabilization of building structures and the repair of light roofs in 2008, the situation has undoubtedly improved, but not dramatically.
Thirdly, the safe operation life of the “newly erected metal structures” of the Shelter object is 30 years, that is, it ends in 2016. In order to solve all these problems in one fell swoop, it was decided for the next 100 years to cover the entire Sarcophagus with a hefty arch with a span of 257 meters, an increase of over 100 meters (this is a 35-storey building), more than 160 meters long (this is one and a half football fields) and weighing over 30 thousand tons. There is no need to dwell on what an unrealistic amount of preparatory work was done to simply start construction (just one touch: more than 55 thousand cubic meters of solid radioactive waste and technological materials were removed from the site of the future construction), we are talking about the present moment.
Today we have raised two parts of the "Arch": Eastern (October 2013) and Western (October 2014) - and are as close to each other as possible.
In the near future, both parts will be connected to each other, in the Western part, support parts and side segments will be completed in the coming weeks. Then, within a couple of years, the entire structure will be filled with all sorts of useful stuffing, such as ventilation systems, and this bulk will be pulled over the old, dilapidated Sarcophagus, which will allow you to safely deal with its roof and entrails.
Chapter 2. Research methodology
In the course of our work, we used different methods, methods and techniques of research:
Attending the lesson of courage “Chernobyl. On the edge of the possible ", conducted by the librarian Kudina Svetlana Mikhailovna in Districtcentral library named after Ya.M. Rocheva, Sosnogorsk, Komi Republic and exhibitions of popular science books, magazines, etc. (see Appendix 1);
Trip and acquaintance with the Chairman of the Council of Veterans to collect information on liquidators of consequences at the Chernobyl NPP in Sosnogorsk, Komi Republic (see Appendix 2);
On April 26, 2016 we visited the City Palace of Culture in Ukhta at the exhibition of works of the city drawing competition "Chernobyl through the eyes of children" and at the thematic evening "This must not happen again! ", Dedicated to the memory of victims of radiation accidents and disasters and the 30th anniversary of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant."(see Appendix 3)
We met and had a conversation with the liquidator of the Chernobyl NPP in the city of Sosnogorsk, the Komi Republic (see Appendix 4);
We conducted and analyzed a sociological survey - a questionnaire survey among teachers studying full-time and part-time departments of our technical school. The survey involved 90 people. (see Appendix 5);
April 29, 2016 attended the solemn presentation and awarding of the Chernobyl liquidators in the city of Sosnogorsk, the Komi Republic (see Appendix 6)
Creation of a booklet on this topic (see Appendix 7);
Prepared a multimedia presentation for work
Chapter 3. Conclusion
The Chernobyl accident was a tragic surprise for everyone. It also claimed the lives of many people: many died when extinguishing the fire after the explosion; those who survived received radiation sickness, and soon they also died; and there are people who are still cleaning the Exclusion Zone from radiation - their lives are shortened by several years.
At this time, the political situation in the country began to change, and Chernobyl, along with other environmental issues, became one of the first topics about which it was possible, although not directly, to criticize the authorities. In preparation for the first democratic elections, Chernobyl is becoming a slogan for many aspiring politicians of various ranks. In addition, the media used the Chernobyl topic, first to criticize the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and then as a source of sensations to solve their purely opportunistic tasks at the stage of the formation of a free press. As a result, the media have become the main source of misinformation and destabilization of the socio-psychological situation in the affected territories. Professional publications, in which experts tried to resist psychosis and give a real assessment of the situation, remained virtually unknown to the general public.
The attempts of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to absolve itself of responsibility for the inadequate response and the delay in the implementation of measures to protect the population only exacerbate the situation. The government appeals to the world community with a request for an international examination, thereby expressing its complete distrust of domestic specialists and scientists. In this situation, the media direct the main stream of criticism to discredit everything that came from official science.
As a result, by the 5th anniversary of the Chernobyl accident, the media is already assessed as one of the biggest sins of the authorities. After the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the legislation of the USSR and then of Russia established the responsibility of persons who deliberately conceal or do not inform the population of the consequences of environmental disasters and man-made accidents. Information related to the environmental safety of places cannot now be classified as classified.
In conclusion, we want to say that the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant caused great damage to the economies of Ukraine, Belarus, Russia and even some European countries. Taking into account all the indirect losses and calculated for several years, experts estimated the losses of the Soviet Union at a huge amount of 70 - 80 billion dollars. The global nature of the Chernobyl disaster is also determined by the fact that even the world community is economically unable to eliminate the consequences of this tragedy. The government of Belarus estimates its total damage for the period 1986-2015. at $ 235 billion. The closure of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant alone required $ 4 billion, and Ukraine estimates the total economic damage to the liquidation of the remaining two units at $ 10 billion. By 2015, the total costs of only the three countries most affected by the disaster - Russia, Ukraine, Belarus - for the elimination of the consequences of the accident will exceed $ 300 billion.
Most people think of the Chernobyl disaster as a history, but the truth is that the disaster continues to have a devastating impact on the lives of the people of the three countries. Despite the fact that almost 30 years have passed since the explosion, it is quite possible that the worst consequences for human health have not yet manifested. High-profile headlines about the explosion and radiation clouds have disappeared from the headlines as the real disaster for people, economy, society and the environment continues.
In the course of studying special literature, Internet resources and conducting various observations (sociological survey - questioning), we found out that it is necessary to systematically remind all people aboutthe largest man-made disasterXXcentury - this is the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, about its consequences on the human body and the environment.The memory of Chernobyl should be sacred for us, as the memory of the veterans of the Great Patriotic War and the people who died in this terrible Great Patriotic War is sacred. We must always remember the feat of people who, in a difficult moment, went down the throat of radiation, covering only Kiev, Ukraine, but the whole world with themselves!We are very proud of our "Chernobyl victims" who live on the territory of the Komi Republic, Sosnogorsk.
"Feat" -
He is from the word to move.
The weak - towards the goal.
To the courage of the stragglers.
Raise the fallen and tired
Move -
To light the extinguished ones.
I would like to believe that people will learn to take care of their planet and there will be no “second Chernobyl”, “second Fukushima”. We must remember that our future is in our hands! So let's make it livable.
The practical significance of this work lies in the fact that the collected materials can be used by students and teachers (teachers) to conduct additional physics lessons. (class hour, scientific and educational conference, lesson - courage, etc.). With our work, we wanted to draw the attention of other students of our technical school to the problem we were working on, and for this we developed and distributed the booklet "The Chernobyl accident - a global catastrophe of our time"
The results of the study helped us answer all our earlier questions in the work, but one of the questions:"What needs to be done so that something like this never happens again?" made us think, we came to a consensus that safety requires highly qualified specialists, discipline and responsibility.
Thus, the tasks of the research work have been solved, the set goals have been achieved, the problem posed has been clarified, hypothesis that man is the main cause of man-made disasters, which he himself has to correct, has found its full confirmation.
Literature
The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant and its consequences: Information of the State Committee of the AE of the USSR, prepared for a meeting at the IAEA (Vienna, August 25 ... 29, 1986).
Illesh A.V., Pralnikov A.E. Report from Chernobyl: Notes of eyewitnesses. Comments. Reflections.M .: Mysl ', 1987 .-- 157 p.
Karpan N.V. Chronology of the accident at the 4th unit of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Analytical report, D. No. 17-2001, Kiev, 2001.
Medvedev G.U. - Chernobyl Chronicle.Publisher: Sovremennik Year: 1989. - 240 p.
On the causes and circumstances of the accident at the 4th unit of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant on April 26, 1986. Report of the GPAN USSR, Moscow, 1991.
Chernobyl. Days of testing. Book of testimonies.Kiev: "Radyansky Written", 1988. - 443 p.
Chernobyl. Exclusion Zone. Digest of articles. Family Leisure Club Publishing House. Kharkov. Belgorod. 2011 r.
Internet resources:
Appendices 1
According to the plan of educational work in our technical school, events dedicated to the Chernobyl accident were planned:
On April 24, 2016 in the regional library named after Y. Rochev in Sosnogorsk, an exhibition of popular science books and magazines devoted to the subject of the Chernobyl accident was held. (See Photo 1)
Photo 1 Visiting the exhibition in the library
Appendix 2
At the beginning of April 2016, we visited the regional council of veterans of the city of Sosnogorsk of the Komi Republic and received information about the liquidators of the consequences at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant from the chairman Olga Nikiforovna Koryakina (see Table 3.1)
Table 2.1
Categories (the presence of any of the enumerated 05/01/2016): Citizens, military personnel and conscripts (including temporarily sent or posted), who took in1986-1987Full name
District, locality
AkOpyanLeonid Vladimirovich
Sosnogorsky, Nizhny Odessa
Aleshin Igor Mikhailovich
Sosnogorsky, Nizhny Odessa
Vasily Bezbabnykh
Sosnogorsk, Sosnogorsk
Bershadsky Alexander Yakovlevich
Sosnogorskiy, Ust - Ukhta
Gabov Semyon Ilyich
Sosnogorskiy, Voyvozh
Getmanenko Sergey Alexandrovich
Sosnogorsk, Sosnogorsk
Ivanov Victor Nikolaevich
Sosnogorsky, Nizhny Odessa
Kozlov Ivan Mikhailovich
Sosnogorsk, Sosnogorsk
Kochergin Leonid Ivanovich
Sosnogorskiy, Voyvozh
10.
Ksendzov Alexander Nesterovich
Sosnogorsk, Sosnogorsk
11.
Valery Lebedev
Sosnogorsk, Sosnogorsk
12.
Dmitry Lebedev
Sosnogorsk, Sosnogorsk
13.
Likhachev Vladislav Pavlovich
Sosnogorsk, Sosnogorsk
14.
Lyusov Sergey Mikhailovich
Sosnogorsk, Sosnogorsk
15.
Mayorov Sergey Nikolaevich
Sosnogorsk, Sosnogorsk
16.
Maksarov Sergey Egorovich
Sosnogorskiy, Voyvozh
17.
Mitrovich Mikhail Iosifovich
Sosnogorsk, Sosnogorsk
18.
Moiseyanchik Alexey Alekseevich
Sosnogorsk, Sosnogorsk
19.
Otroshko Alexander Andreevich
Sosnogorsk, Sosnogorsk
20.
Pavlov Alexander Borisovich
Sosnogorsk, Sosnogorsk
21.
Pavel Semenovich Pestov
Sosnogorsk, Sosnogorsk
22.
Poplevkin Yuri Mikhailovich
Sosnogorsk, Sosnogorsk
23.
Sinebryukhov Nikolay Vasilievich
Sosnogorsky, Malaya Pera
24.
Smirnov Nikolay Gennadievich
Sosnogorsk, Sosnogorsk
25.
Alexander Soloviev
Sosnogorsk, Sosnogorsk
26.
Sulgin Vasily Georgievich
Sosnogorsk, Sosnogorsk
27.
Sumarokov Alexander Igorevich
Sosnogorsk, Sosnogorsk
28.
Syskin Vladimir Vasilievich
Sosnogorsk, Sosnogorsk
29.
Trefilov Mikhail Ivanovich
Sosnogorsk, Sosnogorsk
30.
Khozyainov Gennady Fedorovich
Sosnogorsk, Sosnogorsk
31.
Chemeris Yuri Viktorovich
Sosnogorsk, Sosnogorsk
32.
Shatov Alexander Ivanovich
Sosnogorsk, Sosnogorsk
33.
Shmygov Viktor Borisovich
Sosnogorsk, Sosnogorsk
Continuation of Appendix 2
Continuation of Table 2.1
List of liquidators of consequences at the Chernobyl NPP in Sosnogorsk, Komi Republic
1988 participation in works on liquidation of the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster
Asaulka Sergey Alexandrovich
Sosnogorsky, Nizhny Odessa
Gorbulin Mikhail Vasilievich
Sosnogorskiy, Kerki
Karev Viktor Mikhailovich
Sosnogorsky, Nizhny Odessa
Pavin Igor Valentinovich
Sosnogorsk, Sosnogorsk
Senyukov Nikolay Vasilievich
Sosnogorsk, Sosnogorsk
Kharchenko Alexander Grigorievich
Sosnogorsky, Verkhneizhemsky
Khristyuk Valery Vladimirovich
Sosnogorsk, Sosnogorsk
Chernikhov Sergey Ivanovich
Sosnogorsk, Sosnogorsk
Categories (the presence of any of the enumerated 05/01/2016): Citizens, military personnel and conscripts (including temporarily sent or posted), who took in1989-1990 years participation in the work to eliminate the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster
Babkin Valery Nikolaevich
Sosnogorsk, Sosnogorsk
Khaleev Petr Pavlovich
Sosnogorsky, Nizhny Odessa
Categories (any of the following 05/01/2016): Disabled group 1 due to the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, Disabled group 2 due to the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, Disabled group 3 due to the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant
Nikolay Korotkov
Sosnogorskiy, Voyvozh
Categories (the presence of any of the following 05/01/2016): Citizens, resettled (resettled), including those who left voluntarily, from the resettlement zone in 1986 and in subsequent years as a result of the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant
Oleg Grigoriev
Sosnogorsk, Sosnogorsk
Maksimenko Alexander Ivanovich
Sosnogorsk, Sosnogorsk
Sasova Alla Mikhailovna
Sosnogorsk, Sosnogorsk
Categories (the presence of any of the following 05/01/2016): Citizens evacuated (including those who left voluntarily) in 1986 from the exclusion zone due to the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant
Krivenko Tatiana Ivanovna
Sosnogorskiy, Voyvozh
Continuation of Appendix 2
Continuation of Table 2.1
List of liquidators of consequences at the Chernobyl NPP in Sosnogorsk, Komi Republic
Categories (the presence of any of the following 05/01/2016): Families, including widows (widowers) of the deceased participants in the liquidation of the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster in 1986-1987.Aksenova Tatiana Vasilievna
Sosnogorsk, Sosnogorsk
Gvozdyrkova Anna Osmanovna
Sosnogorsky, Nizhny Odessa
Derkach Maria Mikhailovna
Sosnogorsky, Nizhny Odessa
Categories (the presence of any of the enumerated 05/01/2016): Families, including the widows (widowers) of the deceased participants in the liquidation of the consequences of the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1988-1990.
Kislitsina Nina Nikolaevna
Sosnogorsky, Nizhny Odessa
Categories (the presence of any of the lists on 05/01/2016): Families who have lost their breadwinner from among citizens who died as a result of the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, who died as a result of radiation sickness and other diseases that arose in connection with the Chernobyl disaster, as well as families of deceased disabled people, who were subject to social support measures
Pultsina Lyubov Anatolyevna
Sosnogorsk, Sosnogorsk
Appendix 3
Photo 2 - 3 Visiting the exhibition of works of the drawing competition "Chernobyl through the eyes of children"
Continuation of Appendix 3
Photo 4 - 9 Visitthemed evening "This must not happen again! ", Dedicated to the memory of victims of radiation accidents and catastrophes and the 30th anniversary of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant"
Continuation of Appendix 3
Continuation of Appendix 3
Appendix 4
On April 22, 2016 we went to the address: Komi Republic Sosnogorsk st. Pionerskaya d 2 kv 6 for acquaintance and conversation with the liquidator of consequences. at the Chernobyl
During the conversation, we received the following information:
Yuri Ivanovich Poplevkin was born on May 22, 1950 in the city of Izhevsk (see Photos 15 - 17). In 1953, his family moved to the city of Sosnogorsk of the Komi Republic, graduated from secondary school No. 2, served in the city of Sverdlovsk chemical troops. In 1986 he was called up to liquidate the consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. While staying, the Chernobyl nuclear power plant receives a radioactive dose of radiation for 12 days, gets to the hospital, after the hospital it again continues to actively work on the territory of Chernobyl. Four months later, he was sent home to the city of Sosnogorsk, since the established time spent by people on the territory of Chernobyl was limited to 4 months.
April 29, 2016 Yuri Ivanovich Poplevkin was invited to the administration of the city of Sosnogorsk of the Komi Republic to present the jubilee medal to the 30th anniversary of the Chernobyl accident. Awarded (see Photos 10-16):
medal of the 3rd degree for "Merit to the Fatherland";
medal for the 25th anniversary of the Chernobyl accident;
medal for the 30th anniversary of the Chernobyl accident
Photo 10 Poplevkin Yuri Ivanovich
Continuation of Appendix 4
Photos 11, 12 Documents proving that. that Yuri Ivanovich Poplevkin is the liquidator of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant
Continuation of Appendix 4
Photo 13 Presentation of a medal for the 30th anniversary of the Chernobyl accident
Photo 14,15 Invitation card
Photo 16 Medals of Yuri Ivanovich Poplevkin
Appendix 5
In order to find out the level of knowledge on this issue, we decided to conduct a sociological survey - a questionnaire survey among teachers and students of the full-time and part-time departments of our technical school. 90 people took part in the survey. The respondents were asked the following questions, which are displayed in table 5.1.
Table 5.1
Questionnaire - questionnaire
The results of the survey are presented in the form of diagrams 1 - 10,obtained with the programMicrosoft Excel. The conducted sociological survey - the questionnaire survey allowed us to draw the following conclusions: that not all students remember the date, month and year of the Chernobyl accident, and only 72% of the respondents know and remember that it happened on April 26, 1986. To the question: Who do you think is to blame for the Chernobyl disaster? 44% of the respondents - the human factor, 14% - negligence of workers and 13% - do not know. The last figure tells us that a certain number of the surveyed students of our technical school do not read popular science books, magazines - their 50%, but use other sources of information (watching videos on this topic - 91% of the surveyed students). To the next question: What is Chernobyl for you ?, we received a lot of points of view, many believe, and this is 22% of the respondents - an exclusion zone, 18% - an object of radioactive contamination, 16% - a ghost town, etc. 16% suggest using Chernobyl as a nature reserve, 15% as a research center and 13% as a tourist destination. Our students also dream of visiting Chernobyl, and 20% of those surveyed, 80% have not visited and do not want to, since 33% of respondents believe that today Chernobyl is very dangerous for people and 41% think there is a danger, but not significant. Our last question was: Do you think the programs to eliminate the consequences of the Chernobyl NPP are funded enough? 74% of the respondents do not know about their existence at all, and only 19% know that they exist and are financed. We will try to analyze why the students do not know about financing programs for liquidation of the consequences at the Chernobyl NPP, firstly, this is due to the fact that they did not face this issue, since 94% of the respondents do not have close relatives associated with the events at the Chernobyl NPP, and secondly , from not wanting to be a comprehensively informed person.
Continuation of Appendix 5
Diagram 1 When did the Chernobyl disaster take place?
Chart 2. Who do you think is to blame for the Chernobyl disaster?
Continuation of Appendix 5
Diagram 3. What is Chernobyl for you?
Continuation of Appendix 5
Diagram 4. Have you read books about the Chernobyl disaster?
Diagram 5. Have you watched videos about the Chernobyl disaster?
Continuation of Appendix 5
Diagram 6. Are you or your close relatives connected with the events of the Chernobyl disaster?
Diagram 7. How do you think the Chernobyl zone should be used in the future?
Continuation of Appendix 5
Diagram 8. Have you visited the Chernobyl “exclusion zone”?
Diagram 9. In your opinion, how safe is Chernobyl today?
Continuation of Appendix 5
Diagram 10. In your opinion, are the programs for liquidation of the consequences of the Chernobyl NPP funded enough?
Appendix 6
On April 29, 2016, in the district administration of Sosnogorsk, the Komi Republic,words of gratitude to “our Chernobyl victims” for their heroism in eliminating the consequences of the Chernobyl accident.
Aleksey Moiseyanchik, chairman of the Union of Chernobyl victims of the Sosnogorsk region, reminded his fellow-liquidators of the cost of victory over an invisible enemy: “30 years ago we took part in work in the Chernobyl accident zone. Thanks to us and people like us, the reactor was pacified, the sarcophagus was closed, the area affected by radioactive elements of the territory decreased. And the memory of this must live in the generations of our descendants! "
In connection with the 30th anniversary of the accident, the Sosnogorsk "Chernobyl victims" were awarded a badge "In memory of the Chernobyl disaster" (see Photo 17, 18
)
In total, more than thirty residents of Sosnogorsk were awarded the award. (see photo19 - 51 )
Photo 17, 18 Award "In memory of the Chernobyl disaster"
Continuation of Appendix 6
Photo 19 - 45 Liquidators of the consequences of the Chernobyl accident in the city of Sosnogorsk, Komi Republic
Continuation of Appendix 6
Continuation of Appendix 6
Appendix 7
Chernobyl accident destructionApril 26, 1986 the fourth power unit of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, located on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR (now Ukraine). The destruction was explosive, the reactor was completely destroyed, and a large amount of radioactive substances were released into the environment. The accident is regarded as the largest of its kind in the entire history of nuclear energy, both in terms of the estimated number of people killed and affected by its consequences, and in terms of economic damage. During the first three months after the accident, 31 people died; the long-term effects of radiation, revealed over the next 15 years, caused the death of 60 to 80 people.
Accident liquidators
(excerpt)
... And, suddenly, like a bolt from the blue ...
A threat much more terrible than war.
There are no more terrible accidents in history,
Death came out in the revelry of spring ...
The reactor and the whole peaceful atom exploded
Suddenly, he became deadly, terrible and evil.
And the heroes stood up to fight this bastard,
From all areas of our strong country.
They won, the reactor was covered,
They plugged that muzzle, putting on a sarcophagus ...
At the cost of health and my own life,
And full of bitter tears in my eyes
Such heroism cannot be forgotten
It is worthy of the highest awards.
Hold on to each other, it'll help you
May God grant you health, because your feat is holy!
A.I. Varin
Authors of the booklet:
Zaitse Andrey, Novoseltsev Alexander, 2-year students,
Zaets Tatyana Viktorovna, physics teacher
Address: Republic of Komi, Sosnogorsk,
st. Kuratova - 4,
SPOU "Sosnogorsk Technological College"
The Chernobyl accident is a global disaster
modernity
April 26, 1986 -
In memory, every hut is visible
The wind in the Chernobyl sorrow is wailing ...
Here in front of me and behind me she is,
Joy and pain turn into fear -
Soon they will ask us to move too ...
So, be, beyond the outskirts of the meadow
With a village that is still being demolished.
So, be, our fruitful garden, Generous in this last autumn.
Landings are like that at each of the huts
In the village, which is still being demolished.
I will not raise my watery eyes:
They no longer reap here and no longer mow ... I will dream, I know more than once
A village that is still being demolished. This is Chernobyl.
This is a difficult legacy for
future generations
as a result of the accident, tens of thousands of people died among the liquidators alone, in Europe there were 10,000 cases of deformities in newborns, 10,000 cases of thyroid cancer and an increase in oncological diseases;
In areas affected by radiation, there have been cases of mutations of some species of animals and plants.
Affected by
Chernobyl disaster
This explosion scorched your wings
Not letting you fly any further.
And the nightmare so suddenly became a reality, It remains to regret the past.
Tears washed away the radiation sickness,
Tears of hundreds and thousands of people
Bare you a living soul,
Killing what is dearer to the heart.
Children and grandchildren are crying after you,
Only this trouble cannot be helped.
It remains for us to remember science,
After all, the events today are exactly the same.
I turn off the TV again
Not to see such news. The same mistakes are repeated
Killing innocent children
The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant was the largest in the history of nuclear energy. An objective understanding of its environmental, social, medical and psychological consequences is the subject of many years of study by specialists from many countries.
It focused on the most negative features of the modern and political, and economic, and social, and ecological state of the country. The accident revealed all that negative that modern technology and technology can carry with inept management and use of the achievements of scientific and technological progress. As a result of the Chernobyl accident, 50,000,000 Ci of various radionuclides entered the environment. Due to the difficult meteorological situation after the accident, vast territories of Ukraine (41.75 thousand sq. Km), Belarus (46.6 thousand sq. Km), the European part of Russia (57.1 thousand sq. Km) ... The trajectories of the polluted air masses crossed the territories of Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland and Scandinavian countries, in the south of Moldova, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey. The territories of Austria, Germany, Italy, Great Britain and a number of other countries of Western Europe have been contaminated.
According to the official estimates of three countries (the Republic of Belarus, Russia, Ukraine), at least more than 9,000,000 people suffered from the Chernobyl disaster in one way or another.
In the RSFSR, 16 regions and one republic with a population of about 3,000,000 people living in more than 12,000 settlements were exposed to radioactive contamination. World public opinion has rightly assessed the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant as a result of many years of practice that is inhumane to man and nature. The Chernobyl disaster reflected all the viciousness of the past totalitarian system: deep-rooted inattention to people, widespread negligence, disregard for labor standards and its safety. An atmosphere of secrecy reigned in the field of the use of nuclear energy. Alarms about the accidents at the Leningrad nuclear power plant in 1975, at the 2nd unit of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1982, were hushed up.
It should also be said that the state systematically economized on the safety of nuclear energy. The dosimetric control system was in disrepair. Protective equipment was far from perfect and was produced in minimal batches. Emergencies often arose in the absence of public awareness of the existing and possible danger to health and life.
In the period from 1986 to 1990, over 800,000 citizens of the USSR were involved in the work in the Chernobyl NPP zone (construction of the SHELTER facility, start-up of 1, 2, and 3 power units, decontamination of the ChNPP industrial site, disposal of radioactive materials and equipment of the facilities). including 300,000 people from Russia. The scale of the catastrophe could have become immeasurably large, if not for the courage and selfless actions of the liquidators.
Chronology of events in the event of an accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant
01:06 The planned shutdown of the reactor began. A gradual decrease in the thermal power of the reactor. (In normal operation, the thermal power of the reactor is 3200 MW).
03:47 Decrease in reactor power was interrupted by 1600 MW.
14:00 The emergency cooling system has been disabled. This was part of the experiment program. This was done to prevent interruption of the experiment. This action did not directly lead to the accident, but if the emergency cooling system had not been turned off, the consequences might not have been as dire.
14:00 Further power reduction planned. However, the Kiev power grid dispatcher asked the reactor operator to continue generating electricity to meet the city's electricity needs. Therefore, the reactor power was left at 1600 MW. The experiment was delayed, and at first it was intended to be carried out within one shift.
24:00 End of shift.
00:05 The reactor power was reduced to 720 MW. The decrease in power continued. Now it has been proven that the safe control of the reactor in that situation was possible at 700 MW, since otherwise, the “void” coefficient of the reactor becomes positive.
00:28 The power of the reactor is reduced to 500 MW. The control was switched to an auto-adjusting system. But then either the operator did not give a signal to hold the reactor at a given power, or the system did not respond to this signal, but suddenly the reactor power dropped to 30 MW.
00:32 (approximately) In response, the operator began to raise the control rods, trying to restore the reactor power. The Safety Requirements required the operator to coordinate with the chief engineer if the effective number of rods to be lifted was greater than 26. Today's calculations show that fewer control rods were required to be lifted at that time.
01:00 Reactor power increased to 200 MW.
01:03 An additional pump was connected to the left loop of the cooling system to increase the circulation of water through the reactor. This was part of the plans for the experiment.
01:07 An additional pump was connected to the right cycle of the cooling system (also according to the experiment plan). The connection of additional pumps caused an acceleration in the cooling of the reactor. This also led to a decrease in the water level in the steam separator.
01:15 The automatic steam separator control system has been disabled by the operator. to continue with the reactor.
01:18 To continue working with the reactor, the operator increased the flow of water, trying to solve problems in the cooling system.
01:19 More control rods extended to increase reactor power and raise steam separator temperature and pressure. The operating rules required that at least 15 control rods remain in the reactor core at all times. It is assumed that at that moment only 8 control rods were left in the core. However, the automatically controlled rods remained in the core, which made it possible to increase the effective number of control rods in the reactor core.
01:21:40 The operator reduced the water flow through the reactor to normal in order to restore the water level in the steam separator, thus reducing the cooling of the reactor core.
01:22:10 Steam began to form in the core (water that cooled the reactor boiled).
01:22:45 The data received by the operator signaled danger, but gave the impression that the reactor was still in a steady state.
01:23:04 The turbine valves were closed. The turbines were still spinning by inertia. This, in fact, was the beginning of the experiment.
01:23:10 The automatically controlled rods were removed from the core. The rods were lifted for about 10 seconds. This was a normal response to compensate for the decrease in reactivity following the closing of the turbine valves. Typically, a decrease in reactivity is caused by an increase in pressure in the refrigeration system. This should have led to a decrease in steam in the core. However, the expected decrease in the pair did not follow, because the water flow through the core was small.
01:23:21 Vaporization has reached a point where, due to its own positive "void" coefficient, further vaporization leads to a rapid increase in the thermal power of the reactor.
01:23:35 An uncontrolled formation of steam began in the core.
01:23:40 The operator pressed the "Emergency" button (AZ-5). The control rods began to enter from the top of the core. In this case, the center of reactivity moved down the core.
01:23:44 The power of the reactor increased dramatically and exceeded the design by about 100 times.
01:23:45 Fuel rods (fuel elements) began to collapse. High pressure has built up in the fuel lines.
01:23:49 Fuel channels began to collapse.
01:24 Two explosions followed. The first is due to the explosive mixture formed as a result of the decomposition of water vapor. The second was caused by the expansion of fuel vapors. The explosions threw out the piles of the roof of the fourth block. Air has entered the reactor. The air reacted with the graphite rods to form carbon monoxide II (carbon monoxide). This gas flared up and a fire started. The roof of the turbine hall is made of materials that are highly flammable. (These are the same materials that were used at a weaving factory in Bukhara, which completely burned down in the early 70s. And although some workers were brought to justice after the incident in Bukhara, the same materials were used in the construction of the nuclear power plant.)
Eight out of 140 tons of nuclear fuel containing plutonium and other extremely radioactive materials (fission products), as well as fragments of a graphite moderator, also radioactive, were thrown into the atmosphere by the explosion. In addition, vapors of radioactive isotopes of iodine and cesium were emitted not only during the explosion, but also spread during the fire. As a result of the accident, the reactor core was completely destroyed, the reactor compartment, the deaerator stack, the turbine hall and a number of other structures were damaged.
The barriers and safety systems protecting the environment from the radionuclides contained in the irradiated fuel were destroyed and activity was released from the reactor. This emission at the level of millions of curies per day lasted for 10 days from 26.04.86. until 06/05/86, after which it fell thousands of times and subsequently gradually decreased.
By the nature of the processes of destruction of the 4th unit and by the scale of the consequences, the indicated accident had the category beyond design basis and belonged to the 7th level (severe accidents) according to the international scale of nuclear events INES.
What radionuclides were released into the environment?
More than 40 different types of radionuclides were released from the destroyed reactor during the first 10 days after the accident. For the analysis of the consequences of the accident, iodine (J-131), cesium (Cs-137) and strontium (mainly Sr-90) are of importance. Today, it is believed that about 50% of the iodine contained in the reactor and 30% of cesium got into the atmosphere.
The hot gases released during the burning of the graphite shell raised the radioactive substances to a height of more than 1,500 meters. Various weather conditions in the first days after the accident led to the fact that radioactivity spread widely up to the territories of Scandinavia, Poland, the Baltic States, as well as southern Germany, northern France and England.
Heavy rains occurred in places in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, which led to a very uneven distribution of radionuclides. For example, in the Gomel region of Belarus, northeast of Chernobyl, some of the territories were contaminated to the same extent as the zone in the immediate vicinity of the reactor. The Ukrainian city of Narodichi was divided by radioactive fallout into two halves: clean western and heavily polluted eastern. "Spots" of strong radiation pollution often coexist with slightly contaminated areas. Therefore, maps of local radioactive contamination play a particularly important role. They can be useful for the economic use of territories.
In terms of radiation contamination, iodine, with a half-life of 8 days, was the most dangerous radioactive element in the first weeks after the accident. In Belarus, during the first week after the accident, measurements almost everywhere indicated an increased content of radioactive iodine. The human body makes no distinction between radioactive and naturally occurring stable iodine and accumulates radioactive iodine mainly in the thyroid gland.
Radioactive cesium, with a half-life of 30 years, is by far the most abundant isotope. From 125,000 to 146,000 square kilometers are considered today to be contaminated with radioactive cesium. In addition, strontium (Sr-90) with a half-life of 29 years and plutonium (Pu-241), including its decay products, carry the danger of long-term radioactive contamination. Some of them will fall in half only after 24,000 years.
The consequences of the Chernobyl accident for the environment cannot be reduced only to the spatial distribution of radioactive contamination zones. Radioactive cesium, strontium and plutonium are increasingly spreading along the chain: Soil - Plant - Animal / Human. Other ways of territorial distribution of radionuclides are soil erosion under the influence of wind, forest fires, as well as agricultural land use and the migration of radionuclides in river waters.
What are the alternative versions of the causes and chronology of events?
Technical difficulites
Technical malfunctions (possibly affecting subsequent events) of the Chernobyl NPP arose during construction. In some areas of construction, deviations from the project and violations of the technology of work were made.
“The columns of the powerhouse frame are mounted with deviations from the centerline axes of up to 100 mm, there are no horizontal ties between the columns in some places. The wall panels are laid with a deviation from the axes of up to 150 mm. " KGB of the USSR 346-A dated 02.21.79.
As a confirmation of the version of technical problems, one can cite the words of the former deputy. Minister G. A. Shasharin: “The main causes of the Chernobyl disaster were the design flaws of the control rods<…>... This can be proved by the fact that after the accident, significant reconstruction works were carried out at all RBMK reactors very quickly ”.
Experts who analyzed the pre-emergency chronology of the control of a nuclear installation identified the main, gross violations of the regulations that caused the accident:
- a decrease in the operational reactivity margin, that is, a decrease in the number of absorber rods in the reactor core below the permissible value.
- an unexpected failure of the reactor power, and then the operation of the apparatus at a lower thermal power level than envisaged by the test program.
- connection to the reactor of all eight main circulation pumps with excess flow rates for individual MCPs established by the regulations. (The error was inherent in the test program itself).
- blocking of reactor protection by a signal of steam disconnection from two turbine generators.
- blocking the protection of the device by the water level and steam pressure in the separator drum.
- shutdown of the protection system provided for in the event of a maximum design basis accident - the emergency reactor cooling system (ECCS).
Experiment
The formal cause of the accident was an experiment to determine the characteristics of the generator during the run-out of the turbine rotor. The developer and the actual head of the electrical experiment was the representative of Dontekhenergo, G.P. Metlenko, an electrician who had nothing to do with reactor affairs. The program was approved by the chief engineer of the Chernobyl NPP N. Fomin, who later admitted his incompetence in the field of nuclear physics. Neither the Ministry of Atomic Energy, nor Atomnadzor, the authorities with the knowledge of which the new procedures are being carried out at the reactor, were not even informed about the plan.
The experiment was scheduled for April 25th. To begin with, it was necessary to withdraw unit No. 4 from action smoothly, removing its power by "steps". But at 14 o'clock the superior organization "Kyivenergo" asked to delay this operation, since additional energy was needed for current affairs in the afternoon. The experiment was postponed to the night shift ...
Following the instructions, the shift personnel turned off (according to the instructions of the developed program) all protective systems of the reactor - "for the purity of the experiment." However, after these actions, the reactor ceased to be a mechanism thought out to the subtleties. Steam evolution increased sharply. Computing machine "Skala" ("black box" of the nuclear power plant) gave a signal: to urgently stop the experiment. The steam supply from the reactor to the turbine generator was stopped. The main circulation pumps stopped working, interrupting the natural cooling of the reactor, but vaporization, temperature and pressure in the reactor increased, as a result of which the unit, equipped with numerous protection systems, inevitably went out of control. At 1:23 pm, the shift supervisor finally realized what was happening. He ordered the introduction of maximum emergency protection - to lower the graphite rods-absorbers deep into the huge "can" of the reactor. But it was too late. Of the six meters of their travel, the rods managed to pass only half the way and got jammed in the overheated deformed channels. The pressure tore them apart, boiling water hit the graphite blocks. An unexpected hydrogen evolution reaction began. Four seconds later, the steam-gas mixture with an explosive release moved the three-thousand-ton plate of the reactor, exposing its red-hot interior. And then the countdown of the time of trouble, the heroism of firefighters, helicopter pilots and other liquidators began ...
Earthquake
In addition to the official version of the negligence of the personnel and technical malfunctions of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, there is an uncontested version of the geophysical activity of the Earth, around which there are still disputes. Perhaps the "local earthquake" was just a consequence of an experiment, or did it arise as an echo of a reactor explosion?
“The beginning and details of the development of the Chernobyl disaster were tracked using the method of comparing gradients of Azimuth Radar on the basis of a regional network of meteorological stations. From the factual materials it follows that the universal geodynamic process began on April 12 in the center of the Pripyat depression (this is about 200 km north-west of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant). Until April 16, the buildup followed. During this period, the cyclone deepened; its center shifted towards Chernobyl to the southeast. By April 19, the cyclone reached its maximum development, after which there was a sharp change in the process, and the cyclone began to fill up. As a result, by April 24, an anticyclone arose with a center approximately over Chernobyl, which began to shift to the east. At that moment, the employees of the Kharkov Research Institute registered a deflection of the proton layer in the ionosphere above this region, which indicates a high intensity of the process. Finally, on the curve of the subsequent drop in atmospheric pressure recorded by the meteorological station in Chernigov (this is about 60 km east of Chernobyl), on the night of April 26, a sharp ejection towards plus was displayed, which can be interpreted as an earthquake (seismic-gravitational shock). It can be argued that in Chernobyl, the atmospheric explosion accompanied the powerful processes of the earth's crust that took place there, "wrote Igor Yanitsky, head of the Center for Instrumental Observations of the Environment, in Literaturnaya Gazeta on April 24, 1996 (article" When the Earth Screamed ") and geophysical processes.
However, not everyone agreed with his point of view. There really was a seismic shock in the area of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant 20 seconds before the explosion at the station. This became known after reviewing the seismograms of three nearby stations of the Ukrainian Integrated Seismological Expedition. Similar results were confirmed by records of seismographs in the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR and regional centers. But the shock was so weak (less than 3 on the Richter scale) that seismologists, building builders, and reactor manufacturers then and now are reluctant to mention it. All parts of the earth's crust experience similar shocks more or less often - naturally, under nuclear power plants all over the world. People most often do not feel shocks of such force. For equipment and building structures, 3-point earthquakes are completely harmless. Moreover, for steel structures of a building, foundations of nuclear power plants and steel frames of reactors, even 7-point shocks are absolutely harmless, although they are 16 times stronger than 3-point shocks (a twofold increase in the seismic shock strength corresponds to one point in the Richter scale).
Sabotage
It is believed that, despite the conclusions of numerous commissions and experts, sabotage was the real cause of the disaster. But this word is interpreted in different ways by different people. Was a foreign agent sent in, or was there a criminal betrayal and stupidity of the state that turned into a disaster?
Sabotage - the destruction, disabling of objects of military, state, national economic importance by agents of a foreign state, criminal elements. Neither the Ministry of Atomic Energy, nor the Academy of Sciences with its research and design institutes, nor the state itself, with a developed civil defense system, were ready for such an unexpected, at first glance, accident. The Chernobyl disaster is not an accident, but a pattern. Nuclear reactors have a high degree of reliability. This reliability has been confirmed by experimental methods. At the same time, it COULD NOT fail the main and reserve pumps for water cooling of the operating reactor. TOO TIMELY photo was taken of the exploded 4th unit of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant from the US space satellite, which appeared in the calculated orbit over the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. A logical analysis of the facts and events of the "cold war" of the former USSR with a probable enemy from the 50s to the present shows that it was NOT an ACCIDENT, but a large-scale DIVERSION of the century, which undermined the economic basis of the USSR and with "external help" - the entire socialist system generally. For their own purposes, the opponents skillfully used the negligence and mediocrity of the country's top political leadership, headed by Gorbachev, and the lack of proper control of the operation of sensitive facilities by state bodies.
Former deputy. Minister of Energy Shasharin G.A., who did not sign the initial act of the Government Commission and was subsequently dismissed from his job and expelled from the party (now Chairman of Interatomenergo), was one of the first at all levels to tirelessly prove with documents in hand that the root cause was unsatisfactory scientifically grounded physical processes in the reactor during transient modes, the disgusting design of emergency protection organs, which, figuratively speaking, instead of life-saving armor, a fatal fuse, the presence of dangerous bursts of steam and power coefficients of reactivity (power), the absence in the project of clear justifications for which modes are emergency and why ... And as a result - imperfect technological regulations, which helped the operators to show flaws in the design of the installation in certain conditions.
Nikolai Ryzhkov, two months after the accident, said that the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant was not accidental, that the nuclear power industry was inevitably heading towards such a difficult event. The Chernobyl accident is the apotheosis, the pinnacle of the misconduct that has been carried out in our country for many decades.
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- Introduction
- Causes
- Accident progress
- Evacuation
- Pollution
- Nature
- Medical implications
- Protection
- Humanitarian aid
- Conclusion
- Literature
Introduction
By the beginning of 88, there were 417 atomic reactors in the world and 120 were still under construction. The contribution of nuclear power plants to energy generation in some countries was 70% for France, 66% for Belgium, 53% for South Korea, and 48.5% for Taiwan. In addition to nuclear reactors, there were 326 research nuclear installations, reactors installed on icebreakers, satellites, submarines. This suggests that nuclear energy is firmly entering our life with its pluses and minuses.
For the first time, mankind saw an atom in action in 45 g, when the United States dropped hydrogen bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. A third of the population of these cities died, radiation caused leukemia in many people. People died and continue to die to this day.
A series of nuclear weapons tests by the United States on Bikini Island in 46-58. led to the fact that as a result of the explosion, 2 neighboring islands disappeared from the face of the earth, and the island itself became uninhabitable.
In 57, an explosion took place at the Sellafield (Windskile) plant in England for the regeneration of nuclear fuel. As a result of pollution, 13 people died, more than 260 fell ill with acute and chronic radiation sickness.
In 66, 2 American military aircraft with missiles on board collided in Spain. One had to drop 4 atomic bombs. Fortunately, there was no explosion, but as a result of the emissions, crops of agricultural crops were killed, and 1.5 thousand tons of soil had to be removed for burial.
In 79 AD, a major accident also occurred at the Trimayland nuclear power plant in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
But the largest disaster in terms of its scale and consequences occurred on April 26, 1986 at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the description of which was not in any reference book on accidents at nuclear power plants. Many years have passed, but she still reminds of herself with cesium stains, premature deaths, serious illnesses and the grief of mothers who lost their sons in the battle with Reactor. And it will remind you for a long time, until cesium undergoes complete decay, and this is tens of years ...
Chernobyl is a small, cute, provincial Ukrainian town, immersed in greenery, all in cherries and apple trees.
In summer, many people from Kiev, Muscovites, and Leningraders loved to rest here. They came here thoroughly, often for the whole summer, made preserves for the winter, picked mushrooms, sunbathed on the dazzlingly clean sandy shores of the Kiev Sea, and fished. And it seemed that the beauty of the Polissya nature and the four blocks of a nuclear power plant located not far north of Chernobyl, hidden in concrete, were surprisingly harmoniously and inseparably coexisting here.
Causes
Since then, many different reports have been published explaining the causes of the accident. But there are many inconsistencies in these reports. Many researchers have interpreted some of the data in their own way. Over time, even more different interpretations have appeared. In addition, several authors were personally interested in this case. However, in most reports, the sequence of events that led to the accident is similar.
An accident of this type, such as that occurred at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, is as unlikely as hypothetical accidents. The cause of the tragedy that happened was an unpredictable combination of violations of the regulations and the operation mode of the power unit, admitted by the personnel who served it. As a result of these violations, a situation arose in which some of the RBMK deficiencies that existed before the accident and are now eliminated were manifested. The designers and managers of the nuclear power industry who designed and operated the RBMK-1000 did not allow, and, therefore, did not take into account the possibility of so many different deviations from the established and mandatory rules, especially from those persons who were directly entrusted with monitoring the safety of the nuclear reactor.
The day of April 25, 1986 at the 4th power unit of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant was planned as not quite ordinary. It was supposed to shut down the reactor for scheduled preventive maintenance. But before shutting down the nuclear installation, it was necessary to carry out some more experiments, which were outlined by the leadership of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
Before the shutdown, it was planned to test one of the turbine generators in run-down mode with the load of the unit's auxiliary needs. The essence of the experiment is to simulate a situation when a turbine generator can be left without its driving force, that is, without steam supply. For this, a special mode was developed, according to which, when the steam was turned off due to the inertial rotation of the rotor, for some time the generator continued to generate electricity necessary for its own needs, in particular for powering the main circulation pumps.
The shutdown of the reactor of the 4th power unit was planned in the afternoon of April 25, therefore, other personnel, not night personnel, were preparing for the tests. It is during the day at the station that the managers, the main specialists are at the station, and, therefore, there is an opportunity to exercise more reliable control over the course of experiments. However, there was a "discrepancy" here. The dispatcher of Kyivenergo did not allow the reactor to be shut down at the time scheduled for the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, as there was not enough electricity in the unified power system due to the unexpected failure of a power unit at another power plant.
The quality of the test program, which was not properly prepared and agreed upon, was found to be low. A number of the most important provisions of the operating regulations were violated in it. In addition to the fact that the program, in fact, did not provide for additional safety measures, it prescribed the shutdown of the emergency reactor cooling system (ECCS). This cannot be done at all. But then they did it. And there was motivation. During the experiment, an automatic activation of the ECCS could occur, which would prevent the completion of the tests in the coasting mode. As a result, reactor 4 was operated for many hours without this very important element of the safety system. On April 25, at 8 o'clock, there was a shift change, a plant-wide conference call, which is usually chaired by the director or his deputy. At that time, it was reported that work is underway at the 4th block with an unacceptably small number of absorber rods from the point of view of safety rules. This led to a tragedy at night. But in the morning, when all the instructions required an urgent shutdown of the reactor, the plant's management allowed it to continue to operate. Here representatives of the Gosatomenergonadzor group, which worked at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, had to intervene and stop such actions. But on that very day, none of the employees of this organization was present, except for the head, who came in for a short time, not having time to find out what was happening, what was planned at the 4th power unit. And all the supervision workers, it turns out, during working hours were ordered by order to be sent to the polyclinic, where they underwent a medical examination all day. Thus, the 4th power unit was left without protection from Gosatomenergonadzor. After the accident, experts carefully analyzed all the previous work of the Chernobyl NPP team. Unfortunately, the picture turned out to be not as rosy as it was imagined. Here and before, gross violations of nuclear safety requirements were committed. So, from January 17, 1986 until the day of the accident at the same 4th unit, 6 times without sufficient grounds, the reactor protection system was deactivated. It turned out that from 1980 to 1986, 27 cases of equipment failure were not investigated at all and were left without appropriate assessments. There was no training and methodological center at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, there was no effective system of vocational training, which was confirmed by the events of the night from 25 to 26 April. At the time of the accident, there were many “extra” people at power unit 4. In addition to those who were directly involved in the tests, there were other plant workers, in particular from the previous shift. They stayed on their own initiative, wishing to independently learn how to shut down the reactor and conduct tests. It should be noted that a simulator for training RBMK operators did not exist in the system of the USSR Ministry of Energy. In nuclear power, professional examinations are of particular importance. But at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, they were not always accepted by a sufficiently competent commission. The leaders who were supposed to lead it have withdrawn from their duties. Not everything went well with production discipline. The tests on the turbine generator # 8 were poorly prepared. More precisely, it is criminally bad. Moreover, at the same time were planned completely different tasks and methods of testing the turbine - for vibration and "run-out". The causes of the Chernobyl accident, its development were studied by leading scientists and specialists using data on the state of the reactor and its systems before the accident, mathematical models of the power unit and its reactor installation, and electronic computers. As a result, it was possible to restore the course of events, formulate versions of the causes and development of the accident.
Accident progress
On April 25, 1986, the situation developed as follows:
1 hour 00 minutes - according to the reactor shutdown schedule for scheduled preventive maintenance, the personnel began to reduce the power of the apparatus operating at nominal parameters.
13 hours 05 minutes - with a thermal power of 1600 MW, turbine generator No. 7, which is part of the system of the 4th power unit, is disconnected from the network. The power supply for own needs (main circulation pumps and other consumers) was transferred to turbine generator No. 8.
14 hours 00 minutes - in accordance with the test program, the emergency cooling system of the reactor is turned off. Since the reactor could not operate without an emergency cooling system, it had to be shut down. However, the dispatcher of Kyivenergo did not give permission to shut down the apparatus and the reactor continued to operate without ECCS. 23 hours 10 minutes - permission was obtained to shut down the reactor. But the operator lost control, as a result of which the power of the apparatus dropped to almost zero. In such cases, the reactor should be shut down. But the personnel did not heed this requirement. We began to increase the power.
At 01:00 a.m. on April 26, the personnel finally managed to raise the reactor power and stabilize it at the level of 200 MW (thermal) instead of 1000-700, laid down in the test program. At 1 hour 03 minutes and 1 hour 07 minutes, two more were additionally connected to the six operating main circulation pumps in order to increase the reliability of cooling the core of the apparatus after the tests.
Preparing for the experiment:
1 hour 20 minutes (approximately - according to the mathematical model) - the automatic control rods (AR) came out of the core to the upper limit switches, and the operator even helped this with the help of manual control. This is the only way to keep the power of the apparatus at the level of 200 MW (thermal). But at what cost? At the cost of violating the strictest prohibition to operate a reactor without a certain stock of neutron absorber rods. 1 hour 22 minutes 30 seconds - according to the printout of the rapid state assessment programs, there were only six to eight rods in the core. This value is approximately half the maximum permissible, and again the reactor needed to be shut down.
1 hour 23 minutes 04 seconds - the operator closed the stop and control valves of the turbine generator # 8. The steam supply has stopped. The coasting mode has begun. At the moment of shutdown of the second turbine generator, one more automatic protection for shutting down the reactor should have been triggered. But the staff, knowing this, turned it off in advance, so that, apparently, they could repeat the tests if the first attempt failed. In a situation that arose as a result of unregulated actions of personnel, the reactor fell (in terms of the coolant flow rate) into a state where even a small change in power leads to an increase in the volumetric steam content, many times greater than at the rated power. The increase in the volumetric vapor quality caused the appearance of positive reactivity. Power fluctuations could ultimately lead to its further growth. 1 hour 23 minutes 40 seconds - the shift supervisor of the 4th power unit, realizing the danger of the situation, gave the command to the senior reactor control engineer to press the button of the most effective emergency protection (AZ-5). The rods went down, but after a few seconds there were blows, and the operator saw that the absorbers had stopped. Then he de-energized the clutches of the servo drives so that the rods fell into the core under the influence of their own gravity. But most of the absorber rods remained in the upper half of the core. The insertion of the rods, as later shown by special studies, which began after pressing the AZ button, with the created distribution of the neutron flux along the height of the reactor, turned out to be ineffective and could also lead to the appearance of positive reactivity.
There was an explosion. But not nuclear, but thermal. As a result of the reasons already mentioned, intense vaporization began in the reactor. Then there was a crisis of heat transfer, heating of the fuel, its destruction, rapid boiling of the coolant, into which particles of the destroyed fuel fell, the pressure in the technological channels increased sharply. This led to a thermal explosion that destroyed the reactor.
The decrease in the reactor power, as already mentioned, began at 1:00 am on 25 April. This process was then stopped at the request of the power system manager. And the continuation of work to reduce the power began again at 23 hours and 10 minutes.
Let's consider what dangerous processes took place in the core during these 22 hours. First of all, it should be noted that in the course of a chain reaction, a whole spectrum of chemical elements is formed. Fission of uranium nuclei produces iodine, which has a half-life of about seven hours. Then it turns into xenon-135, which has the property of actively absorbing neutrons. Xenon, sometimes referred to as the “neutron core,” has a half-life of about nine hours and is constantly present in the reactor core. But during normal operation of the apparatus, it partially burns out under the influence of the same neutrons, therefore, in practice, the amount of xenon remains at the same level.
And with a decrease in the reactor power and, accordingly, a weakening of the neutron field, the amount of xenon (due to the fact that it burns out less) increases. The so-called "reactor poisoning" is taking place. In this case, the chain reaction slows down, the reactor falls into a deeply subcritical state known as the “iodine pit”. And until it is passed, that is, the "neutron poison" does not decay, the nuclear installation must be stopped. The device falls into the “iodine pit” when the reactor power fails, which happened on the 4th power unit of the Chernobyl NPP on April 25, 1986.
Xenon reduced the power of the apparatus, and to maintain its "breathing" it was necessary to remove from the core a large number of control rods, which also absorb neutrons. Thus, the desire of the staff, in spite of everything, to conduct the experiment came into conflict with the requirements of the regulations.
Heroes of Chernobyl.
They stayed at the top for 15-20 minutes:
Sergeant Nikolay Vasilievich Vashchuk
Senior Sergeant Vasily Ignatenko
Senior Sergeant Nikolay Ivanovich Titenok
Sergeant Vladimir Ivanovich Tashura
six portraits in black frames, six beautiful young guys look at us from the wall of the Chernobyl fire station, and it seems that their eyes are mournful, that bitterness, and reproachfulness, and a dumb question: how could this happen?
Firefighters were the first to hear the alarm. There were 17 people on the guard of Lieutenant Pravik. At first, Pravik's guard was in the turbine room. Everyone felt tension, felt responsibility, but everyone understood: it was necessary, and not one wavered. They put it out there, and the squad was left on duty under his leadership, because the turbine room remained in danger. The roof burned in several places on the third block. The third unit was still working, the roof had to be extinguished, otherwise it would have collapsed. If at least one plate falls on the reactor, then additional depressurization may occur. This is where the guard of Lieutenant Kibenko (SV PCh-6 in Pripyat), who came later, went. Pravik then even left his guard and ran to the aid of the city unit. At 2:23 pm Pravik was sent to the hospital.
Evacuation
Within an hour, the radiation situation in the city was clear. There were no measures in case of an emergency: people did not know what to do. According to all the instructions and orders that have existed for 25 years, the decision to withdraw the population from the danger zone was to be made by local leaders. By the time the Government Commission arrived, it was possible to take all people out of the zone even on foot. But no one took responsibility (the Swedes first took people out of the zone of their station, and only then began to find out that the release did not occur from them).
On the morning of Saturday, April 26, all the roads of Chernobyl were flooded with water and some kind of white solution, everything was white, everything, all roadsides. There were many policemen in the city. They did nothing - they sat at the objects: post office, the Palace of Culture. And people were walking, there were kids everywhere, it was hot, people were going to the beach, to summer cottages, fishing, sitting on the river, near the cooling pond - this is an artificial reservoir near the nuclear power plant. All lessons in schools took place in Pripyat. There was no accurate, reliable information. Only rumors. For the first time they started talking about the evacuation of Pripyat on Saturday evening. And at one o'clock in the morning, an order was given - to complete the documents for removal in 2 hours. On April 27, a message was transmitted: "Comrades, in connection with the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the evacuation of the city is announced. 3 days. Beginning of evacuation at 14:00. "
Imagine a convoy of a thousand buses with headlights on, walking along the highway in 2 rows and transporting thousands of Pripyat's population from the affected area - women, old people, adults and newborn babies, "ordinary" patients and those who suffered from radiation. The columns of the evacuees moved to the west, towards the village of Polesskiy, Ivanovskiy districts, adjacent to the lands of the Chernobyl region. The Chernobyl region itself was evacuated later - on May 4-5. The evacuation was carried out in an orderly and clean manner, the majority of the evacuees showed courage and resilience. All this is true, but is it only this that the lessons of evacuation are limited? How to assess the irresponsibility shown to all children, when the whole day before the evacuation was not announced, children were not forbidden to run and play in the street. And the schoolchildren who, knowing nothing, frolicked on Saturday at recess? Was it really impossible to hide them, forbid them to be on the street? Who would have condemned the leaders for such "reinsurance", even if it was unnecessary. But these methods were not superfluous, they were urgently needed. Is it any wonder that in such an atmosphere of complete "stub" of information a number of people, yielding to rumors, rushed to leave along the road that led through the "Red Forest". Witnesses tell how women with baby carriages walked along that road, which was already "glowing" in full force of radiation. Whatever it was, but today it is clear that the mechanism for making responsible decisions related to the protection of human health has not withstood a serious test. Countless approvals and linkages led to the fact that it took almost a day to take for granted the decision to evacuate Pripyat, Chernobyl.
The first patients from Pripyat began to enter Kiev hospitals. These were mostly young guys - firefighters and NPP workers. They all complained of headache and weakness. There was such a headache that literally, a two-meter guy stands, bangs his head against the wall and says: "This is easier for me, because my head hurts less." Many doctors traveled to evacuation areas to reinforce the medical staff.
Pollution
Almost all the fuel, the mass of which was about two hundred tons, was thrown out of the reactor. A small part of the fuel that directly participated in the explosion instantly evaporated, the rest of the fuel in the form of fragments of fuel elements and assemblies was scattered around the reactor, mainly towards the collapsed northern wall, but on the south side outside the reactor building there were some fuel assemblies lying around, and one even hung on the power lines. A certain amount, no more than several tens of tons, fell back into the reactor and began to melt from its own heat release. The fact is that even without a chain reaction, spent nuclear fuel generates enough heat for several weeks to melt itself and the surrounding structures. This fuel melted a hole in the base of the reactor twisted by the explosion and flowed in a mixture with molten concrete and sand under the reactor, into the so-called bubble-pool, where it solidified, turning into a stable mineral called "chernobylite" (aka "elephant's leg", he is also TSM, fuel-containing masses).
Eight out of 140 tons of nuclear fuel containing plutonium and other extremely radioactive materials (fission products), as well as fragments of a graphite moderator, also radioactive, were thrown into the atmosphere by the explosion. In addition, vapors of radioactive isotopes of iodine and cesium were emitted not only during the explosion, but also spread during the fire. As a result of the accident, the reactor core was completely destroyed, the reactor compartment, the deaerator stack, the turbine hall and a number of other structures were damaged. The barriers and safety systems protecting the environment from the radionuclides contained in the irradiated fuel were destroyed and activity was released from the reactor. This emission at the level of millions of curies per day lasted for 10 days from 26.04.86. until 06/05/86. after which it fell thousands of times and then gradually decreased. By the nature of the processes of destruction of the 4th unit and by the scale of the consequences, the indicated accident had the category beyond design basis and belonged to the 7th level (severe accidents) according to the international scale of nuclear events INES.
The spread of the first portions of radioactive products over a further distance occurred in the northwestern and western directions. Having passed the territory of the USSR on April 26-27, they reached Poland, Finland and Sweden (April 27-29) - Central Europe. Heavy rains on April 30 and May 1 caused radioactive fallout in France, Austria, Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Then the polluted air masses reached Holland, Great Britain, crossed the territory of Yugoslavia, Italy and Greece. An increase in the radiation background was also noted in the PRC, Japan, India, Canada and the United States. The total area of zones with Cs137 pollution level is 15 curie / km. sq. and more is more than 10 thousand sq. km (about 6400 sq. km in Belarus; 2400 - in Russia; 1500 in Ukraine). In total, about 640 settlements (116 thousand people) are located on the territory of this zone.
To assess the radioactive contamination of the environment of a nuclear power plant, let us compare it with a thermal power plant. As it turned out, coal contains uranium, thorium and other radioactive elements. It is calculated that the average individual radiation doses in the area of the TPP with a capacity of 1 GW / year are 6-60 μSv / year, and from NPP emissions - 0.004-0.08 μSv / year (for VVER) and 0.015-0.13 μSv / year. (for RBMK).
This shows that nuclear power plants are much more environmentally friendly form of energy than thermal power plants. However, if we compare them in terms of the consequences of possible accidents, then the scale of pollution from nuclear power plants is much greater, which has been proven by history on the example of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. This suggests that scientists will have to work a lot in order to completely secure the method of obtaining energy that is so necessary for mankind. Atomic energy is the discovery of the century. Humanity connects its future with it. The reserves of oil, gas and coal are not unlimited and irreplaceable, and must be used for higher human needs than simply burning them for energy. Significant changes are required in the structure of their consumption and the widespread use of non-traditional energy resources, including an increase in the growth of the share of nuclear energy.
But nuclear power is unsafe for humans and for nature in general, which was convincingly shown by the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. It's been 17 years, but the accident still echoes to those who went through the hell of its aftermath. Irreparable damage to the biosphere has been inflicted, huge territories have become unusable for many years from radiation pollution. Out of 200 thousand liquidators, 20 thousand have already died, the rest suffer from VVD, NCD, hypertension, intestinal ulcers, eye diseases, osteochondrosis, etc. The diseases did not appear immediately, but 1-3 years after exposure. But cancer is expected to appear in the next 5-10 years.
All this makes it necessary to direct all efforts and resources to the search for new technologies for the radiation protection of humans, a radical solution to the problem of disposal of waste from nuclear power plants, the development of mining and production technologies for using fuel at nuclear power plants, the search for large scientific and technical safety research programs, within the framework of which possible NPP equipment failures, their consequences, as well as ways to prevent them.
An important condition is the development of an economic technology for the neutralization of radioactive waste, the problem of reducing thermal emissions into the environment, and the refinement of quantitative assessments of the consequences (risk) of exposure to radiation on a living organism.
Only the special services were aware that after the disaster, about 3.2 thousand tons of meat and 15 tons of butter would be procured in the zone of increased radioactive contamination.
"The meat is subject to processing into canned food with the addition of pure meat. The oil is sold after long-term storage and repeated radiometric control through the public catering network."
Secret. Appendix to clause 10 of protocol N32. When processing livestock from the area located on the trail of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant release, part of the meat produced contains radioactive substances (RS) in quantities exceeding the permissible limits. In order to prevent a large total accumulation of radioactive substances in the body of people from eating dirty food, the USSR Ministry of Health recommends that contaminated meat be dispersed throughout the country as much as possible. To organize its processing at meat processing plants in most regions of the Russian Federation (except for Moscow), Moldova, the Republics of the Transcaucasus, the Baltic States, Kazakhstan, and Central Asia.
Chairperson Gosagroprom the USSR Murakhovsky V. WITH.
It turns out that the KGB kept everything under control. The special services knew that during the construction of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, defective Yugoslav equipment was used (and the same marriage was supplied to the Smolensk nuclear power plant). Several years before the disaster, the KGB pointed out errors in the design of the station, discovered cracks, and stratification of the foundation in its memoranda. The last "internally" warning about a possible emergency was dated February 4, 1986. Three months remained before the disaster.
Chernobyl accident radioactive contamination
The Chernobyl disaster caused irreparable damage to Belarus. 13 radionuclides fell on the lands of the republic. Only radiocaesium-137 with a density of more than 1 cu / km. sq. more than 1.6 million hectares of agricultural land were polluted. Radioactive strontium-90 is located on almost 500 thousand hectares. Due to the high level of contamination with radionuclides, almost 348 thousand hectares had to be withdrawn from agricultural use. But despite this, more than 1.3 million hectares with a concentration of cesium-137 over 1 ku / km are now used. sq. These lands are owned by 757 households.
Contamination of farmland led to the production of substandard products. In the Gomel region in 1986, 70% of hay harvested had a level of pollution much higher than the permissible standards. More than half of the haylage and 38% of the silage could not ensure the production of pure livestock products. In the Mogilev region, about 50% of hay, 40% of haylage and 10% of silage with an increased concentration of radiocaesium-137 were also harvested. In subsequent years, as a result of the measures taken, the volumes of contaminated feed, although decreased, were not small. Feeding these feeds naturally resulted in the production of contaminated animal products. Of the milk that passed radiation control, 1323 thousand tons did not meet the permissible levels. More than 32 thousand tons of such meat was obtained. Considering that about 1 million tons of grain, 117.6 thousand tons of potatoes, 272 thousand tons of root crops were obtained, one can imagine the degree of danger of radioactive contamination for people. In this case, two more factors should be taken into account. Firstly, not all products have passed radiation control. In areas with a relatively low level of pollution, even in the public sector, there is practically no control. Moreover, the population was not checked. As the further course of events showed, this was a major miscalculation.
Secondly, the requirements have changed from year to year. For example, the permissible level of cesium-137 in milk in 1988 was 370 becquerels per 1 liter, and in 1996 - only 111. In beef, lamb and products thereof, respectively, 2960 and 6000 becquerels per kilogram. In pork, fish, poultry, eggs and products from them, respectively, 1850 and 370, potatoes, root crops - 740 and 100, and so on. That is, in 1986, 1987, practically in the contaminated territories, one kilogram of products meeting the requirements of the 1996 standards was not obtained, although these standards are overestimated in comparison with those in force in Russia and Ukraine. For milk - 2.2 times, beef - 3.7 times, water - 2.3 times, and so on.
Despite this regulatory situation, the production of "dirty" products continues. Even in a relatively controlled public sector, the production of milk, meat and feed with an increased content of radioactive substances has increased markedly in recent years. The situation is even worse in the private sector. Thus, according to Professor VB Nesterenko, in 1993, in the Gomel region, local radiation control points of the Belrad Institute detected 12.7% of the tested food products contaminated with radiocaesium-137 above permissible levels. In 1994, their number became 17.2%. In 1997, there was a decrease in such products. In 1998, volumes increased again to 13.9%. The situation was similar in other areas. Large volumes of contaminated food products have entailed a high specific radioactivity of human organisms, since the main dose load (about 80%) is received by the inhabitants of the contaminated regions through the consumption of local foodstuffs. Moreover, the dose load of rural residents is 5-6 times higher than that of townspeople, and for rural children it is 3-5 times higher than for adult villagers. In settlements of the Gomel region, even with a relatively low concentration of cesium-137 in 69 - 41% of children, the specific radioactivity of the body exceeds the permissible level (50 bq / kg of body weight).
So, in 90, in the Khoinichesky district of the Gomel region of Belarus, the content of cesium-137 in meat is 400 times; in potatoes - 60 times; in grain - 40-7000 times (depending on the type and place of growth); in milk - 700 times, and strontium - 40 times higher than the norm on April 27 in Khoiniki, the radiation background was 3 R / h! Five days will be enough to get sick with chronic radiation sickness
Belarus has lost 264 thousand hectares of agricultural land. True, this does not mean that all the lands of the areas contaminated with radionuclides were empty. Programs for their rehabilitation were developed: the fields were sown with rape and grain for livestock feed and for the production of alcohol. The plant picks up radionuclides from the soil, but the poison does not reach the seeds, which makes them completely suitable for further use. It was necessary to occupy the local population with something. Apparently, for the same purpose, they began to return to the crop rotation lands that had recently been considered contaminated. In the Gomel region, 12 thousand hectares were returned "from the other world" to the crop rotation. In Mogilev - 2.5 hectares of land and, as the regional executive committee admitted, they could have more, but there is no one to work on the land.
Along the way, the "list of polluted settlements" is being reduced. In April 2002, the "black list" was reduced by 146 villages and towns in Belarus. About 100 thousand people live there. And the "list" keeps getting smaller.
This year ends the period of semi-purification from cesium-137. But this will happen only in certain zones of radiation pollution.
The half-life of cesium-137 is 30 years, for strontium-90 the half-life is 7-12 years. According to the forecast of the State Committee for Chernobyl, in three years, 60-70% of cesium-137, 90-95% of plutonium-239 will remain in the earth in the most contaminated areas. And plutonium-240 "dug in" more stable than others in the Belarusian land, the half-life of which will end in 6537 years.
Water is just as susceptible to radioactive contamination as the earth. The aquatic environment contributes to the rapid spread of radioactivity and contamination of large areas to the ocean.
In the Gomel region, 7000 wells became unusable, and out of 1500 they had to pump out water several times.
The cooling pond was irradiated in excess of 1000 rem. It has accumulated a huge amount of uranium fission products. Most of the organisms inhabiting it died, covered the bottom with a continuous layer of biomass. Only a few species of protozoa managed to survive. The water level in the pond is 7 meters higher than the water level in the Pripyat River, therefore today there is a danger of radioactivity getting into the Dnieper.
Of course, it should be said that through the efforts of many people, it was possible to avoid the pollution of the Dnieper by the deposition of radioactive particles on the built many kilometers of earth dams along the route of the contaminated water of the Pripyat River. Groundwater pollution was also prevented - an additional foundation was built under the foundation of Unit 4. Blind dams and a wall in the ground were built, cutting off the removal of radioactivity from the near zone of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. This prevented the spread of radioactivity, but contributed to its concentration at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant itself and around it. Radioactive particles still remain at the bottom of the reservoirs of the Pripyat basin. In 88, attempts were made to clean the bottom of these rivers, but due to the collapse of the union, they were not completed. And now hardly anyone will do such work.
Nature
The weather is always good for something, but not very good for something. But in general, in Chernobyl she was lucky: from the very moment of the accident, it was dry and warm. The soil became like a dry sponge. Even heavy rains now, according to experts, will not cause a runoff into the river, will not pollute it with radioactive particles that have fallen to the ground. During this time, protective ramparts were erected along the banks of the Pripyat. The top layer of the earth has dried out so much that it has become calmer for the state of groundwater in the area of the accident. But the "dry season" brought its own difficulties as well. In dry hot weather, small tornadoes often appear near the ground, in which dust swirls. And the dust in the zone is radioactive. Dust was the main hazard after the accident. In five minutes, a powerful helicopter scatters about twelve thousand liters of liquid in a wide swath, which turns into a film and "binds" radioactive particles. Gusts of wind brought dust to the already cleared areas, and the background rose there again; then the work had to be repeated.
The Institute for Nuclear Research has become a center for monitoring the state of water not only in the Kiev region, but throughout the entire territory of the republic. A lot of work has been done to protect against the possibility of contamination by radioactive substances: ramparts have been built along the banks of the Pripyat, a system of other structures is being created.
A serious problem is the disposal of radioactive debris, removed by bulldozers of the upper layer of the earth, of the water that cooled the damaged reactor.
Radioactive contamination of the territory of Russia, the main territory of Belarus, Northern Ukraine occurred as a result of dry and wet fallouts in the period from April 28 to mid-May 1986. Here, under such "rainfall" on the territory contaminated with radionuclides, there were about 1.5 million people, including number of about 160,000 children under the age of 7 at the time of the accident. The complex nature of meteorological conditions determined a strong unevenness of the level of contamination of the area in relation to both the magnitude and the radionuclide composition. So, at a distance of ten kilometers, the density of Cs 137 pollution often differed by tens and hundreds of times. The maximum values of the soil contamination density with Cs 137 reached 200 and more curies / km 2. The measures that were taken to improve the lives of the victims turned out to be not only insufficient, but deeply ill-conceived conceptually. For example, the same grandiose theory of decontamination of contaminated land, villages and towns, which many had pinned their hopes on, has not been confirmed in practice. In many villages and settlements, decontamination has come down to replacing roofs and fences, people both used and continued to consume products grown on contaminated land. As real practice has shown, the radiation situation has not improved.
Medical implications
Directly during the period of radioactive fallout, there were three ways of exposure - internal inhalation (with inhaled air), internal due to the intake of radionuclides with contaminated food and external exposure from clouds and contaminated areas. It was in the early period that the predominant irradiation of the thyroid gland occurred due to the accumulation of iodine radionuclides in it, which came with food and due to inhalation. The content of I 131 in milk reached hundreds of thousands of becquerels per liter in some areas of the Bryansk region. Due to physiological characteristics, young children received the highest doses of thyroid irradiation. In some cases, the doses in children reached 1 R. The standards in force at that time allowed irradiation of the thyroid gland of children in doses up to 0.03 R. It should be borne in mind that the radioactive release after the explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant had such a feature: particles rose into the air and settled on the ground not only those nuclides that are formed during the normal operation of the reactor, but also the uranium fuel itself, its particles. If one such particle enters the lungs of a person, it is believed that this will be followed with a 100% probability of cancer. Each particle emits 100,000 R in the microregion of the lungs (for comparison: when working at a nuclear power plant under normal conditions, a person who has received 25 R is prohibited from working at the station for a year), while the pulse counters will not register anything - outwardly everything will look normal.
Studies on animals have shown that the constant presence of cesium-137 in the body leads to serious metabolic disorders and a weakening of the immune system. Under the constant influence of the energy released by it, the membranes of soft tissue cells are destroyed, their structure, including the nucleus, and, consequently, their functions, change. And not for the better.
In Belarus, the average morbidity of the adult population in 1988 compared with the pre-accident period in the areas of observation of the Gomel region increased 2.4-2.8 times, Mogilev - 1.8-2.2 times; for children - in the areas of observation of the Gomel region - 4.1-4.9 times, Mogilev - 3.5-4 times.
Since 1993, work has been carried out in Belarus to create and operate the State Chernobyl Register. A complex multi-level automated data processing system has been developed, which is used to assess human diseases and improve their clinical examination.
An analysis of medical statistics shows that the Chernobyl accident caused various diseases among the population. First of all, this is the appearance of additional cancers of the skin, stomach, lungs, breast and others. Then - an increase in the number of diseases is obvious. This is a disease of the endocrine system, circulatory system, nervous system, digestive organs, etc.
Iodine strike.
During this time, two children, three adolescents and six adults under the age of 33 died from thyroid cancer. These are deaths from radiation only among those who at the time of the accident were not yet 18 years old. Then, 90 days after the accident, the entire population fell under strong exposure to iodine radionuclides - the so-called "iodine strike". He was the reason for the increase in the number of cases of thyroid cancer. As doctors say, before the Chernobyl accident, thyroid cancer was a rather rare phenomenon: for example, in 1985, only about 100 cases were detected. Now the number of adults who fell ill with it has increased by 7 times, children - by 33.6 times. Most of the victims are from Brest and Gomel regions.
Oncologists still do not know what consequences to expect from this blow. Having learned the experience of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, after the Chernobyl accident, everyone expected an increase in leukemia - they are considered the main markers of radiation consequences. However, unexpectedly for everyone, the thyroid gland "exploded" - 1677 cases of cancer among those who were under the age of 18 at the time of the accident. Most often, tumors are found among children and adolescents - 677 and 377 cases, respectively. And this is not surprising, since the younger the child was at the time of exposure, the greater the dose of radiation received for him. Therefore, now children who were not even 7 years old during the accident suffer most from radioiodine.
Protection
After the accident, it was decided to build a protection that would shelter people from radiation streams - something like a huge bell, under which a destroyed reactor - a "sarcophagus", would be hidden. External concrete walls were erected along the perimeter of the fourth block destroyed by the accident. Their thickness is one meter or more, depending on the radiation environment and design. The third and emergency block was divided by an internal concrete wall. In addition, a number of protective overlays and partitions have been built inside the station. The concrete structure provides for complete isolation of radioactive fuel, reliable ventilation and thorough purification of contaminated air.
The Ministry of Health of Ukraine summed up the results: over 125 thousand deaths by 1994, last year alone 532 deaths of liquidators were associated with the impact of the Chernobyl accident; thousand sq. km. contaminated land (see map, taken from).
Twelve years after the accident, the impact of the effects of radiation is manifested, which is superimposed on the general deterioration of the demographic situation and the state of health of the population of Ukraine. Already today, over 60% of people who were children and adolescents at that time and lived in the contaminated area are at risk of contracting thyroid cancer. The action of complex factors characteristic of the Chernobyl disaster has led to an increase in the incidence of children, especially diseases of the blood, nervous system, digestive tract and respiratory tract. The persons who were directly involved in the liquidation of the accident now require close attention. Today there are over 432 thousand of them. Over the years of observation, their overall incidence increased to 1400%. The only consolation is that the results of the impact of the accident on the population of the country could have been much worse if not for the active work of scientists and specialists. Over the past three years, about a hundred methodological, regulatory and instructive documents have been developed. But there are not enough funds for their implementation. However, there was a place for optimism. "The second Chernobyl is out of the question," say Russian experts who developed the RBMK reactor and carried out work to improve its safety. At all nuclear power plants with reactors of the "Chernobyl" type in Russia and abroad, design flaws have been eliminated, the requirements for personnel have been tightened, and now measures are being taken to improve the so-called safety culture. This is significant, since "the official examination found out that the main reason for the accident at the fourth unit of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant was a gross violation of the operating regulations by the personnel." As for Chernobyl specifically, the station will be closed. In a couple of years, when Ukraine manages to get the $ 4 million promised to it by the West.
Humanitarian aid
The main burden of the costs of eliminating the consequences of the catastrophe continues to be borne by our far from rich state. Over the past six years alone, 40 billion rubles have been allocated for the construction of health protection facilities under the program of liquidating the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster, and this despite the fact that, for example, investment receipts in the economy last year amounted to 7 billion rubles. A significant part of the Chernobyl funds is directed to the special dispensary of the population who suffered from the disaster, as well as to the purchase of the necessary equipment and special vehicles. Nevertheless, an acute shortage of money affects the fact that many enterprises are not fully funded, or with a significant lag.
Currently, 6 projects of the so-called UN Inter-Agency Program are being implemented. They are aimed at international assistance to the territories affected by the Chernobyl disaster. Four more project proposals from the UN in the amount of $ 5 million were sent to such a representative financial body as the Turner Foundation. The financial support of these projects will allow modernizing a part of the clinic of the Research Institute of Radiology in Aksakovschina, improving the production of baby food in our republic, and conducting better medical examination and treatment. Cooperation continues through the IAEA. Within the framework of joint projects with this UN unit, Belarus has already received equipment worth about 200 thousand US dollars.
Conclusion
The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant shook our entire country. Chernobyl is a tragedy that demanded a new look at many things. The death of people, the pain of their relatives and friends, about 100,000 people, ripped off by the invisible danger of radiation from their homes, damage to nature and the economy. All this together made us draw the most serious conclusions from the April tragedy. The villages were emptied, the villages were abandoned during the evacuation, it all looks somehow unnatural. Empty houses, in which there were things, dishes, as if everyone had gone out somewhere and were about to return. But they won't come back - the radiation level is too high. Each village is waiting for its turn - some will burn it - in which the radiation is less, and the rest will be buried, and after a couple of years they can only be found on the map or recognized by the gardens blooming in a deserted place.
Lessons from Chernobyl. This phrase has already become a cliché. However, it is not yet clear whether we have mastered them well. Of course, concrete measures have been taken, and an exact repetition of the Chernobyl tragedy is impossible. But is it done away with its deep roots? In many conversations with both Moscow physicists and the employees of the Chernobyl station, the same thing struck: a clear understanding of someone else's guilt and an equally clear reluctance to admit one's own guilt. Part of the Chernobyl blame lies with almost everyone - both physicists performing calculations according to simplified models, and installers who carelessly weld seams, and operators who allow themselves to disregard the work schedule. No one doubts that the accident was the result of general unprofessionalism. In the story "Chernobyl" by Y. Shcherbak, the words of the head of one of the shifts are quoted: "Why did not I or my colleagues shut down the reactor when the number of protective rods decreased? Yes, because none of us imagined that it was fraught with nuclear. I didn't talk about it. " Can a person who graduated from a physics university more clearly sign his incompetence? And how professional were the designers of the reactor, who did not consider the possibility of accelerating the reactor on prompt neutrons and only after the accident took measures against it. There are many lessons from Chernobyl, one of which is the need to learn how to coexist with nuclear energy. The question is not whether or not we should enter the nuclear age. We are already in it. Therefore, a high degree of responsibility, precision and care is required in the use of atomic energy. If we analyze the causes of accidents in the United States and the USSR, then they arose not from nuclear energy itself, but because of human errors. Another lesson is that accidents like Chernobyl affect not only the country in which they occurred, but also a number of neighboring countries.
Chernobyl is the last warning to humanity.
Literature
1. Antonov V.P. Lessons from Chernobyl: radiation, life, health. - К .: About-in "Knowledge" of the Ukrainian SSR, 1989. - 112 p.
2. Voznyak V.Ya. and others. Chernobyl: events and lessons. Questions and answers / Voznyak V.Ya., Kovalenko A.P., Troitsky S.N. - M .: Politizdat, 1989 .-- 278 p.: Ill.
3. Grigoriev Al.A. Environmental lessons from the past and the present. - L .: Nauka, 1991 .-- 252 p.
4. Lupadin V.M. Chernobyl: Did the Forecasts Come True? - Nature, 1992, No. 9, pp. 22-24.
5. Klimov A.N. Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Reactors: Textbook for Universities, 2nd ed., Revised. and add. - M .: Energoatomizdat, 1985, 352 p., Ill.
6. Kulikov I.V. Molchanova I.V. Karavaeva E.N. Radioecology of plant cover soils. - Sverdlovsk: An USSR, 1990 .-- p. 187.
7. Kullander S. Larsson B. Life after Chernobyl. A View from Sweden: Per. from sw. - M .: Energoatomizdat, 1991 .-- 48 p .: ill.
8. Nuclear energy, man and the environment. NS. Babaev and others; Ed. Academician A.P. Aleksandrova. 2nd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: Energoatomizdat, 1984, 312 p.
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Theme : Moral lessons of Chernobyl (based on the story of Grigory Medvedev "The Chernobyl Notebook")
Goals:
Analyzing the actions of the heroes, determine the moral lessons of Chernobyl;
Improving the skill of analyzing a literary work;
Education of the morality of high school students.
Equipment:
V. Vysotsky's song "What people are tested on",
A fragment from an educational film about a nuclear explosion,
Presentation.
During the classes:
- Announcement of the topic of the lesson, goals.
- Fragment of an educational film.
- Teacher's word:
4. V. Vysotsky's song "What people are tested on."
The volleys of guns have long ceased,
There's only sunshine above us, -
What people are tested on,
If the war is no longer there?
We often hear
Now, as then:
No or yes?"
The armor-piercing will not drop already,
Don't be buried under the door,
And it seems - everything is so calm
There is nowhere to open up now ...
But still we often hear
Now, as then:
"Would you go on reconnaissance with him?"
No or yes?"
Peace is only a dream, I know -
Get ready, hold on and fight! -
There is a peaceful front line -
Trouble and danger and risk.
Therefore, we often hear
Now, as then:
"Would you go on reconnaissance with him?"
No or yes?"
Mines have been defused in the fields,
But we are not in a field of flowers, -
You are searching, stars, depths
Don't be discounted.
Therefore, we often hear
Now, as then:
"Would you go on reconnaissance with him?"
No or yes?"
5. Problematic question: What are the moral lessons of Chernobyl?
A) analysis of the quotation of Academician V.A. Legasova:
“The technique that our people are proud of was created by people who stood on the shoulders of Tolstoy and Dostoevsky. People brought up on excellent literature, on a high moral sense. This feeling was inherent in everything: in relations to each other, in relation to a person, to their duties. For these people, technology was only a way of expressing the moral qualities inherent in them. But in the next generations, many engineers stand on the shoulders of "techies" and see only the technical side of things. It seems to me that the general key to everything that happens is that the role of the moral principle has been ignored for a long time. But all this is one chain. "
What does Academician Legasov see as the cause of the accident? (The technical level is low, the level of responsibility of the people who control the atom is low. This is a consequence of the low moral level)
B) vocabulary work:
What does it mean to be moral, and what does it mean to be an immoral person? (Ozhegov's dictionary: Moral- internal spiritual qualities, which are guided by a person, ethical standards; rules of conduct determined by these qualities. Immoral- violating the rules of morality, contrary to them.)
C) analysis of the quotation of academician Legasov:
“Usually they understand it this way: aha, an immoral person is one who allows taking bribes, for example. Is it a moral person who does not want to make his drawing better, does not want to sit at night, suffer, does not want to look for a more perfect solution? "
Is the academician right? (Yes, a thousand times right. He saw the main thing that was hidden behind numbers, reports, phone calls)
D) analysis of the story "Chernobyl Notebook"
Autobiographical note about the writer;
The history of the creation of the story;
How did people show themselves during the accident, how did they reveal their souls?
* heroic behavior of people at the moment of the explosion and after it:
Firefighters feat,
The feat of Lieutenant Pravik, who with his outfit first arrived at the site of the disaster and extinguished the roof of the turbine hall,
The feat of the ambulance doctor, pediatrician Valentin Belokon, who provided first aid to the exposed,
The feat of the engineer-physicist Sitnikov, who looked into the very nozzle of the reactor and said that the reactor was destroyed,
The feat of Valery Perevozchenko, the shift supervisor of the reactor shop, who saved people,
A feat of trainees.
Conclusion: These are examples of not only heroic behavior of people during an accident, but also examples of morality, purity of the human soul.
* immoral behavior (how people behave during evacuation):
Marauders who brought carpets and jewelry from Pripyat,
Pilots who refused to transport irradiated patients
Residents of Ukrainian villages who did not want to shelter Pripyat residents.
Output: These are isolated cases, but they were, and this makes it bitter and painful.
6. Lesson summary:
What are the moral lessons of Chernobyl? (A flash at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant with a dazzling light highlighted good and evil, intelligence and stupidity, sympathy and gloating, truth and lies, disinterestedness and greed)
What are your impressions of the lesson?
Reading poems dedicated to the Chernobyl disaster:
Chernobyl echo
do not hold back.
Do you want to run away from Fukushima? ..
Backfired.
Who's hungry for a sequel?
Alexey Selichkin.
Chernobyl blooms on April morning ...
Tatiana Kuznetsova4For a quarter of a century, overgrown roads,
And the city stood as it stood,
Although the usual rhythm and way of life disappeared,
And everywhere the taste and smell of anxiety:
In abandoned empty apartments
In the silence of gardens, libraries,
In dozens of small and notable milestones
In the dotted line ...
And the word stalker is so familiar to the ear,
And the zone, everyone understands, is not a prison.
And in order not to go completely crazy,
Old women are returning from resettlement.
They live behind the scenes, unofficially,
They habitually grow vegetables for feeding ...
And, having crossed your personal Rubicon,
They do not feel moral inferiority.
And "self-settlers" are not a hindrance
All radiological dust ...,
Blooms in April morning CHERNOBYL -
Stories of newest pain and milestone ...
26.04.2011.
The hands froze, and that terrible hour struck ...
Sergey KarmazinThe hands froze, and that terrible hour struck,
Kiev slept peacefully that night.
Loudly, Chernobyl rushed to the whole world,
From the move of black I got into History ...
Suddenly the neutrons in the hot cage became cramped,
We saved up our strength, broke down the door.
And, like a flame on a dry crispy branch,
A terrible beast broke free.
Full length, with an invisible scythe
Death arose over the Pripyat River
A radioactive strip
Eternal to all living things, bringing peace.
The rain fell poisoned on the city,
They eagerly drank the poison of the field around,
The fourth block was ripped open like a knife,
Yesterday's best friend became the enemy.
This beast was not created by nature,
He was born into the world as a man.
The beast enjoyed its freedom
And he did not want to go back to the corral.
Doomsday has come, faces were black,
Death was everywhere you looked
Former friend is an invisible killer
It takes a terrible tribute from people.
April that fell into oblivion
Rays of HopeOn the 25th anniversary of the tragedy at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant
A quarter of a century has flown by
April fell into oblivion,
Remained an unforgettable milestone
In my memory ...
I remember how the herbs sparkled
A flurry of emerald shades ...
We knew the whole world was poisoned
But he beckoned and called.
Sunset is a stream of boiling lava
The hopes of deceiving opals.
Seemed like poison, right God
Dew ... But, still, no one knew ...
What awaits us in this life far away?
How many friends will he take with him
Chernobyl? How many years in sorrow
Since then has my soul lived?
Then the truth was not revealed to us,
We do not know her even now.
"Decays and half-lives",
The trouble breaking at the door ...
And the candles are white chestnuts,
And on Khreshchatyk there is a parade ...
Such a monstrous deception
The ancient Kiev city was defeated ...
But I still want to believe
What is this terrible misfortune
Luckily for us she shut the doors
Not forever, not forever ...
There is no other person's grief:
Mom cried with a handkerchief to her eyes.
And confirmation from the screen
The wave that sweeps away life.
Tens of thousands of kilometers
Until that far side
Where in anticipation of spring
The sakura branches sighed.
There the sun rises before everyone else
And the samurai sleep eternal sleep.
What does not happen there
From the mysteries that progress brings.
And now the trouble is the earthquake!
And then a terrible wave.
After all, there is no escape from the tsunami:
Fate is already a foregone conclusion.
Cars, motor ships
And even whole houses
The waves were carried away with toys
Like a hurricane wind shoots.
Cities are burning in flames
Scary skyscrapers "dance"
And there is no light and no connection to
Finding out who survived is easy.
On the whole course, the reactor "quieted down".
For a long time? The clock is ticking ...
Throwing thousands on the scales
The wave carries both the cattle and the tractor.
And not a fantasy flight,
He paints terrible colors for us.
The Horror itself paints,
Irreparable take-off troubles.
And we all think are immortal.
We fly into space without problems
And we drown in the words of those
Which are essentially useless.
This is grief - look!
That's what it's time to wake up from
Not just to be horrified,
But to become stronger three times.
So that these "surprises"
They didn't take us by surprise.
So that the voice of life does not die out.
There is no other people's grief in the world!
Bowing down to those who are involved
“01 h. 23 min.
The beginning of the tests.
The steam supply to the turbine No. 8 was cut off and its run-out started ...
... Then the score went already for seconds "
(Artur Shigapov "Chernobyl, Pripyat, nowhere else ...")
... there were 46 seconds left before the new era ...
-
--
---
... then, while still "later",
a lot will happen in nature
and villages with abandoned cattle
scream out loud about the exodus;
stowed in the ground here and there
fences, apple trees and huts;
will not survive them for long
cleaning up by the soldiers ...
Hour twenty three ... the water flows
it's lazy in the time machine
but somewhere there is a countdown
and forty-six seconds before the explosion ...
Manmade hell will wake up
weaving "jellyfish" out of emissions,
and the terrible word "decay"
will follow the fate and the Union ...
Then from the bodies of human barriers
will cover the entire planet;
and the very first echelon
will die by July, by summer ...
Hour twenty three and there is time
for sleep, rest and dreams ...
Chernobyl-eighty-six.
Countdown. The beginning of the tests.
To brother Victor, deceased
from Chernobyl radiation.
Just a word
"Chernobyl"
I hear -
the pain burns
as if on a wound
salt pours out.
Often at night
obsessively
again
the ribbon is spinning
Chernobyl dreams,
irradiated brain
tormenting again
torments
worries
and rushes me
back ...
My childhood has passed
in this land ...
And connected with him again
I am my destiny,
when to Chernobyl
that trouble came
which we
not forget
never.
2.
Chernobyl, Chernobyl -
black story.
Black that day
popped up again in my memory:
Creations of the mind
formidable power
pierced with grief
quiet night.
The belly is split
and burst out
hellish force
invisible waves.
Glowed
crimson shine
block,
in hundreds of roentgens
emitting a stream,
that even a pine forest
died,
turned red.
But the change remained -
nobody crashed.
With insatiable fire
whole block
was embraced.
Fought with him
to death
fire brigade.
And the city did not know
but the city did not know
what a peaceful life
this explosion was interrupted.
Good sun
sparkled in the river.
The children were swimming
played in the sand.
Bright
Saturday afternoon
warmed up.
Weddings
celebrated.
people
resting ...
But all of this is
in past.
Now -
emptiness.
The people were scattered
but different places ...
Later
unfolded here
battle,
almost like a war.
For help
Chernobyl
the country got up.
Chernobyl, Chernobyl -
black story.
Smashing
is in the air
dust.
Beams begotten
deadly
fiend of hell
she -
impartial:
infects everything,
nothing spares
penetrates everywhere -
do not expect mercy!
Chernobyl, Chernobyl -
red-haired story.
Sways ominously
red feather grass.
The fields are deceiving
gardens and flowers.
Will not come true
many dreams
and dreams.
Abandoned city
faded
and wilted,
and seething life
froze
spring.
Chernobyl, Chernobyl -
heroics come true,
where are there so many cripples
and concrete graves.
At a price dear
the fire was defeated.
From a new explosion
the block is saved again,
pierced and tunnel
for heat dissipation,
cascade wall
erected,
hidden reactor
under the "sarcophagus",
the roof is cleaned,
the hearth is "drowned out"
and there were two blocks
re-launched
into operation ...
Yes Yes. This is true.
But at what cost?
Nobody spared
no health,
nor life
In this heroic -
bitter tragedy.
How many
that day
tore apart,
ruined.
I will remember
always
this reality.
Chernobyl, Chernobyl -
red death,
dangerous area,
insidious firmament.
At full speed
buses rush
from the "red forest"
tired guys.
In car,
lead protected,
sitting.
Thoughtfully into the distance
I look through the cracks.
Black thoughts
confusion
discord ...
Flashed by the side of the road
caustic poster:
Yes. Right. Dangerous.
What if
all this "accident"
not all of a sudden? ..
Dangerous
doubly:
MEANS - THIS IS A FAILURE.
Chernobyl, Chernobyl!
What is
vice?
And what happened
main
Lesson?
The answer is not difficult
to this question,
but just as easy
is still not simple:
WE LIVED SAFE,
AT THE LAURUSES OF SOILS.
NOT ATOM EXPLODED,
And the abscess burst open.
Extensive,
deep
burst
and burns.
Treat him
for a long time.
Everything triumphs
carelessness
feast!
Again and again
brings ether
facts of accidents,
victims,
disasters ...
Heart goes numb
from such lines.
Come to your senses, people!
Understand, friends!
Carelessness -
what nonsense.
Let's ruin ourselves.
From sleep
dust yourself off!
Open your eyes!
I urge everyone:
IT IS FORBIDDEN,
so that people
perished in the fire
by someone's mistake
criminal guilt.
IT IS FORBIDDEN,
so that when faced,
ships were sinking.
IT IS FORBIDDEN,
to derail
trains.
IT IS FORBIDDEN
build badly
hack,
to dodge.
IT IS FORBIDDEN
exquisitely
for criticism
take revenge.
IT IS FORBIDDEN
to do with marriage
his work.
IT IS FORBIDDEN
Plunder
My homeland!
IT IS FORBIDDEN
endlessly
live in carelessness!
How many more
We can not
admit! ..
Chernobyl, Chernobyl -
it's not bad rock,
but merciless
cruel
Lesson.
For everyone on Earth -
this is a common pain.
Chernobyl sounds
like an alarm,
as a password.
Password for edification
descendants
And to us.
For years to come.
for all
time.
1986-2001
Chernobyl - Sochi - Kostroma
Today, psychiatrist Georgy SAVOV runs the school of sobriety in the name of the New Martyrs and Confessors of Russia at the Church of the Resurrection of Christ in Sokolniki. And in 1988, Georgy Spartakovich worked for more than four months to eliminate the Chernobyl disaster. There he first thought about God and today he is convinced that this tragedy happened not only because of human negligence, but also had spiritual reasons. Shortly before the 25th anniversary of the tragedy (it is celebrated today, April 26th), he told the website Mercy.ru about the causes of the tragedy.
From the very beginning, the scale of the Chernobyl disaster was hushed up. Five days after it, May Day demonstrations, traditional for that time, took place in Kiev. Hundreds of thousands of people took part in them, having no idea how dangerous it is for health to go out in Kiev these days. It started raining, and as a result, many died of cancer, and they were given other diagnoses - they wanted to hide from people that they were ruined by the society in which they lived.
The beginning of the construction of the sarcophagus
Scientists calculated that the release of only cesium-137 at the power plant was equivalent to the power of four hundred to five hundred atomic bombs, similar to those dropped on Hiroshima. It also amounted to 500 million curies (for comparison - in the city of Kyshtym, Chelyabinsk region in 1957, after the accident at the Mayak chemical plant, there were 2 million curies). The radioactive blanket covered 19 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, in which about 30 million people lived. These subjects include Belgorod, Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk, Leningrad, Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Ryazan, Tambov, Oryol, Kaluga, Tula and Ulyanovsk regions, Mordovia and Chuvashia.
But this became known only three years later at parliamentary hearings in the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. It turned out that in those days a high radioactive background was recorded not only in European countries, but also in Brazil, Japan, Australia. Former chairman of the State Hydrometeorological Center Yuri Izrael showed in the parliamentary committee on ecology a secret booklet, which then recorded the direction of the wind. It made it possible by the hour (!) To trace where the radioactive clouds went (for example, that during the day these clouds reached the coast of Denmark). Chernobyl radiation enveloped the entire globe, but in our country, by order of the party and government, everything was kept under the strictest confidence. On April 10, 1987, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU adopted a secret resolution "On the plan of propaganda measures in connection with the anniversary of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant."
And so far our society has not realized the scale of the tragedy. For the sake of interest, take the newspapers from April 25-26 last and the year before last - nowhere you will find a word about the anniversary of the Chernobyl accident. This year, by the 25th anniversary, the next propaganda events will surely take place, someone will be awarded and "safely" will be forgotten about it for another 5 years, until the next round date.
But about six hundred thousand people took part in the liquidation of this accident, about eighty thousand of them have already passed away. “There is, of course, not a front here, but I don’t know where is worse,” said the director of the station Mikhail Umanets in those terrible days. So far, the average life expectancy of a liquidator is 47 years, but since the number of disabled people is steadily growing, it is possible that this age will decrease. It was then realized that it was necessary to call in "partisans" - officers and reserve soldiers. And when the radio-controlled robots stopped, these "partisans-liquidators" with their bare hands dumped firebrands from the destroyed reactor. It's scary to think what dose they received then. No matter how criticized the army, at critical moments it plays a huge role, and Chernobyl was no exception.
I worked on the elimination of the disaster from July to October 1988, was the head of the medical service of a special battalion of the chemical protection brigade of the Moscow Military District, that is, I was responsible for all medical care. But as a psychiatrist, I constantly had to see patients - the psyche of people could not stand it very often. And the worst case of a mental breakdown before my eyes occurred not there, but at the first and last congress of the Union of Chernobyl victims of the USSR in Kiev in 1990. People were extremely nervous, drowning out the speakers, and one woman, to make everyone listen to her, banged her two-month-old baby with her head on a microphone. She, of course, was immediately hospitalized in a psychiatric hospital, but whether the child survived, I don't know.
But I want to talk about the spiritual meaning of this tragedy. It was in Chernobyl that I first began to think about God. True, he was baptized only a few years later, in 1999, but today I have no doubt that everything cannot be attributed to the human factor. The Chernobyl tragedy is the result of not only negligence, but also lack of spirituality. Valentina Gurkalenko's wonderful documentary "Star of Wormwood" shows what happened in Pripyat (it was there that the power plant was located - it was called Chernobyl simply because Chernobyl is a larger settlement) a few days before the tragedy. Atomic physicists "relaxed", and soon the booze turned into a real satanic sabbath. They dressed up in skins with horns and hooves, put one of the main specialists in a cauldron and, frying this cauldron, took him around the stadium. And the mummers walking in front carried posters "The devil is with us." They did not come up with anything new - in the first years of Soviet power, such sabbaths were often held. The Chernobyl Sabbath was applauded by Anatoly Petrovich Aleksandrov himself, academician, three times Hero of Socialist Labor. I repeat, it happened just a few days before the tragedy. And Pripyat not far from Kiev, where Rus was baptized 1000 years earlier. Coincidence or the wrath of God? I still think that this is not an accident. And Patriarch Pimen said in those terrible days: "Here is the devil and lit himself a candle."
The spiritual meaning of the tragedy is also confirmed by many years of observations of the only Chernobyl priest, Father Nikolai Yakushin, rector of the Church of Elijah the Prophet. He keeps a diary of miraculous healings and constantly measures radiation. You approach the temple with a dosimeter - the dosimeter goes off scale. In the church, the radiation level is much lower, and during the liturgy the dosimeter shows almost normal.
The worst thing is that we got used to this catastrophe, are indifferent to it. Not so long ago, at the Orthodox exhibition in the Manege, a Belarusian shrine was presented - the Zhirovitsy Icon of the Mother of God. I asked the representatives of the Belarusian Exarchate, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, the Bryansk diocese if they had anything about Chernobyl, they all asked why, if it was long gone. Next year, they said, maybe we will bring materials. That is, in their opinion, it makes sense to remember this only for the anniversary.
But the Metropolitan of Minsk and Slutsk Filaret says that after the catastrophe people should have roused themselves and repent, but this did not happen. It is not too late, and I would like the 25th anniversary to become an occasion not for regular propaganda events, but for awakening from hibernation. Archbishop Jonathan of Tulchin and Bratslav spoke about this best of all, proposing to celebrate this anniversary throughout the canonical territory of the Moscow Patriarchate. This, according to him, would contribute to “the resurrection of the conciliar memory of the common historical fate not only of the East Slavic peoples, but of the entire Russian world - the spiritual heritage of Grand Duke Vladimir and many ascetics of Holy Russia - a world that includes the Orthodox peoples of Moldova and the entire Russian diaspora ".
And His Holiness Patriarch Kirill at the opening of the monument to the liquidators of the accident in Nizhny Novgorod said: “It is wonderful that on this day we have the opportunity to remember those who gave their lives for the lives of other people. This did not happen during the war, it happened in times of peace. The ability to sacrifice oneself is the highest manifestation of love according to the Gospel word. Anyone who does this is forgiven of all sins, His God immediately accepts into his Heavenly Kingdom. It is like the baptism before death, which washes away the sins of the sinner.…. So that we can remain human in conditions of free competition, maintain good relations with each other, we must remember what the Chernobyl liquidators did, among other things. "
Recorded by Leonid VINOGRADOV
Prayer for the salvation of the victims of the nuclear disaster in Chernobyl:
“Lord Jesus Christ, our God!
Look at everyone who suffered from the nuclear disaster in Chernobyl, do not let them be left homeless and hope for a future life, grant them courage and faith in Your all-powerful help.
Protect, Lord, future generations from serious illnesses and deformities, protect babies, in the womb of a mother.
To all the incurably sick, leaving this world in mortal anguish, grant forgiveness and forgiveness of sins and sins, and send your Angels, who accept their souls.
Cleanse, Lord, with Your right hand the earth, air and water from the destructive consequences of the disaster that happened.
Bring us all to repentance, Lord, and forgive all our sins with the prayers of our All-Pure Lady Theotokos, all the saints who shone in the Belarusian land, and all the saints.
Amen".
