V. Catering for certain categories of employees of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation and other categories of persons

• 1. Catering in a hospital setting

VI. Catering with the involvement of catering companies

Appendix No. 2. FOOD SUPPLY STANDARDS FOR STUDENTS OF SUVOROV MILITARY SCHOOLS OF THE MIA OF RUSSIA

Appendix No. 3. STANDARDS FOR REPLACING SOME PRODUCTS WITH OTHERS WHEN ORGANIZING FOOD SUPPLY FOR PEOPLE WHO ARE SUPPLIED

• 3. Product replacements made in special cases in agreement with the Logistics Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
• 4. Replacement of quick-frozen dishes and freeze-dried dishes
• 5. Substitutions for Canned Lunch Meals and Specialty Foods
• 6. Substitutions for canned foods for medical nutrition
• 8. Replacement of some products with others when developing regulatory and technical documentation for food rations, on-board rations and making changes to it

Appendix No. 7. ON-BOARD RATION FOR AIRPLANE AND HELICOPTER CREWS

Appendix No. 8. EMERGENCY SUPPLIES KITS FOR AIRPLANE AND HELICOPTER CREWS

Appendix No. 9. FOOD RATION FOR AIRCRAFT AND HELICOPTER CREWS AT ALTERNATE AIRPORTS

Appendix N 10. SINGLE (INTERMEDIATE) FOOD RATION

Appendix N 11. STANDARDS FOR PROVIDING FOOD (PRODUCTS) FOR STAFF ANIMALS DIVISIONS (ORGANIZATIONS, INSTITUTIONS) OF THE INTERNAL AFFAIRS BODIES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND STANDARDS FOR REPLACING SOME PRODUCTS WITH OTHERS WHEN PROVIDING STAFF WORKING DOGS

• I. Norm for providing feed (products) to standard horses, foals, camels, donkeys, deer

Appendix No. 12. LIST OF CATEGORIES OF CITIZENS HAVING THE RIGHT TO PROVIDE FOOD FROM THE VOLUMES OF PURCHASES MADE BY THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, FOR A PAYMENT

Valid Editorial from 19.04.2010

Name of document	ORDER of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation dated April 19, 2010 N 292 "ON SOME ISSUES OF FOOD AND PROVISION OF FOOD (PRODUCTS) FOR STAFF ANIMAL DIVISIONS (ORGANIZATIONS, INSTITUTIONS) IN THE INTERNAL AFFAIRS BODIES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN PEACETIME"
Document type	order, norms, list, order
Receiving authority	Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation
Document Number	292
Acceptance date	25.06.2010
Revision date	19.04.2010
Registration number in the Ministry of Justice	17352
Date of registration with the Ministry of Justice	25.05.2010
Status	valid
Publication	"Bulletin of normative acts of federal executive authorities", N 24, 06/14/2010
Navigator	Notes

ORDER of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation dated April 19, 2010 N 292 "ON SOME ISSUES OF FOOD AND PROVISION OF FOOD (PRODUCTS) FOR STAFF ANIMAL DIVISIONS (ORGANIZATIONS, INSTITUTIONS) IN THE INTERNAL AFFAIRS BODIES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN PEACETIME"

II. Standards for providing food (products) for regular service dogs and puppies

1. Feeding of regular service dogs and puppies in units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia is carried out with products or specialized complete food of the class (“premium” or “superpremium”), with an energy value of 340 to 430 kilocalories per 100 grams of specialized complete food.

2. When feeding, the breed and physiological state of regular service dogs and puppies are taken into account.

1. Standard for providing food for regular service dogs and puppies

N p/p	Product name	Amount (in grams) per dog per day
		adult dogs	puppies up to 6 months of age
1.	Buckwheat, rice, oat, barley, wheat, millet, rolled oats	600	40 - 600
2.	Meat (beef, horse meat, lamb)	400	20 - 400
2.1.	or meat by-products	1000	-
3.	Animal fats	13	5 - 13
4.	Kefir or milk	-	150 - 500
5.	Cottage cheese	-	50 - 250
6.	Chicken egg (pieces)	-	1
7.	Potatoes, vegetables	300	50 - 300
8.	Salt	15	3 - 15

Notes: 1. For breeding dogs, in addition to the norm of providing food for regular service dogs, puppies<*>50 grams of meat or 125 grams of meat by-products are given per dog per day.

2. For sick dogs, according to the conclusions of veterinary service specialists, it is allowed to give out one type of cereal.

3. According to the conclusions of veterinary service specialists, in addition to the food supply norm, the following is issued per dog per day:

a) for sick dogs - 500 grams of kefir or milk, 250 grams of cottage cheese, egg - 1 piece;

b) for puppy bitches - 100 grams of meat or 250 grams of meat by-products, 500 grams of kefir or milk, 250 grams of cottage cheese, egg - 1 piece;

c) for lactating bitches (before weaning the puppies) - 100 grams of meat or 250 grams of meat by-products, 500 grams of kefir or milk, 250 grams of cottage cheese, 1 egg;

d) for dogs guarding objects harmful to their health, including traffic police posts - 500 grams of kefir or milk, 100 grams of cottage cheese, an egg - 3 pieces per week;

e) for dogs in areas Far North and areas equated to the regions of the Far North - 150 grams of meat or 300 grams of meat by-products and 10 grams of animal fats;

f) for all dogs - vitamin and mineral supplements 2 - 35 grams.

4. In conditions of transportation, when traveling for more than 12 hours, it is allowed, instead of the products provided for by the food supply norm, to give out 700 grams of bread from a mixture of rye and wheat flour of the 1st grade and 2 cans of canned meat and vegetables, packaged at 350 grams per dog per day.

5. A puppy up to six months of age with a weekly uniform increase is given:

a) cereals - from one month of age, starting from 40 grams;

b) meat - from one month of age, starting from 20 grams;

c) kefir or milk - from two weeks of age, starting from 150 grams;

d) cottage cheese - from three weeks of age, starting from 50 grams;

e) eggs - 7 pieces per week;

f) vegetables - from one month of age, starting from 100 grams.

6. For bedding, 800 grams of straw are provided for an adult dog and 400 grams of straw per day for a puppy.

7. During the training period, a service dog is given an additional 50 grams of meat per day as a treat.

2. The norm for providing food for regular service dogs and puppies

Notes: 1. According to the norm for providing food to a puppy up to 6 months of age - from two weeks of age, starting from 40 grams, with a systematic weekly increase, complete food intended for feeding puppies is given.

2. In addition to the food supply norm, based on the conclusion of veterinary service specialists, the following is issued for one service dog per day:

a) for whelping and lactating bitches (before the puppies are weaned) complete food intended for pregnant and lactating bitches;

b) for a breeding dog, complete food - 150 grams;

c) for a service dog guarding objects harmful to its health, complete food - 150 grams;

d) for a service dog in the Far North and equivalent areas, complete food is 150 grams.

3. For sick service dogs, dogs guarding objects harmful to their health, including traffic police posts, puppies are allowed to be given veterinary diets (food used for diseases and disease prevention) or food based on turkey or salmon, according to food supply standards.

4. In conditions of transportation, when traveling for more than 12 hours, one service dog is provided with 600 grams of complete food per day or 1200 grams of canned dog food.

Standards for replacing some products with others when providing full-time service dogs

N p/p	Product name	Quantity (grams)
		replacement product	substitute product
1.	Replace cereals:	100	-
2.1.	pasta	-	100
2.	Replace meat:	100	-
2.1.	poultry meat	-	100
2.2.	or fish (chilled or frozen), gutted without head	-	120
3.	Replace cow's milk:	100	-
3.1.	whole milk powder	-	15
3.2.	or sterilized condensed milk without sugar	-	30
4.	Replace animal fats:	100	-
4.1.	vegetable oil	-	100
4.2.	or margarine	-	100
4.3.	or rendered animal fat	-	100
4.4.	or raw fat	-	130
5.	Potatoes and vegetables<*>replace	100	-
5.1.	cereal	-	20

<*>It is allowed to make replacements only during the vegetable-free period (from April 15 to June 15, and in the Far North and equivalent areas - from April 15 to August 31).

Note: Replacement of products is carried out in agreement with a veterinary service specialist.

The normal functioning and performance of service dogs largely depends on their proper feeding. Proper feeding means nutrition, which is carried out according to physiologically based standards of nutritional requirements, complete and balanced diets while observing the feeding regime.

Proper feeding has a decisive influence on the health, growth rate, development, conformation and weight of dogs. Proper feeding plays a huge role in breeding when improving existing and creating new breeds and types of dogs.

Organizing proper feeding of dogs is only possible by regulating the quantity and quality of food given, taking into account physiological need in nutrients. Both insufficient and excessive nutrition of dogs is harmful and unprofitable. It negatively affects the germ cells, the embryonic development of the fetus, and at the same time weak offspring are born.

Nutritional needs of dogs

Service dogs require a certain amount of energy, protein and amino acids, carbohydrates, fats (lipids) and fatty acids, minerals (macro- and microelements) and vitamins.

Energy requirement. Energy is necessary for the functioning of internal organs, maintaining muscle tone and movement, a certain body temperature, etc. Energy is produced from proteins, fats and carbohydrates in the feed and determines the overall level of nutrition, which is characterized by the amount of gross energy expressed in kilojoules (kJ). It has been established that 1 g of protein, when oxidized in the body, releases 16.7 kJ, 1 g of fat - 37.7 kJ and 1 g of carbohydrates - 15.7 kJ of energy (4.186 kJ - 1 kcal of energy).

The energy requirement depends on the dog’s body weight, ambient temperature, coat condition, gender, age, animal constitution, muscular work, physiological state (pregnancy, lactation, etc.). Daily energy requirement in summer season decreases, and in winter increases by an average of 15 percent. Males expend more energy than females, and young dogs more than older dogs. Lean, muscular dogs also expend more energy than loose and obese dogs. Dogs that are easily excitable also have a greater need for energy than phlegmatic dogs.

The calorie content of the diet should be increased for males and females before breeding, for whelping and lactating females. The harder the work a dog does, the higher the energy requirement. For example, moderate work of service dogs increases energy expenditure by 20-30 percent. The amount of energy spent on work depends on the degree of training and the breed of the dog. The amount of energy a dog needs is influenced by their reaction to the surrounding space and landscape. The average energy requirement for dogs is presented in table. 1.

A lack of energy in the diet leads to emaciation of the dog, an excess leads to obesity. The energy content of food products for dogs is presented in table. 3.

Protein requirement. A lack of protein and especially amino acids in a dog’s diet is fraught with delays in the growth and development of puppies, impaired reproductive functions, decreased absorption of feed nutrients, poor growth of hair and claws, and a decrease in the body’s resistance to diseases. Excess protein in the diet leads to toxicosis and liver damage.

The optimal protein requirement for dogs is: for adults - 4.5 g, for young animals - 9.0 g per 1 kg of live weight. The requirement for critical amino acids is: in adults - lysine 60 mg, methionine - 70 mg and tryptophan - 15 mg; in young animals - lysine 210 mg, methionine - 190 mg and tryptophan - 60 mg per 1 kg of live weight. In service dogs average job The need for protein increases by approximately 30 percent, and the dog should receive at least one third of the protein from animal feed. The need for protein and amino acids in adult dogs is affected by whelping, lactation in females, increased sexual activity in males, etc. The protein content in food products for dogs is presented in Table. 3.

Table 3. Composition and energy value (nutritional value) of food products for dogs (in g per 100 g of product), per day

Feed product	Squirrels	Fats	Carbohydrates	Cellulose	Energy, kJ	Inedible part, %
Meat II category	20,2	7,0	-	-	602	18
Horse meat II category	20,9	4,1	-	-	502	25
Canned whale	35,5	5,0	-	-	804	-
Liver	18,3	3,2	5,2	-	431	-
Lungs	15,2	3,5	2,0	-	385	8
Animal fats	0,3	99,7	-	-	3753	-
Meat and bone meal	47,7	8,5	2,9	-	1175	-
Cow's milk	2,8	3,2	4,7	-	243	-
Low-fat cottage cheese	18,0	0,6	1,5	-	360	-
Fish of small species	17,4	1,3	-	-	347	45
Fish flour	55,0	3,0	-	-	1057	-
Fish fat	-	100,0	-	-	3980	-
Chicken eggs	12,7	11,5	0,7	-	657	13
Flour
rye	8,8	1,4	73,4	1,1	1356	-
wheat	11,0	1,3	72,3	0,8	1368	-
barley	10,0	1,6	71,5	1,5	1347	-
Bread
rye	5,6	0,9	44,4	0,7	841	-
wheat	7,9	1,0	48,5	0,3	946	-
Crackers	11,0	3,9	70,3	0,8	1447	-
Biscuits	10,6	1,3	73,8	0,2	1406	-
Groats
oatmeal	11,9	5,8	65,4	2,8	1444	-
semolina	11,3	0,7	73,3	0,2	1364	-
rice	7,0	0,6	77,3	0,4	1351	-
millet	12,0	2,9	69,3	1,4	1346	-
barley	10,4	1,3	71,7	1,4	1346	-
Cereals	13,1	6,2	65,7	1,3	1485	-
Fresh potatoes	2,0	0,1	19,7	1,0	347	25
Carrot	1,3	0,1	7,0	1,0	138	20
beet	1,7	-	10,0	0,9	201	20
Fresh cabbage	1,8	-	5,4	0,7	117	20
Sauerkraut	0,8	-	1,8	1,0	59	-

(Average)

Carbohydrate needs. Carbohydrates (sugar, starch, fiber, etc.) serve as the most important source of energy in dogs’ bodies; in addition, fiber plays a role in the formation of feces and stimulates intestinal motility. The source of fiber for dogs is plant foods. The optimal carbohydrate requirement for dogs is: for adults - 10 g, including fiber - 1 g; in young animals - 15.8 g, including fiber - 1.5 g per 1 kg of live weight. The carbohydrate requirements of adult dogs depend on the fat content of the diet. The less fat in the food, the more carbohydrates there should be in the diet. During the summer season, some fats can be replaced with carbohydrates. Excess sugar and starch in the diet leads to obesity in dogs. The content of carbohydrates in feed is presented in table. 3.

Requirement for lipids (fat). The importance of fat in feeding dogs is determined by their content of vital fatty acids, which are part of the cells of the body, and their high calorie content. The optimal requirement for lipids in adult dogs is 1.32 g, in young animals - 2.64 g per 1 kg of live weight. If there is a lack of fat in the diet, animals experience growth retardation, impaired reproductive functions, hypovitaminosis, skin diseases - dermatitis, hyperkeratosis, flaking, depigmentation of hair, etc. Excess fat is also harmful. The fat content in dog food products is presented in table. 3.

Need for vitamins. A dog's diet must contain vitamins - A, D, E, K" group B, etc. If they are deficient in food, dogs experience severe diseases - hypovitaminosis.

With a lack of vitamin A in the diet, dogs' vision and reproductive functions are impaired, growth in puppies is delayed, and resistance to various diseases is reduced. Vitamin A is found in milk, fish oil, and liver. Plant foods (carrots, greens, etc.) contain provitamin A - carotene.

With a lack of vitamin D, puppies develop rickets, and adult dogs experience painful softening of the bones and atrophy. bone tissue. Vitamin D is found in fish oil and liver.

A lack of vitamin E causes reproductive dysfunction in dogs, leading to infertility. Sources of vitamin E are vegetables, various greens, sprouted cereal grains, etc.

With a lack of vitamin K, dogs experience subcutaneous hemorrhage - hemorrhages in the neck, chest, and legs. Cabbage, spinach, pumpkin, and tomatoes are rich in vitamin K.

Vitamin C protects dogs from scurvy (hemorrhages under the skin, swollen joints, etc.). Vegetables are sources of vitamin C. sauerkraut, which is included in the diet of dogs. If there are no vegetables, you can use young nettles by scalding them with boiling water.

Lack of B vitamins leads to muscle weakness, impaired coordination of movements, paralysis, convulsions, hair loss and depigmentation, dermatitis, peeling skin, bloody diarrhea, mouth ulcers, a peculiar form of anemia, etc. Many B vitamins are found in yeast and liver , cottage cheese, milk, wholemeal flour, potatoes, cauliflower. The content of vitamins in feed products is presented in table. 4.

Table 4. Content of vitamins in feed products (in mg per 100 g of product)

Feed product	Carotene	A	E	WITH	IN 1	AT 2	AT 3
Meat	1,0	Footprints	-	Footprints	0,1	0,2	0,6
horsemeat	-	Footprints	-	Footprints	0,1	0,1	0,6
Liver	1,0	8,2	1,3	33,0	0,3	2,2	6,8
Cow's milk	0,1	0,1	0,1	1,5	0,1	0,2	0,4
Low-fat cottage cheese	Footprints	0,1	-	0,5	0,1	0,2	0,2
Fish	-	0,1	0,5	1,8	0,1	0,2	0,6
Chicken eggs	0,1	0,4	2	-	0,1	0,2	1,3
Bread:
rye	Footprints	-	2,2	-	0,2	0,1	0,6
wheat	Footprints	-	3,8	-	0,3	0,1	0,7
Cereals:
oatmeal	Footprints	-	3,4	-	0,5	0,1	0,9
semolina	-	-	2,5	-	0,1	0,1	0,3
rice	-	-	0,5	-	0,1	0,1	0,4
millet	Footprints	-	2,6	-	0,4	0,1	0,4
barley	-	-	-	-	0,3	0,1	0,7
Potato	0,1	-	0,1	20,0	0,1	0,1	0,3
Carrot	9	-	0,6	5	0,1	0,1	0,3
Beet	0,1	-	0,2	10,0	0,1	0,1	0,1
Cabbage	Footprints	-	0,1	45,0	0,1	0,1	0,2
Salad (greens)	1,8	-	-	15,0	0,1	0,1	0,1
Spinach	4,5	-	2,5	55,0	0,1	0,3	0,3
Nettle	5,2	-	1,6	35,0	0,1	-	0,1
Yeast	-	-	-	-	0,6	0,7	4,2
Fish oil, IU/g	-	1000	-	-	-	-	-
Retinol, thousand IU/mg	-	50	-	-	-	-	-
Microvit, thousand IU/g	-	330	-	-	-	-	-
Capsuvit, mg/g	-	-	250	-	-	-	-
Granuvite, mg/g	-	-	-	-	-	500	-
Calcium pantothenate, mg/g	-	-	-	-	-	-	450

(Average)

(International units in gram)

Requirement for minerals. Minerals include calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chlorine and magnesium, iron, copper, cobalt, zinc, manganese and iodine.

With a lack of calcium and phosphorus in the diet, puppies develop rickets, and adult dogs develop softening and brittle bones. Lack of sodium and chlorine (table salt) causes loss of appetite, decreased secretion of gastric juice and impaired protein absorption. Dogs' need for table salt is: for adults - 375 mg, for young animals - 530 mg per 1 kg of live weight. If there is a lack of potassium and magnesium in the feed, animals experience increased excitability and cardiac dysfunction. Dogs need iron, copper and cobalt for the formation of hemoglobin and other components blood. If there is a lack of these elements in the food, dogs become anemic. A deficiency of zinc in the diet causes a sharp slowdown in growth and puberty in dogs, loss of taste and decreased sense of smell, as well as dermatitis. If there is a deficiency of manganese in the diet, bitches give birth to dead or non-viable offspring. Lack of iodine causes goiter (enlargement of the thyroid gland) in animals and the birth of weak puppies in bitches.

General external signs Insufficiency of minerals in food in dogs is a perverted appetite: eating various garbage, plaster, animals chew stones, wooden objects, etc.

Water requirement. Dogs tolerate a lack of water more severely than a lack of food. Need in drinking water is 40 ml in adult dogs, 80-120 ml per 1 kg of live weight in young animals. It depends on the nature of feeding, time of year, work performed, etc. The need for water increases after intense work, as well as during the hot period of the year.

Drinking water for dogs should be clean, clear, odorless, and not too cold. Dogs should not be given water from small stagnant bodies of water or small rivers flowing through populated areas.

Dog food

The main foods used to feed dogs are meat and meat by-products, cereals and bread, potatoes and vegetables. Puppies, young animals, whelps and lactating bitches are also fed eggs, milk and cottage cheese. In addition, dogs can be fed fish, table scraps, canned food and various feed additives. The composition and nutritional value of food products for dogs are given in table. 3-5.

Table 5. Content of minerals in feed products (in mg per 100 g of product)

Products	Calcium	Phosphorus	Potassium	Magnesium	Iron	Manganese	Copper
Meat	10	188	355	22	2,9	3,2	0,2
horsemeat	13	185	270	23	3,1	3,2	0,2
Liver	9	314	277	18	6,9	5,0	3,8
Cow's milk	122	192	148	13	0,1	0,5	-
Low-fat cottage cheese	120	189	117	24	0,3	0,4	0,1
Fish	27	216	268	21	1,5	2,0	0,1
Fish flour	6700	3200	865	255	83,6	8,3	0,7
Chicken eggs	55	215	140	12	2,5	1,0	0,1
Bread
rye	21	174	227	57	3,6	1,4	0,3
wheat	31	222	267	89	4,0	2,1	0,6
Groats
oatmeal	64	349	362	116	3,9	2,7	0,5
semolina	20	85	130	18	0,1	0,6	0,1
rice	24	97	54	26	1,0	1,4	0,3
millet	27	233	211	83	7,0	1,7	0,4
barley	42	343	160	96	1,8	1,1	0,4
Potato	10	58	568	23	0,9	0,4	0,1
Carrot	51	55	200	38	0,7	0,4	0,1
Beet	37	43	288	43	1,4	0,4	0,1
Fresh cabbage	48	31	185	16	0,6	0,4	0,1
Bone flour	26000	14000	240	46	150,0	8,0	1,0
Meat and bone meal	14500	7500	430	213	167,5	13,5	1,1
Chalk	37000	180	500	-	-	-	-

(Average)

Meat is the most nutritious food. Any meat is suitable for dogs, but horse meat and lower grades of beef and lamb are most often used. Raw meat is more healthy; its content in the diet should be at least 25 percent of the daily requirement.

Before feeding, corned beef must be soaked well and for a long time with changes of water and mixed with boiled cereals and vegetables. The meat of sea animals is fed raw to sled dogs. The daily amount of meat for dogs depends on the age, gender, weight, physiological state of the animal and the work it performs. The approximate norm of meat for adult service dogs with an average load is 400 g, for a puppy: from 20 days to two months of age 50-200, from two to four months 200-400, from four to six months - 400-500 and from six months up to one year - 500-600 g per head per day ( The daily norm of meat for adult puppies and young dogs of especially large breeds is more than 400 g. (Approx. comp.)).

Meat by-products - liver, kidneys, lungs, heart, tongues, tripes, heads, legs, meat trimmings, etc. have less nutritional value than meat by 1.5-2 times.

Bones also used for feeding dogs starting from two to three months of age. A long-term absence of bones in a dog’s diet leads to a general weakening of the animal’s skeleton. Bones are used for cooking stews, soups and as additional food and delicacies in their raw form. Dogs should not be given bird bones.

Bone flour- a source of high-value protein and minerals. It is fed to adult dogs 100 g per day.

Milk. This valuable product can partially replace meat in a dog’s diet. Milk is especially beneficial for puppies, bitches and lactating bitches, as well as sick and malnourished dogs. Puppies are given milk from 15-20 days of age (if bitches have insufficient milk supply and with large litters - earlier), starting from 50 g, and by three months the norm is increased to 400-500 g per day. Puppy and lactating bitches can be fed milk up to 1 liter per day. Skim milk (skim milk) is fed to adult service dogs in pasteurized or boiled form, up to 1 liter per day, instead of meat.

Cottage cheese puppies begin to be given from the suckling period, are gradually taught from 20 g per day and by six months the norm is increased to 50-100 g.

Fish Along with meat, it is a source of complete protein, but it cannot completely replace meat. The diet of service dogs most often includes fresh, boiled and dried sea fish. Before feeding, fish should be thoroughly cleaned of bones.

Dogs are also fed fishmeal. The most suitable flour for these purposes is one that contains no more than 10 percent fat and 22 percent ash. It is fed to puppies in an amount of no more than 20 g, to adult dogs - 50 g per day.

Fish oil, rich in vitamins, is also included in the dog’s diet. Most often it is given to puppies to prevent rickets. During the suckling period, it is given a few drops per day, by two months - a teaspoon, then the dose is increased to a tablespoon per day. It can be added to food. Fish oil is also fed to whelping and lactating bitches 30-50 g per day, to male dogs during the mating period 20-30 g.

Puppies, whelping and lactating bitches, sick dogs and male dogs are fed chicken eggs during the mating period.

Animal fats- lard, butter, combined fat are given to dogs in the cold season, in addition to the diet, 20-30 g per day.

Plant-based foods in dog diets account for about 70 percent of the daily calorie intake.

Bread They feed both rye and wheat. The daily norm of bread for adult dogs is 200-300 g, for puppies from one to six months - 100-150 g. Bread is added to milk, stew, soup, and is also given in its natural form. It's better to feed stale bread, the crackers are slightly soaked beforehand.

Cereals- oatmeal, semolina, millet, barley, rice, etc. are the basis of dog nutrition. The best cereal is oatmeal. The daily grain intake for adult dogs is 300-400 g; for puppies: at suckling age - 30-50 g, from one to three months - 80-150 g, from four to six months - 200-300 g. Oatmeal and barley cereals must be crushed or soaked cold water 6-8 hours before cooking.

Potatoes and vegetables in a dog's diet should make up about 10 percent of daily calories. They are sources of vitamins, easily digestible carbohydrates, minerals, organic acids and fiber. Potatoes are fed boiled. It must be washed before cooking. The daily requirement of potatoes for an adult service dog is 200 g, for puppies: at suckling age - 20-30 g, from one to three months - 80-100 g, from three to six months - 100-120 g. It is better to feed potatoes in soup , stew, mashed potatoes. Carrots are given raw beets - boiled. Lettuce, spinach, tops are chopped, young nettle is chopped, doused hot water and fed as supplements. Approximate daily norm vegetables and greens (without potatoes) is about 100 g for adult dogs, for puppies: at suckling age 20-30 g, from one to three months - 50-70 g, from three to six months - 80-100 g. Before feeding Vegetables should be washed well in clean water.

Food leftovers are fed to dogs with mandatory compliance sanitary rules. They must be fresh, uncontaminated, from leftovers from home food or a specific cafeteria. They must be examined, boiled and fed warm. It is necessary to ensure that the leftovers do not contain small sharp bones or hot seasonings.

Feed additives- yeast, vitamin preparations, bone meal, calcium phosphate, glycerophosphate, finely ground dried eggshell, table salt, etc. are sources of vitamins and minerals. Feed, baker's and brewer's yeast contain B vitamins and are fed to male dogs during the mating period in the amount of 20-30 g, to puppies - 5-10 g per day. Vitamin preparations are most often fed to whelping and lactating bitches, puppies - in accordance with the instructions for their use. Bone meal is given to adult dogs 10-20 g; for puppies: at suckling age - 4 g, from one to three months - 10 g, from three to six months - 13 g per day. Calcium phosphate (precipitate) or glycerophosphate, or crushed eggshells are fed to male dogs, puppies and lactating bitches 2-3 g at each feeding, puppies - 0.5-1 g per day. Table salt is added to the diet of adult dogs of medium size - 10-15 g, large dogs - 20 g, puppies: at suckling age - 0.5 g, from one to three months - 5 g and from three to six months - 8 g per day.

Canned food convenient for storage and do not require much time to prepare food. They come in meat and vegetable varieties. Canned meat is fed to adult dogs with cereals and vegetables. Canned meat and vegetables are used as a product that fully provides dogs with nutrients, with the exception of vitamins.

Industrial production of canned food for dogs is widely practiced in the USA, England, East Germany, Czechoslovakia and other countries. Finished products are offered to the buyer, as a rule, in tin cans in the form of minced meat, sausages, meat bars, pates, meat cubes weighing 150, 300 or more grams. In the GDR, a technology for preparing wet canned food “Goldi” and dry canned food “Bello” was developed in granular form.

Rules and regime for feeding dogs

Dogs are fed according to rations. A diet is a daily set of feeds that provides the physiological norm for nutrient requirements.

Before you can properly create a diet, you need to determine your dog’s nutritional needs. This need is defined as follows.

For example, a service dog weighing 30 kg during an average day’s work requires 9000 kJ of energy, which consists of the need for life processes and work performed. Life processes require 7500 kJ (250X30, Table 1); to perform work, the animal’s energy requirement increases by 20 percent (20 percent of 7500-1500 kJ). The need for other substances is determined in the same way. Knowing the amount of feed in the diet (Table 7), you can determine their nutritional value using Table. 4-6. For example, 300 g of feed contains 1506 kJ (502X3), etc.

Table 6. Approximate food ration for an adult dog

Diet composition	Amount of feed per day, g	The diet contains
		energy, kJ	proteins, g	fat, g	carbohydrates, g	calcium, mg	phosphorus, mg
Norm:	-	9000	135	39,6	300	7920	6600
horsemeat	300	1506	62,7	12,3	-	39	555
Oatmeal	425	6137	50,5	24,6	278	272	1483
Potato	150	520	3,0	0,1	30	15	87
Cabbage	40	47	0,7	-	2	20	12
Carrot	40	55	0,5	-	3	20	22
Animal fat	20	750	-	20,0	-	-	-
Table salt	20	-	-	-	-	-	-
Total	-	9015	117,4	39,0	313	366	21,59

(The diet lacks 17.6 g of protein, 7554 mg of calcium, 4441 mg of phosphorus. To this diet you need to add about 30 g of fish meal or other food rich in protein, as well as 20 g of bone meal)

A diet in which dogs have average fatness and constant body weight is considered correct. If dogs are losing weight, it means there is not enough food, and, on the contrary, if they are getting fat, the diet needs to be reduced. Compliance with feeding standards is the main condition for good nutrition.

You need to watch your dog's appetite. Its deterioration indicates an incorrectly formulated diet. The diet for dogs should be varied by changing meat products, cereals and vegetables. For these purposes, a weekly feed layout is used (Table 7).

Table 7. Approximate weekly food allocation for one adult dog, g

Name of food	Days of the week
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Meat for soup	400	250	400	400	400	250	400
Meat for raw feeding	-	150	-	-	-	150	-
Oatmeal	425	-	425	425	425	425	-
Millet groats	-	425	-	-	-	-	425
Potato	200	200	150	200	200	150	200
Cabbage	50	50	100	50	50	100	50
Carrot	50	50	50	50	50	50	50
Animal fats	20	20	20	20	20	20	20
Table salt	20	20	20	20	20	20	20

The practice of feeding dogs has established the following average norms of feeding food per head per day, in relation to a guard dog with a body weight of 25-30 kg with an average workload and keeping in unheated room: meat - 400 g, cereal - 400 g, potatoes - 200 g, vegetables - 100 g, bread - 200 g, animal fat - 20 g, table salt - 15-20 g.

Feed requirement increases with winter time and during periods of intensive dog training. More food is required for whelping and lactating bitches.

When replacing meat with meat by-products, their quantity increases by 1.5-2 times, taking into account calorie content. Cheaper cereals are used - oatmeal, barley, millet. Sick dogs are given rice and semolina.

Food prepared for dogs should be tasty and pleasant in smell - this affects digestion and absorption of nutrients.

In conditions of group keeping of dogs - in kennels and service dog breeding schools - special kitchens are equipped for preparing food. Products are issued according to established departmental standards.

The food is prepared in the form of thick soup and liquid porridge. Before distribution, it is cooled to a temperature of 30-35 ° C, in the summer - to the air temperature in the shade. The volume of food per feeding is 2-4 liters, depending on the size of the dog, its appetite and physical activity. Each dog must be provided with an individual bowl for food and drink.

When traveling, service dogs are fed biscuits, canned food and concentrates. Processing methods for these feeds are usually specified in the accompanying instructions. For several days, it is quite possible to feed a service dog with bread, bread with milk, bread with water, or crackers soaked in water.

The health and performance of the animal largely depend on the feeding regime: the time of receipt and the number of feedings, as well as the quantitative and qualitative distribution of feed during the day. Adult service dogs are fed twice a day, morning and evening, an hour or two before their work and an hour after it ends. The dog's feeding time is set depending on its work schedule. If the dog works only early in the morning, it is advisable to feed it the first time upon returning from work after it has previously rested, and the second time in the evening. Guard dogs posted at checkpoints at night are fed once in the evening two hours before deployment, and a second time in the morning, after being removed from the checkpoint and after the dog has rested. In this case, the weight of the feed is divided equally.

During the period of mating of dogs, whelping and lactation of bitches, animals need to be fed three to four times, young dogs at least five times a day. When feeding four times a day in the summer, the feed ration is distributed as follows: in the morning at 6 o'clock - 25 percent, in the afternoon at 12 o'clock - 20 percent, in the afternoon at 16 o'clock - 20 percent, in the evening at 19 o'clock - 35 percent of the daily ration.

Feeding puppies. In the first two weeks of life, the puppies' only food is mother's milk. With a normal litter (three to six puppies) and with good milk production from the bitch, feeding the puppies should begin at two weeks of age, with large litters (8-12 puppies) at one week of age. A sign that puppies are full is their quiet sleep.

Puppies need to be fed with fresh cow's milk, heated to 25-30 °C. Add one raw chicken egg per 0.5-1 liter to milk. First, milk is fed from a regular bottle with a nipple, and later the puppies are taught to drink (lap) from a small bowl (saucer). From this time on, a little white bread is added to the milk and liquid milk porridge made from semolina is given, adding one fresh chicken egg to it for five to six puppies.

From two weeks of age, it is beneficial to feed puppies raw fresh meat in the form of minced meat or thinly scraped. In the first days, they give 15-20 g of meat, gradually increase the amount of meat: by three weeks of age - up to 40-50 g, by one month - up to 100 g. Puppies should be fed meat three to four times a day, in equal portions after suckling by the mother.

Starting from three weeks, puppies should be given 30-50 g of rice water and liquid semolina porridge with milk, and by one and a half months - 200-250 g per day in three to four doses.

At three and a half weeks of age, puppies can be given meat broth, and then meat soup without meat (three to four times a day). From one month of age - boiled finely chopped meat (twice a day, 15-25 g). By one month, one and a half months, when the puppies are weaned from their mother, the number of feedings is increased to six times a day. Puppies must be weaned gradually, over five days. By this time, the puppies should be accustomed to eating regular food.

From now on, feeding puppies must be rationed for energy, protein, fat, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins. The diet includes complete food: meat, fish, milk, rice, semolina, crushed oatmeal and white bread. Vegetables, herbs and fish oil are given as vitamin feed. From mineral feeds, to prevent rickets, bone meal, chalk and calcium phosphate or calcium glycerophosphate and vitamin D are added to the feed. It is useful to give liver in small portions. Optimal norms food for puppies is presented in table. 8.

Table 8. Approximate daily intake of food for puppies, g

Feed	Age of puppies, months
	up to 1	1-3	3-6
Meat	50	50-250	250-500
Groats	50	50-100	100-150
Bread	70	70-100	100-150
Milk	150	150-500	500
Cottage cheese	20	50	100
Potato	30	80-100	100-120
Vegetables	30	50-70	80-100
Carrot	5	20	50
Greenery	10	30	50
Animal fat	3	5	10
Fish fat	0,5	3	5
Yeast	1	2	4
Chicken eggs	One every other day	One every other day	-
Bone flour	4	10	12
Table salt	0,5	5	10

Puppies should be fed only good quality food, little by little, but often, freshly prepared each time.

When puppies reach two months of age, they are fed six times a day with 150-200 g of food, from two to four months - five times with 300-400 g, from four to five months - four times with 500-600 g, and from five to six months - four or three times 600-1000 g of food per feeding. Do not give puppies hot or cold food. The food should be slightly warm.

From the age of six months, puppies are gradually transferred to the diet of adult dogs and are fed twice a day.

The daily feeding ration must fully meet the dogs' needs for energy, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals and vitamins, taking into account breed, gender, age, physiological condition, work performed, maintenance, etc. The rations are made up of products that correspond to the nature and taste of the dog.

Certain feeds are included in the diet in such quantities that there would be no harmful effect on the health of the animal. The dog should be given as much food in its diet as is physiologically required. The need for dogs in the total amount of food when fed rations of different consistencies is not the same.

A dog when fed a dry diet with a moisture content of 8-10 percent requires 15-40g, when fed a wet diet containing 70-75 percent water - 30-60g per 1 kg of body weight. The daily amount of feed depends on age, size, functional activity dogs, as well as on nutritional, taste and physical properties feed products included in the diet.

Practice has established the following average rates of feeding food per day in relation to a service dog with a body weight of 25-30 kg, with an average workload and keeping in an unheated room: meat - 400g, cereal - 400g, vegetables and herbs - 300g, bread - 200g, fat animal - 20g, table salt - 15g.

When choosing dog food

When selecting food for a dog's diet, you can use the following scale of replaceability: 1 g of meat is replaced by 0.75 g of heart, 1.5 g of lungs, 1.5 g of tripe, 2 g of intestines, 0.5 g of meat and bone or fish meal, 0.75 g of dry fish, 1. 5g whole milk, 0.75 fat cottage cheese, 3g skim milk, 1.5g lean cottage cheese; 1g of oatmeal is replaced by 1.5g of bread, 3g of potatoes, 1g of rye crackers.

Feeding is considered correct if, with a given diet, adult dogs do not change their weight and fatness, and they do not show signs of disturbances in appetite, reproductive ability and health. One of the basic rules of feeding is compliance with the dog’s diet (time and number of feedings per day, distribution of food throughout the day, etc.).

The correct regimen ensures high digestibility of food and absorption of nutrients from the diet and good condition of the dog. Dogs should be fed at strictly defined times, which is necessary for the formation of a conditioned reflex for time. Adult dogs should be fed at least 2-3 times a day during the resting period, and 3-4 times during the breeding season (mating, whelping, lactation of bitches). Puppies should receive food at least 6 times, young animals - 4-5 times a day at regular intervals.

Service dogs (adults) are fed twice a day, morning and evening, 1-2 hours before their work and an hour after it ends, depending on the work schedule with an equal distribution of food. The transition from one food (diet) to another should be gradual, moderate, designed to allow the bitch’s body to return to normal.

At this time, the food should be easily digestible and should be given in small portions 5-6 times a day. The best food during this period is meat broth, liquid meat soup with rice, semolina or crushed oatmeal. You can also give a little white bread soaked in a large amount of milk. The daily nutrient requirements for lactating bitches are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

	Energy, kJ			digestible carbohydrates	Cellulose

Table 1. Daily nutrient requirements

in lactating bitches in the first two weeks of lactation, g.

From the 4th day after whelping, feeding should be carried out in accordance with accepted standards. From now on, the diet includes fresh meat, fresh meat by-products, milk, cottage cheese, which provides the bitch with complete proteins and promotes the secretion of large amounts of milk.

Table 1. Daily nutrient requirements for lactating bitches in the first two weeks of lactation, g.

	Energy, kJ			digestible carbohydrates	Cellulose

Table 2. Daily nutrient requirements

in lactating bitches in the third to fifth weeks of lactation, g.

To provide bitches with minerals and vitamins, include mineral mixture, indicated above (1/2 teaspoon 2-3 times a day), bones, bone meal, fresh vegetables, greens, 1-2 tablespoons of tomato juice, as well as fish oil and vitamin preparations. It is useful to give an ascorbic acid tablet with glucose once a day.

In order for food to be better absorbed, lactating bitches should be fed at least three times a day, preferably with fairly liquid food, which contributes to a more abundant milk production. To increase the milk production of bitches, you can give surrogate coffee with milk and honey as a drink (1 teaspoon per 0.5 liter) 3 times a day, as well as 4 times a day, 0.5-1 tablets of apilak, 3 times a day, one walnut.

Proper feeding of lactating bitches

Proper feeding of lactating bitches is the basis for the health and well-being of newborn puppies. The development of puppies, from their birth to the end of the suckling period, especially in the first two weeks, depends mainly on the correct feeding of lactating bitches. For puppies in the first 2 weeks of life, the only food is mother's milk.

In the first week, puppies suckle their mother at least 12 times a day, in the second - 8 times, by the fourth week - 6 times and before weaning 4-5 times. With a normal litter (3-6 puppies) and if the bitch has good milk production, feeding of the puppies begins at 2 weeks of age; with large litters (8-12 puppies) or if the bitch has little milk, feeding begins at a week of age. A sign of satiety of puppies is their quiet sleep, while hungry puppies are restless, crawling and whining. Puppies that are lagging in growth are placed on the rear nipples, as they are the most milky.

Puppies begin to be fed with fresh, whole, slightly warmed (up to 27-30°C) cow's milk. It is better to give goat or sheep milk, as its composition is closer to dog milk. In order to cow's milk was closer in composition to bitch milk; one raw chicken egg per 0.5-1 liter is added to it. First, milk is fed from a regular bottle with a pacifier placed on it; later, when the puppies begin to see, they are taught to drink (lap).

To do this, milk is poured into a saucer, and the puppy is carefully poked with its muzzle into it. After one or two times the puppy learns to drink milk. From this time on, add a small amount of white bread, give liquid milk porridge from semolina, adding one fresh chicken egg for every 5-6 puppies. The amount of milk is normalized: in the first week of feeding - a little less than a cut glass, in the second - a glass, in the third - 2 glasses and in the fourth week - 3 glasses per day.

The diet of puppies must certainly include calcined cottage cheese. To prepare it, 1 liter of milk is heated to a boil, 4 tablespoons of a 10% calcium chloride solution are quickly added and mixed. The curds are separated from the whey. Cottage cheese can be diluted with whey to a mushy state and a tablespoon of sugar can be added.

The whey from calcined cottage cheese is given to the bitch to drink. From 2 weeks of age, puppies are fed raw fresh meat in the form of minced meat or thinly scraped meat. In the first days, they give 15-20g of meat, gradually increasing to 40-50g by 3 weeks of age, and up to 100g per day by 4 weeks of age. Meat is given 3-4 times a day in equal portions after the puppies have suckled their mother.

From 3 weeks of age, puppies begin to be given a combined feeding: meat, milk, rice water and liquid semolina porridge with milk, 30-50 g at first, with a gradual increase to 200-250 g 3-4 times a day. From 3.5 weeks they feed meat broth and soup. From 1 month, puppies are given boiled finely chopped meat twice a day, 15-25 g.

A month after whelping

A month after whelping, the bitch’s milk production begins to gradually decrease. From this time, the puppies are allowed near their mother 3-4 times a day, and in between they are given 4-5 times a feeding consisting of cow's milk with a small amount of crumbled white bread, oatmeal or rice soup and meat, both boiled and raw, passed through meat grinder By the time the puppies are weaned from the bitches, the number of feedings is increased to 6 times a day.

It is advisable to wean puppies from their mothers at 6 weeks of age gradually over 5 days. By this age, young animals should be accustomed to eating regular food. It is necessary to transfer puppies to regular food without mother's milk with great care. When transferring puppies to self-feeding, it is necessary to carefully monitor their development and prevent diseases. The control of proper feeding of puppies at this time is the average daily increase in body weight of young animals: small breeds - 15-20g, medium - 50g and large breeds - 150-175g.

Good feeding during this period can improve the dog's body shape. The food should be varied so that the puppy is not subsequently accustomed to only certain foods. After weaning, puppies are fed meat, fish, milk, rice, semolina, crushed oatmeal, white bread, vegetables, tops garden crops, wild greens, fish oil, bone meal, chalk, phosphate of lime and vitamin D.

It is useful to give raw liver, cartilage, and large (“sugar”) bones in small portions. Puppies should be fed only good quality foods, in small portions, but often, avoiding bloating. Food should be prepared for each feeding and fed lukewarm in the form of soup and liquid porridge, and milk with bread.

Up to 2 months of age, puppies are fed 6 times, from 2 to 4 months - 5 times, from 4 to 5 months - 4 times and from 5 to 6 months - 4-3 times a day. The puppy must eat the entire portion of food. If for some reason the puppy does not eat the food, it must be removed immediately and the next portion of food given only at the appointed time. From the age of 6 months, puppies are gradually transferred to the diet of adult dogs. From 8 months, a young dog is fed like an adult: 2 times a day - morning and evening. Quite often we have to resort to artificial feeding of puppies.

At the same time, it is very important that newborn puppies stay under their mother for at least a day and eat colostrum, otherwise most of them die. For artificial feeding of puppies, a milk mixture is prepared, which includes: cow's or goat's milk - 80 g, yolk chicken egg- 1 piece, cream - 20g, 40% glucose solution - 20ml, 5% ascorbic acid solution - 3 ml, vitamin A oil solution - 2 drops, vitamin D3 oil solution - 2 drops. The milk mixture is heated to a temperature of 30-35°C.

Until 2 weeks of age, puppies are fed every 2 hours, with a break of 6 hours at night. The total amount of formula milk per puppy per day is calculated as follows: a 3-day-old puppy is given 15-20 percent, a 7-day-old puppy - 22-25 percent, a 14-day-old puppy - 30-32 percent, and a 21-day-old puppy - 32-40 percent of live weight of the puppy. From the 21st day, artificially fed puppies begin to be fed cow's milk and supplements according to the feeding regime for puppies under their mother.

The need of service dogs for feed substances used to maintain life and performance depends on the breed, live weight, age, fatness, living conditions, workload and some other factors. The food a dog eats must fully satisfy the needs of its body, both qualitatively and quantitatively.

In the absence or insufficient intake of feed substances into the body, its vital activity continues at the expense of its own reserves - fat deposits. As a result, the dog’s performance decreases, it loses weight and develops poorly, and its body’s resistance to various diseases decreases.

Overfeeding a dog is also harmful. Excessive feed overloads the digestive organs, causing obesity and decreased performance in the animal.

When feeding service dogs, they are guided by the standards developed by scientific institutions. The feeding rate is the amount of feed substances required to obtain a certain amount of performance from service dogs while using feed effectively and maintaining the dogs’ health throughout the day.

The diet is based on the feeding norm. The amount of food required to maintain the life processes in the dog’s body and its performance during the day, determined according to feeding standards, is called the service dog’s diet, i.e. the diet is the daily amount of various products in the form of a set of feeds that “provide the dog’s daily need for vital feed substances.

The food ration must satisfy the dog’s body’s needs not only for total energy, but also for proteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, vitamins and water.

The diet of service dogs must be balanced in terms of the quantitative ratio and calorie content of products, taking into account their nutritional biological and energy value (Fig. 53).

Feeding standards for dogs are established based on the overall nutritional value of the food, which is expressed in calories, i.e. in the same energy that service dogs should receive with this food, as well as separately, in a specific minimum of feed substances (protein, fats, carbohydrates - in grams, mineral salts and vitamins - in milligrams), which dogs need during the day based on 1 kg of their body weight.

Long-term practice of feeding service dogs has shown that a search, guard, guard dog of average fatness weighing up to 30 kg, when kept in an enclosure with a workload of 4-5 hours a day, in order to compensate for all its energy costs, must receive 2250 with food in the summer, and 2750 in the winter. kilocalories per day (on average 2475 kilocalories, or 82.5 kilocalories per day for each kilogram of dog weight). The increase in caloric content of food will depend on the degree of workload on the service dog.

To cover the required calorie content of food in order to ensure normal functioning of the body, the normal feeding of an adult service dog should be (per 1 kg of weight) minimally: protein (mainly animal) - 4-5 grams, fat - 1-2 grams, carbohydrates - 12-15 grams, vitamins A - 1-5 milligrams, Bi - 0.5 mg, E - 10-20 mg, B 2 - 2-3 mg, PP - 5-10 mg, mineral salts - 8-10 grams. The daily requirement of an adult dog for various mineral salts is shown in Table 12.

Excluding at least one of the feed substances from a service dog’s diet or reducing its norm leads to general exhaustion, loss of performance, and even death. For example, feeding a service dog with fats alone leads to its death in approximately 56-58 days; when feeding a working dog with proteins alone, death occurs after 30-40 days, and with carbohydrates alone - after 30-45 days.

The diet of a service dog, made up of a mixture of animal and plant food products, usually contains sufficient quantities of mineral salts and vitamins. In practice, you only have to add table salt at the rate of 15-20 grams per day. If there is a lack of mineral salts and vitamins in the diet, especially in the winter-spring period, they are specially introduced into the diet in the form of mineral and vitamin supplements (chalk, calcium glycerophosphate, bone and fish meal, fish oil, multivitamins, feed yeast, etc.).

The diet should cover the body’s total energy needs: up to 12% from the calorie content of proteins (and preferably animal proteins as the most complete) and up to 50% from carbohydrates. The fat content in the diet should not decrease below one gram per 1 kg of dog weight. The rest of the caloric intake should be covered with mixed feed.

In the border troops, food rations for service dogs are determined by relevant orders and are presented in the form of a daily allowance, which is shown in Table 13.

For sled dogs, it is allowed, within the total cost of products provided for by this norm, to purchase and issue fish, fat and meat of sea animals instead.

It is allowed to replace category 2 meat or horse meat with category 2 meat by-products at the rate of 100 g per 250 g or canned feed - 80 grams.

For sick dogs (within 5% of the payroll according to the conclusions of veterinary service specialists), it is allowed to give the same amount of rice instead of 200 grams of oatmeal or millet.

According to the conclusions of veterinary service specialists, it is allowed, in addition to this norm, to issue the following for one dog per day:

a) for sick dogs (within 5% of the payroll) - 500 g of milk;

b) for dogs guarding objects harmful to health - 500 g of milk;

c) for dogs in the regions of the Far North and in areas equated to the regions of the Far North - 100 g of meat of the second category or 250 g of by-products of the 2nd category and 10 g of animal fats;

d) for all dogs - 14 g of bone meal and 6 g of chalk.

In conditions of transportation, when traveling for more than 12 hours, it is allowed, instead of the products provided for by this standard, to issue 700 g of rye or wheat bread from wallpaper flour and 2 cans of canned meat and vegetables packaged in 350-370 g or 3 cans in 250-265 g.

Meat of the second category, used to prepare food for service dogs, is the following: muscles are developed satisfactorily, shoulder blades and hips have depressions (not filled with muscles), spinous processes of the spine, ischial tuberosities, maklaki clearly protrude, fat deposits in the form of small areas or may be absent .

Meat products used to feed service dogs are by-products supplied both centrally and from the slaughter of farm animals or food-producing animals.

By-products are internal organs and carcass parts obtained during animal processing. Depending on the type of animal, they are divided into beef, lamb and pork. There are also food by-products and technical by-products. Food includes the head and its components (tongue, brains, ears, lips), limbs, tail, udder, stomach, liver, lungs, heart, kidneys, spleen, diaphragm, larynx With throat, meat trimmings. Technical by-products are genitals, trachea, horns, etc., which are strictly prohibited to feed the dog.

Depending on the structure and processing characteristics, by-products are divided into wool, slimy, pulpy, and meat-and-bone.

Wool by-products - ears, lips, fetlock joints, lamb and pork legs, heads, tails, etc. must be cleaned of hair, bristles, epidermis and dirt, horn shoes are removed from fetlock joints and pig legs, brains are removed from pig heads.

Mucous by-products - tripe, mesh, book, abomasum, stomach, freed from their contents.

Pulp by-products - heart, liver, lungs, diaphragm, trachea, spleen, kidneys, tongue, brains, udder, meat trimmings, etc., well washed and cleaned of films, large blood vessels, as well as areas with abnormal structure, color or consistency.

Meat and bone by-products - cattle heads, tails, thoroughly washed and skinned.

By-products differ markedly in morphological and chemical composition(Table 14), therefore they are unequal in nutritional value. Depending on their nutritional value, by-products are divided into two categories.

The second category includes tripe, mesh, abomasum, pork stomach, lungs, heads of all types of livestock without tongues and brains, trachea, spleen, fetlock joints, pig and beef legs, lips, ears, kaltyk (throat).

Quality of feed products

Products for feeding dogs received from the warehouse must be of good quality. When determining the good quality of products, attention is paid to their color, consistency, smell and the presence of impurities. The meat should be fresh, dense in consistency and, when cut, have a pink or red color, a smell characteristic of the meat of various animals, or slightly sour. In spoiled meat, the fat is soiled and greasy, the marrow of the tubular bones is liquid or bloody. The poor quality of meat can be determined by an unpleasant putrid or musty smell, which is most easily detected in areas adjacent to the bones, by its loose, flabby and wet appearance, and by the presence of a mucous mass in the connective tissue.

By-products must be delivered to the warehouse and then to the nursery in chilled or frozen form. Frozen offal is stored in a warehouse for 2-3 days at a temperature of 2-4°C and a relative humidity of 85-90%.

Cattle heads most often arrive singed or scalded, without skin and tongues, and cut into two parts. Pig heads are delivered without skin or with skin, thoroughly cleaned of bristles, without tongues and brains, cut lengthwise into two parts. Lamb heads are supplied without skin or with skin without tongues, cut in half lengthwise.

The legs, like the heads, arrive scorched or scalded.

Benign offal must have a dense, elastic consistency, a characteristic smell and color for each type on the outside and on the cut. When cooking dog food, a specific smell of a benign product is released.

If the freshness of the offal is questionable, it appears a grayish tint, a looser and flabby consistency, its surface becomes moist, if there is mucus - sticky, the sap is sour, stale, unpleasant or noticeably putrid. By-products with such signs of spoilage are NOT ALLOWED in dog food.

Meat - corned beef should be evenly colored red or dark red when cut, without spots. The smell of meat and brine is pleasant. If there are signs of decomposition (putrefactive or other bad smell meat and brine, gray color and spreading when pressed) corned beef is NOT ALLOWED in dog food.

Cereals must be dry, free from mold, dust and grains of earth, glass and other impurities, and must not taste bitter or have a musty odor. Cereals with a musty smell, covered with mold, and with various impurities are NOT ALLOWED in dog food.

Vegetables must be fresh. Limp, rotten or moldy vegetables are NOT ALLOWED in dog food.

Canned meat and meat and vegetable products must contain the proper pleasant smell. Contents of swollen tin cans(bombing) CANNOT BE USED for feeding dogs.

In all cases where the quality of feed products is called into question, such products are sold only on the basis of the conclusion of the head of the veterinary service.

In order to prevent food poisoning, in summer, food for dogs is prepared 3 times a day; in winter, it is allowed to cook food 2 times a day.

BASICS OF COMPLETE FEEDING FOR SERVICE DOGS

Complex chemical and biological processes constantly occur in a dog’s body, during which some of the body’s substances are consumed. These costs go towards maintaining a certain body temperature, building new cells to replace dead ones, producing saliva, gastric juice and performing various muscular work. Therefore, the body must daily replenish these costs, receive sufficient quantity and in the correct ratio of proteins, carbohydrates, mineral salts, vitamins and water necessary to ensure normal life and high performance.

Violations of the feeding regime (untimely, intermittently) and inadequate feeding (in terms of the amount of nutrients and their range) weaken the body, reduce its performance and resistance to diseases. Excessive feeding, coupled with insufficient work, also negatively affects the health of dogs. They become fat, lethargic, inactive, and prone to various diseases.

The completeness of feeding dogs is judged by their appearance and behavior. If the dog remains in good condition, if it is cheerful and willing to do the work, then we can assume that the feeding is correct. However, we should not forget that not in all cases, disturbances in feeding will immediately manifest themselves as a deterioration in the fatness and performance of dogs. If the violations are not severe, then this will affect the dog only after some time, but such violations, naturally, bring harm to the dog.

Approximate feeding standards for service dogs based on basic nutrients (energy, protein, fat, easily digestible carbohydrates - starch and sugar, indigestible carbohydrate - fiber) are given in Table. 70.

Table 70

Approximate feeding standards for service dogs, per head per day

Table 71

Requirement of service dogs for amino acids, %

Table 72

Daily requirement of working dogs for minerals and vitamins per 1 kg of live weight, mg

Table 73

Approximate structure of diets for service dog puppies, % daily energy requirement (MJ)

Table 74

Approximate norms for feeding basic food to service dogs, g/head. per day

In addition to taking into account the amount of protein in diets, it is important to take into account its quality - this is the content of amino acids, either from dry matter (DM) or from the protein of the diet (see Table 71).

The importance of minerals and vitamins for the animal body is well known; when compiling feeding rations for service dogs, one should use the approximate norms of minerals and vitamins presented in Table. 72.

When compiling diets for adult service dogs, the following structure is used: meat and offal - 40%, cereals and bread - 50%, potatoes, vegetables - 10% of the daily energy requirement (MJ), and the structure of diets for puppies is presented in table. 73.