Spelling of adjective suffixes
Especially often in writing mistakes are made when choosing vowels in adjective suffixes before the letter B.
You need to remember:
1. The suffix -IV- is written only under stress (playful, courteous), and -EB- - in an unstressed position (STEERING, GAUGE). The exceptions are the words GRATIOUS and Holy Fool;
2. The suffixes -CHIV- and -LIV- are always written with the letter I. (There are no suffixes -CHEV- and -LEV- in Russian.) Consider the words PARTICIPATE-LIV-Y, NAKHOD-CHIV-Y, VERMISHEL-EV-Y . In order not to be mistaken, it is necessary to disassemble the word by composition. In the first two words, after the root, the suffixes -CHIV- and -LIV- follow, and in the third word the root ends in L and then the suffix -EB- follows.
Also, the spelling of the suffixes -SK- and -K- causes difficulties in writing.
1. Using the suffix -SK-, relative adjectives are formed that do not have a short form, except for those whose stem ends in K, C, CH, for example: CITY - CITY, BELARUS - BELORUS-SK-IY, MATROS - MATROS-SK -II. Please note: the final consonant of the stem before the suffix -SK- is retained.
2. With the help of the suffix -K-, high-quality adjectives are formed that have a short form (VISCOUS - KNIT, BOLD - BOLD), and relative adjectives with a stem ending in the letters K, C, H (WEAVING - WEAVING, GERMAN - GERMAN). The exceptions in this case will be the words UZBEK, TAJIK AND UGLIC: in them, after the final K and Ch, the suffix -SK- follows.
3. One must be especially careful when writing geographical names. If the stem of a noun ends in C, which is preceded by a consonant (for example, WORMS, REIMS, ODESSA), then when forming an adjective with the suffix -SK-, one C is usually omitted (WORM, REIM, ODESSA). Exceptions are the words HELSINGFORS and DAUGAVPILS.
The exercise
1. It happened that an hour after the insult, he answered the offender, or spoke to him himself, with such a trusting and clear look, as if nothing had happened between them at all. (F. Dostoevsky. Brothers Karamazov.)
2. Kovalev was a Caucasian collegiate assessor. (N. Gogol. Nose)
3. At that time he was even very handsome, well-built, medium-tall, dark-haired, with a regular, although somewhat elongated, oval face, with sparkling dark gray wide-spaced eyes, very thoughtful and, apparently, very calm . (F. Dostoevsky. Brothers Karamazov.)
4. From early morning, rain clouds covered the whole sky; it was quiet, not hot and dull, as happens on gray overcast days, when clouds have long hung over the field, you are waiting for rain, but it is not. (A. Chekhov. Gooseberry.)
5. Of course, you need to have a sailor's stomach, that is, you need a sailor's exercise to digest these pieces of corned beef and onions with boiled cabbage - a dish loved by sailors and healthy at sea. (I. Goncharov. Frigate "Pallada".)
6. The poor fellow's heart sank so that it could be put into a walnut. (A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky. Mulla-Nur.)
7. Perhaps she wanted to declare women's independence, to go against social conditions, against the despotism of her kinship and family, but a subservient fantasy convinced her, let's assume for one moment only, that Fyodor Pavlovich, despite his rank of accustomer, nevertheless one of the bravest and most mocking people of that era, transitional to everything better, while he was only an evil jester and nothing more. (F. Dostoevsky. Brothers Karamazov.)
8. After celebrating a few days at home and having adjusted everything that without her in the household went into disorder, Marya Nikolaevna again set off on foot for a hundred miles to her factory, until, finally, at the end of the second year, she appeared from there cheerful and happy, with a bag of foundation, patterns and wool, and, having placed a weaving mill in a bright corner of the poor room, she began to weave carpets at home already as an experienced craftswoman. (N. Leskov. Seedy kind.)
9. Having become acquainted with the editors, Ivan Fedorovich did not break ties with them all the time later, and in his last years at the university he began to print very talented reviews of books on various special topics, so that he even became known in literary circles. (F. Dostoevsky. Brothers Karamazov.)
10. In the end, some smart people decided that the whole article was just a daring farce and mockery. (F. Dostoevsky. Brothers Karamazov.)
11. The people, stubbornly holding on to their beard and Russian caftan, were pleased with their victory and looked with indifference at the German way of life of their shaved boyars. (Alexander Pushkin. Notebooks.)
12. And meanwhile, he entered this house in such infantile years, in which one cannot expect in a child calculated cunning, cunning, or the art of seeking out and being liked, the ability to make oneself fall in love. (F. Dostoevsky. Brothers Karamazov.)
13. Richer and more remarkable than all the Lavretskys was Fyodor Ivanych's great-grandfather, Andrey, a cruel, daring, clever and crafty man. (I. Turgenev. Noble Nest.)
14. “Prenazoily old man,” Miusov remarked aloud when the landowner Maximov ran back to the monastery. (F. Dostoevsky. Brothers Karamazov.)
15. To someone who would look at this spectacle from the top of one of the hills that surrounded the place, it might seem that this giant beast stretched out along the road near the chapel and lies motionless, at times only moving its matte scales of different colors. (V. Korolenko. Blind musician.)
16. There, in the Saltovsky village, the lieutenant's son went to school. (E. Limonov. We had the Great Epoch.)
17. He sat down on the step and soaped his long hair and neck, and the water near him turned brown. (A. Chekhov. Gooseberry.)
18. In a tavern and a tavern custom. (A. Chekhov. On the high road.)
19. I roll balls of bread, think about the dog tax, and, knowing my temper, I try to be silent. (A. Chekhov. From the notes of a hot-tempered man.)
20. The Ukrainians were not hoarding people for hay, but the Tula people saved food for themselves, like the Kerzhaks. (D. Mamin-Sibiryak. Three ends.)
21. The prince tried to be in time for the Permian holiday of the Return of the Birds. (A. Ivanov. Heart of Parma.)
22. Mattresses, old tattered dressing gowns, pantaloons, shirts with blue stripes, worthless, worn-out shoes - all this rag is piled up, crumpled, tangled, rots and emits a suffocating smell. (A. Chekhov. Ward No. 6.)
23. Go to the Kronstadt raid in the summer, to any warship, address yourself to the commander, or senior officer, or, finally, to the watch (guard) officer with a request to inspect the ship, and if there is no “emergency” work on the ship, then I vouch for you for the most pleasant welcome. (I. Goncharov. Frigate "Pallada".)
24. It should be noted that Kovalev was an extremely touchy person. (N. Gogol. Nose.)
25. Beat him! he shouted frantically, turning to Porfiry and Pavlushka, and he himself grabbed a cherry chubuk in his hand. (N. Gogol. Dead souls.)
26. He, dressed in a Circassian costume, rode horseback riding and twice ambushed Bogdanovich, although both times they did not watch for anyone and did not kill anyone. (L. Tolstoy. Hadji Murad.)
27. She gives underwear, shoes, invents some intricate sundress, spends all her pocket money and saves for a long time after that. (I. Goncharov. Break.)
28. “Last year,” Vasily Ivanovich remarked, “I bought myself a flannel frock coat on Kuznetsky Most. (V. Sollogub. Tarantas.)
29. Well, of course, the usual fishing chatter went on ... (G. Vladimov. Three minutes of silence.)
30. He was dexterous, a dodgy man, he started with a penny and soon managed to amass a large capital. (P. Melnikov-Pechersky. In the mountains.)
31. The waves hit the wooden sides of the boat, the rudder turned the wheel sharply, and the shore began to quietly move away from us, as if thrown by a swell that hit it. (V. Korolenko. Murderer.)
32. They bought her two dresses on the boat in the shop, boots and a ski suit, big, true, muzhik, but Kasyanka will grow up, and he will be just right for her. (V. Astafiev. Tsar-fish.)
33. He was a pensive man, as if he were bearing the fate of the world, and on the way he went into a tavern, sat down at the counter, became sad and began to manage, but without any pleasure, since it was none of his business. (N. Leskov. Antuka.)
34. The new director - an arrogant man, with modern ideas, with his head bent back, seemed inaccessible to his subordinates. (I. Panaev. A wonderful person.)
35. The nail with which they hammered the carriage door more in order to have fun with Vasilyev when he overslept, was taken out, and Vasilyev appeared in the light of God, soiled, unkempt and tattered. (F. Dostoevsky. The village of Stepanchikovo and its inhabitants.)
The exercise was prepared by B. A. Panov (“League of Schools”).
Literacy is an essential need for many people. In our country, a total dictation is held annually. Important officials and people of other professions in dozens of cities are diligently thinking about how to write this or that word correctly, where to put a comma, dash, etc. There is something to think about, because Russian is not such a simple language. And it is impossible to write accurately on it without knowing the rules.
The issue of spelling is especially acute for schoolchildren. After all, dictations for them are not held once a year. They write test papers almost weekly in various subjects. Therefore, they should know not only the rules given in this article, but also others. For example, to be able to write correctly the English suffixes of adjectives. Or to know when some famous figure was born and died ...
Suffixes -chiv, -liv, -iv, -ev. Exception words
They say that you have to climb into the water to learn how to swim, and to learn how to write without mistakes, you need to train, develop the skill of competent writing.
The choice of vowels in a given morpheme depends on several factors: stress, hardness or softness of the preceding sound, meaning. And even the origin Stress and literate writing are related to each other due to the fact that only stressed vowels are clearly audible in the flow of our speech, but it is more difficult with unstressed letters. And if you don't know the rules, mistakes will appear.
Remember! If you are in doubt which adjective suffixes to write, put the stress: -iv-- if and shock, and -ev-- if e is unstressed (playful, false, but key); -chiv-, -liv- are derived from -iv, so that they are written and (assiduous, noisy). Exception: holy fool, merciful.
Now check yourself: zero ... howl, caring ... howl, play ... howl, merciful ... howl, howl ... howl, arrogant ... howl, trusting ... howl. (Answers: e, and, and, and, e, and, and).
Suffixes -ov, -ovat and -ev, -evat
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov did not like ugly discordant sounds and in every possible way avoided the use of hissing and whistling. Our spelling cannot do without them.
Over the spelling of suffixes - ov -, - ev- after the unloved classic w, w, ts are often thought. The letters o and ё that sound the same are confusing. And everything is simple: about- shock, and without stress - e(kumachovy, penny, plush).
And if the stress falls on the root or prefix? In this case, adjective suffixes become dangerous for an illiterate person. Here you need to remember the rules! The last letter of the stem Suffixes should be written -ov-, -ovat-, -ovit-(rough). And if a soft consonant, hissing or c, then -ev-, -evat-, -evit- (key, glossy, apple-tree, blind-sighted).
And now let's check the knowledge gained: gift ... twisted, demanding ... watchman ... howl, floor ... howl, blue ... wadded, canvas ... vyy, young ... wadded. (Answers: o, o, e, e, e, o, e).
Suffixes -onk and -enk
It is impossible not to be surprised by the possibilities of the Russian language. To change the meaning of a word, it is enough to replace the suffix in it. And now the fat one turns into a plump one, and the thin one into a thin one. Expresses a completely different attitude to the subject of speech. Shades of sympathy, flattery, irony, disdain, as well as real reduction give words adjective suffixes -onk- and -enk-. Only have the ability to use these shaping tools.
Diminutive adjectives are formed with the suffix -enko and -onk(blue, plump).
After the letters g, k, x, and -onk and -enk(light and light).
Test yourself! Bad ... cue, round ... cue, beautiful ... cue, good ... cue (oh, e, e, e).
Show attitude to what they say, help and -okhonk, -yohonk, -usenk, -yusenk(squishy, tiny, thin).
Suffixes -ensk, -insk. Exceptions
Adjectives are formed not only from common nouns, but also from proper nouns and place names. Morphemes -insk- and - ensk- used to form such words. Unstressed adjective suffixes sound indistinct. There are such speech situations when it is necessary to write and use the word in oral speech. An improperly formed shape cuts the ear. Do not want to make mistakes - remember the rule.
Suffix -insk- serves to form nouns with final -a, -я, -и. (Yalta - Yalta, Mytishchi - Mytishchi, Ekaterina - Ekaterininsky). In other cases, the suffix is used -ensk-(Grozny - Grozny, Grodno - Grodno).
The Russian language is beautiful. And he does not tolerate cacophony, so there are exceptions to the rules that are worth learning. These are Presnensky (from Presnya), Penza (from Penza), Kolomna (from Kolomna), etc.
It is impossible to remember exceptions to all rules, and it is not necessary. In case of difficulty, you should refer to dictionaries and reference books.
Spelling of adjectives formed from nouns with -shka, the words "wind" and "oil"
Nouns with final -shka(frog, cat) form adjectives, the spelling of which you need to know the following: both “frog” and “frog”, feline - feline are written. Both spellings are correct. Only the accent is different.
The spelling of some adjectives is related to their lexical meaning. From the word "wind" and "oil" you can form word forms that have different adjective suffixes. Examples of such words: anemone - windmill, oily - oily. There are no errors here.
Worth remembering! 1. Windy (with the meaning “wind” in direct and figurative meaning. Wind on the street (direct) and wind in the head (trans.) 2. Windy (with the meaning “sets in motion by the power of the wind”) 3. Chicken pox ( from the colloquial word "windmill") 4. Oily (consists of any oil) 5. Oily (oiled, soaked, stained with oil) 6. Oily eyes (figurative meaning) 7. Maslenitsa - Shrovetide week.
Suffixes -sk and -k. Exceptions
“It’s not a shame not to know, it’s a shame not to learn,” says folk wisdom. And it is worth constantly replenishing knowledge. Often the spelling of adjective suffixes is difficult. In the words "sharp" and "sailor" the end of the word sounds the same. How to choose the correct spelling? We reason like this. Since adjectives are formed from the basis of the noun, then we select this basis and see which letter is the last (weaver - weaver). If k, h, c- feel free to substitute a suffix -to. Alternation may occur. This is normal. Are there no such letters? Form from the form. Happened? Then boldly write the suffix -to.
At the end of the base k, h, c(giant - giant), and it is impossible to form a short form - feel free to write the suffix -ck.
Remember: b before -sk- only written after l, and also in the words: day-day, the names of the months, but we write “January” without a soft sign.
Adjectives in -aty: suffixes -chat, -chat
Mikhail Sholokhov said that the language of the people has been accumulating treasures of thought and experience for thousands of years. Formed from nouns with the suffix - chat-, -chat- words, as if from the depths of centuries, brought mystery and charm (iridescent, log, patterned). They indicate the presence in large quantities of what is expressed by the basis (clumpy).
The spelling of adjective suffixes depends on the letters in front. There is an alternation, this changes the composition of the morpheme, the sound.
An error may appear while writing.
Dosch-at-th (from the board sk / w).
Smoke-chat-th (from the smoke).
Bar-chat-k-a (from bar).
Tiles-chat-th (tiles-a c / t).
Adjectives with such suffixes are widely used in professional and terminological vocabulary.
not formed from verbs
“The old abandoned garden was beautiful in its picturesque desolation,” we read from the classic. But in order to excel in literacy in dictation, you need to remember the rule of how to choose suffixes for adjectives and participles. The difficulty is that it is impossible to determine by ear, "n" or "nn" select.
Remember the rule! If you forgot, take a look at the manual. Next, we analyze how this word was formed (picture n th - based on -n, but a suffix was added -n- here is the double "n").
"Nn" it is also written when the adjective appeared with the help of the suffix -onn-, -enn- (excursion-onn-th, craft-enn-th).
The letter "n" in adjective suffixes is written if in the word -in-, -an-, -yan-(os-in-th, skin-an-th).
Exceptions:
1) glass, tin, wood;
2) young, green, pig, spicy, drunken, windy, crimson.
Spelling "n", "nn" in adjective suffixes, it makes you break your head if you don’t know the rules. Therefore, they are worth learning.
Spelling "n" and "nn" in nouns and adverbs in -o, formed from non-verbal adjectives. Words to remember the spelling
The vocabulary of our language is constantly growing. One of the ways of replenishment is the formation of new names of objects and phenomena from adjectives. "n", "nn" in adjective suffixes determines the number of letters in formed nouns. Examples: living room - hotel, related - relative, wood - woodcutter, equestrian - cavalry.
Adverbs can also be formed from adjectives with a final -about. Interestingly, the suffixes of adverbs and adjectives are the same. The number of "n" is also the same. You can check the spelling of "n", "nn" in adverbs by choosing the full adjective from which the adverb is formed. Write as many of these letters as in the original adjective. Examples: courageous - courageous, magnificent - magnificent, excited - excited.
Remember the spelling of the following words: welcome, smart, uninvited guest, named brother, unseen, unheard, etc.
Theoretical part
1. Suffixes of adjectives -IV- and -EB-.
In adjectives, the suffix -IV- is written under stress, and -EB- - without stress:
beautiful, truthful, edge oh, orderly oh, gauze.
Exceptions: merciful, holy fool.
2. Suffixes of adjectives -CHIV-, -LIV-.
Suffixes -CHIV-, -LIV- are written only with the vowel AND (there are no suffixes -LEV- and -CHEV- in Russian):
persistent, caring, touchy, prudent.
BUT: enamel, diagonal, gutta-percha (consonants Ch and L belong to the root).
3. Suffix of adjectives -CHAT-.
In the suffix -CHAT- the letter A is written: stepped, webbed.
Before the suffix -CHAT-, the final C of the noun stem alternates with T: granular (grain), ciliated (eyelash), tiled (tile).
4. Suffix of adjectives -IST-.
The adjective suffix -IST- is written only with the vowel AND:
flooded, teary, rolling, clayey, broad-shouldered.
5. Suffixes of adjectives -ONK- (-ENK-).
In adjectives, after the consonants G, K, X, the suffix -ONK- is written, after other consonants - ENK-:
young, heavy, dry.
Possible spellings: light, light.
The suffix -INK- is not written in adjectives.
6. Suffixes of verbs -OVA- (-EVA-), -IVA- (-YVA-)
In the indefinite form and in the past tense, the suffix -OVA- (-EVA-) is written for verbs, if in the form of the 1st person singular of the present or future simple tense, this suffix alternates with -UYU (-YUU):
conversations oh wa l, conversations oh wa t - I'm talking
potch e va l, potch e va t - regale
In the indefinite form and in the past tense, the suffix -YVA- (-IVA-) is written for verbs if this suffix is preserved in the form of the 1st person singular of the present or future simple tense:
sight s va l, sight s va t - sight yva Yu
unzipped and wa l, unzipped and wa t - unzipped willow Yu.
Note. Verbs with the root -VED-, having the form of the 1st person in -UYU(-YUU)-, are written with the suffix -OVA- in the indefinite form and in the past tense:
confess - confessed, preach - preached, manage - managed (since I confess, I preach, I manage),
but: reconnoiter - reconnaissance l, tasting - tasting l, visiting - visiting l, visiting - visiting, inferring - inferring l (since the suffix is preserved).
Verbs with the suffix -EVA-, -IVA- should not be confused with verbs in which the stressed suffix -BA- is combined with the preceding root vowel A or I. Such a root vowel, unlike the suffix, is preserved in an indefinite form in verbs without the suffix - VA-:
Wrap around - wrap around, flood - fill, overcome - overcome.
In the verbs to get stuck, to overshadow, to intend, to prolong, to corrupt, the suffix -EVA- is written.
Suffix -sk-
In adjectives, when the suffix -sk- is added to the root, the consonant of the root is preserved in some cases, while in others it changes.
1. If -sk- is added to a root that ends in d, t, z, s, ts (if there is a consonant before ts), then they are preserved: Kyrgyz-sk-y (Kyrgyz), Canadian, Dutch, Scottish, Flemish, Kurdish, abbey, candidate, gigantic, post office, lieutenant, occupationist, amateurish, adjutant, Bolshevik, positivist, subjectivist, propaganda, pacifist, Abkhazian, Vosgesian, Polissian, Circassian, Eskimo, sailor, Palatinate, Constance.
Note. If the root ends in ts (or tss), which is preceded by a vowel, then the suffix -k- is added to the root: Yeletsky (Elets), Nice (Nice). Exceptions: Graz (Graz), Metz (Metz).
2. If the suffix -sk- is added to a root that ends in k, h, then they change to c, and the letter from the suffix is omitted: miner (miner-4- -ote-; the final consonant of the root k changes to c, and the suffix loses from - miner -f cue), Cossack, poor, tramp "burlatsky, tavern, fisherman, Slovak, kulak, stupid, bursatsky, walnut, Turkish, peasant, Kalmyk, Permyak, middle peasant, weaver.
3. If the root ends in s, preceded by a consonant, and then the suffix -sk- follows, then one s in the word is omitted: Ems (Ems), Reims (Reims), Worms (Worms), Welsh (Wales), etc. Exceptions: Gelsingfors (Helsingfors), Daugavpils (Daugavpils), Tammerfors (Tammerfors).
Note. In adjectives Odessa (Odessa), Cherkasy (Cherkassy) two s are written, since it is not customary to write three s.
4. If the root ends in sk, and then the suffix -sk- follows, then one k in the word drops out (in the word -ssky is written, not “-sksky”): Damascus (Damascus), San Francisco (San Francisco) , Etruscan (Etruscan). Exceptions: Oscan, Basque.
5. If the root ends in l, and then the suffix -sk- follows, then b is written before the suffix: Ural (Ural), rural (village), embassy (ambassador), Portuguese (Portugal), general (general), angelic (angel ), bibliophile (bibliophile), consular (consul), Mongolian (Mongolia).
If the root ends in н or р, and then the suffix -sk- follows, then b is not written before it: Astrakhan (Astrakhan), Siberian (Siberia), Havana (harbour), horse (horse), heroic (hero), brutal ( beast), clerk's (clerk), secretary's (secretary), rebellious (rebel), healer (healer), plowman (plowman), royal (king), knightly (knight), huntsman (huntsman), monastic (monastery).
Exceptions: month names: June, September. Noyabrsky and others (except for January)", as well as adjectives formed from Chinese and Vietnamese names that are written with ь: Yun'an, Taiwanese. The expression day-to-day is written with ь.
Suffixes -ev-, -iv-
The suffix -ev-, which is included in many adjectives, is unstressed: enamel; the suffix -iv- is always stressed: truthful.
The suffix -ev- is included in the following adjectives: aluminum, sodium, potassium, nickel, flannel, slot, style, pain, share, salt, zero, bullet, shadow, armor, rod, root, guest, drinking, mirabel, tissue, gauze, astrakhan, tulle, ermine, soy, etc. (For the spelling of suffixes -ev-, -ov- after hissing, see § 7.)
In adjectives truthful, arrogant, playful, beautiful, courteous, flattering, etc., the suffix -iv- is written. Exceptions: merciful, gentle, holy fool.
Please note: brown, buckwheat are written with -ev-.
Suffixes -liv-, -chiv-
Suffixes -liv-, -chiv- (there are no suffixes “-lee-”, €-chev-u> in Russian) are written in adjectives: fastidious, restless, bizarre, gluttonous, flirtatious, prudent, sympathetic, envious, compassionate, conscientious , accommodating, forgetful, sympathetic, touchy, resourceful, obsessive, enterprising, talkative, arrogant, picky, reckless.
It is necessary to distinguish between adjectives formed with the suffixes -liv-, -chiv-, and adjectives in which the stem ends in l, h, and then comes the suffix -ev-. For example, in gutta-percha, the letter h belongs to the root, not the suffix; in enamel, the letter l also belongs to the suffix.
Suffix -y
If the stem of the noun includes the suffixes -nik, -chik, -ikі', then the adjective is formed with the help of the suffix -iy (variant of the suffix -/-): hunting (hunter), gardener (gardener), colonel (colonel), bureaucratic (official) , shoemaker (shoemaker), gardener (gardener), robber (robber), carpenter (carpenter), carrier (carrier), cabman (cab driver), landowner (landlord).
The adjectives turkey, cat, frog are outdated, in modern language the forms turkey, cat, frog are used.
Pay attention to the spelling of the words old woman and boy.
Suffixes -dvat-, -evat-
If the root ends in a hard consonant (except for hissing and [c]), then after it the suffix -ovat- is written: whitish, angular, hooked, dirty, rather poor, sweetish.
If the root ends in a soft consonant, hissing or [ts], then the suffix -evat- is written after it: bluish, spongy, acne-prone, reddish, youthful.
Suffixes -onk-, -enk-
If the root ends in g, k, x, then the suffix -onk- is written after it: deep, tall, soft, small, pathetic, inferior, dry, quiet, light, piebald, wretched.
Note. In the Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language (M., 1982), parallel forms are given with the suffix - little, poor, dry, quiet, light, pegenky.
If the root ends in any consonant other than g, k, x, then the suffix -enk- is written after it: blue, pretty, ve-
8* At the same time, [k] alternates with [h], "... ..,. L., little girl, cheap, pretty, young, thin, mean, warm, sour, nice, crappy, unhappy, drunk, short.
Suffixes -insk-, -in + sk-
The suffix -insk- is written in adjectives formed from nouns ending in -а(-я), -и(-s): Yalta (Yalta), pyiiminsky (Pyshma), Zhizdrinsky (Zhizdra), Gagrinsky (Gagra), Karaganda ( Karaganda), Okhtinsky (Okhta), Elninsky (Yelnya); Mytishchi (Mytishchi), Khimki (Khimki), Sochi (Sochi), Taborinsky (Tabory), Saatly (Saatly).
The suffix -in + sk-is written: 1) if the adjective is formed from a possessive adjective with the suffix -in: Olginsky (Olga - Olgin), Elizabethan (Elizaveta - Elizabeth), Nastasinsky (Nastasya - Nastassin), Anninsky (Anna - Annin), Mariinsky (Maria - Mariin), sisterly (sister - sister); 2) if the adjective is formed from a noun in -in: Hellenic (Hellene); military (warrior).
In all other cases, the suffix -ensk- is written: cemetery (cemetery), beggarly (beggar), gorodishchensky (fortified settlement), Zarechensky (Zarechye), Frunzensky (Frunze), Grozny (Grozny), Kerch (Kerch).
Note. Adjectives Livensky, Krapivensky, Kolomna, Pesochensky, Rovno, etc. are formed from nouns with the help of the suffix -sk- (“fluent”, e is included in the root): Livn (s) -livensky (y), Krapiv (on) - Krapi-Viennese (s). Sometimes the choice of a suffix is determined by tradition: Penza (although Penza), Presnensky (Presnya), Lopasiensky (Lopasnya), Inzensky (Inza), Svobodinsky (in Kursk), but Svobddensky (on the Amur), etc.
