Abraham Maslow used the term “self-actualization” to designate the comprehensive and continuous development of a person’s creative and spiritual potential, the maximum realization of all his capabilities, an adequate perception of others, the world and his place in it, the richness of the emotional sphere and spiritual life, a high level of mental health and morality.

Synonyms for the concept of “self-actualization” are often the concepts of “personal development”, “ personal growth". Thus, self-actualization, according to A. Maslow, is “a person’s need to become what he is capable of becoming.” A person who has reached the highest level of his needs - in self-realization, achieves full use their talents, abilities and personal potential.

Among the properties of self-actualizing individuals, A. Maslow identified, in particular, the following:

More comfortable relationship with reality;
- Acceptance of yourself, others, nature;
- Spontaneity, simplicity, naturalness;
- Autonomy, independence from the environment;
- Experience of higher experiences;
- Deeper interpersonal relationships;
- Creative attitude to reality, etc.

A. Maslow noted that There are few self-actualizing people - only a few percent of the total number, but these people are more close to the ideal of the most complete development, to to which we are all moving.

However, self-actualization is a complex, complex quality of personality. Each of us possesses its various components to varying degrees. The CAT test helps measure this degree. It represents made at the pulpit social psychology Moscow State University Russian-language adaptation of the POI questionnaire (Personal Orientations Questionnaire) by Everett Shostrom, a student of Maslow. The test contains 126 questions and 14 scales, each of which corresponds to a specific property of a self-actualizing personality.

Level of self-actualization of the individual. (SAT Test, SAMOAL Questionnaire):

Instructions.

This questionnaire is intended to diagnose the level of self-actualization of an individual. Each test item contains two statements (a and b). Read each of the two statements carefully and mark the one that most closely matches your point of view.

Stimulus material (questionnaire):

Level of self-actualization of the individual. (SAT Test, SAMOAL Questionnaire)

4.5 Rating 4.50 (1 Vote)

Your result:
1. Time orientation: points
2. Support: points
3. Value orientation: points
4. Flexibility of behavior: points
5. Sensitivity: points
6. Spontaneity: points
7. Self-esteem: points
8. Self-Acceptance: points
9. Ideas about human nature: points
10. Synergy: points
11. Accepting aggression: points
12. Contact: points
13. Cognitive needs: points
14. Creativity: points

Processing the results.
When processing test results, the calculation of “raw” points received by the test taker is carried out using the keys to the methodology. Each answer of the surveyed person, which matches the option indicated in the keys, is scored 1 point.

Basic scales.
Time Competence Scale (TC), consists of 17 points.
High score on this scale indicates the subject’s ability to live in the present, that is, to experience the present moment of his life in its entirety, and not as a fatal consequence of the past or preparation for the future “real life”; feel the continuity of the past, present and future, see your life as whole. This attitude, psychological perception of time by the subject indicates high level self-actualization of personality.
Low score on the scale means a person’s orientation to only one of the segments of the time scale (past, present or future) and a discrete perception of his life path. Row empirical research also indicates a direct connection between orientation in time and the level of personal development.

Support scale (I), (91 points)
Measures the degree of independence of the subject's values ​​and behavior from outside influences.
A person having high score on this scale, he is relatively independent in his actions, strives to be guided in life by his own goals, beliefs, attitudes and principles, which, however, does not mean hostility towards others and confrontation with group norms. He is free to choose and is not subject to external influence.
Low score indicates a high degree of dependence, conformity, and lack of independence of the subject.

Additional scales
Unlike the basic ones, which measure global characteristics self-actualization, additional scales are focused on recording its individual aspects.
1. Scale of Value Orientations (SAV), (20 points) measures the extent to which a person shares the values ​​inherent in a self-actualizing personality (Hereinafter, a high score on the scale characterizes a high degree of self-actualization).
2. Behavioral Flexibility Scale (Ex), (24 points) diagnoses the degree of flexibility of the subject in realizing his values ​​in behavior, interaction with people around him, the ability to quickly and adequately respond to a changing situation.
The Value Orientation and Behavior Flexibility scales, complementing each other, form a block of values. The first scale characterizes the values ​​themselves, the second - the features of their implementation in behavior.
3. Self-Sensitivity Scale (Fr), (13 points) determines the extent to which a person is aware of his needs and feelings, how well he feels and reflects them.
4. Spontaneity Scale (S), (14 items) measures an individual's ability to spontaneously and directly express their feelings. A high score on this scale does not mean a lack of ability for thoughtful, purposeful actions; it only indicates the possibility of another, not calculated in advance, way of behavior, that the subject is not afraid to behave naturally and relaxed, to demonstrate his emotions to others.
Scales 3 and 4 make up a block of feelings. The first determines how aware a person is of his own feelings, the second determines the extent to which they are manifested in behavior.
5. Self-Esteem Scale (Sr), (15 points) diagnoses the subject’s ability to appreciate his own merits, positive properties character, respect yourself for them.
6. Self-Acceptance Scale (Sa), (21 items) registers the degree to which a person accepts himself as he is, regardless of the assessment of his strengths and weaknesses, possibly contrary to the latter.
Scales 5 and 6 make up the self-perception block.
7. Scale of Ideas about Human Nature (Nc)(10 points). A high score on the scale indicates the subject’s tendency to perceive human nature as a whole as positive (“people for the most part are rather kind”) and not to consider the dichotomy of masculinity - femininity, rationality - emotionality, etc. antagonistic and irresistible.
8. Synergy Scale (Sy)(7 points) determines a person’s ability to perceive the world and people holistically, to understand the connectedness of opposites, such as play and work, physical and spiritual, etc.
Scales 7 and 8 are very similar in content; it is better to analyze them together. They form a block of the human concept.
9. Scale of Acceptance of Aggression (A)(16 points). A high score on the scale indicates the individual’s ability to accept his irritation, anger and aggressiveness as a natural manifestation human nature. Of course, we are not talking about justifying our antisocial behavior.
10. Contact Scale (C)(20 points) characterizes a person’s ability to quickly establish deep and close emotionally rich contacts with people.
The Acceptance of Aggression and Contact scales make up the block of interpersonal sensitivity.
11. Cognitive Needs Scale (Cog)(11 points) determines the degree of expression of the subject’s desire to acquire knowledge about the world around him.
12. Creativity Scale (Cr)(14 points) characterizes the severity of the creative orientation of the individual.
The Cognitive Needs and Creativity scales make up the block of attitudes towards cognition. They have no analogues in POI and were included in CAT based on the results of an expert survey when creating the methodology, as well as in connection with some general theoretical considerations.

Key
Scale	A	B
Time orientation	11, 21	16, 18, 28, 38, 40, 41, 45, 60, 64, 71, 76, 82, 91, 106, 126
Support	4, 8, 9, 10, 17, 19, 23, 29, 32, 34, 42, 43, 46, 52, 53, 55, 56, 59, 66, 68, 70, 73, 77, 80, 81, 83, 86, 90, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 100, 102, 104, 109, 110, 113, 114, 115, 118, 120, 122	1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 12, 14, 15, 22, 25, 26, 27, 31, 33, 35, 36, 39, 44, 47, 49, 50, 51, 57, 61, 62, 65, 67, 69, 72, 74, 75, 79, 85, 87, 88, 89, 95, 99, 103, 105, 108, 111, 116, 117, 119, 123, 125
Value orientation	17, 29, 42, 53, 56, 59, 68, 80, 81, 90, 93, 97, 113, 114, 122	49, 50, 67, 69, 99
Flexibility of behavior	3, 9, 68, 70, 97, 102	12, 33, 36, 40, 47, 50, 51, 61, 62, 65, 74, 82, 85, 95, 99, 105, 123
Sensitivity	10, 43, 46, 55, 73, 77, 83, 122	2, 5, 89, 103, 119
Spontaneity	42, 77, 80, 81, 83, 114	5, 14, 15, 26, 62, 67, 74, 95
Self-esteem	3, 23, 29, 53, 66, 98, 100, 102, 114, 122	2, 7, 44, 69, 106
Self-acceptance	8, 32, 34, 53, 86, 104, 110	1, 14, 22, 31, 39, 61, 71, 75, 87, 105, 106, 111, 116, 125
Ideas about human nature	23, 66, 90, 94, 97, 113	25, 27, 50, 99
Synergy	68, 93, 97, 113	50, 91, 99
Acceptance of aggression	8, 10, 19, 29, 43, 46. 56, 93, 94, 115	5, 15, 39, 57, 67, 85
Contact	17, 46, 70, 73, 96, 109, 120	5, 7, 26, 33, 65, 74, 75, 79, 99, 103, 108, 123
Cognitive needs	13, 37, 48, 66, 92	20, 63, 78, 82, 107, 121
Creativity	24, 30, 42, 54, 58, 59, 68, 84, 101.	6, 105, 112, 123, 124

Self-actualization- a person’s desire to identify and develop his personal capabilities as fully as possible.

In some areas of Western psychology, in contrast to behaviorism and Freudianism, which believe that personal behavior is driven by biological forces, and its meaning lies in defusing the tension they create and adapting to the environment, self-actualization is put forward as the main motivational factor. However, this concept does not receive a satisfactory interpretation, because a person is considered capable of it only under the condition of freedom from the demands of society. Genuine self-actualization presupposes the presence of favorable socio-historical conditions.

According to A. Maslow, self-actualization is the desire to become everything possible, the need for self-improvement, to realize one’s potential. Her path is difficult and associated with the experience of fear of the unknown and responsibility, but it is the path to a full, internally rich life.

According to C. Rogers, self-actualization is the designation of the force that makes a person develop at the most various levels- from mastering motor skills to higher creative heights. A self-actualizing person is a “fully functioning personality”; its properties are in many ways reminiscent of the properties of a child, which is natural: after all, a person seems to return to an independent assessment of the world, characteristic of a child before his reorientation to the conditions for obtaining approval.

Purpose

The self-actualization test (CAT) (Aleshina et al., 1987) allows you to determine value orientation, behavioral flexibility, sensitivity towards yourself, self-esteem and self-acceptance, etc.

The CAT measures self-actualization using two core scales and a number of subscales. The basic ones are the time competence and support scales. 12 additional scales make up 6 blocks - two in each. Each test item is included in one or more additional scales and, as a rule, one basic scale. Thus, additional scales are actually included in the main ones; they essentially consist of the same items. This test structure allows you to diagnose a large number of indicators without significantly increasing the volume of the test.

Diagnostic categories - Test scales

Basic scales
The Time Competence (Tc) scale includes 17 items. A high score on this scale indicates, firstly, the subject’s ability to live in the present, that is, to experience the present moment of his life in its entirety, and not simply as a fatal consequence of the past or as preparation for “real life” in the future; secondly, to feel the continuity of the past, present and future, that is, to see your life as whole. It is this attitude and psychological perception of time that indicates a high level of self-actualization of the individual.

A low score on the scale means orientation to only one of the segments of the time scale (past, present or future) and (or) a discrete perception of one’s life path.

The support scale (1) - the largest scale of the test (91 points) - measures the degree of independence of the subject's values ​​and behavior from outside influence (internal - external support). A low score indicates a high degree of dependence, conformism, lack of independence of the subject (“externally directed” personality), and an external locus of control. The content of this scale is closest to the last concept. Both theoretical work and psychological practice indicate the legitimacy of including this scale in the methodology as a base one.

Additional scales
In contrast to the basic ones, which measure global characteristics of self-actualization, additional scales are focused on recording its individual aspects.

1. The Value Orientation Scale (SAV) (20 items) measures the extent to which a person shares the values ​​inherent in a self-actualizing personality (hereinafter, a high score on the scale characterizes a high degree of self-actualization).

2. The behavioral flexibility scale (Ex) (24 points) diagnoses the degree of flexibility in the implementation of values ​​in behavior, interaction with others, and the ability to quickly and adequately respond to a changing situation.

The scales of value orientation and behavioral flexibility, complementing each other, form a block of values. The first scale characterizes the values ​​themselves, the second - the features of their implementation in behavior.

3. The self-sensitivity scale (Fr) (13 points) determines the extent to which a person is aware of his needs and feelings, how well he feels and understands them.

4. The Spontaneity Scale (S) (14 items) measures the ability to express one's feelings spontaneously and directly. A high score on this scale does not mean a lack of ability for thoughtful, purposeful actions; it only indicates the possibility of unplanned behavior, that the subject is not afraid to behave naturally and uninhibitedly, and to demonstrate his emotions to others.

Scales 3 and 4 make up a block of feelings. The first determines how aware a person is of his own feelings, the second determines the extent to which they are manifested in behavior.

5. The Self-Esteem Scale (Sr) (15 points) diagnoses the ability to appreciate one’s merits, positive character traits, and respect oneself for them.

6. The Self-Acceptance Scale (Sa) (21 items) shows the degree to which one accepts oneself as one is, regardless of one’s assessment of one’s strengths and weaknesses, perhaps despite the latter.

Scales 5 and 6 make up the self-perception block.

7. The scale of ideas about human nature (Nc) consists of 10 items. A high score on the scale indicates a tendency to perceive human nature as a whole as positive (“people for the most part are rather kind”) and not to consider the dichotomies of masculinity - femininity, rationality - emotionality, etc. as antagonistic and insurmountable.

8. The synergy scale (Sy) (7 points) determines a person’s ability to holistically perceive the world and people, to understand the connectedness of opposites, such as play and work, bodily and spiritual, etc.

Scales 7 and 8 are very similar in content; it is better to analyze them together. They form a block of the human concept.

9. The Acceptance of Aggression Scale (A) consists of 16 items. A high score on the scale indicates the ability to accept one's irritation, anger and aggressiveness as a natural manifestation of human nature. Of course, this is not about justifying antisocial behavior.

10. The contact scale (C) (20 points) characterizes a person’s ability to quickly establish deep and close emotionally rich contacts with people or, using the terminology that has become familiar in domestic social psychology, to subject-subject communication.
The scales of acceptance of aggression and contact form the block of interpersonal sensitivity.
11. The Cognitive Needs Scale (Cog) (11 points) determines the severity of the desire to acquire knowledge about the world around us.
12. The Creativity Scale (Cr) (14 points) characterizes the severity of a person’s creative orientation.

The scales of cognitive needs and creativity make up the block of attitudes towards cognition.

Procedure for working with the test, processing and interpretation of results

The technique is intended for examining adults (over 15-17 years old) mentally healthy people (meaning the absence of pronounced psychopathology). The specificity of the phenomenon being studied (self-actualization) and the nature of the test itself, the complexity of the judgments that make it up, requiring serious reflection, allow us to recommend it for examining mainly people with higher education. "

The instructions for the method do not limit the time of responses, although practice shows that normally it usually does not exceed 30-35 minutes.

When processing test results, the scores received by the test taker are calculated using the keys to the methodology. Each answer of the surveyed person, which matches the option indicated in the keys, is scored 1 point. Then the sum of points scored by the subject on each scale is calculated. The interpretation of the survey results is carried out in accordance with the above description of the CAT scales.

Test instructions
You are offered a test questionnaire, each item of which contains two statements, designated by the letters “a” and “b”.

Read each pair carefully and mark on the registration form opposite the number of the corresponding question the one that best reflects your point of view.

Questions
1.
A. I believe in myself only when I feel that I can cope with all the tasks facing me. B. I believe in myself even when I feel that I cannot cope with all the tasks facing me.

2.
A. I am often internally embarrassed when people compliment me.
B. I rarely feel embarrassed when people compliment me.

3.
A. It seems to me that a person can live his life the way he wants.
B. It seems to me that a person has little chance of living his life the way he wants.

4.
A. I always feel the strength to overcome life’s adversities.
B I don’t always feel the strength to overcome life’s adversities.

5.
A. I feel remorse when I am angry with those I love.
B. I feel no remorse when I am angry with those I love.

6.
A. B difficult situations you need to act in already proven ways, as this guarantees success.
B. In difficult situations, one must always look for fundamentally new solutions.

7.
A. It is important to me whether others share my point of view.
B. It is not very important to me that others share my point of view.

8.
A. It seems to me that a person should be calm about the unpleasant things that he may hear about himself from others.
B. I understand when people are offended when they hear something unpleasant about themselves.

9.
A. I can, without any remorse, put off until tomorrow what I have to do today.
B. I feel remorse if I put off until tomorrow what I have to do today.

10.
A. Sometimes I get so angry that I want to “throw myself” at people.
B. I am never so angry that I want to “throw myself” at people.

11.
A. I think there are a lot of good things in store for me in the future.
B. It seems to me that my future promises me little good.

12.
A. A person must remain honest in everything and always.
B. There are situations when a person has the right to be dishonest.

13.
A. Adults should never suppress a child's curiosity, even if satisfying it may have negative consequences.
B. You should not encourage a child’s excessive curiosity when it can lead to bad consequences.

14.
A. I often have a need to find a justification for my actions that I perform simply because I want it.
B. I almost never have the need to find a justification for my actions that I perform simply because I want it.

15.
A. I try in every possible way to avoid grief.
B. I don’t always try to avoid grief.

16.
A. I often feel anxious when thinking about the future.
B. I rarely feel anxious when thinking about the future.

17.
A. I would not want to give up my principles even in order to do something for which people would be grateful to me.
B. I would like to do something for which people would be grateful to me, even if for this it would be necessary to deviate somewhat from my principles.

18.
A. It seems to me that most of the time I am not living, but as if I am preparing to really start living in the future.
B. It seems to me that most of the time I am not preparing for the future “real” life, but am truly living now.

19.
A. Usually I express and do what I consider necessary, even if this threatens complications in my relationship with a friend.
B. I try not to say or do things that could cause complications in my relationship with a friend.

20.
A. People who show increased interest in everything in the world sometimes annoy me.
B. People who show increased interest in everything in the world always attract my sympathy.

21.
A. I don't like it when people spend a lot of time in fruitless daydreams.
B. It seems to me that there is nothing wrong with people spending a lot of time on fruitless daydreams.

22.
A. I often wonder if my behavior is appropriate for the situation.
B. I rarely think about whether my behavior is appropriate for the situation.

23.
A. It seems to me that any person by nature is capable of overcoming the difficulties that life puts before him.
B. I don’t think that any person is naturally capable of overcoming the difficulties that life puts before him.

24.
A. The main thing in our life is to create something new.
B. The main thing in our life is to bring benefit to people.

25.
A. It seems to me that it would be better if most men had traditionally masculine character traits, and women had traditionally feminine ones.
B. It seems to me that it would be better if both men and women combined both traditionally masculine and traditionally feminine character traits.

26.
A. Two people get along best if each of them tries, above all, to please the other, as opposed to freely expressing their feelings.
B. Two people get along best if each of them tries, first of all, to express his feelings, as opposed to the desire to please the other.

27.
A. The cruel and selfish acts that people commit are natural manifestations of their human nature.
B. The cruel and selfish acts that people commit are not manifestations of their human nature.

28.
A. The implementation of my plans in the future largely depends on whether I will have friends.
B. The implementation of my plans in the future depends only to a small extent on whether I will have friends.

29.
A. I am confident in myself.
B. I'm not confident in myself.

30.
A. It seems to me that the most valuable thing for a person is the work he loves.
B. It seems to me that the most valuable thing for a person is a happy family life.

31.
A. I never gossip.
B. Sometimes I like to gossip.

32.
A. I accept contradictions in myself.
B. I cannot tolerate contradictions in myself.

33.
And if stranger will do me a favor, then I feel obliged to him.
B. If a stranger does me a favor, then I do not feel obligated to him.

34.
A. Sometimes it is difficult for me to be sincere even when I want it.
B. I always manage to be sincere when I want it.

35.
A. I am rarely bothered by feelings of guilt.
B. I am often bothered by feelings of guilt.

36.
A. I constantly feel obligated to do everything in my power to ensure that those with whom I interact are in a good mood.
B. I do not feel obligated to do everything in my power to ensure that those with whom I interact are in a good mood.

37.
A. It seems to me that every person should have an idea of ​​the basic laws of physics.
B. It seems to me that many people can do without knowledge of the laws of physics.

38.
A. I believe it is necessary to follow the rule “don’t waste time.”
B. I don’t think it’s necessary to follow the “don’t waste time” rule.

39.
A. Critical remarks addressed to me lower my self-esteem.
B. Critical remarks addressed to me do not lower my self-esteem.

40.
A. I often worry that I am not doing anything significant at the moment.
B. I rarely worry about not doing anything significant at the moment.

41.
A. I prefer to leave pleasant things for later.
B. I don’t leave pleasant things for later.

42.
A. I often make spontaneous decisions.
B. I rarely make spontaneous decisions.

43.
A. I strive to openly express my feelings, even if this may lead to some kind of trouble.
B. I try not to openly express my feelings in cases where this could lead to any trouble.

44.
A. I can’t say that I like myself.
B. I can say that I like myself.

45.
A. I often remember things that are unpleasant for me.
B. I rarely remember things that are unpleasant for me.

46.
A. It seems to me that people should openly express their dissatisfaction with others when communicating with others.
B. It seems to me that when communicating with others, people should hide their dissatisfaction with them.

47.
A. It seems to me that I can judge how other people should behave.
B. It seems to me that I cannot judge how other people should behave.

48.
A. It seems to me that deepening and narrow specialization are necessary for a real scientist.
B. It seems to me that deepening and narrow specialization make a person limited.

49.
A. In determining what is good and what is bad for
The opinions of other people matter to me.
B. I try to determine for myself what is good and what is bad.

50.
A. It can be difficult for me to distinguish love from simple sexual attraction.
B. I easily distinguish love from simple sexual attraction.

51.
A. I am constantly concerned about the problem of self-improvement.
B. I don’t care much about the problem of self-improvement.

52.
A. Achieving happiness cannot be the goal of human relationships.
B. Achieving happiness is the main objective human relations.

53.
A. It seems to me that I can quite trust my own estimates.
B. It seems to me that I cannot fully trust my own assessments.

54.
A. If necessary, a person can quite easily get rid of his habits.
B. It is extremely difficult for a person to get rid of his habits.

55.
A. My feelings sometimes perplex me.
B. My feelings never leave me bewildered.

56.
A. In some cases, I consider myself entitled to let a person understand that he seems stupid and uninteresting to me.
B. I never consider myself entitled to let a person understand that he seems stupid and uninteresting to me.

57.
A. You can judge from the outside how happy the relationships between people are.
B. Observing from the outside, it is impossible to say how successful the relationships between people are.

58.
A. I often reread books I like several times.
B. I think it is better to read a new book than to return to what has already been read.

59.
A. I am very passionate about my work.
B. I cannot say that I am passionate about my work.

60.
A. I am dissatisfied with my past.
B. I am happy with my past.

61.
A. I feel obligated to always tell the truth.
B. I don't feel obligated to always tell the truth.

62.
A. There are very few situations where I can afford to fool around.
B. There are many situations when I can afford to fool around.

63.
A. Trying to understand the character and feelings of others, people are often excessively tactless.
B. The desire to understand the character and feelings of others is natural for a person and therefore can justify tactlessness.

64.
A. I usually get upset when things I like are lost or broken.
B. I usually don’t get upset about the loss or breakage of things I like.

65.
A. I feel obligated to act as others expect of me.
B. I do not feel obligated to act as others expect of me.

66.
A. Self-interest is always necessary for a person.
B. Excessive self-examination sometimes has bad consequences.

67.
A. Sometimes I'm afraid to be myself.
B. I'm never afraid to be myself.

68.
A. Most of what I have to do gives me pleasure.
B. Very little of what I do gives me pleasure.

69.
A. Only vain people think about their merits and do not think about their shortcomings.
B. Not only vain people think about their merits.

70.
A. I can do things for others without requiring them to appreciate it.
B. I have the right to expect others to appreciate what I do for them.

71.
A. A person must repent of his actions.
B. A person does not necessarily have to repent of his actions.

72.
A. I need justification for accepting my feelings.
B. I usually don’t need any justification for accepting my feelings.

73.
A. In most situations, I first of all try to understand what I want.
B. In most situations, I first try to understand what others want.

74.
A. I try never to be a “black sheep.”
B. I allow myself to be a “black sheep.”

75.
A. When I like myself, it seems to me that everyone around me likes me.
B. Even when I like myself, I understand that there are people who don’t like me.

76.
A. My past largely determines my future.
B. My past very little determines my future.

77.
A. It often happens that expressing your feelings is more important than thinking about the situation.
B. It is quite rare that expressing your feelings is more important than thinking about the situation.

78.
A. The efforts and expenses that knowledge of the truth requires are justified, since they benefit people.
B. The efforts and expenses that knowledge of the truth requires are justified at least by the fact that they give a person emotional satisfaction.

79.
A. I always need others to approve of what I do.
B. I don't always need others to approve of what I do.

80.
A. I trust the decisions that I make spontaneously.
B. I don’t trust decisions that I make spontaneously.

81.
A. Perhaps I can say that I live with a feeling of happiness.
B. Perhaps I cannot say that I live with a feeling of happiness.

82.
A. Quite often I get bored.
B. I am never bored.

83.
A. I often show my affection for a person, regardless of whether it is mutual.
B. I rarely show my affection for a person without being sure that it is mutual.

84.
A. I easily make risky decisions.
B. I usually find it difficult to make risky decisions.

85.
A. I try to act honestly in everything and always.
B. Sometimes I consider it possible to cheat.

86.
A. I am ready to come to terms with my mistakes.
B. It is difficult for me to come to terms with my mistakes.

87.
A. I usually feel guilty when I act selfishly.
B. I usually don't feel guilty when I act selfishly.

88.
A. Children need to understand that they do not have the same rights and privileges as adults.
B. Children do not need to realize that they do not have the same rights and privileges as adults.

89.
A. I know well what feelings I am capable of experiencing and what I am not.
B. I have not yet fully understood what feelings I am capable of experiencing and which I am not.

90.
A. I think most people can be trusted.
B. I think that people should not be trusted unless absolutely necessary.

91.
A. The past, present and future appear to me as a single whole.
B. My present is weakly connected with the past and future.

92.
A. I prefer to spend my holidays traveling, even if it involves great inconvenience.
B. I prefer to spend my holidays calmly, in comfortable conditions.

93.
A. It happens that I like people whose behavior I do not approve of.
B. I almost never like people whose behavior I do not approve of.

94.
A. People by nature tend to understand each other.
B. By nature, man tends to look after his own interests.

95.
A. I never like dirty jokes.
B. I sometimes like dirty jokes.

96.
A. They love me because I myself am capable of love.
B. They love me because I try to earn the love of others.

97.
A. It seems to me that the emotional and rational in a person do not contradict each other.
B. It seems to me that the emotional and rational in a person contradict each other.

98.
A. I feel confident in my relationships with other people.
B. I feel insecure in relationships with other people.

99.
A. While protecting their own interests, people often ignore the interests of others.
B. While protecting their own interests, people usually do not forget the interests of others.

100.
A. I can always rely on my ability to navigate the situation.
B. I cannot always rely on my ability to navigate the situation.

101.
A. I believe that the ability to be creative is natural property person.
B. I believe that not all people are naturally gifted with the ability to be creative.

102.
A. I usually don't get upset if I don't achieve perfection at something.
B. I often get upset if I fail to achieve perfection in something.

103.
A. Sometimes I am afraid of seeming too gentle.
B. I am never afraid of seeming too gentle.

104.
A. It’s easy for me to come to terms with my weaknesses.
B. I find it difficult to come to terms with my weaknesses.

105.
A. I feel like I have to strive for excellence in everything I do.
B. I don't feel like I have to strive for perfection in everything I do.

106.
A. I often have to justify my actions to myself.
B. I rarely have to justify my actions to myself.

107.
A. When choosing any activity for himself, a person must take into account how necessary it is.
B. A person should always do only what interests him.

108.
A. I can say that I like most of the people I know.
B. I can't say that I like most of the people I know.

109.
A. Sometimes I don’t mind being bossed around.
B. I never like being bossed around.

110.
A. I am not shy about revealing my weaknesses in front of my friends.
B. It’s not easy for me to reveal my weaknesses even in front of my friends.

111.
A. I am often afraid of making some mistake.
B. I'm not afraid of making any mistakes.

112.
A. A person receives the greatest satisfaction when he achieves the desired result in his work.
B. A person receives the greatest satisfaction in the process of work itself.

113.
A. You can never say with certainty whether he is good or evil.
B. Usually you can tell about a person whether he is good or evil.

114.
A. I almost always feel the strength to do as I see fit, regardless of the consequences.
B. I do not always feel the strength to act as I consider necessary, despite the consequences.

115.
A. People often annoy me.
B. People rarely annoy me.

116.
A. My sense of self-esteem largely depends on what I have achieved.
B. My sense of self-worth depends to a small extent on what I have achieved.

117.
A. A mature person should always be aware of the reasons for each of his actions.
B. A mature person does not necessarily have to be aware of the reasons for each of his actions.

118.
A. I perceive myself as others see me.
B. I don’t see myself exactly the way others see me.

119.
A. It happens that I am ashamed of my feelings.
B. I am never ashamed of my feelings.

120.
A. I enjoy engaging in heated debates.
B. I don't like to get involved in heated arguments.

121.
A. I don’t have enough time to follow the latest developments in the world of art and literature.
B. I constantly follow new developments in the world of art and literature.

122.
A. I always manage to be guided in life by my own feelings and desires.
B. I don’t often manage to be guided in life by my own feelings and desires.

123.
A. I am often guided by generally accepted ideas in solving my personal problems.
B. I am rarely guided by generally accepted ideas in solving my personal problems.

124.
A. It seems to me that in order to study creative activity, a person must have certain knowledge in this area.
B. It seems to me that in order to engage in creative activity, a person does not have to have certain knowledge in this area.

125.
A. I'm afraid of failure.
B. I'm not afraid of failure.

126.
A. I often worry about what will happen in the future.
B. I rarely worry about what will happen in the future.

Keys to the test
Time orientation scale: 11A, 16B, 18B, 21 A, 28B,38B, 40B,41B,45B,60B, 64B, 71B, 76B, 82B, 91B, 106B, 126B.
Support scale: 1B, 2B, 3B, 4A, 5B, 7B, 8A, 9A, 10A, 12B, 14B, 15B, 17A, 19A, 22B, 23A, 25B, 266, 27B, 29A, 31B, 32A, ZZB, 34A , 35B, 36B, 39B, 42A, 43A, 44B, 46A, 47B, 49B, 50B, 51B, 52A, 53A, 55A, 56A, 57B, 59A, 61B, 62B, 65B, 66A, 67B, 68A, 69B, 7 0A , 72B, 73A, 74B, 75B, 77A, 79B, 80A, 81A, 83A, 85B, 86A, 87B, 88B, 89B, 90A, 93A, 94A, 95B, 96A, 97A, 98A, 99B, 100A, 102A, 103B , 104A, 105B, 108B, 109A, 110A, 111B, AND ZA-, 114A, 115A, 116B, 117B, 118A, 119B, 120A, 122A, 123B, 125B.
Value orientation scale: 17A, 29A, 42A, 49B, 50B, 53A, 56A, 59A, 67B, 68A, 69B, 80A, 81 A, 90A, 93A, 97A, 99B, 11 FOR, 114A, 122A.
Behavioral flexibility scale: ZA, 9A, 12B, ZZB, 36B, 38B, 40B, 47B, 50B, 51 B, 61 B, 62B, 65B, 68A, 70A, 74B, 82B, 85B, 95B, 97A, 99B, 102A, 105B, 123B.
Sensitivity scale: 2B, 5B, 10A, 43A, 46A, 55A, 73A, 77A, 83A, 89B, 103B, 119B, 122A.
Spontaneity scale: 5B, 14B, 15B, 26B, 42A, 62B, 67B, 74B, 77A, 80A, 81A, 83A, 95B, 114A.
Self-esteem scale: 2B, FOR, 7B, 23A, 29A, 44B, 53A, 66A, 69B, 98A, 100A, 102A, 106B, 114A, 122A.
Self-acceptance scale: 1 B, 8A, 14B, 22B, 31 B, 32A, 34A, 39B, 53A, 61B, 71 B, 75B, 86A, 87B, 104A, 105B, 106B, 110A, 111B, 116B, 125B.
Scale of ideas about human nature: 23A, 25B, 27B, ZOB, 66A, 90A, 94A, 97A, 99B, 113A.
Synergy scale: 50B, 68A, 91 B, 93A, 97A, 99B, 113A.
Acceptance of aggression scale: 5B, 8A, 1 OA, 15B, 19A, 29A, 39B, 43A, 46A, 56A, 57B, 67B, 85B, 93A, 94A, 115A.
Contact scale: 5B, 7B, 17A, 26B, ZZB, 36B, 46A, 65B, 70A, 73A, 74B, 75B, 79B, 96A, 99B, 103B, 108B, 109A, 120A, 123B.
Cognitive needs scale: 13A, 20B, 37A, 48A, 63B, 66A, 78B, 82B, 92A, 107B, 121B.
Creativity scale: 6B, 24A, ZOA, 42A, 54A, 58A, 59A, 68A, 84A, 101A, 105B, 112B, 123B, 124B.

Self-actualization test-CAT: methodology for studying personal maturity

An example of a questionnaire aimed at identifying various attitudes and attitudes of a person towards the world, other people, and himself is the “Personal Maturity Questionnaire” developed at Moscow State University by M. Croz under the guidance of L. Ya. Gozman. This is an adapted version of E. Shostrom’s “Personal Orientation Inventory” (Personal Orientation Inventory, E. Shostrom), created in 1963. It is based on the ideas of self-actualization by A. Maslow and other theorists of the existential-humanistic direction in psychology. The scales (or components) of the questionnaire characterize the main areas of self-actualization.

The category of personal maturity is identified in this questionnaire using a diagnostic assessment of a number of personal characteristics subject, such as time competence, value orientations, behavioral flexibility, sensitivity, self-esteem, self-acceptance, creativity, etc., considered as characteristics of personal maturity.

The questionnaire consists of a list containing 126 items, each of which includes two alternative judgments of value or behavioral nature, describing various settings and the characteristics of a person’s relationship to the world, other people and to himself. The subject’s task is to choose from two judgments the one that most closely corresponds to his ideas or his usual way of behavior.

As a result of the examination, each subject receives 14 indicators of personal maturity. These indicators are plotted on a special form, where they are compared with each other using a scale grid.

Measured parameters: time competence; self-support; the value of self-actualization; flexibility of behavior; reactive sensitivity; spontaneity; self-esteem; self-acceptance; acceptance of human nature; synergy; accepting one's own aggression; contact; cognitive needs; creativity.

The Self-Actualization Test (CAT) measures self-actualization using two independent core scales (time orientation and support) and 12 additional scales.

Basic scales

Time orientation scale(OB) - 17 points. A high score on this scale indicates a person’s ability to live in the present (to experience the current moment of his life in its entirety, and not just as a fatal consequence of the past or preparation for a future “real” life) and to feel the continuity of the past, present and future (to see his life holistic). A low score on the scale means a person’s orientation to only one of the segments of the time scale (past, present or future) and (or) a discrete perception of his life path.

Support scale(P) - 91 points. Measures the degree of independence of the subject's values ​​and behavior from outside influence (internal/external support). A person who has a high score on this scale is relatively independent in his actions, strives to be guided in life by his own goals, beliefs, attitudes and principles, which does not mean hostility towards others and confrontation with group norms. He is free to choose, not subject to external influence (internally guided personality). A low score indicates a high degree of dependence, conformity, lack of independence of the subject (an externally directed personality), and an external locus of control.

Additional scales, in contrast to the basic ones, which measure global characteristics of self-actualization, are focused on recording its individual aspects. For additional scales, a high score characterizes a high degree of self-actualization.

Value block

Value orientation scale(CO) - 20 points. Measures the extent to which a person shares the values ​​inherent in a self-actualizing personality.

Behavioral Flexibility Scale(GP) - 24 points. Diagnoses the degree of a person’s flexibility in realizing their values ​​in behavior, interaction with people around them, and the ability to quickly and adequately respond to a changing situation.

Senses block

Sensitivity scale(Sep) - 13 points. Determines the extent to which a person is aware of his needs and feelings, how well he reflects them.

Spontaneity scale(Sp) - 14 points. Measures a person's ability to spontaneously and directly express their feelings. A high score on this scale does not mean a lack of ability for thoughtful, purposeful actions; it only indicates the possibility of another way of behavior (not calculated in advance), that a person is not afraid to behave naturally and uninhibitedly, to demonstrate his emotions to others.

Self-perception block

Self Esteem Scale(Su) - 15 points. Diagnoses a person’s ability to appreciate their strengths, positive traits character, respect yourself for them.

Self-Acceptance Scale(Ref) - 21 points. Reflects the degree to which a person accepts himself as he is, regardless of his assessment of his strengths and weaknesses (perhaps despite them).

Block human concept

(Pop) - 10 points. A high score on the scale indicates the subject’s tendency to generally have a positive perception of human nature (people are rather kind) and not to consider the dichotomies of masculinity/femininity, rationality/emotionality, and others as antagonistic and insurmountable.

Synergy scale(Syn) - 7 points. Determines a person’s ability to perceive the world and people holistically, to understand the connectedness of opposites, such as play and work, physical and spiritual, etc.

Interpersonal sensitivity block

Acceptance of Aggression Scale(PA) - 16 points. A high score on the scale indicates a person’s ability to accept his irritation, anger and aggressiveness as a natural manifestation of human nature (of course, we are not talking about justifying his antisocial behavior).

Contact scale(K) - 20 points. Characterizes a person’s ability to quickly establish deep, close and emotionally rich contacts with people.

Block of attitude to cognition

(Pos) - 11 points. Determines the degree of expression of a person’s desire to acquire knowledge about the world around him.

Creativity scale(Kr) - 14 points. Characterizes the severity of the creative orientation of the individual.

Each test item is included in one or more additional scales and, as a rule, one basic scale.

When using the test for individual diagnosis, the “raw” results are converted into standard T-scores, on the basis of which profile forms are compiled. The study ends with the construction of an individual profile.

The specificity of the phenomenon of self-actualization and the complexity of the judgments that make up the test, which require serious reflection, make it possible to recommend it for examination mainly of people with higher education. The technique is used both individually and for groups; a brochure or computerized version is used. If necessary, the respondent can answer questions in the absence of the experimenter. The instructions do not limit the time for answers, although practice shows that normally it usually does not exceed 30–35 minutes.

Test items left unanswered, or those in which both options are checked, are not taken into account during processing. If the number of such points reaches 13 or more, the results of the study are considered invalid.

Instructions. Each item on the questionnaire contains a pair of statements (they are not necessarily mutually exclusive). Read each of these statements carefully and mark (circle) one on the registration form (“ A" or “B”), which is more consistent with your point of view, ideas or habitual way of behavior.

Table for the test

Processing the results

Registration form

FULL NAME. _______________________________________________

Age _______ years

Keys to scales

Basic scales

1. Time orientation scale(OB)

2. Support scale(77)

Additional scales 3. Value orientation scale(CO)

4. Behavioral Flexibility Scale(GP)

5. Sensitivity scale(Sep)

6. Spontaneity scale(Sp)

7. Self Esteem Scale(Su)

8. Self-Acceptance Scale(Spr)

9. Scale of beliefs about human nature(Pop)

10. Synergy scale(Syn)

11. Acceptance of Aggression Scale(PA)

12. Contact scale(TO)

13. Cognitive Needs Scale(Pos)

14. Creativity scale(Kr)

Each answer that matches the key is worth 1 point. Then the sum of points scored by the subject on each scale is calculated.

Interpretation of the results obtained

When developing the test, standards for high, medium and low levels self-actualization. However, it is believed that the test scores of a self-actualizing person should in no case be “off scale.” Limit values indicate too strong an influence on the results social desirability factor or about the desire of the subjects to look in the most favorable light (E. Shostrom called this phenomenon pseudo-self-actualization). Practice has shown that the range of self-actualization is within the “above average” range. Values ​​below 40% of the scale indicate underdevelopment of the subject’s personality, deformation of his attitudes and attitudes towards to various parties reality.

Low scale scores are typical for people with neuroses, with various forms border mental disorders. 68% of the total population falls into the mental and statistical norm, and only 16% have a result that exceeds 60 or does not reach 40 (in the table). Values ​​above 70 or below 30 are observed in only 2.3% of people. The subject is considered to have achieved optimal level personal maturity, if his data on the scales fall into the zone of the scale grid, located in the range of 55–66%.

From the book Psychological Safety: tutorial author Solomin Valery Pavlovich

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From the book Psychology of Communication and interpersonal relationships author Ilyin Evgeniy Pavlovich

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Methodology for studying shyness Instructions You are offered a number of statements that will help determine some of the properties of your personality. There are no “right” or “wrong” answers here. People are different, and everyone has their own opinion about the same thing.

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Methods for studying shyness

Do you want to study in the USA? Then get ready for the fact that you will have to understand the variety of all kinds of tests and exams for which you need to carefully prepare. Indeed, methods for assessing your knowledge in America a large number of and each of them has its own direction and specificity. The following tests are considered one of the most popular: (we wrote about it last time), and SAT.

“Academic Assessment Test” or “Scholastic Assessment Test” / “Scholastic Aptitude Test” is an exam that is designed to show knowledge of the main courses of the school curriculum and general intellectual abilities. The SAT is required for admission to college or university for 8th, 10th and 12th year students in the US and Canada.

What do you need to know about the test?

1. Remember that the SAT is standardized, but there are several variations (Subject Tests). Before entering educational institution, be sure to consult with a representative of the university or college which test is needed.
2. The test can be taken 7 times a year. Duration - about 3 hours 45 minutes + organizational issues. Taking SAT I and SAT II on the same day is prohibited.
3. You can freely take the test not only in the United States or Canada, but also at official representative offices in Europe. Traditionally, the SAT takes place on the first Saturday of the month, however exact date can only be obtained from consultants.
4. The results of the text are known after 10 days; for a fee, they can be immediately delivered to the university of your choice.
5. Cost: SAT I - $38 + $49 for SAT II.

SAT structure

The SAT is divided into two parts: SAT I (Reasoning test) and SAT II (Subject Tests). The first part is universal, it includes three subsections, each of which is scored from 200 to 800 points - so that the results are always a multiple of 10. Often all questions have 5 answer options, from which you need to choose the correct one:

• Grammar (writing) assesses knowledge of spelling, the presence of a certain vocabulary and the ability to correctly structure the text for its better understanding(storytelling logic). This part is presented in the form of blocks with questions in which there are correct and incorrect answers (sometimes there may not be an error). In addition to the test part, there is also an essay - it takes 25 minutes, during which the applicant must answer some philosophical question. This part is indicative for many admissions committees, although the essay itself is worth 12 points out of a maximum of 800 for completing the entire unit.Time: 1 hour.

Example (question for task 5):

• Mathematics is a section in which there are three parts that assess your ability to count (algebra, geometry) and analyze data (mathematical analysis, statistics). You can work with a calculator, but in the test itself the ability to guess the answer is practically eliminated - in addition to test questions, there are blocks with detailed answers. All 58 tasks are listed with increasing difficulty - maximum amount 800 points (different tasks are assessed differently + your train of thought is taken into account).Time: 1 hour 10 minutes.

Example:

• Critical thinking is a block in which you must demonstrate the ability to work with information. It is required to complete sentences using vocabulary, interpret graphs, correctly connect and structure different texts, and also answer questions about them.Time: 1 hour 10 minutes, maximum points - 800.

Example (text fragment and question for it):

SAT II or SAT Subject Tests

SAT II is specialized tests that you need to take depending on the university you choose and the profile of your studies. Today you can obtain documents on completion in the following areas: literature, world history and separately US history, advanced mathematics (2 levels of difficulty), chemistry, physics and biology. In addition to standard subjects, you can take the SAT in German, French, Italian, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Hebrew + there is a profile test in Latin. You can submit as many applications as you like - the main thing is to cope with the program and pay for participation - in one day you can pass up to 3 specialized tests.The maximum number of points is the same for everyone - 800,which you can dial for1 hour exam (the number of tasks varies depending on the subject).